No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Entrepreneurial Training in Developing Countries
Abstract
This paper advocates a three-pronged approach to tourism education consisting of professional, vocational, and entrepreneurial training. In the past, the debate on appropriate tourism education in developing countries has centered on the relative merits of two of these approaches — professional education and vocational training. This discussion, however, focuses on the third component: entrepreneurial development. The importance of entrepreneurship in the tourism industry is discussed and some examples of existing programs are provided. Four criteria for the design of a successful entrepreneurial development program are outlined. Finally, the special economic, political, and social issues facing the educators of tourism entrepreneurs in developing countries are addressed.
... In Romania, for example, entrepreneurs indicated the school as the main source of their entrepreneurial training and education (Melnic, 2015). Echtner (1995) identified the political and social issues facing the educators of tourism entrepreneurs in developing countries. To improve tourism education, it is essential to include entrepreneurial curriculum. ...
... Destination prosperity is defined as the function of (Naipaul & Wang, 2009); (Nikraftar & Hosseini, 2016); (Petterssonn & Cassel, 2014); (Planinc, Sedmak, Planinc & Kociper, 2015); (Ratten, 2018); (Walker & Chen, 2018); (Zebryte & Jorquera, 2017) (Melnic, 2015); (Morrison, 2006); (Nǎstase, Chaşovschi, Popescu & Scutariu, 2010); (Owusu-Mintah, 2014); (Echtner, 1995); (Hingtgen, Kline, Fernandes & McGehee, 2015); (Ndou, Mele & Del Vecchio, 2018); (Ngoasong & Kimbu, 2016); (Polat & Arslan, 2019); (Strobl & Peters, 2013); (Sardianou et al., 2016); (Surugiu & Surugiu, 2015); (Swanson & DeVereaux, 2017); (Williams & Shaw, 2011);(Zhou, Chan & Song, 2017 (Fiľarská, Kravčáková Vozárová & Kotulič, 2017); (Jegdić, Škrbić & Milošević, 2017); (Narangajavana, Gonzalez-Cruz, Garrigos-Simon & Cruz-Ros, 2016); (Nemirschi & Craciun, 2010); (Ona & Solis, 2017); (Pădurean, Nica & Nistoreanu, 2015); (Peng & Lin, 2016); (POPESCU et al., 2014); (Qureshi, 2012); (Škrbić, Jegdić & Milošević, 2018); (Sokhanvar, Aghaei & Aker, 2018); (Komppula, 2014 (Gursoy et al., 2009). ...
... and its role in destination development(Cobo-Soler et al., 2018;Echtner, 1995;Ivaniš, 2011;Melnic, 2015;Ndou et al., 2018). Cobo-Soler et al. (2018) studied the effects of government and public initiatives on entrepreneurship and destination development. ...
The importance of entrepreneurship for tourism and local community involvement in tourism activities have been recognized by both researchers and practitioners. This article aims at identifying the state of academic research on tourism entrepreneurship and identifying what should be done in the development of the entrepreneurship theories in the tourism field. The research presents a systematic review of tourism entrepreneurship literature following a procedure used in previous studies (i.e., Torraco, 2005; Tafesse and Skallerud, 2017). The findings revealed that tourism entrepreneurship articles significantly increased after 2016. The study offered a synthesis of research findings and provided a discussion and proposals for future research agendas.
... In Romania, for example, entrepreneurs indicated the school as the main source of their entrepreneurial training and education (Melnic, 2015). Echtner (1995) identified the political and social issues facing the educators of tourism entrepreneurs in developing countries. To improve tourism education, it is essential to include entrepreneurial curriculum. ...
... Destination prosperity is defined as the function of (Naipaul & Wang, 2009); (Nikraftar & Hosseini, 2016); (Petterssonn & Cassel, 2014); (Planinc, Sedmak, Planinc & Kociper, 2015); (Ratten, 2018); (Walker & Chen, 2018); (Zebryte & Jorquera, 2017) (Melnic, 2015); (Morrison, 2006); (Nǎstase, Chaşovschi, Popescu & Scutariu, 2010); (Owusu-Mintah, 2014); (Echtner, 1995); (Hingtgen, Kline, Fernandes & McGehee, 2015); (Ndou, Mele & Del Vecchio, 2018); (Ngoasong & Kimbu, 2016); (Polat & Arslan, 2019); (Strobl & Peters, 2013); (Sardianou et al., 2016); (Surugiu & Surugiu, 2015); (Swanson & DeVereaux, 2017); (Williams & Shaw, 2011);(Zhou, Chan & Song, 2017 (Fiľarská, Kravčáková Vozárová & Kotulič, 2017); (Jegdić, Škrbić & Milošević, 2017); (Narangajavana, Gonzalez-Cruz, Garrigos-Simon & Cruz-Ros, 2016); (Nemirschi & Craciun, 2010); (Ona & Solis, 2017); (Pădurean, Nica & Nistoreanu, 2015); (Peng & Lin, 2016); (POPESCU et al., 2014); (Qureshi, 2012); (Škrbić, Jegdić & Milošević, 2018); (Sokhanvar, Aghaei & Aker, 2018); (Komppula, 2014 (Gursoy et al., 2009). ...
... and its role in destination development(Cobo-Soler et al., 2018;Echtner, 1995;Ivaniš, 2011;Melnic, 2015;Ndou et al., 2018). Cobo-Soler et al. (2018) studied the effects of government and public initiatives on entrepreneurship and destination development. ...
... In Romania, for example, entrepreneurs indicated the school as the main source of their entrepreneurial training and education (Melnic, 2015). Echtner (1995) identified the political and social issues facing the educators of tourism entrepreneurs in developing countries. To improve tourism education, it is essential to include entrepreneurial curriculum. ...
... Destination prosperity is defined as the function of (Naipaul & Wang, 2009); (Nikraftar & Hosseini, 2016); (Petterssonn & Cassel, 2014); (Planinc, Sedmak, Planinc & Kociper, 2015); (Ratten, 2018); (Walker & Chen, 2018); (Zebryte & Jorquera, 2017) (Melnic, 2015); (Morrison, 2006); (Nǎstase, Chaşovschi, Popescu & Scutariu, 2010); (Owusu-Mintah, 2014); (Echtner, 1995); (Hingtgen, Kline, Fernandes & McGehee, 2015); (Ndou, Mele & Del Vecchio, 2018); (Ngoasong & Kimbu, 2016); (Polat & Arslan, 2019); (Strobl & Peters, 2013); (Sardianou et al., 2016); (Surugiu & Surugiu, 2015); (Swanson & DeVereaux, 2017); (Williams & Shaw, 2011);(Zhou, Chan & Song, 2017 (Fiľarská, Kravčáková Vozárová & Kotulič, 2017); (Jegdić, Škrbić & Milošević, 2017); (Narangajavana, Gonzalez-Cruz, Garrigos-Simon & Cruz-Ros, 2016); (Nemirschi & Craciun, 2010); (Ona & Solis, 2017); (Pădurean, Nica & Nistoreanu, 2015); (Peng & Lin, 2016); (POPESCU et al., 2014); (Qureshi, 2012); (Škrbić, Jegdić & Milošević, 2018); (Sokhanvar, Aghaei & Aker, 2018); (Komppula, 2014 (Gursoy et al., 2009). ...
... and its role in destination development(Cobo-Soler et al., 2018;Echtner, 1995;Ivaniš, 2011;Melnic, 2015;Ndou et al., 2018). Cobo-Soler et al. (2018) studied the effects of government and public initiatives on entrepreneurship and destination development. ...
... As a result, there has been significant advancement, which also affects viability at work. The preparation is done with the intention of creating an impact that lasts after the preparation period is over and reviving the representative with the novel characteristic [4]. ...
... (3) To recognize different investigations on different components of preparing/learning and development. (4) To recognize the examination hole by knowing current status and wanted status of Learning and advancement. (5) To list the benefits, advantages, limitations and impediments of preparing and advancement in the lodging and neighborliness area utilizing ABCD Posting. ...
Purpose: Training and Development is much required in the realm of business and executives today, yet there is a blatant disregard of something very similar. As the neighbourliness area and inn industry went through so many high and low points and threw about, adhering to an establishment turns out to be increasingly required; how execution is assessed and checked on has gone through many moves and changes. The motivation behind this study endeavours to grasp the available resources, Preparing and Improvement has on the presentation of representatives extraordinarily inside the friendliness and inn industry centring and grovelling more towards the Indian relevant perspective through an efficient literature review. Design: The survey assessed the writing on different parts of Preparing and Improvement in the Accommodation and Inn business in India that were distributed somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2022, and it additionally utilized an ABCD examination to assess the effect of Preparing and Advancement and its Effect on Execution and result inside a similar area. Findings: Cordiality and Hospitality is one of the country's most sort out organizations; modified organizations give off an impression of being procuring and more noteworthy pervasiveness. To achieve these benchmarks of execution, genuine readiness and improvement of such points and kinds of organizations aren't simply significantly crucial yet sort after in this field, regardless of the way that there have been past assessments coordinated inside this industry, there are holes which ought to be watched out for which can achieve a lot of investigation and answers being looked at subsequently will assist the expert in focusing in the focus on basic districts that with requiring a more careful investigation. Practical implication: The examination this paper will expose is a previous point of view and perspective on the preparation and improvement rehearses in India overall furthermore, with unique reference to the friendliness and lodging industry, this thus will help specialists in pinpointing and zeroing in on the main angles that require future examination and study Value: Preparing and Advancement is a fundamental perspective and part of any conspicuous Industry. Albeit a ton of study and survey has been directed inside this area, evaluating how the preparation and improvement developed is a special perspective not read time after time. The creator has endeavoured to investigate training and development practices in the hospitality industry, as little too uncommon exploration and study
... Identification of opportunities is a high priority in developing the entrepreneurship needed to cope with the changing demands of tourists (Chang, 2011). It is also evident that entrepreneurial development in developing countries is on the rise (Echtner, 1995). The Tourism sector is very suited to entrepreneurship in a developing country, because it can unfold great positive potential, with several advantages including: earning foreign currency, creating job opportunities, enforcing the government to develop infrastructure, reducing spatial disparities, exploiting as well as promoting rural areas , preserving the biodiversity, funding towards protected areas (Boo, 1990;Lindberg, Furze, Staff, & Black, 1998) , reawakening traditional business and craftsmanship, renovating and protecting cultural sites (Gormsen, 1990), and even controlling political instability (Drongshar, 1991). ...
... The rapid growth of tourism in developing countries has created an immediate demand for the facilities and the personnel required to serve tourists (Echtner, 1995;Ateljevic & J. Page, 2009;Aquino, Lück, & Schänzel, 2018;Ertac & Tanova, 2020). This situation leads to the creation of further tourism opportunities in developing countries that can be explored. ...
This study advances the understanding of entrepreneurship in tourism sector of Bangladesh investigating the relationship between entrepreneurial traits and opportunity identification. Drawing on the personality trait theory, we hypothesize the relationships between identification of opportunity and personality traits, like need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, locus of control, self-confidence, tolerance, innovativeness, decision making capability, ability to learn from failure, capacity for hard work, and independence. Personality trait theory has been used to identify the individual determinants of opportunity identification. We also investigate whether the presence of tourism facilities strengthens the hypothesized relationships. Applying a hierarchical regression model with original data collected from a survey of 150 respondents applying convenience sampling strategy, our results reveal that the need for achievement, tolerance, innovativeness, hardworking and independence have a statistically significant relationship with the identification of tourism opportunities. Our results also support that relationship of personality traits (need for achievement, learn from the failure and independence) with opportunity identification is strengthened when tourism facilities are available. The findings enhance our understanding of opportunity recognition in tourism and hospitality industry. Tourism researchers and prospective tourism entrepreneurs will be benefitted from the research findings.
... For over a decade, international organizations, such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (2006) and the International Labor Organization (Weinz & Servoz, 2011), have recognized and promoted the role of the tourism industry in reducing poverty in developing countries. The importance of entrepreneurship in the tourism industry of developing countries has also been advocated (Echtner, 1995;Kirsten & Rogerson, 2002), as entrepreneurs in developing countries are highly effective in reducing poverty (Goodwin, 1998). ...
... FGI participants strongly recommended workshop-style training methods with hands-on activities from the beginning. In essence, it remains useful to employ traditional teaching techniques in tourism entrepreneur training in developing countries, which include case studies, real-life projects, experiential exercises, and field trips to existing businesses (Echtner, 1995;Loucks, 1988). In addition, essential requirements for hospitality businesses, such as good hygiene, can be taught through the enforcement of practices in daily life (Kuwahara, 2014). ...
This study explores non-financial support strategies for start-up homestay entrepreneurs in rural communities on a small island in Indonesia from the perspective of international development agents (IDAs). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with start-up homestay entrepreneurs regarding their needs, expectations of support, and the challenges of starting a business. A focus group interview was conducted with tourism experts with knowledge of the research area, to garner opinion about non-financial support strategies. Data from these different interview types were qualitatively interpreted and compared in order to triangulate the findings and develop effective assistance strategies. Three suggestions arise from the research findings. First, support for entrepreneurs with experience of working in tourism-related businesses should be as specific as possible, following a preliminary consultation. Second, support for entrepreneurs with no experience of working in tourism-related businesses should include the provision of information about the key components of tourism, including tourists, hospitality, the tourism business, and homestays, with hands-on activities. Third, IDAs should develop a support system that includes family business-oriented entrepreneurs who have been relatively neglected by conventional support programs aimed at capacity-building in developing countries.
... D'Harteserre says that "it is the ability of tourist regions to maintain their cope in the market and improve it over time" [49]. MAccording to Enright and J. Newton, "tourist regions capable of attracting and meeting the needs of potential tourists are considered competitive" [19]. S.Hassan puts forward the following belief "It is the ability to create and integrate value-added products using resources wisely while maintaining market share over other competitors" [42]. ...
In this article, the stages of formation of theoretical knowledge about the tourist region competitiveness are substantiated by applying methods such as the concept of comparative and competitive advantages, the micro and macro approach, regional systematization of research. Also, the "Model of Competitiveness and Stability of Tourist Regions" created by G. Kruch and B. Ritchie was considered as a conceptual model with a systematic approach to the problem, and studies on determining the tourism competitiveness of countries based on the model were analyzed. It is scientifically substantiated that the country's (macro) tourism competitiveness can be achieved through the introduction of a management system based on the principles of self-management, mutual cooperation, and the consistent improvement of each link in the tourism sector on a 7M scale from bottom to top.
... Lindberg, 1991;Sherman & Dixon, 1991) while also reducing the economic leakage through enhancing linkages of local products, skills and services into tourism system (Lacher & Nepal, 2010;Bhatta,2023a). It calls for developing smallscale, locally-owned enterprises that can offer greater direct economic returns and local control of resources, and also contribute to sustainable development (Echtner 1995;Lordkipanidze, Brezetl, and Backman, 2005). Above all, it identifies the need of inclusive participation of local communities in the planning and management of the ecotourism destinations and products specifically to promote sustainability of the communities and the tourist destinations (Chan & Bhatta,2021, Bhatta & Chan,2023Bhatta, 2023b). ...
Community-based ecotourism, as a subset of sustainable tourism, is advocated as a tool for community development in the mountain settlements. In this regard, this research adopted exploratory and descriptive approach to investigate the perceived economic impacts of community-based ecotourism in the local communities of Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in Nepal. The settlements of Dhampus, Landruk and Ghandruk along the Annapurna Sanctuary Trail (AST) are considered as a case to critically examine the economic impacts of community-based ecotourism development on local residents both residing along the major trail (MT) and off the trail (OT) in the ACA. Multiple methods of data collection such as questionnaire survey with households, key informants interview, participant observation, informal discussion with local entrepreneurs and residents, and archival research have been conducted. Research findings showed that community-based ecotourism has provided extensive economic benefits to local people, however in a varying degree. It has provided economic benefits to local communities and enhanced local economy, however not all residents receive benefits equitably. People living along the MT (i.e. mostly the tourism entrepreneurs) receive higher economic benefits than that of OT (i.e. mostly the farmers). The farmers, low-wage employees, and marginalized community receive lowest benefits but largely influenced by the inflation and tourism impacts. In addition, there seem economic leakages, weak integration of local products into tourism system and inflation. This study stresses on the inclusive participation of local people in the planning and decision making of tourism development as well as sharing of benefits while also reducing the economic leakages and strengthening its linkages.
... Bu yüzden girişimciler ülkelerin gelişiminde oldukça önemli bir konumdadır (Yılmaz ve Sünbül, 2009). Bu açıdan girişimcilerin yetiştirilmesi kalifiye insan kaynaklarının oluşturulması açısından önem teşkil etmektedir (Echtner, 1995). Kao' ya (1993: 69-70) göre girişimcilik; "bir değişiklik yapma sürecidir; farklı bir şey yapmak, böylece birey için zenginlik yaratmak ve topluma değer katmak" şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. ...
... Koh (1995); Airey and Johnson (1999), and Li (2008) have proposed the combination of vocational modules (hotel and restaurant operations, principles of tourism development, travel vocational modules (hotel and restaurant operations, principles of tourism development, travel and tourism industry and others) with business and entrepreneurship modules (marketing, accounting, entrepreneurship and innovation and so on) and skill-developing modules (such as written communication skills, interpersonal relation skills and more) in the tourism curriculum. However, as noted by Echtner, (1995) ;Tribe, (1997;Li, (2008) little research has been done on the effectiveness of these activities, and there are doubts as to the effectiveness of this training for developing entrepreneurial vocation in tourism students. ...
With the inclusion of entrepreneurial education in tourism as an academic discipline in the
universities, tourism education has undergone some transformations. In this review, the authors attempted to
contribute to an ongoing debate as to whether hospitality and tourism education offered by universities can
effectively produce entrepreneurs in these sectors of the economy. The review defined and explained
entrepreneurship and who the entrepreneur is. The work examined the link between tourism entrepreneurial
education and entrepreneurship interest in students and opposing views were discovered in the literature. The
majority view is that there is positive relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship
interest. There are conceptual and theoretical grounds and substantial empirical evidence supporting the
positive relationship between entrepreneurial education offered by universities and colleges and
entrepreneurship interest. The role of higher institutions in inculcating entrepreneurship spirit in students and
the structure of the academic work are proposed.
... As such, many scholars stressed the importance of entrepreneurs in tourism development of a destination (Ball, 2005;Echtner, 1995;Koh & Hatten, 2002). For example, Ball (2005) states that entrepreneurship is central to the continued success and development of any industries particularly in the dynamic and briskly evolving tourism industries since entrepreneurial activities cause new ways of product distribution, new forms of organizations, new products and services de-velopment, and new market creation As a result, promoting entrepreneurship may be essential for the success of today's societies, which encounter tremendous economic and social difficulties globally, and nationally. ...
Destination Image includes the spiritual concept and the perception of a person or a group from a destination. In addition, Destination Image can reflect a simplified set of fragmented perceptions that covers a lot of information about a place. Predigestedly, the Destination Image is a personal perception that can vary from one person to another .the main purpose of this study is to offer some efficient suggestions in the form of some applicable methods in managing the tourists’ image of Iran and especially Tabriz Metropolis as a tourism destination. Undoubtedly, responding to all the questions of both foreign and domestic tourists before entering Tabriz, does not seem very realistic because the tourism product is a complex set of values, intangible, inseparable, variable, and unreliable that there is nothing in hand to be examined or carried by the customer, but offering some methods proper to Tabriz’s social, economic, geographical and cultural features is possible.
... Academical tourism learning is provided in colleges and universities. This kind of education gives a theoretical edge for students to setup a base for their further learnings and experiences in order to analyze, discuss and evaluate facts about tourism industry (Echtner, 1995). To improve students' awareness about tourism activities, they need to be prepared by knowledge presented in college/university education before their practices in work life (Riley et al., 2002). ...
This study aims to determine the effects of mediating role of behavioral intention on tourism academics' technology performance expectancies on their use of technology. In the established model for determining those effects, it is also aimed to inquiry the intermediary role of behavioral intention. For data gathering process of the study, quantitative research methods and primary data sources were used. The data was obtained through the questionnaire via 400 academics working in tourism-related units of universities in Turkey while adopting convenience and snowball sampling methods. According to the results of the study, the performance expectations of tourism academics affect their use of technology. It has also been found that behavioral intention has mediating role in the research model.
... To make Bangladesh a suitable ecotourism destination, political stability, an optimistic government, local community participation, and smooth and effective promotional campaigns at the local and international levels are necessary [78]. It is a matter of hope that, recently, the Government of Bangladesh has listed tourism as an essential sector [79]. However, in Bangladesh, there is no effective national tourism plan to guide entrepreneurs and investors. ...
The importance of recreational fishing, in many coastal areas and less developed nations, is increasing rapidly. Connecting fisheries to tourism can create innovative tourism products and provide new income sources. The present study is the first to explore the concept of coastal fishery-based ecotourism (FbE) to enhance the social-ecological resilience of coastal fishing communities in a specific tourist spot in Bangladesh. A combination of primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary (literature databases) data sources were used in this study. It applied a social-ecological system (SES) and social-ecological resilience (SER) concept to collect quantitative and qualitative data (120 in-depth individual interviews, four focus group discussions, and strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats-SWOT analyses) and frame their interpretation. The study found that Bangladesh needs to adopt a firm policy to utilize tourism's potential in national economic development and societal progress. The findings show the considerable potential of the concept that integrates business, education, and an environmental conservation perspective in Bangladesh, specifically for Saint Martin's Island: 32% of interviewees expressed that increasing employment opportunities and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is the primary potential, whereas 31% said it would attract fishing tourists and 23% believed it would develop the local infrastructure and facilities for fishing and tourism. Similarly, most of the respondents (31%) thought that the lack of awareness and promotional activities is the main limitation preventing this initiative from being well accepted. Moreover, based on the findings, specific measures for strengthening the social-ecological resilience of the coastal fishers via FbE at the local level were suggested, including building communal links, developing community infrastructures, revising prevailing rules and regulations, offering alternative means of generating income for fishers during disaster periods, and more active sharing of responsibility between stakeholders and government for the management of FbE. Finally, with its focus on the prospects and challenges of coastal FbE development on Saint Martin's Island, this article provides a useful reference point for future discourse on similar social and economic strategies. While this study focuses on Bangladesh's coastal fishing villages, the results are possibly applicable more broadly in similar contexts and developing countries worldwide. Citation: Uddin, M.M.; Schneider, P.; Asif, M.R.I.; Rahman, M.S.; Arifuzzaman; Mozumder, M.M.H.
... Girişimci küçük işletmenin merkezidir ve kişisel sermaye ilk kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Küçük ölçekli işletmelerin yerel kaynakları kullanmaları ve büyük işletmelerden daha büyük yerel çarpanları üretmeleri muhtemeldir.Küçük ölçekli turizm işletmeleri döngüsel işsizlikle başa çıkmak, ekonomik fırsatları çeşitlendirmek ve üretmek, iş olanakları yaratma konusunda sık sık kullanılmaktadır (Wanhill, 2004 (Echtner, 1995;Lundberg vd., 1995). ...
Tourism is one of the fastest developing sectors in the world. Local, national and global activities, as well as rapid international market growth requires a great deal of participation from the entrepreneurship sector and entrepreneurship is important in ensuring its sustainability. Sustainability in the tourism sector requires a more holistic framework with sustainable entrepreneurship. Therefore, in sustainable tourism entrepreneurship, economic, environmental and social objectives should be handled holistically. Tourism movements, which have an important role in regional development, can make significant contributions to the regional economy through the entrepreneurship activities of local people. Changes focusing on tourism economy, emergence of new destinations, increasing demand differences in tourism products and services have made it compulsory for tourism enterprises to develop new strategies to survive in the competitive environment. This study aims to determine the entrepreneurship factors that are effective in tourism destination of Amasya, where tourism develops depending on its history, natural and cultural characteristics. A total of 78 surveys were conducted with accommodation, food and beverage, travel agencies, local products and souvenir businesses. In the measurement part of the study, various statistical methods were used in the SPSS program to evaluate the factors that are effective and their effect on performance. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the most important factors in the success and sustainability of tourism enterprises are ''benefiting from financial supports'' and ''benefiting from consulting supports''. In addition, when performance is evaluated in terms of income and profitability; While benefiting from financial supports affected linearly, perceptions of economic environment adversely affected. In this study, it has been shown that factors have an effect on each other in ensuring the sustainability of tourism enterprises.
... Apart from that about 100 people deal in tea/coffee, mineral water, boiled egg, Bombay-mix, coconut, and sunglass. The above scenario of employment structure in Cox"s Bazar also reflects the views ofEchtner (1995) that most of the employment generated by tourism is in the form of self-employed and small entrepreneurs including tour guides, small shop owners, shop workers and vendors.Construction is now a booming business in Cox"s Bazar and about 1000 people work in this sector. Many hotels, flats, shopping complexes and other tourism infrastructures have been constructed at an increasing rate. ...
This study evaluates the socio-economic impact of tourism development on the local community in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The country wants to utilize tourism as an economic development tool to reduce poverty and stimulate socio-economic wellbeing. Tourism has profound impact on the local community of the destination as it brings economic and socio-cultural changes.
The significant positive economic impacts are increased employment and earning opportunities, enhanced standard of living, more investments, infrastructural development, and new business linkages and opportunities. However some negative economic impacts been identified, like increased income disparity, increased land price and rent, price hike of essential goods and services, seasonality effects and leakage of earnings. A frustrating finding is that majority of the tourism assets and well-paid jobs are enjoyed by non-locals whereas the local community does not enjoy its rightful share due to uneven benefit distribution. The positive socio-cultural impacts include women empowerment, more participation in education, limited outward migration, and enhanced social safety and security. Some negative socio-cultural impacts are displacement of poor from their land, increased social gap, frustration, social disorder and loss of cultural originality. Unfortunately the local community is not fully aware of the value of their cultural heritage and so they try to imitate tourist’s socio-cultural traits. A major difference from other tourism impact studies is tourism does not contribute in raising crime, gambling, and prostitution in Cox’s Bazar.
The local community is involved in tourism activities but has minimal involvement in the decision making process. This study reveals that the local community is totally excluded from the policy formulation process and policy makers do not consider the socio-economic impacts of tourism development on the local community. Local community is benefiting from tourism development but significant scope exists to increase their active participation and equitable benefit sharing. Some recommendations are made for the Development of Tourism in Cox’s Bazar to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts along with some insights for further research in this field.
... First, this study has confirmed that education can positively influence the formation of entrepreneurial intention, which further responds to the controversial issue of the relationship between education and entrepreneurship (Echtner, 1995;Gurel et al., 2010). Empirical training and theoretical enhancement are two important components of education. ...
In accordance with the increasing attention in entrepreneurship among tourism and hospitality students, this study aims to discover whether entrepreneurial education may influence the entrepreneurial intention of students. A total of 668 tourism and hospitality students were used to test our Hypothesis. The findings support the positive impact of education on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, empirical training is the leading factor in the formation of entrepreneurial intention, while theoretical enhancement is an important moderating factor. Furthermore, it was confirmed that social worth and risk-taking can strengthen the formation of entrepreneurial intention.
... Tourism and hospitality entrepreneurship has proved to be extremely important for employment and economic development in both developing and industrialized countries (Ateljevic & Page, 2009;Echtner, 1995;Fu, Okumus, et al., 2019;Kimbu & Ngoasong, 2016;Mottiar & Ryan, 2007). Although the contribution of entrepreneurship to economic growth has been established both empirically and theoretically in the management literature, very few empirical studies have evaluated the impact of country-level institutional environment on tourism and hospitality entrepreneurship. ...
... Facilities, utilities, transportation networks and many more are things that fall under the category of hard infrastructure with respect to tourism. Soft infrastructure takes into account things such as the human resource development and management (Amoah and Baum, 1997;Baum and Szivas, 2008;Echtner, 1995;Kaplan, 2004;Wall, 2005, 2006). ...
... Sorun planın nasıl hazırlanması gerektiğinde yatmaktadır. Turizmin çok boyutlu yapısı ve gelişim süreci turizm planlama yaklaşımlarının da değişim ve gelişim göstermesine neden olmuştur (Echtner 1995, Göymen, 2000. Süreç içerisinde; ilk zamanlarda turizmi ekonomik bir sektör olarak ele alıp planlama konusunda sadece yeni tesislerin yapımı ve/veya altyapının iyileştirilmesi şeklinde kararlar alınmasını öngören yapısal yaklaşım, (Inskeep, 1991) ve konuya talep açısından bakan ve daha fazla turist çekmek için pazarlama ve tanıtım çalışmalarına odaklanan işlevsel yaklaşım (Mathieson ve Wall 1982) ön plana çıkmıştır. ...
... Training programs may be needed to provide the knowledge base and skills in order for these initiatives to be successful. Echtner (1995) suggests that provision of training for entrepreneurs can also be a tool for supporting individuals from marginal groups when socio-cultural concerns are allowed to take precedence over economic gain: "For example, entrepreneurship development programs may be offered to disadvantaged minority groups (specific tribal members, ethnic groups, women) even though the success rate might be higher if offered to the general population" (131). Echtner goes on to point out that entrepreneurs often face major obstacles such as corruption, cumbersome bureaucracies, and lack of 'connections', and that training programs must provide entrepreneurs with the knowledge to appropriately work within and deal with the existing system. ...
This thesis argues that if tourism development for Kandy is planned in a manner that balances the principles of economic viability, environmental consciousness, cultural sensitivity, social responsibility and tourist satisfaction, it could potentially lead to minimized negative repercussions, magnified positive impacts, and an improved quality of life for the local population.
... Tourism as a strategy for economic growth has attracted interest in several areas of knowledge (Fleischer y Felsenstein, 2000). The sector has been observed as an instrument to promote jobs and increase the level of economic well-being (Echter, 1995;Fleischer, 1999). ...
... Turizmin girişimcilik faaliyetleri üzerindeki etkisi konusunun 1990'lı yıllarda literatürde gördüğü ilginin azlığı (Barr 1990;Din 1992;Echtner 1995;Koh 1996;Sofield 1993) turizm endüstrinin gelişimi ile birlikte 2000'li yıllarda artmaya başlamıştır (Beeton 2002;Kokkranikal ve Morrison 2002;Yang ve Wall, 2008). Özellikle 2000'li yıllardan sonra gerçekleştirilen araştırmalarda girişimciliğin destinasyon gelişimindeki önemine vurgu yapılmaktadır. ...
Turizm hareketleri, turistlerin bulundukları destinasyonda yaşayan insanlarla
karşılıklı etkileşimine sebep olup ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel değişimler
oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, turizm hareketlerinin gerçekleştiği kırsal
alanlarda, yerel halkın turizmin ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel etkileri konusundaki
algılarının girişimcilik niyetleri üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmeye çalışılmasıdır.
Araştırma Bolu İlinin turizm çekiciliklerine sahip olan Mudurnu İlçesinde
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Mudurnu’da ilçe merkezinde yaşayan 515 kişi ile
anket tekniği kullanılarak bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Yapısal
Eşitlik Modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonucunda yerel halkın
turizmin ekonomik etkileri ile ilgili algıları arttıkça daha fazla girişimcilik niyeti içinde
oldukları tespit edilmiştir.
Tourism mobility creates economic, social and cultural changes by the interaction
of the tourists with the local people living in tourism destination. The aim of this study is
to try to determine the influence of the perception related to the economic, social and
environmental impacts of tourism on entrepreneurship intention in the rural areas
where the tourism movements take place. The research was carried out in Mudurnu
District, which has tourism attractions in Bolu Province. In this context, a survey was
conducted with 515 people living in the district center in Mudurnu using questionnaire
technique. The obtained data were analyzed by Structural Equation Model. As a result
of the survey, it was determined that the more local people perceive the economic
effects of tourism, the more entrepreneurial intentions they have.
... In line with this growth, it is necessary to face the remarkable increase in tourist arrivals by establishing facilities and tourism services to suit the new challenges caused by the growing demand in tourism. In view of the fact that the hospitality industry is the backbone of tourism, planners and producers should take into account the necessity to increase the number of hotels, rooms and beds, and to improve the quality of accommodation, food & beverage and other facilities (Echtner, 1995). The hotel industry has become the fastest growing industry, a very important sector in helping developing countries to resolve their problems in socio-economic sector (Holjevac, 2003). ...
Given the ever-changing service demand for information, knowledge and skills, hotels need to
maximize the inherent value of their existing human capital and one way to do this is to invest in
formal training programs to develop and improve the employees. The problem arises as to why
trainees often do not apply to the work place what they have learned during the training
programs. four influential factors as worrk envornment factors emerged from various training
effectiveness models and they are, social support, opprtunity to perform, reward system, and
organization culture factors. The present study explored the influence and the relationship
between work environment factors and the training effectiveness, and also explored the effect of
demographic variables as these factors may influence training effectiveness
... Most scholars, like Dahles and Bras, plead for small-scale tourism as a strategy for stable tourism development. "Medium-and small-scale operations can also respond more effectively to changes in the market place and fill gaps overlooked by larger, more bureaucratic organisations" [Echtner, (1995), p.123]. Other scholars, like Clarke (1997), emphasise that mass-tourism and large tourism enterprises will only grow as a result of an increase in the world's international tourists, perhaps to a number that only small-scale tourism may not be able to support. ...
This article describes how small entrepreneurs in the tourism industry of Las Peñitas, Nicaragua, try to cope with contextual changes caused by the development of tourism. The research method for this article is ethnographic. During the fieldwork in Las Peñitas, multi-qualitative research methods have been used, like participant observation and interviews. Hoping to obtain a substantial share of the income-growth derived from the new industry, part of the local population shifted from their previous jobs to professions in the tourism industry. Most local entrepreneurs, however, are hesitant to change industry from mainly fishing to tourism. Due to their economic and cultural advantage, some foreign entrepreneurs appear to quickly achieve monopoly positions in the local tourism industry. This increases frustration among local entrepreneurs about stagnating local economic growth, while watching foreign entrepreneurs run more successful businesses. Previous studies showed that tourism is booming in Nicaragua, but the actual impact on the local economy lacks empirical support. The case study of Las Peñitas is used to explore the impact of tourism on the cultural change of small tourism entrepreneurs and tell the stories of what happens behind the successful appearance of global tourism growth figures.
Entrepreneurship development is one of the most significant factors in the economic development of a country. However, when compared to other countries in Asia, Sri Lanka reports a low entrepreneurial rate. Thus, this study's primary focus is to analyze the tourism undergraduates' entrepreneurial intention and the challenges faced by the undergraduates to start a business. To achieve the objectives, both quantitative and qualitative approaches have been adapted. The population of the study comprises all the tourism undergraduates in state universities of Sri Lanka. A sample of 166 tourism undergraduates has been surveyed. The findings indicate that the tourism undergraduates have a moderate level of intention to start their own business and perceived feasibility and perceived desirability significantly influence their entrepreneurial intention. Tourism undergraduates perceive financial difficulty as the major challenge to start a business. Implications for educators and governmental bodies and future research directions are highlighted.
While the Omani government’s endeavours over two decades to support entrepreneurship, particularly among women, have been significant, research has not substantiated their impacts; even so, the number of female entrepreneurs has substantially increased. This study aims to contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by investigating this aspect of the Omani government’s entrepreneurship efforts in addition to other factors found in literature that contribute to the success of female entrepreneurship. A comprehensive literature review is conducted using the ‘wildcard operator’ search technique to define the factors affecting success in entrepreneurship; the study tests these factors to understand their applicability in the Omani context in order to build a sound conceptual model. A questionnaire-based survey was employed to collect primary data from 218 successful Omani female entrepreneurs from 2017 to 2020. The data collected were analysed using structured equation modelling. Out of the 12 hypotheses proposed, seven were confirmed by the results, and a hypothetical multifactor success factor model was proposed accordingly. The proposed model can be used as a hands-on indicative tool for assisting Omani policy- and decision makers to implement effective policies in the future that will be able to leverage female entrepreneurship. The generalisability of the model needs further research to determine its fitness for the contexts of other countries.
Entrepreneurship has been identified as an essential factor for creating job opportunities, generating income, increasing the standard of living and generally growing the economy. Rural development is increasingly associated with entrepreneurship, which is considered as a central force of economic one and can help to sustain and improve the quality of life in a rural area. Tourism involves mostly small enterprises, so the role of tourism entrepreneurs can be important for the development of rural tourism. Of all economic sectors, tourism is perhaps the one in which the greatest degree of involvement is needed by the entrepreneurial sector in formulating sustainable strategies. Especially in rural tourism, entrepreneurship has gained increasing importance as it is seen as a major driving force behind rural tourism. However, entrepreneurship demands an enabling environment in order to flourish. Entrepreneurial culture, climate, infrastructure, and support are important elements for such an environment. The creation of such an environment starts by the development of appropriate institutional support at the country level to address the supply of entrepreneurship, focusing on the number of people who have the motivation, financial means, and the skills to start a new business. The present paper emphasis on entrepreneurship opportunities available in Sadeibereni village of Dhenkanal district in orrisa, addressing the issue of entrepreneurship in rural tourism development. Tourism in general and rural tourism, in particular, is dominated by a small business where the spirit of initiative, desire to achieve and the ability to identify market opportunities and to fructify effectively are essential.
The aim of this investigation is to provide an overview of rural tourism development in Galicia during the last two decades, based on revision of legislation and supportive policies that has driven this sector. Considering an empiric overview, an analysis and comparison of supply and demand variables using the data from the Rural Tourism Accommodation Survey of the National Statistics Institute (INE) from 2001–2016 was conducted during two periods: pre-crisis (2001–2007) and the crisis itself (2008–2016). The findings depict that both supply and demand have experienced significant changes due to economic cycles, likewise, it jeopardizes economic feasibility of small rural tourism companies.
Bu çalışmanın amacı; Cumalıkızık'taki bir turizm faaliyeti olarak yiyecek ve içecek mekanlarının hizmetini uzman görüşleri çerçevesinde değerlendirmektir. Bununla birlikte, literatürden elde edilen çalışmalardan faydalanarak Cumalıkızık'taki yiyecek ve içecek mekanlarına katkı sağlayacak önerilerde bulunmayı hedeflenmektedir. Kırsal turizmin tanımlarına bakıldığında; Türkiye'de "geleneği yaşatmak" anlamının eksik kalmış bir tanımı gibi gözükmektedir. Bu durum geleneklerin sürdürülmesi için ifade edilen birçok tanımın ötesinde hayatta kalmasını sağlamak açısından önemlidir. Bununla birlikte geleneklerin sürdürülebilir olması için kaliteli sunuma önem vermek, kırsal nüfusun korunması açısından da önemlidir. Bu çalışma nitel bir araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma örneği, tesadüfî olmayan örnekleme türlerinden amaçlı bir şekilde benzeşik örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenmiştir. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma, Haziran ve Aralık 2019 arasında, Cumalıkızık turizmi ve yeme içmesi hakkında deneyimleri olan 15 uzmanla görüşülerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu uzmanlar Bursa'da üç idari amir, özel sektörde iki şef, baş garson olarak çalışan iki garson ve kırsal turizm ile gastronomi konuları üzerinde çalışan sekiz akademisyenden oluşmaktadır. Görüşülen kişilerin ortak noktası, Bursa Cumalıkızık'ı son bir yılda en az bir kez ziyaret etmeleri ve buradaki işletmelerden yemek servisi almalarıdır. Değerlendirmeler ve incelemeler sadece bölgedeki yiyecek ve içecek işletmelerinin sunduğu hizmetleri değerlendirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, önceki çalışmalarda Cumalıkızık yerleşiminin kırsal karakterini sürdürdüğü belirtilmiş olsa da görünür unsurların dışında kalan yiyecek içecek hizmeti ile bağlantılı unsurların yöresel olmadığı düşünülmektedir.
The aim of this study; as a tourism activity in Cumalıkızık, it is to evaluate the service of food and beverage places within the framework of expert opinions. In addition, it is aimed to make some suggestions that will contribute to food and beverage venues in Cumalıkızık by making use of the studies obtained from the literature. Looking at the definitions of rural tourism; in Turkey "to perpetuate tradition" it seems to be an incomplete description of the meaning. This situation is important in terms of ensuring the survival of traditions beyond many definitions expressed. However, giving importance to quality presentation for the sustainability of traditions is also important for the protection of the rural population. This study was carried out using qualitative research method by researchers. The research sample was determined according to the conformity sampling method, one of the non-random sampling types. In the research, semi-structured interview technique was used as data collection technique. The research was conducted between June and December 2019, by interviewing 15 experts who have experience in Cumalıkızık tourism and eating and drinking. These experts consist of three administrative supervisors in Bursa, two chefs in the private sector, two waiters working as head waiters, and eight academics working on rural tourism and gastronomy. The common point of the interviewees is that they visit Bursa Cumalıkızık at least once in the last year and get food service from the businesses here. Evaluations and reviews only evaluate the services provided by the food and beverage businesses in the region. As a result, although it has been stated in previous studies that the Cumalıkızık settlement maintains its rural character; outside the visible elements, it is thought that the factors related to food and beverage service are not local.
One of the relevant resolutions of tourism development in a destination is to improve the quality of life (QOL) of the host community. In the tourism literature, QOL has discoursed in the research of residents' attitudes towards tourism. However, limited studies have directly examined residents' perceptions of QOL in the context of tourism development. This study aims to assess tourism's inuen-ces on resident community's QOL and therefore develops the tourism-related community quality of life (TCQOL) approach. TCQOL denotes residents' perceptions of community quality of being inuenced by tourism and includes six dimensions of community: well-being, urban issues, way of life, community pride and awareness, natural/cultural preservation and recreation amenities-which are inuenced mostly by tourism development. The indicators of TCQOL are developed from extant community quality of life literature and tourism impacts study. The measuring approach incorporates residents' perceptions of satisfaction, importance and tourism eects on selected indicators. This approach could be a valuable tool for tourism practitioners and scholars to recognize residents' perceptions of community QOL, assess changes of residents' perceived community QOL in a host community, and compare the community QOL experiences to other areas. A signicant output of the study would be the proposed intervention measures in addressing the impact of tourism development that may provide better quality of life to the host residents.
1-04-рақамли "Рақобатбардош туристик ҳудуд ва кластерларни шакллантириш асосида Ўзбекистонда туризмни давлат миқёсида барқарор ривожлантиришнинг стратегик йўналишларини ишлаб чиқиш" мавзусидаги 2017-2020 йилларга мўлжалланган фундаментал тадқиқот лойиҳаси доирасида амалга оширилган муаллифнинг илмий-тадқиқот ишлари натижалари асосида тайёрланган ва унинг молиявий маблағлари ҳисобидан нашр этилган.
In accordance with the increasing attention in entrepreneurship among tourism and hospitality, this study developed an innovative entrepreneurship curriculum specifically designed for undergraduate hospitality students. This study developed and evaluated creative module comprised of mentoring and creative problem solving (CPS) methods for undergraduate hospitality innovative entrepreneurship programs in Taiwan. A quasi-experimental design, with a sample of 122 students, estimated the causal impacts of educational intervention. Students in the experimental group participated in a mentoring and CPS-based course for a semester. The results showed that students who received the intervention significantly enhanced their innovative entrepreneurship as assessed by their GET2test scores. This study examined innovative entrepreneurship through qualitative and quantitative instruments. The findings support the positive impact of education on the entrepreneurial potential. Moreover, an innovative entrepreneurship cultivation model was drawn up that can provide the contributions of instructional content and learning progress that can help educators be well-prepared for the course and can predict students’ progress.
1-04-рақамли "Рақобатбардош туристик ҳудуд ва кластерларни шакллантириш асосида Ўзбекистонда туризмни давлат миқёсида барқарор ривожлантиришнинг стратегик йўналишларини ишлаб чиқиш" мавзусидаги 2017-2020 йилларга мўлжалланган фундаментал тадқиқот лойиҳаси доирасида амалга оширилган муаллифнинг илмий-тадқиқот ишлари натижалари асосида тайёрланган ва унинг молиявий маблағлари ҳисобидан нашр этилган.
Entrepreneurship in hospitality is a major contributor to the growth and development of the economy of a country. A large proportion of the hospitality businesses are small owner-operated restaurants as compared to big chains of hotels and restaurants who also have their own market share. Considering the nature and challenges faced by the hospitality entrepreneurs becomes an important issue for the researchers. Hospitality education has evolved considering the needs and thoughts of the millennials. The millennials do understand the needs and desires of the contemporary guests and have come up with strategies to present their food products and enhance service standards to stay competitive in the market. The millennial guest has, with rapid advance of technology, an enormous amount of preferences to choose from. The aim is to investigate the motivational factors which leads the young graduates to opt for entrepreneurship and the role of hospitality education to guide the students towards it.
The argument of this chapter is that tourism education can generate a positive impact on the economic growth of a country by fostering a link between education and work, including economic development. A review of the literature based on the use of bibliometric techniques is performed, but quantification of the work is not conducted; however, Web of Science and Scopus, among other databases, are consulted in relation to economic growth, economic development, human capital and tourism education. All this around the theoretical economic and sociological framework that sustains this work.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect effects of destination image on destination loyalty. Indirect effects are measured via tourists’ satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach
A reliable conceptual framework was developed through a mixed methods research methodology. A three-pronged approach was used to cross-validate the results from a literature review, expert interviews, and exploratory study. Structural equation modeling was used in conceptual model development and hypotheses testing.
Findings
Exploratory dimensions of destination image, satisfaction and destination loyalty of Indian cities were revealed from Thai tourists’ perception. The positive indirect effects of destination image on destination loyalty via satisfaction is supported.
Research limitations/implications
This study is limited to tourists of Thai nationality who visited India’s travel destinations. Future research should include further generalization of the research methodology to specific travel destination.
Practical implications
This study provides useful information for India’s tourism industry, specifically for the marketing of historical cities as travel destinations.
Originality/value
By proposing a reliable conceptual model based on a mixed methods research methodology, this study is among the first to explore destination image, satisfaction and destination loyalty in India’s tourism context. The mediating role of satisfaction on destination image and destination loyalty was also recognized as an extension of, and contribution, to the theoretical foundation for the destination image concept.
Turizmin geliştirilmesine yönelik planların oluşturulma sürecine yerel halkın dahil edilmesinin gerekliliği hususu araştırmacıların büyük çoğunluğunun hemfikir olduğu bir husustur. Ancak bu önkoşulun uygulanmasının bazı destinasyonlarda çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı mümkün olamadığı söylenebilir. Planlama sürecinde yerel halkın alabileceği rollere ilişkin farkındalıklarının olmaması özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde halkın planlama sürecine dahil olmasının önündeki engellerden birisidir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı Konya ilinde yerel halkın bölgesel turizm planlamasına yönelik düşüncelerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre Konya ilinde yaşayan yerel halkın turizm gelişim sürecine dahil olmak istedikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak zaman zaman bu sürecin dışında yer almanın da kabul edilebilir olduğu görüşündedirler. Bu düşünce de, halkın sahip olduğu turizm bilgi düzeyinin düşüklüğü temel etkeni oluşturmaktadır.
female entrepreneurship to date represents an important engine of economic growth for developing countries as it has a leading role in generating productive work, achieving gender equality and reducing poverty; thus, the analysis of developing successful entrepreneurship-related education can be useful for growth potential. Currently, Egyptian universities are expected to play a new role in society, in addition to research and teaching, by applying a 'third mission' of economic development. Universities can contribute to entrepreneurship indirectly, through education of candidates. The study will address a research gap in the area of tourism education by identifying the intentions of tourism female students to start a new business. Although today's women make up a significant share of the pool of potential entrepreneurs, there appears to be a dearth of studies into tourism female students' intentions to get involved in entrepreneurial endeavors. Research importance and objectives-The women entrepreneurs in Middle East has unusual characteristics in comparison of other developed countries mainly arising from the social structure of this area. The aim of research is to deepen the recent and promising new streams of female empowerment in Egypt by analyzing the effect of education on the female students to encourage them to establish their own business, the main research question: Do entrepreneurship tourism education programs raise entrepreneurial attitudes and intention of female's students? While the peculiarities of the education environment have a primary role in affecting female entrepreneurs' motivation, Tourism education is still considered very much vocational and action oriented. Design/methodology/approach-In a pilot research project, the research measures relevant outcome variables using two forms of questionnaires, the first was handed to female students before the start of tourism program(first year),the second to female students at the end of the program (fourth year). This produces unbiased estimates of the program's impact in characterizing the distribution of students' beliefs about own aptitude for entrepreneurial tasks. The research shows how informative signals about entrepreneurial ability generated before and by entrepreneurship education determine such beliefs, allowing students to learn their type. In our study we elicited the strength of the signals that students have received. Findings-Students in the end of the tourism program increased their subjective norm and intention towards self-employment, whereas students before the start of the program did not. Therefore, the program's benefit is related to the increase of subjective norms and intentions towards self-employment. Originality/value-Tourism education can empower women to face several barriers and establish their own business which is considered a man domain. Thus, the researchers will focus on the female students' views as subject of the various learning aspects in the faculty; analyze the changes and benefit of the tourism education in order to encourage them to be future entrepreneurs.
Bu araştırmada turizm eğitimi ve yaratıcı drama ilişkisi kavramsal açıdan tartışılmaktadır. Yaratıcı drama yönteminin öğrencilerin derste öğrendikleri bilgilerin kalıcılığını artırdığı ve derse yönelik olumlu tutum geliştirmelerinde etkili olduğu; bununla birlikte, öğrencilerin meslek hayatlarında ihtiyaç duyabilecekleri birçok farklı becerinin de gelişmesine yönelik katkı sağladığı bilinmektedir. Turizm sektöründe çalışan personelin bilgi düzeyi ve becerisi, hem çalışma hayatından hem de eğitim ve öğretim kurumları tarafından verilen eğitimden doğrudan etkilenmektedir. Turizm ve ağırlama sektörü ile ilişkili olan eğitim ve öğretimin odak noktası temel teknik bilgilerin öğrenilmesini içermektedir. Turizm ve ağırlama alanındaki programlardaki uygulamalı ve mesleki teorik eğitimin değişen rolüyle birlikte bu sürecin ortadan kaldırılması da gündeme gelmiştir. Öğrenciler, turizm işletmeciliği bölümlerindeki dersleri geleneksel olarak düz anlatım yöntemiyle almaktadırlar. Düz anlatım yöntemiyle teorik olarak bilgi aktarımının sağlandığı, öğretmen merkezli ve öğrencinin ders sürecinde pasif dinleyici konumunda kaldığı turizm işletmeciliği bölümlerinde verilen derslerde yaratıcı drama gibi öğrenci merkezli ve öğretim üyesi ile öğrenci etkileşiminin yoğun olduğu öğretim yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyulduğu söylenebilir. Türkiye’de lisans eğitimi veren kurumların tümünde uygulamalı derslerin yürütülmesi amacı ile bulunan uygulama birimlerinin yetersiz olduğu belirtilmektedir. Turizm eğitiminde uygulamalı derslerle öğrencinin daha aktif katılım sağladığı bir eğitim süreci izlenerek yaratıcı drama gibi farklı öğretim yöntemleri uygulanabilir. İnsan ilişkilerinin odak noktası olduğu bir sektör ile ilişkili eğitimde, yaratıcı drama yönteminden yararlanılmasının önemli olduğu ifade edilebilir.
In this research, the relationship between tourism education and creative drama is discussed conceptually. It is stated that creative drama method increases students’ permanence of the knowledge they learned in the course and is effective in developing positive attitude towards the course; however, it is known that it contributes to the development of many different skills that students may need in their professional lives. The level of knowledge and skills of the personnel working in the tourism sector are directly influenced by both the working life and the education provided by the education and training institutions. The focal point of education and training, which is related to the tourism and hospitality sector, includes the learning of basic technical information. With the changing role of applied and vocational theoretical education in tourism and hospitality programs, the elimination of this process has come to the agenda. Students take courses in tourism management departments in a traditional way. It can be said that in the courses given in the departments of tourism management where the transfer of information theoretically is provided by the method of straight expression, the teacher is centered and the student is a passive listener in the course of the course, there is a need for instructional methods such as creative drama and student-centered interaction with the instructor. The execution of practical courses in all undergraduate education institutions in Turkey with the aim to be insufficient implementation unit that is indicated. Different teaching methods such as creative drama can be applied by following an educational process in which the student participates more actively with applied courses in tourism education. It can be stated that it is important to use creative drama method in education related to a sector where human relations are the focus.
The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relationship between tourism and entrepreneurship. This paper, therefore, tried to investigate the research articles which were published in the journals indexed by SSCI, SCI and SCI-E between 1994 and 2019. Bibliometric methods were employed in the analysis of the articles. After analysing the available articles chosen in line with the criterion set for this study, the authors obtained 142 articles (see APPEX 1) concerning tourism and entrepreneurship. The results of this study reveal that the articles compassing tourism and entrepreneurship are grouped under three themes; a) entrepreneurship-based; b) tourism-based and c) other field-based studies. The investigated articles were found to focus on different large scale topics in terms of quantity and quality. It was also found in the study that knowledge production of tourism and entrepreneurship has increased since the 2010s. This study is expected to contribute to the relevant literature by offering a wider perspective regarding the field of tourism and entrepreneurship in terms of the number of the studies, journals where articles were published, the countries where the researches were conducted, research methods, index and themes.
(Işık, C , Günlü Küçükaltan, E , Kaygalak Çelebi, S , Çalkın, Ö , Enser, İ , Çelik, A . (2019). Tourism and Entrepreneurship: A Literature Review. Journal of Ekonomi, 1 (1), 1-27)
Retrieved from http://dergipark.org.tr/ekonomi/issue/45934/579359
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the business model of a successful social tourism business in Granada, Nicaragua. The study assesses how the business provides an avenue to combat the challenges that restrict certain stakeholders from participating in tourism. The case identifies specific mechanisms, such as investing in the local community’s education and favoring local vendors and merchants, as ways in which social tourism businesses can disseminate value among all stakeholders and create a more equitable form of tourism.
Design/methodology/approach
The case study method was chosen for collecting and analyzing data. Data include in-depth interviews with business founders, managers and employees, field observation notes, photographic documentation and additional written documents. Data were analyzed using content analysis.
Findings
The study found that the business was able to produce a high-quality tourism product that disseminated value among all stakeholders. The study also proved the value of the additional building blocks within the Business Model Canvas for Social Enterprise, and the clear distinction between “co-creators” and “beneficiaries.”
Originality/value
This study uses the Business Model Canvas for Social Enterprise, a model unverified since inception, to analyze a successful social tourism business. It confirms the usefulness of the additional building blocks within the model, and the additional delineations between “co-creators” and “beneficiaries.” Furthermore, the paper recommends these distinctions are extended to all blocks in the canvas, to illustrate the many ways a company can distribute value based on its business model.
The limits of local tolerance to tourism may in fact be viewed as the social carrying capacity for tourism. Guidelines should be developed and implemented to ensure that tourism expansion occurs under locally appropriate conditions. Local aspirations and needs must be incorporated into the tourism planning process at the earliest possible stage.-J.R.McDonald
It has been upheld that tourism promotes development of local entrepreneurship though very few specific works have tried to establish definitive relationship between tourism and entrepreneurship. This paper is an effort in this direction by using the case of Penang Langkawi region of Malaysia.
The Improve Your Business (IYB) program was developed between 1977 and 1984 by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). It was inspired by a set of self-instructional modules that had been developed and used successfully by the Swedish Employers Confederation. The purpose of the IYB was to provide similar self-help, instructional and counselling assistance to entrepreneurs in developing countries. It has been adopted by 11 countries in Africa and by 11 others outside the African continent. It has been translated and adapted into over eight languages.
There is a worldwide need for improvement in tourism education and training to cope with the demands of a burgeoning tourism industry. The problem is especially acute in the underfunded Third World. John Fletcher and John Latham, Lecturers in the Department of Management Studies for Tourism and Hotel Industries at the University of Surrey, led a Study Cycle on Tourism Management in Suraj Kund, India, in September 1988, organized by the WTO as part of its international training programme. Here they evaluate the course in terms of what it set out to achieve.
The Department of Management Studies for Tourism and Hotel Industries, University of Surrey, UK, in association with the University of Calgary, Canada, organized the first international conference for tourism educators ‘Tourism Teaching into the 1990s’ in July 1988. The conference was a logical extension of the Surrey department's in-service courses for teachers of tourism and its wider role in tourism education. Described by Ritchie as a milestone in the maturing of tourism education and conceived and organized at the broadest possible and international scale the conference was a clear signal that the study of tourism has become legitimate.
Tourism training in developing countries has narrowly focused on vocational and technical skills. Little thought has been given as to how this education fits into an existing socio-cultural environment, the problems of communication between guest and host, or to the demands and stresses placed upon those in the front lines of the industry. Part One of this paper looks at the need for the development of programs which broaden the scope of training. Such programs need to take into account the potential social and cultural risks of tourism for the industry worker, and the barriers to communication rising from different backgrounds, values, and expectations between hosts and foreign visitors. Part Two looks at some important considerations in educational development strategy, giving an example of such a program developed by the author in East Africa.RésuméLa formation en tourisme dans les pays en voie de développement s'est limitée jusqu'à présent aux compétences professionnelles et techniques les plus restreintes. On a peu pensé au rapport entre cette formation et l'environnement socioculturel existant, aux problèmes de communication entre le visiteur et ceux qui le reçoivent et aux exigences et tensions auxquelles doivent faire front le personnel de l'industrie touristique. La première partie de cet article traite le besoin de développer des programmes de formation d'une plus large étendue. Il faudrait que ces programmes tiennent compte des risques sociaux et culturels potentiels du tourisme pour le travailleur dans l'industrie, et des obstacles à la communication qui surgissent à cause des différences de milieu social, de valeurs et d'espérances entre les touristes étrangers et ceux qui les reçoivent. La deuxième partie soulève plusieurs points importants dans la stratégie pour développer une formation et cite l'exemple d'un programme que l'auteur a développé dans l'Afrique orientale.
Few nations have such a diversity of cultural and geographical attractions as India. This year, India's government sought to capitalize on its tourist attractions by declaring 1991 "Visit India Year." The government has recognized tourism as an industry and enacted policies to encourage international companies to operate in India. That promising initiative has foundered, however, on shoals created by political instability, civil strife, weaknesses in the infrastructure, and contradictory administrative policies. Particularly damaging is a June 1991 travel advisory issued by the United States State Department that warns American travelers away from such areas as Kashmir and Punjab.
When China reopened its doors to the west, it was ill equipped to handle foreign visitors. Now hotel construction is booming, but Chinese hospitality education lags behind
Scant attention has been given to the ways in which tourism policies are formulated in developing countries; and almost no attention to the training and educational needs of those policy-makers. The increasing involvement of developing countries in international tourism, and the particular need for government intervention in tourism in these countries, has created the need to examine the level and type of training provided for public-sector tourism managers. The author suggests that the level of education required by tourism policy makers should be differentiated from the usual interpretation of vocational training, and that this education is best derived from academically based rather than experience-based training.
The diversity of tourism education programmes makes well considered choice of appropriate training and education in tourism particularly difficult for developing countries. This article distills guidelines for programme choice from examining two main approaches to tourism—the demand- and supply-oriented approaches—and outlines the main components of an ‘ideal’ system, paying particular attention to the needs of developing countries and the problems that are likely to be encountered in this regard. Keywords: education, tourism development curricula choice, developing countries.
Jafari, Jafar, J. R. Brent Ritchie, Toward a Framework For Tourism Education: Problems and Prospects. Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(1):13–34. The purpose of this article is to offer a framework for analysis and discussion of tourism education. It first adopts a definition of tourism within which interaction among its components and extraneous aspects are considered. Specifically, it addresses issues related to travelers, tourism goods and services, socio-physical factors, and the host-guest relationship. Second, it discusses some social science disciplines relevant to the study of tourism, with reference to some methods of research and teaching of tourism. Finally, the article moves on to present some other issues pertinent to curriculum development in tourism. Throughout the paper, a number of questions are raised and attempts are made to point out some critical issues in tourism education.RésuméJafari, Jafar, J.R. Brent Ritchie, Vers un cadre théorique pour le tourisme. Enseignement: Problèmes et perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research 1981. VIII(1):13–34. Le propos de cet article est de présenter un cadre pour la pensée au sujet de l'enseignement du tourisme. Il commence par adopter une définition du tourisme dans laquelle on considere l'interaction entre ses éléments constituants et ses aspects accessoires. De façon précise, il s'adresse à des questions de voyageurs, des biens et services du tourisme, des facteurs socio-physiques, et le rapport entre visiteur et recepteur. Deuxièmement, il discute quelques disciplines des sciences sociales qui sont liés a l'étude du tourisme avec des allusions à des méthodes de recherche de l'enseignement du tourisme. En dernier lieu, l'article présente d'autres questions au sujet du développement d'un programme d'études en tourisme. Partout dans l'article, on pose des questions et on signale des sujets critiques dans l'enseignement du tourisme.
Eric E. Rodenburg, The Effects of Scale in Economic Development: Tourism in Bali. Annals of Tourism Research 1980, VII(2):177–196. Planners promote tourism to meet the objectives of economic development. Different scales of enterprise, however, meet the objectives of planners in different ways. Data from Bali, Indonesia, illustrate the differential social and economic effects of three scales of tourism enterprise; large industrial, small industrial and craft tourism. A comparison of these segments of the continuum of tourism enterprises in Bali shows that the objectives of economic planners (increased earnings, foreign exchange, investment, job opportunities, production, entreprenuership, infrastructure, and the minimization of adverse social and cultural effects) are not best met through the promotion of large, industrially scaled enterprises.RésuméRodenberg, Eric E., “Les Effets de l'échelle dans le développement: le tourisme au Bali.” Annals of Tourism Research 1980, VII (2): 177–196. Les planificateurs développent le tourisme pour réaliser les objectifs du développement économique. Néanmoins, les diverses échelles d'entreprise mènent à des façons différentes de réaliser les objectifs des planificateurs. Des données du Bali, Indonésie, illustrent les effets sociaux et économiques différentiels de trois échelles d'entreprises touristiques: grande industrie, petite industrie et tourisme artisanal. Une comparaison de ces segments du continuum des entreprises touristiques au Bali montre que les objectifs des planificateurs économiques (augmentation des profits, devises, investissements, débouchés, production, esprit d'entreprise, infrastructure, minimisation de mauvais effets sociaux et culturels) ne sont pas réalisés le mieux par le développement des entreprises à grande échelle industrielle.
Who does tourism benefit when it reaches a small Third-World community that was, until then, mostly cut off from the world market? This article proposes elements for an answer by inquiring into the social effects of tourism on the emergence of enterprises in Ladakh, India. In this case, the article deduces touristic entrepreneurs profit from their activities and how they organize to protect their interests. The relevance of the formal/informal economic sectors approach is questioned, and some broadening of the analysis is proposed on grounds of cultural and political economy.RésuméCet article analyse les effets politiques du tourisme considéré à travers l'apparition d'entreprises, dans le contexte particulier d'une communauté du Ladakh, au Kashmir indien. L'auteur cherche à savoir, dans ce cas, à quels intérěts se rallient les entrepreneurs touristiques et tente de montrer comment ces gens qui tirent avantage de cette activité économique s'organisent à cette fin. Au plan théorique, la pertinence de la grille des secteurs économiques formels et informels, en usage dans les milieux du développement international pour l'intervention au tiersmonde, sera questionnée et un élargissement de la perspective sur la base de facteurs culturels sera proposé.
The components of the tourism system of a developing country show greater internal sensitivity than those of a developed country. The host-community in itself acts as a tourist attraction and changes associated with development may reduce this attraction. R. Howell, Associate Professor, and M. Uysal, Assistant Professor, at Clemson University, Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, explain how education for tourism in developing countries must be tailored to meet their special needs.
Malcolm 1984 Entrepreneurship for the Poor
- Harper
Harper, Malcolm 1984 Entrepreneurship for the Poor. London: IT Publications.
Long 1990 Developing New Ventures: The Entrepreneurial Option
- W Mcmullan
- Wayne
McMullan, W., and Wayne A. Long 1990 Developing New Ventures: The Entrepreneurial Option. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Entrepreneurship Education in Bangladesh: A Beginning
- Nehrt
Nehrt, Lee C. 1987 Entrepreneurship Education in Bangladesh: A Beginning. Journal of Small Business Management 25:76-78.
Guidelines to Planning Harmony with the Host Community In Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options
- O Amore
O'Amore, L. 1983 Guidelines to Planning Harmony with the Host Community. In Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options, P. E. Murphy, ed., pp. 135-159. Victoria: Department of Geography, The University of Victoria Department of Geog-raphy.
Filling China's Staffing Gap. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administra-tion
- Cullen
- Thomas
Cullen, Thomas P. 1988 Filling China's Staffing Gap. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administra-tion Quarterly 29:76-78.
Need Led Priorities in Hospitality Education for the Third World. Paper presented at New Horizons in Tourism and Hospitality Education, Training and Research Conference
- Leo H Theuns
- Frank Go
Theuns, Leo H., and Frank Go 1991 "Need Led" Priorities in Hospitality Education for the Third World. Paper presented at New Horizons in Tourism and Hospitality Education, Training and Research Conference. University of Calgary, Canada. Theuns, Leo H., and Amina Rasheed
Overview Essay: The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development
- Ray
Ray, Dennis M. 1988 Overview Essay: The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development. Journal of Development Planning 18:3-18.
Tourism Education in the 1990s: Which Way for the Developing Countries? Unpublished manuscript. Calgary: The University of Calgary Faculty of Man-agement
- Go
- Frank
Go, Frank M. 1989 Tourism Education in the 1990s: Which Way for the Developing Countries? Unpublished manuscript. Calgary: The University of Calgary Faculty of Man-agement.
Tourism: Education for All. Paper presented at World Tourism Day 1988 Symposium. Lagos, Nigeria. 1990 Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Hospitality and Tourism Educa-tion Programs in Developing Countries
- Hegarty
- Joseph
Hegarty, Joseph A. 1988 Tourism: Education for All. Paper presented at World Tourism Day 1988 Symposium. Lagos, Nigeria. 1990 Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Hospitality and Tourism Educa-tion Programs in Developing Countries. Hospitality & Tourism Educator 2:12-13, 40-41.
Training Entrepreneurs for Small Business Creation: Lessons from Experience
- Loucks
Tourism: Education for All
- Hegarty
Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Hospitality and Tourism Education Programs in Developing Countries
- Hegarty
“Need Led” Priorities in Hospitality Education for the Third World
- Theuns