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Food and Financial Crises: Implications for Agriculture and the Poor

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This paper examines the recent decentralization of governance in Indonesia and its impact on local infrastructure provision. The decentralization of decisionmaking power to local jurisdictions in Indonesia may have improved the matching of public infrastructures provision with local preferences. However, decentralization has made local public infrastructures depend on local resources. Due to differences in initial endowments, this may result in the divergence of local public infrastructures in rich and poor jurisdictions. Using data from village-level panel surveys conducted in 1996, 2000, and 2006, this paper finds that (1) local public infrastructures depend on local resources, (2) decentralization has improved the availability of local public infrastructures, (3) local jurisdictions are converging to a similar level of local public infrastructure, and (4) to some extent, decentralized public infrastructures' provision reflects local preferences.

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... 4 Epistemológicamente, estos análisis se basaron en perspectivas económicas neoclásicas o neoinstitucionales, que asumen que los resultados de las transacciones de tierras dependen del estado de la gobernanza y la competencia de mercado allá donde se desarrollan. Por lo tanto, los acuerdos de tierras se dividían ontológicamente en legales, transparentes y deseables "transacciones de tierras a gran escala", y lamentables "acaparamientos de tierras" que no respetan el estado de derecho ni el juego limpio del mercado (Von Braun, 2008). Además de estos análisis, también los hubo desde perspectivas críticas. ...
... Entre ellos, por ejemplo, el Banco Mundial (Deininger y Byerlee, 2011) y el Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias [IFPRI] (VonBraun, 2008). ...
... 4 Epistemológicamente, estos análisis se basaron en perspectivas económicas neoclásicas o neoinstitucionales, que asumen que los resultados de las transacciones de tierras dependen del estado de la gobernanza y la competencia de mercado allá donde se desarrollan. Por lo tanto, los acuerdos de tierras se dividían ontológicamente en legales, transparentes y deseables "transacciones de tierras a gran escala", y lamentables "acaparamientos de tierras" que no respetan el estado de derecho ni el juego limpio del mercado (Von Braun, 2008). Además de estos análisis, también los hubo desde perspectivas críticas. ...
... Entre ellos, por ejemplo, el Banco Mundial (Deininger y Byerlee, 2011) y el Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias [IFPRI] (VonBraun, 2008). ...
... Studies have revealed different causes of the higher food prices, including low levels of world cereal stocks, crop failures in major exporting countries, population growth, urbanisation, rapidly growing demand for biofuels and rising oil prices (FAO, 2008;von Braun, 2008;Balter, 2013;Nzuma, 2013). As the price surge spread across countries, several other factors emerged to reinforce the crisis; most importantly, export ban by main exporting countries such as Tanzania, weakening of the United States dollar, increase in speculation and the global fuel and financial crisis. ...
... Other studies have extensively reported on the causes of the higher prices in domestic markets (FAO, 2008;von Braun, 2008;Balter, 2013;Nzuma, 2013). This paper examines the trend and price transmission within markets for maize and rice in Tanzania during the 2004 to 2013 period. ...
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Increase in global prices for most key cereal crops has had an unprecented effect on local markets prices for maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa), raising policy concerns especially in eastern and southern Africa. The objective of this study was to analyse maize and rice price transmission within Tanzania domestic markets. The study used monthly wholesale prices from nine local markets in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Lindi, Mwanza, Rukwa, Dodoma and Morogoro from January 2004 to August 2013. The Vector Error correction model was used. Markets were categorised into leading and follower markets. Results showed that 88 percent of maize prices in selected markets were stationary, while for rice it was 100 percent. Further analysis using Johansen test indicates 63 percent of selected maize market pairs and 75 percent for rice markets pairs were co-integrated. Leading markets were found to transmit relatively small percentages (20 percent) compared to more than 70 percent of prices transmitted by follower markets. It took relatively longer for smaller markets to transmit prices to their larger counterparts. This was also supported by granger causality analysis, where larger markets prices failed to be transmitted to small markets. Very few pairs of markets (5%) had bi-directional movement of prices, indicating limited flow or market rigidity in sharing price information. The speed of price adjustment was also very slow, especially when higher prices originate from smaller markets. This trend implies presence of many layers of markets and the prices were largely controlled by fewer traders rather than marketing forces or other actors like farmers who were down to the value chain. This kind of monopoly leads to price volatility and consumers are forced to pay more, hence, affecting affordability of majority net buyer consumers. RÉSUMÉ L'augmentation des prix de la plupart des céréales a eu un effet sans précédant sur les prix du maïs (Zea mays) et du riz (Oryza sativa L.) sur les marchés locaux, causant des soucis au niveau des politiques agricoles spécialement en Afrique de l'Est et du Sud. L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser la transmission des prix de maïs et du riz sur les marchés domestiques en Tanzanie. L'étude a utilisé les prix mensuels des grossistes collectés sur neuf marchés locaux d'Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Lindi, Mwanza, Rukwa, Dodoma et Morogoro, de Janvier 2003 à Août 2013. Le modèle de Correction d'Erreur Vectorielle était utilisé. Les marchés étaient catégorisés en marchés principaux et marchés secondaires. Les résultats ont montré que 88 et 100% respectivement des prix du maïs et du riz sur les marchés sélectionnés étaient stationnaires. Une autre analyse utilisant le test de Johansen indique que 63 % des pairs de marchés du maïs sélectionnés et 75% des pairs de marchés du riz étaient co-intégrés. L'étude a montré aussi que les marchés principaux transmettaient relativement un faible pourcentage (20%) comparés à plus de 70% des prix transmis par les petits marchés. La transmission des prix des marchés secondaires aux marchés principaux a relativement pris une longue période. Ceci était aussi confirmé par une analyse de causalité de Granger qui montra que la transmission des prix des marchés principaux aux petits marchés a échoué. Très peu de pairs de marchés (5%) avaient un mouvement bidirectionnel des prix, indiquant une certaine rigidité dans la transmission de l'information sur les prix. La vitesse dans l'ajustement des prix était aussi très lente, spécialement lorsque les prix les plus élevés provenaient des petits marchés. Cette F. MARO and F. MWAIJANDE 930 tendance implique la présence de plusieurs couches de marchés et les prix étaient largement contrôlés par peu de vendeurs plutôt que les forces régissant les marchés ou d'autres acteurs tels les producteurs qui sont dans la partie inférieure de de la chaine de valeur. Ce type de monopole conduit à une volatilité des prix et les consommateurs sont obligés de payer plus, affectant ainsi la capacité d'achat de la majorité des consommateurs.
... 4 Epistemológicamente, estos análisis se basaron en perspectivas económicas neoclásicas o neoinstitucionales, que asumen que los resultados de las transacciones de tierras dependen del estado de la gobernanza y la competencia de mercado allá donde se desarrollan. Por lo tanto, los acuerdos de tierras se dividían ontológicamente en legales, transparentes y deseables "transacciones de tierras a gran escala", y lamentables "acaparamientos de tierras" que no respetan el estado de derecho ni el juego limpio del mercado (Von Braun, 2008). Además de estos análisis, también los hubo desde perspectivas críticas. ...
... Entre ellos, por ejemplo, el Banco Mundial (Deininger y Byerlee, 2011) y el Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias [IFPRI] (VonBraun, 2008). ...
... Food insecurity builds social and political unrest which translate to multiple episodes and high degree of violence just as the case in 2007-2008 world food crises (von Braun, 2008). ...
... The food insecurity had developed from several systemic grounds such as decline in growth of agricultural production caused by climate change and water depletion (Mittal, 2009;Weinberger et al., 2009;Asian Development Bank, 2012). Rice, being the major staple food among Asian countries (Hossain & Fischer, 1995), was not exempted during the crises with its price spiking five times higher than in 2003(von Braun, 2008. Hence, acknowledging climate change along with the exponential demands for rice as factors of crises led to the proposal of second Green Revolution by way of rice research (Pandey et al., 2011). ...
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The present study creates models reflecting how essential climate variables (ECV) like temperature gradient and precipitation pattern shape rice production in the past decades of three SEA nations, namely: Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The target test statistic to analyze the relationship between rice production and ECV is Multiple variants technique utilizing Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation. Results reveal that the quantity of rice production of all three countries are linear functions of temperature. Meanwhile, precipitation only affects rice production in the Philippines but not in Indonesia and Thailand. The alteration of phenology which opens research for applying marker assisted selection such as marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) explains the development of rice cultivars tolerant to abiotic stress. In effect, there is still increase in rice production.
... Initially, studies primarily highlighted the positive externalities of urban networks, focusing on their role in enhancing the capacity of cities to deal with the disturbance. However, there has been increasing interest in the negative spillover effects of urban networks in recent years, emphasizing the necessity to better understand and mitigate the potential of urban networks to exacerbate the repercussions of disturbances (Kraemer et al., 2020;Von Braun, 2008). ...
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As concerns over the security of intercity connections intensify, the concept of urban network resilience has increasingly captured the attention of researchers in related fields. This study aimed to clarify the varying interpretations of urban network resilience among scholars and to identify the advancements and potential gaps in existing literature. The results indicated that differences in perceptions of urban networks have led scholars to define urban network resilience from two distinct perspectives. This divergence influenced the focal points of research, as well as the methodologies, structural measurement indicators, and optimization strategies employed in these studies. We argued for the need to further explore the concept of urban network resilience by considering the nuances of different urban networks, refining methodologies for the identification, description, and measurement of resilience, and recognizing the interconnections among various types and scales of urban networks. This review can provide scholars and policymakers with comprehensive insights into urban resilience, thereby assisting them in making more informed and effective decisions.
... The 2008 financial crisis demonstrated a strong global integration of commodity markets. It is known that there is a substantial transmission of the effects of shocks from one market to another and that there is a direct relationship between the price of crude oil and agricultural commodities (Clapp & Helleiner, 2012;Von Braun, 2008;Zhang & Broadstock, 2020). ...
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This study investigates the relationship between corn prices in Brazil and the international market, considering a rise in corn ethanol production in Brazil's Midwest region since 2017. Did the entry of the corn ethanol industry in Brazil affect the relationship between domestic and international corn prices? A cointegration analysis was made with a monthly time series from May 2005 to August 2023 controlling for different exogenous events or shocks that may have affected global agricultural markets. The study's findings indicate a stable long‐term relationship between the international and Brazilian corn prices, with changes in international prices being predictors of variations in Brazilian domestic prices, while the opposite was not statistically supported. The study also found no evidence to support the claim that the entry of the corn ethanol industry into Mato Grosso state in 2017 impacted the prices paid to local producers. Therefore, the increase in Brazilian corn prices cannot be attributed to additional demand for corn by local mills, an important result that contributes to discussions such as food versus fuel and indirect land use change.
... Do drugiej grupy włącza się: powolny wzrost produkcji rolnej, wzrost cen ropy naftowej i kosztów produkcji w rolnictwie, niesprzyjające warunki pogodowe oraz regulacje eksportowe. Do czynników sprzyjających podwyżce cen rolnych zalicza się także spekulacje finansowe na międzynarodowych rynkach rolnych [Food... 2008;Headey i Fan 2010;Headey 2010;Bouis 2008;von Braun 2008;von Braun i in. 2008]. ...
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Od roku 2006 na forum międzynarodowym można zaobserwować wzrost zainteresowania kwestią rolną. Stało się to za sprawą m.in. gwałtownego wzrostu cen surowców rolnych na rynkach międzynarodowych, a tym samym ograniczenia ekonomicznego i fizycznego dostępu do żywności (głównie dla krajów importerów netto żywności). Dlatego też okres 2007-2011 zyskał miano światowego kryzysu żywnościowego. Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie problematyki zmian w polityce handlowej państw (zwłaszcza polityki eksportowej) odnoszącej się do handlowej wymiany produktów rolnych w kontekście zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. W opracowaniu dokonano analizy wpływu cła/podatku eksportowego i innych ograniczeń w eksporcie na poziom cen rolnych oraz dobrobyt zarówno na poziome globalnym, jak i krajowym.
... Past research indicates that there are numerous issues that hinder the growth of PPP specifically in the agricultural sector [42]. The government should focus on deploying collaborative strategies to be more sustainable and adapt to the global change in agriculture. ...
Article
Public-private partnerships are crucial for advancing agricultural sustainability and tackling issues related to enhancing global food security. They help make technology accessible to farmers so they can access markets. As PPPs bring together participants from the public, private, and civil society, they are commonly touted as a means of boosting productivity and fostering growth in the agriculture and food sectors. The PPP can assist in implementing cutting-edge technological breakthroughs and promoting private sector participation to reduce risks that could otherwise be excessive. PPPs are commonly understood as having the potential to modernise the agriculture industry and offer numerous concessions to help farmers achieve sustainable agricultural growth. The objective of the present study is to understand how these new partnerships are expected to play significant roles in identifying answers to the most important agricultural problems that Indian Agriculture is confronting. The study further aims to understand the critical issues in PPPs in the agriculture sector in the Indian context by analyzing their interrelationships and prioritization. The study utilizes Grey DEMATEL to determine these contextual relationships for PPP issues. Grey systems theory is a methodology that incorporates improbability and vagueness into the analysis.
... Detection of drought and estimation of agricultural production losses:Early detection of drought and estimation of agricultural production losses before harvest using new generation operational polar-orbiting satellites can avert damages to agriculture i. Increasing global plant disease outbreaks which are exacerbated by climate change that can be tackled to prevent future occurrences, ii. The use of new set of tools such as disease surveillance and improved detection technologies (pathogen sensors and predictive modeling) and data analytics [28]. ...
Article
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People having access to physical, social and economic food that is sufficient, safe and nutritious to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, for an active and healthy life, could be a mirage without the involvement of local communities, in global effort to mitigate malnutrition. World leaders have identified the lacuna in the drive for food security and therefore, seek a sustainable approach through which biotechnology and functional food technology could be tailored to forestall food insecurity, especially in emerging global situations. Consequently, researchers in food microbiology, enzyme biotechnology, among other disciplines are making concerted effort to provide solutions to some emerging world problems such as banditry, wars, climate change, internal displacement, migration, among others. Emphasis on the role of functional foods and biotechnology for sustainable food security should be paramount on the global scale as championed by United Nations Organization (UNO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization/World Bank (WHO/WB) and World Food Programme on Malnutrition. Functional food components such as biotin, carotenoids, lycopene, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, among others could be tailored to reduce the incidences coronary heart diseases, diabetes and free radicals in the body for improved nutrition, while nutritional education, alongside global support and empowerment initiatives for sustainability in agricultural biotechnological approaches would be highly imperative. It is therefore imperative for the global support agencies to reduce malnutrition to emphasize food functionality such as the role of carotenoids, fatty acids, lycopene, vitamins, minerals, biotin, fibre, etc in combating food insecurity through nutritional education, and in farming operations. It is in doing so that the role of food biotechnology would impact positively on the affected population, whereby foods are not just in abundance but also have the ability and capacity to provide the needed food ingredients to functionally prevent cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neutralize free radicals and prevent antioxidant activity in the body.
... Detection of drought and estimation of agricultural production losses:Early detection of drought and estimation of agricultural production losses before harvest using new generation operational polar-orbiting satellites can avert damages to agriculture i. Increasing global plant disease outbreaks which are exacerbated by climate change that can be tackled to prevent future occurrences, ii. The use of new set of tools such as disease surveillance and improved detection technologies (pathogen sensors and predictive modeling) and data analytics [28]. ...
Article
Full-text available
People having access to physical, social and economic food that is sufficient, safe and nutritious to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, for an active and healthy life, could be a mirage without the involvement of local communities, in global effort to mitigate malnutrition. World leaders have identified the lacuna in the drive for food security and therefore, seek a sustainable approach through which biotechnology and functional food technology could be tailored to forestall food insecurity, especially in emerging global situations. Consequently, researchers in food microbiology, enzyme biotechnology, among other disciplines are making concerted effort to provide solutions to some emerging world problems such as banditry, wars, climate change, internal displacement, migration, among others. Emphasis on the role of functional foods and biotechnology for sustainable food security should be paramount on the global scale as championed by United Nations Organization (UNO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization/World Bank (WHO/WB) and World Food Programme on Malnutrition. Functional food components such as biotin, carotenoids, lycopene, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, among others could be tailored to reduce the incidences coronary heart diseases, diabetes and free radicals in the body for improved nutrition, while nutritional education, alongside global support and empowerment initiatives for sustainability in agricultural biotechnological approaches would be highly imperative. It is therefore imperative for the global support agencies to reduce malnutrition to emphasize food functionality such as the role of carotenoids, fatty acids, lycopene, vitamins, minerals, biotin, fibre, etc in combating food insecurity through nutritional education, and in farming operations. It is in doing so that the role of food biotechnology would impact positively on the affected population, whereby foods are not just in abundance but also have the ability and capacity to provide the needed food ingredients to functionally prevent cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neutralize free radicals and prevent antioxidant activity in the body.
... The rise in prices up to November 2008 was due to the increase in the slaughter of bovine females in the period prior to 2007. As of November 2008, there was a fall in prices paid to the producer, coinciding with the international financial and economic crisis known as the subprime in the North American real estate market (Von Braun, 2008). This crisis negatively affected commodity prices in emerging countries, and foreign demand for Brazilian beef in the main importing countries such as Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Algeria, Egypt, and Hong Kong (Ministry of Economy, Industry, Foreign Trade and Services [MDIC], 2021), causing a surplus of production in the country. ...
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The production and price behavior of the beef cattle market in the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon, was evaluated with the objective of characterizing the dynamics of the market and guiding economic decisions made by agents in the beef cattle production chain. Time series of production and prices from the period 1995 to 2021 were analyzed using growth rates and the classical multiplicative method of time series. The cattle herd in Pará showed a growth rate of 4.54% per year from 1995 to 2021, and the slaughter of bovine females fluctuated throughout the historical series with the highest and lowest percentages in the years 2000 and 2011, respectively. There were three complete livestock cycles, differing in duration and amplitude. The average duration of the cycles was 7 years, with a shortening of the cycle over the period of study. Seasonal price indices are higher than 100, which is the annual average index, from September to January and lower than 100 from February to August. The highest price quotations for the arroba of fattened cattle coincide with the off-season period of beef cattle production, which is determined by the carrying capacity of pastures under the influence of weather conditions.
... An ethical imperative for creating GM crops enthusiastically and economically available to people in developing countries that required them [6] . In its discussion paper it list out the likely benefits of using GM crops as follows: 1. ...
Article
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The issue relating to GM crop have generated intense public debate not only in India but many other parts of the world, including developed countries where production and consumption of Genetically Modified Foods are high. Despite the fact that the issues under banter incorporate the expense and advantages of the GM varieties and the potential safety concerns, the result of the discussion varies from one country to another. Though, it’s widely claimed that GM crop offers promise for meeting most of our food requirements, like all new innovations, it also poses certain apprehensions and risks. Moreover, any solutions designed to leverage new technologies for better food grain production will have to work in the context of rising Indian population, growing incomes that lead to changing diets, and climate change that will likely to put pressure on already scarce resources.
... It confirms that all households have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient quantities, good quality and diversity for a nutritious diet. Access to food depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its own food [UN, 1999, von Braun, 2008. It is expected that maize prices will rise by 34% up to 100% between 2010 and 2050. ...
Article
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In the 21 st century Africa is at the top levels of hunger and malnutrition in the world that is unharmonious with the vision of the African Union. Hunger and malnutrition are a common matters in almost all African countries and recently it is appeared to be increasing in most of the countries of the continent. The security of food and nutrition is a fundamental right of every people. But many people of Africa are deprived of this right. About one-third of African children are undersized in their growth and suffer from various physical and mental complexities. The UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) no.2 aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition globally by 2030, but Africa is off track. It is estimated that about 200 million people in Africa are undernourished. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the African food and nutrition security system in the long term. The pandemic has thrown the continent into serious uncertainty about the implementation of SDG 2. Food production in this continent should be increased proportional to the increased population. This study tries to discuss the food and nutrition situation of Africa and provides a constructive guideline to overcome it.
... Increases in the prices of wage goods therefore could result in upward pressure on wages (Lewis, 1954;Johnston and Mellor, 1961;Hayami, 1972;Bates, 1998;Delgado, 1992;Mellor, 1999;Benson et al., 2008;Norton et al., 2010). Protests related to high food prices during the 2007/2008 crisis were recorded in at least 61 countries (von Braun, 2008b). 3 As noted in Wodon and Zaman (2010), many studies of the welfare effects of the food price crisis have employed Deaton's 1989 methodology. ...
Chapter
This book focuses on the 2007-2008 food price crisis and the ensuing financial and economic crisis (both globally and in sub-Saharan Africa), illustrating the problems using country case studies that cover their origins, effects on agriculture and rural poverty, and their underlying factors. The 13 chapters in this volume address several themes, all related to the food and financial crises and their impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. Broadly speaking, the principal themes discussed in this book are the causes and consequences of the dual crises, their impacts in sub-Saharan Africa at both the macro- and micro-levels, and finally, how Africa can address some of the key challenges - primarily related to improving productivity and policy - that may help the continent escape the devastation of such crises in the future.
... The drop in the publication number could reflect the severe worldwide financial and food crises of 2008. The ways that the economic and food crises interfaced with the environment and agriculture could affect the research in said issues [59], altering the number of publications for this particular sector. A similar diminution was observed in the year 2013 in a bibliometric study about O 3 in the period 2000-2015 [60]. ...
Article
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Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant and a greenhouse gas, whose concentration has been increasing since the industrial era and is expected to increase further in the near future. O3 molecules can be inhaled by humans and animals, causing significant health problems; they can also diffuse through the leaf stomata of plants, triggering significant phytotoxic damage that entails a weakening of the plant, reducing its ability to cope with other abiotic and biotic stresses. This eventually leads to a reduction in the yield and quality of crops, which is a serious problem as it puts global food security at risk. Due to the importance of this issue, a bibliometric analysis on O3 in the plant research field is carried out through the Web of Science (WoS) database. Different aspects of the publications are analysed, such as the number of documents published per year, the corresponding scientific areas, distribution of documents by countries, institutions and languages, publication type and affiliations, and, finally, special attention is paid to O3 study in plants by means of studies about the word occurrence frequency in titles and abstracts, and the articles most frequently cited. The bibliometric study shows the great effort made by the scientific community in order to understand the damages caused by O3 in plants, which will help reduce the big losses that O3 causes in agriculture.
... A pénzügyi válság a mezőgazdasági termékárak gyors és jelentős mértékű emelkedését eredményezte, amelyek 3-5-szörösükre nőttek 2003-hoz képest, valamint a legszegényebb háztartások vásárlóerejének drasztikus csökkenését okozta (Von Braun, 2008). Ebben jelentős szerepet játszott, hogy a pénzügyi válság kapcsán jelentős tőke szabadult fel és áramlott be -többek között -az agrárágazatba (Erber et al., 2008). ...
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a válságok a gazdaság egészét érintik, azonban a hatásuk mértéke eltérő az egyes ágazatokban. a legutóbbi két, Magyarország szempontjából érdemi hatással bíró válság (a globális pénzügyi válság 2008-ban és az Oroszország elleni embargó 2014-ben) kapcsán látható volt, hogy a nemzetközi agrárkereskedelem értékben és mennyiségben is csökkent, valamint a mezőgazdasági termékek ára jellemzően nőtt, különösen 2007-ről 2008-ra. Magyarországnak már 2004 előtt is külkereskedelmi többlete volt az agrártermékekből, ami az eU-csatlakozást követően jelentősen bővült. a cikk célja annak vizsgálata, hogy az élelmiszer-gazdaság teljesítményére hogyan hatottak az elmúlt időszak válságai. az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy ez sok tényezőtől függ, például az előállított termékek típusától (nyersanyag vagy feldolgozott termék, romlandó vagy nem romlandó áru stb.), illetve a kereskedelmi integráció szintjétől. ennek érdekében a cikk áttekintést nyújt a magyar mezőgazdaság és az élelmiszer-gazdasági külkereskedelem teljesítményéről. Mivel Magyarország erősen integrálódott az eU közös piacába, így elsősorban a többi tagállammal kereskedik, a legfontosabb külkereskedelmi partnere Németország. ezt termékszinten vizsgálva megállapítható, hogy a nyersanyagok aránya magasabb az exportoldalon (gabonafélék és olajos magvak) az importoldalhoz képest (például hús és húsfélék vagy a különféle cukrászati készítmények). az eredmények alapján a Covid–19-járvány hatása más volt, mint a két korábbi válságé. a szállítási nehézségek ellenére a magyar kivitel bővült, ami növekvő kereskedelmi többletet eredményezett. Másrészt a nemzetközi élelmiszerárak is stabilak maradtak. Mindez összességében előnyös volt Magyarország számára, mivel a belföldi keresletet jelentősen meghaladó termelés magas élelmezésbiztonságot eredményezett, ráadásul nőtt a kereskedelmi többlet nagysága is.
... The fruit and vegetable sector has not been affected by the economic-financial crisis of 2007 [35,36] nor by the Covid-19 pandemic [37,38]. Fruit and vegetables are considered necessities and are in demand despite adversities. ...
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This article analyses the contribution to local development by women workers in the fruit- and vegetable-handling sector in Almería (Spain) over the last five years (2015–2019). It is a continuation of research carried out during the period 2000–2014. Using data collected through surveys and focus groups, the aim is to ascertain if the results obtained in this analysis meet the condition of sustainability, i.e., whether the improvement in working women’s quality of life has been maintained over time, and whether these beneficial effects have multiplied. The results show that women workers in the fruit- and vegetable-handling sector are satisfied with their jobs and with the company they are working for. The existence of fixed-discontinuous employment contracts facilitates greater flexibility for women in terms of balancing work and family life. This main contribution of this study lies in extrapolating the sustainability of a local development model in regard to other initiatives that aim to increase women’s empowerment in the labour market.
... Nonetheless, the expectation that sudden shocks can help transformation towards sustainability should be approached with caution. The 2007-9 financial crisis deepened food insecurity, increased food prices, and disrupted the food systems around the world (von Braun 2008;Brinkman et al. 2010). Yet, 10 years after the crisis, the number of malnourished people has increased (FAO et al. 2018). ...
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Agriculture and food systems are in urgent need of transformation. Various foresight reports unpack food systems’ challenges and propose diverse pathways of change towards sustainability. We interrogate the framings and proposed pathways of eleven selected reports from a food system perspective, with a focus on environmental and climate change implications. We synthesize key drivers of food systems and their impact on food system outcomes. We distil trends and strategies identified across the reports and their scenarios and discuss the diversity of ‘sustainability pathways’ and ‘solution spaces’. There is general agreement that resource protection and adaptation balanced with significant greenhouse gas emission reductions are vital to food system transformation. There is less consensus on the choice of change options and how to address potential trade-offs. While new technologies or consumption changes are described, more attention needs to be paid to overcoming blind spots like implications for equity or changes in governance mechanisms.
... Food insecurity-the inability to ensure access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet one's dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life-has traditionally been considered an issue for low/middle-income countries [1]. After decades of downward trends, the 2008 economic crisis resulted in increases in the prevalence of food insecurity globally [2][3][4], as well as in Europe [5][6][7]. In 2016, 26.4% of European were at risk of mild to moderate food insecurity [6,8,9], indicating an issue of national concern [10]. ...
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In 2016, the European Union set up the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) as its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. Computational analysis and a cross-sectional survey took place from January 2016 to June 2018 to calculate FEAD’s contribution to its beneficiaries’ diets and to collect beneficiary satisfaction data. Dairy, fresh meat, legumes, sugar, olive oil, and tomato concentrate were the most commonly procured items. The program’s contribution to vegetable, dairy, and grains intake was 3.4%, 6.1%, and 6.0%, respectively, as opposed to discretionary calories (12.2%) and fats/oils (24.5%). The program’s algorithm greatly favors (almost 3-fold) single-person applications, compared with applications with four or more people. Beneficiaries valued each food provision at 21.23 ± 23.4 euros, which, for 64.4% of them, translated to a high positive impact on the household budget. FEAD had a highly positive impact on feelings of anxiety and security, for 50.7% and 41.6% of its beneficiaries. Satisfaction with the foods provided was also high for ~70% of the beneficiaries. The program is met with high beneficiary satisfaction and is perceived as a substantial assistance. Increases in the amounts and variety of foods delivered, with a focus on fruit, vegetables, and fish, should be considered to further improve the program’s dietary impact.
... 4 Epistemologically, these assessments relied on neo-classical and/or neo-institutional economics perspectives which assume that outcomes of land deals depend on the state of governance and market competition in the places where they unfold. Hence, land deals were ontologically divided into lawful, transparent, and desirable "large-scale land acquisitions", and regretful "land grabs" that do not abide by the rule of law and market fair play (von Braun, 2008). In addition to these mainstream assessments there were also those undertaken from critical perspectives. ...
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Amid the growing interest on renewables to fight back the current ecological and social crises, crops like oil palm and trees like eucalyptus, with ever-growing and flexibly interchangeable uses as carbon sinks and sources of renewable energy and biomaterials, are praised as climate stewards and vehicles of transition to sustainable development. Hence, flex crops and commodities complexes consolidate within former strongholds and set off to new territories to take down today's crises. Bridging critical and intersectional political economy, ecology and sociology perspectives, and grounded in Guatemala from 2005 onwards, I discuss the implications of the rise of the flex crops and commodities complexes in transitions to sustainability for jobs, labor regimes, and socioecological reproduction. Specifically, the operations of the flex (sugar)cane and (oil) palm complexes in Guatemala involve a predatory form of agrarian extractivism which is driving a process of ‘impairing destruction’. This works by means of a job-poor, culturally insensitive, toilsome and unpaid labor-based ‘productive’ model, and the manufacturing of environmentally and socially toxic landscapes, to fuel a purge of the countryside that leaves nothing and no one, neither friend nor foe, unscathed. However, the purge hits harder on the many working families (and especially on women) who are deemed redundant for the new renewables-led corporate model of sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Many struggle to avoid falling into this outcast condition. But the life purging agro-extractivism of the cane and palm companies both increases and stagnates the reserve army of labor, while simultaneously pushing the relative surplus population to the limits of subsistence. These findings about ‘renewable but unlivable’ futures call into question business as usual, non-transformative climate stewardship and sustainable development initiatives that constrain the (re)production of fairer and more climate-proof, culturally-sound, and youth-friendly life projects.
... However, the 2008 financial crisis and its impact on food prices, food access and welfare policies resulted in a global increase in food insecurity (2)(3)(4) seen even in Europe (5)(6)(7). Although, food insecurity in Europe is more likely to be classified as mild to moderate in severity according to the World Health Organization (8,9), after decades of downward trends, 26.4% of European were at risk of food insecurity in 2016 (based on data from Eurostat) (6) a prevalence sufficient to indicate an issue of national concern (10). ...
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Introduction In 2016 the European Union setup its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. We aimed to measure the program’s capacity in assisting its beneficiaries to achieve a healthy diet and measure their satisfaction. Methods A computational study was carried out to calculate daily food provision per person under the program for January 2016-December 2017. A cross sectional survey in 3942 beneficiaries took place in December 2017-June 2018 collecting anthropometric, sociodemographic and program satisfaction data. Descriptive statistics were performed and reported as relatively frequencies, mean ± standard deviation. Results Dairy, fresh meat, legumes, sugar, olive oil and tomato concentrate were the most commonly procured items. The program’s contribution to vegetable, dairy and cereal intake was the lowest (3.4%, 6.1%, 6.0% respectively) as opposed to free sugars (12.2%) and oils (24.5%). The program’s algorithm favors greatly (almost 3-fold) single person applications compared to 4+ persons applications. The monetary value was estimated at 21.23±23.4 euros/food provision, however 64.4% of beneficiaries reported a high positive impact on the household budget. 50.7% and 41.6% reported high positive impact on feelings of anxiety and security, respectively. ~70% of the beneficiaries were highly satisfied with the foods provided, with lower scores for quality and shelf-life (50.7% and 58.8% high respectively). Conclusions The program is met by high beneficiary satisfaction and is perceived as a substantial assistance. Increases in the amounts and variety of foods delivered, with a focus on fruit, vegetables and fish should be considered, to further improve the program’s dietary impact.
... In this sense, bioethanol, due to its high octane number, is a biofuel widely used in the transport sector (Limayem and Ricke, 2012), producing lower emissions and preventing early ignition (Celik, 2008). The negative effects of these biofuels are associated with the increase in food prices on the international market (Von Braun, 2008), due to the fact that they are related to the production of these biofuels, as the expansion Section B: Uses of Renewable Feedstocks of land for this type of crops generates the risk in food security and loss of natural ecosystems (Fargione et al., 2008). ...
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Green chemistry is a work tool that can be applied in different areas such as medicine, materials, polymers, food, organic chemistry, etc., since it was propounded in the early 2000´s. It has become a viable alternative for care, remediation and protection of the environment and has been implemented worldwide. In this book the twelve principles of green chemistry are presented in a simple way, as well as examples of the applications of green chemistry in numerous areas showcasing it as an ideal alternative for environmental care. It also provides information on current research being implemented at the pilot plant and industrial level. The book demonstrates the importance of the use of renewable raw materials, the use of catalysis and the implantation of alternative energy sources such as the use of microwaves and ultrasound in different separation and chemical processes.
... This phenomenon may be linked to the atrophy of vigilance hypothesis which posits that in hazardous systems, organizational safeguards against risk in those systems may atrophy over time (Busenberg, 1999;Freudenburg, 1992). For example, the 2007 Global Food Crisis followed decades of neglect of agricultural investment by national governments and development organizations (von Braun, 2008). A similar trend can be seen in Africa's hydrometeorological monitoring capacity. ...
Article
Early warning systems are essential tool for humanitarian preparedness and response. The diversity of inputs required, ranging from agricultural production estimates to market price variability and weather forecasts, means that interpreting food security signals is not an easy task. Each of these inputs is fraught with uncertainty which analysts need to assess when making projections about future food security. Understanding the accuracy rates of early warning systems is therefore of paramount importance to enable improvements to food security prediction. However, to date, limited analyses of early warning accuracy have been conducted. Here we analyze Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) early warning data for the Greater Horn of Africa and show that, despite accuracy in projections, there remain important challenges for food security projections. The two major sources of uncertainty are associated with complex weather phenomena and conflict-with uncertainty in weather forecasts being twice as important as conflict in overall FEWS NET accuracy. Indeed, the least accurate projections are recorded in seasons with particularly complex weather events such as the 2015/2016 El Niño Southern Oscillation as well as in zones that are affected by internal conflict (e.g. South Sudan). With respect to predicting crisis transitions, areas with more frequent transitions tend to be more accurate, possibly because predicting the drivers behind these transitions are better understood. Our novel analysis provides a framework to invest resources in specific aspects of early warning. We also hope that by measuring the reliability of these systems, we can increase the confidence of decision makers to act early to mitigate the growing risks posed by hunger and famine.
... • Financial aid: Financial aid policies aim at guaranteeing financial transfers to complement extremely poor families' income, reducing poverty and increasing food security (United Nations 2018a;Devereux 2016;Larder et al. 2015;Dimitri et al. 2015;von Braun 2008). • Food aid: Food aid policies aim at supporting poor families living in food insecurity, also improving the quality and quantity of food consumed (United Nations 2018a; Wilkinson 2015; Clark et al. 2015;Broussard et al. 2014;Lentz and Barrett 2013;Ninno et al. 2007). ...
... Bako's work (2011) shows the existence of a long-term positive relationship between agricultural growth and agricultural growth. For Von Braun (2008), agricultural investors are attracted to the growth and transformation of demand for food, fertilizer and biofuels that are likely to persist if oil prices remain at historically high levels. On the other hand, these agricultural investments have led to the scarcity of farmland, which is of increasing value on the other hand. ...
... The heavy toll taken by the financial crisis on trade and global economic performance has contributed significantly to the depreciation of currencies experienced by developing countries, including Sub-Saharan African countries. This in turn has affected agricultural markets significantly (Von Braun 2008). ...
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This study examines the impact of financial crisis as a shock on agricultural sector of the South African economy. Agriculture is regarded as a critical source of foreign exchange, employment and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Using a computable general equilibrium model of the South African economy based on the theory of ORANI-G framework, it was discovered that the impact of the financial crisis on agricultural sector was harmful to the economy. Job losses were recorded in the sector as well as decline in household demand. The financial crisis was also found to be harsh on domestic prices and general household consumption levels. The findings have far-reaching implications for research and practice. The results provide evidence of the vulnerability of the South African agricultural sector to any financial shocks.
... In order to attract foreign investment for agricultural growth, Bella's (2009) work emphasises the potential for profits and agricultural job creation to significantly boost agricultural productivity in order to reduce food insecurity in Africa South of the Sahara. For Von Braun (2008), agricultural investors are attracted to the growth and transformation of demand for food, fertiliser and biofuels that are likely to persist if oil prices remain at historically high levels. On the other hand, these agricultural investments have led to the scarcity of farmland, which is of increasing value on the other. ...
... In order to attract foreign investment for agricultural growth, Bella's (2009) work emphasises the potential for profits and agricultural job creation to significantly boost agricultural productivity in order to reduce food insecurity in Africa South of the Sahara. For Von Braun (2008), agricultural investors are attracted to the growth and transformation of demand for food, fertiliser and biofuels that are likely to persist if oil prices remain at historically high levels. On the other hand, these agricultural investments have led to the scarcity of farmland, which is of increasing value on the other. ...
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This article aims to analyse the determinants of agricultural growth in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). Fixed effect panel models have been estimated. The sample used to assess these determinants covers eight African countries over the period 1961 to 2017. The estimation results indicate that agricultural public investments have a positive and significant impact on agricultural growth and this impact depends on the combination with other factors of agricultural growth. In addition, the findings shows that other factors such as producer cotton prices, rainfall, number of tractors and farm labour force also drive good agricultural growth. On the other hand, the quantities of urea, the production and cotton land use do not have a significant incidence on the agricultural growth of the zone. For an effective agricultural growth in this area, the adoption of chemical, mechanical and consequential agricultural investments is becoming imperative and a necessary and sufficient condition to boost a true green revolution. Moreover, our results suggest that the main channel for sustainable agricultural growth in the union is the combination of all factors of production
... The construction of a financial system satisfies the diversified fund demands of farmers and promotes industrial development in rural areas. However, due to the vulnerability of agriculture, financial risks and risk prevention mechanisms need to be noted (von Braun, 2008). As for public service facilities, especially education and medical treatment, adequate supply lays a foundation for improving the rural population quality and providing qualified labour for regional development. ...
Article
After nearly seventy years of poverty alleviation, China has basically solved the problem of providing food and clothing to the rural poor. However, the islanding effect of the distribution of the poor and the marginal diminishing effect of the antipoverty resources, which restrict the effects of poverty-eliminating strategies, are increasingly obvious. In this context, targeted poverty alleviation is designed by the Chinese central government. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically analyse targeted poverty alleviation and explore the mechanism of its practices. In addition to reviewing the process of antipoverty in rural China, this study investigated the connotation of targeted poverty alleviation and considered the case of Fuping in Hebei Province to explore targeted antipoverty practices. Results showed that poverty alleviation in rural China could be divided into six stages, and the essence of targeted poverty alleviation lied in helping those who truly needed help and achieving genuine outcomes by accurately identifying and assisting poverty-stricken households, accurately managing objects and measures and accurately assessing antipoverty effectiveness. The practices of targeted poverty alleviation in Fuping county mainly involved industrial development, resettlement assistance, financial and educational development, together with medical security and land consolidation, all of which built an endogenous and sustainable mechanism enabling regional development. This study suggests that targeted poverty alleviation is an innovative strategy which is suitable for overcoming the islanding effect of poverty distribution and helping policymakers formulate detailed and targeted measures to eliminate poverty.
... • Financial aid: Financial aid policies aim at guaranteeing financial transfers to complement extremely poor families' income, reducing poverty and increasing food security (United Nations 2018a;Devereux 2016;Larder et al. 2015;Dimitri et al. 2015;von Braun 2008). • Food aid: Food aid policies aim at supporting poor families living in food insecurity, also improving the quality and quantity of food consumed (United Nations 2018a; Wilkinson 2015; Clark et al. 2015;Broussard et al. 2014;Lentz and Barrett 2013;Ninno et al. 2007). ...
Article
This study examines the transmission of fuel prices to food security among households with motorcycles in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, combining quantitative and behavioural analyses. The results indicate that approximately 61.3% of households were affected by food insecurity between 2018 and 2019. This share comprises those experiencing meagre forms of food insecurity (24.8%), moderate food insecurity (28.3%), and the most severely affected (8.2%). One of the chief reasons for food insecurity is households’ high reliance on motorcycles as a primary means of transportation. Low-income levels and unproductive rides can reinforce exposure to such vulnerability. Besides, households react differently and asymmetrically to fuel price changes. Reactions to hypothetical fluctuations in fuel prices suggest a positive association between gradual increases in fuel prices and food insecurity. Households’ exposure to food insecurity is further bolstered when the head is a female, non-salaried, less educated, of low income, or from a large household.
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It has become undeniable phenomenon that the demand of migrant workers has arises in this globalization era. Better condition of working has triggered people movement to get better job and salary outside their countries. One of the major sending and receiving region of migrant workers is Southeast Asia. Two main destinations of Indonesian migrant workers are Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore that Indonesian migrant workers often face human rights abuses when they are working abroad, for instance, retained legal document, exceeded working hours, human trafficking resulted in physical violence. In Malaysia, Indonesian migrant workers mostly become the victims of human trafficking, physical abuse and excessive working hour. Meanwhile in Hong Kong, the violation of the rights of migrant workers are the excessive of working hours as well as physical violence. This paper argue that Malaysia and Hong Kong are two main countries which has shown significant differences in addressing human rights violations. This paper seeks to remedy those problems by comparing policy in both countries related to human rights abuses. This paper uses Human Security concept as the conceptual framework followed by its two approaches type, for instance, Economic Security and Personal Security. At the end, this paper conclude that Hong Kong has implemented better law enforcement than Malaysia.
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Seaweeds have gained focus as a sustainable aqua feed ingredient due to their restricted land-based resources requirement and their highest nutritional value. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with dried seaweeds Ulva lactuca meal (ULM) on growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition, and physiological responses of the monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry for 84 days. A total of 150 O. niloticus fry individuals, with an average initial body weight (0.81± 0.02g), were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with triplicate groups in 15 glass aquaria. Five isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (440 kcal/100 g) diets were formulated to contain ULM as SBM replacers at levels 0.0 (as a control diet, D1), 5.0 (D2), 15.0 (D3), 25.0 (D4) and 35.0% (D5) substitution. The fish fed different levels of ULM, especially level 15% (D3), showed an improvement in the rearing water quality parameters, and significantly increased growth performance, condition factor, and feed utilization, besides a recorded improvement in the hepatosomatic index, and physiological responses of O. niloticus compared to those fed the control diet (D1). In addition, the negative effects of high levels of dietary ULM were detected on the afore-mentioned parameters. Thus, it could be concluded that the beneficial use of ULM instead of SBM in O. niloticus fry diet, without reaching 15%, may have an economic efficiency and environmental friendly effects on fish farms.
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Managing our transition to sustainability requires a solid understanding of how conditions of financial crisis affect our natural environment. Yet, there has been little focus on the nature of the relationship between financial crises and environmental sustainability, especially in relation to forests and deforestation. This study addressed this gap by providing novel evidence on the impact of financial crises on deforestation. A panel data approach is used looking at Global Forest Watch deforestation data from > 150 countries in > 100 crises in the twenty-first century. This includes an analysis of crises effects on principle drivers of deforestation; timber and agricultural commodities—palm oil, soybean, coffee, cattle, and cocoa. At a global level, financial crises are associated with a reduction in deforestation rates (− 36 p.p) and deforestation drivers; roundwood (− 6.7 p.p.), cattle (− 2.3 p.p.) and cocoa production (− 8.3 p.p.). Regionally, deforestation rates in Asia, Africa, and Europe decreased by − 83, − 43, and 22 p.p, respectively. Drivers behind these effects may be different, from palm oil (− 1.3 p.p.) and cocoa (− 10.5 p.p.) reductions in Africa, to a combination of timber (− 9.5 p.p) and palm oil in Asia. Moreover, financial crises have a larger effect on deforestation in low-income, than upper middle- and high-income countries (− 51 vs − 39 and − 18 p.p. respectively). Using another main dataset on yearly forest cover—the ESA-Climate Change Initiative—a picture arises showing financial crises leading to small global decreases in forest cover (− 0.1 p.p.) with a small agricultural cover increase (0.1 p.p). Our findings point to financial crises as important moments for global deforestation dynamics. Yet, to consolidate benefits on decreasing deforestation, governments need to enhance their sustainable forest management during crisis periods rather than let it slip down national agendas. Finally, to achieve the SDGs related to forests, better global forest cover datasets are needed, with better forest loss/gain data, disturbance history, and understanding of mosaicked landscape dynamics within a satellite pixel.
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The Expected International Economic Crisis Impacts on The Egyptian Agricultural Growth Dr. Ahmed Qadry M. Bahloul Professor of Agricultural Economics, Productive Efficiency Institute of Zagazig University, Zagazig University,44519, Zagazig, Egypt aqbahloul@zu.edu.eg SUMMARY The economic crisis is the disorder which affects the economic system drastically. The financial crisis which is transformed to economic crisis during 2007/2008 has impacts on the international economies and the Egyptian Economy as well. The research question raised in this paper is concerned with the resilience of the Egyptian agriculture sector to the impacts of the international economic crisis. The paper aims at investigating the long-run relationship between the GDP and the GDP from The Egyptian agriculture sector in comparable with the same issue for the Egyptian industry and mining sector during the period 1982-2008. The applied analytical framework is the Engle-Granger Technique for Testing Cointegration by using Gretl software and the Granger Causality Tests by using EViewsTM. The growth rates of the studied variables during the last 27 years indicated that the Egyptian Economy, the Egyptian Agriculture Sector, and the Egyptian Industry and Mining Sector experienced economic booms and recessions cycles. The results indicated nonexistence of Cointegration or long-run relationship between GDP and the GDP from Egyptian Agriculture Sector, while, this phenomenon exists for the Egyptian Industry and Mining Sector. The Granger Causality Tests emphasized those results. The results conclude that, the Egyptian Agriculture Sector is less vulnerable and safe refuge for the investments. It stimulates the macroeconomic economic growth to overcome the economic crisis. It is highly recommended to enhance its capacity to contribute effectively to the Egyptian macroeconomic growth.
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There have been studies on land-conflict and its implications through large scale land investments in Ghana and beyond. However, contrary to the negative conflict-implications of land investments, the effectiveness of conflict-reversal interventions has received little attention in academic and policy debates. This has led to a literature gap about land conflict reversal pathways and outcomes. This study thus, uses a case study design based on qualitative methods to introduce two communities of large scale land acquisitions (namely Agogo and Kpachaa) in Ghana where corporate investors took multiple steps to mediate conflicts with the ruralists vis-a-vis the secondary effects aftermath. The study identifies that the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) interventions and benefit sharing mechanisms have had deescalating effects on land conflicts in the communities involved. In the case of Agogo, it was noticed that the conflict reversal pathways were the investor’s decision to change investment from biofuel to food crops, the establishment of formal rent payment system and the running of flexible and rotational job schemes for community members. On the other hand, Kpachaa saw conflict reversal through corporate interventions towards infrastructure development, inputs and technical support, jobs and training programmes and derestricted communal access to unused land spaces and economic trees for local livelihood sustainability. Based on the findings, the study argues that the establishment of land conflict reversal guidelines (in which corporate investors play a key role in tackling conflicts) could help in mitigating land conflicts in Ghana and other countries subjected to large-scale land investments¹ .
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Background. Since 1980, China has been experiencing the largest migration in human history to urban areas. Rural migrant workers are exposed to disproportionate stress, a sense of marginality, language barriers and low social positions. Stress plays a significant role in the development of psychosocial challenges, including anxiety, hostility and depressive symptoms, as well as diagnosable conditions, including compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders. This project questions whether rural migrant workers were particularly vulnerable in terms of psychosocial wellbeing after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, one of the major incidents marking the worst turmoil of the 2008 financial crisis. Methods. Data from the Rural Urban Migration in China (RUMiC) 2007-08 and 2008-09 datasets were used for analyses. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) -12 scores, categorised as the presence of common mental disorders (CMDs) vs. the absence of CMDs, were chosen as the dependent variable. Socioeconomic status was measured as per hukou status, job nature and working hours, each treated as an independent variable. City, gender, age, ethnicity and educational level were taken into account as confounders. Cross-tabulations and binary logistic regression analyses were run. The software package STATA 14.2 was used for secondary data analysis. Results. The more educational qualifications rural migrant worker samples received, the more likely they were to be free from CMDs. However, tertiarily-educated rural migrant worker samples enjoyed similar levels of mental wellbeing as their counterparts who had completed elementary school or below. Additionally, there was no statistical evidence to suggest that rural migrant worker samples were more likely to experience CMDs based on their job nature (non-manual vs. manual vs. self-employed vs. family business) or working hours (< 60 hours per week vs. 60-119 hours per week vs. >= 120 hours per week). Conclusions. The optimal rural migrant workers’ educational level, in terms of maximising their mental wellbeing, was between senior secondary school and post-secondary school level. However, socioeconomic factors, namely, job nature and working hours, were insignificant determinants of mental wellbeing of rural migrant workers. Moreover, there was no evidence suggesting rural migrant workers suffered from a distinct mental wellbeing between 2008 and 2009.
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Using longitudinal data sourced from World Development Indicators, FAOSTAT and World Governance Indicators covering 15 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1996-2015, we employ both the dynamic (System and difference generalized method of moments-GMM) and static (OLS, random effects, fixed effects) models to investigate the growth effects of African migration, proxy as remittance, and quality of governance on food and nutritional security in SSA. The empirical results from both models show that an increase in remittances and combined index of quality of governance in SSA contribute positively and significantly to all measures of food and nutritional security considered in the study. In particular, the rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, political instability, and voice and accountability are found to influence the food security of SSA. However, the control over corruption has more impact on food security in the continent compared to other indicators. Accordingly, we contend that policies geared towards increasing government investment on curbing corruption which has been circumventing livelihood outcomes such as food and nutritional security over the years would likely raise economic growth and subsequently food and nutritional security levels in the region.
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The international community has adopted and endorsed an ambitious global development agenda for the period 2015–2030 in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 2 seeks to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. This reflects a broad international consensus on the unacceptability of hunger articulated previously at the 1996 World Food Summit and reiterated at the 2008 High-Level Conference on World Food Security. In 2009, at their L’Aquila Summit, the G8 heads of state and government pledged a significant expansion of aid to agriculture, in order to address the global food-price spike of the preceding year. However, serious global policy incoherence severely undermines this apparent political will to end hunger and boost developing-country agriculture. In particular, although official development assistance to agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (hunger’s center of gravity) doubled between 2003 and 2012, the share of total global aid going to agriculture, at just 5% in 2014, is well below the 20% share of the mid-1980s. In addition, donor-country agricultural trade and security policies often undercut support for agricultural development in the Global South. Furthermore, there is incoherence within donor policies on aid to agriculture, which tend to focus more on promoting commercialization and exports than on boosting smallholder productivity and the economic empowerment of women farmers. For their part, developing-country governments have not fulfilled pledges to increase their own agricultural development budgets (as seen in the African Union Declarations of Maputo and Malabo), and the bulk of those budgets go to recurrent expenditure rather than development investments. In Sub-Saharan Africa, military expenditures account for a greater share of public funds. This paper suggests that while policy makers in both the Global South and North treat food security and agricultural development as priorities, these remain in a relatively low position on policy agendas because other concerns respond to much stronger constituencies.
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