... Many studies [1] - [37] investigated various factors of retention in STEM (Science, Technologies, Engineering, and Mathematics) education for undergraduates, including demographics [9], [10], [17], financial aids [1], [11], [14], [22], [25], [33], test scores and grades in high school [2], [4], [7] - [10], [12], [13], [15] - [19], [21], [22], test scores and grades in university/college [2], [3], [13], [27], [33], [34], courses and curriculums [3], [5] - [7], intellectual skills and abilities [2] - [4], [6], [8] - [10], [16], [20], motivational factors and selfefficacy [2], [5], [7], [26], [29], academic and social environments [3], [6], [9], [30] - [32], [36], [37], and interventions [2], [3], [6], [23], [24], [28]. These studies identified factors that were commonly shared by a significant number of undergraduate students who achieved the STEM retention, and thus presented common student characteristics of STEM retention. ...