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Making friends in Zurich's urban forests and parks: The role of public green space for social inclusion of youths from different cultures
Abstract
Integrating the distinct cultures of foreign resident youths is a challenge for Swiss political and educational institutions. An empirical survey of pupils (n = 437) and teachers in selected schools of the city and metropolitan area of Zurich investigated leisure activities in urban forests and public green spaces for their potential to facilitate social interaction between Swiss and immigrant young people. Patterns of socialising and making friends in these outdoor locations were found to differ depending on age, school level, gender and the percentage of immigrants in each residential area. Public urban green spaces were found to play an important role for children and youths in making contacts and friends across cultures, which is considered a prerequisite for social inclusion.
... Studies on community gardens often identified an increased sense of community and community belonging [46,69,74,76,[80][81][82]. Community gardens can provide a way to connect with a new community and its environment [80], and build group cohesion through mutual aid, trust, and reciprocity [81]. Although most studies focused on adults, two studies pointed to the importance of natural environments to integrate immigrant children [68,77]. Furthermore, elements of nature and socialization in natural environments could reduce or even eliminate significant social and linguistic barriers faced by newcomer children [77]. ...
... Natural environments can be important places for socialization with friends and family [65, 67, 68, 74, 78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 94, 97-99, 110, 111, 116, 118, 120-124]. In children, public green spaces can be ideal settings to make new friends and play [68]. More generally, natural settings can contribute to immigrants' social wellbeing [67] and promote their cultural and family traditions [97]. ...
... Eleven studies identified ethnic differences in the frequency and type of activities performed by immigrants in natural environments [45,51,67,84,85,87,91,93,104,113,116]. Such disparities may be associated with differences in socioeconomic status [45,87], neighbourhood [95], land ownership [68], previous gardening or farming experience [93], and history of displacement and war [84]. ...
Exposure to nature has been suggested to promote immigrants’ health and facilitate adaptation. This review summarizes previous research focusing on the relationship between nature and immigrants’ integration, wellbeing and physical activity. A search strategy was developed and adapted to seven databases. After removing duplicates, 4861 records were screened, 81 met inclusion criteria. Community gardens and urban parks were the most studied environments. In these settings, embodied experiences (the interactive processes of sensing and cognition) can foster new memories that facilitate adaptation and attachment to new natural environments. Social interaction and reconnecting with pre-migration experiences through specific use patterns can promote cultural continuation, sense of belonging and wellbeing. Other health benefits such as physical activity, disease management and improved nutrition were less frequently studied. Barriers to participation and recommendations for research and practice were also identified. Use of stronger study designs and greater inclusion of immigrant groups in research, design and evaluation of nature-based initiatives is needed.
... They also usually visit these settings in groups [46] and accompanied by others rather than visiting alone [47]. Additionally, adolescents have reported urban green spaces (e.g., parks) as being key places to meet new people and make friends [45,48]. This suggests that adolescents' visitation to outdoor public recreation spaces is largely driven by social factors, which may contribute to their social connectedness. ...
... Adolescents have also reported "loose fit spaces" (e.g., paths, streets) as appealing for various (un)structured physical activities [32]. Qualitative and quantitative evidence has indicated that the most common physical activities that adolescents reported performing whilst visiting green spaces may involve social interaction and included playing sport, playing games, using equipment [48,50], going for a walk/run, walking the dog, and riding a bike/scooter/skateboard [50]. ...
... It is possible that active travel on streets/paths (even if accompanied) may be less conducive to the social interactions needed to foster adolescents' social connectedness. Further, evidence has indicated that adolescents engage in a range of physical activities in parks, such as organised sports, playing games and/or on play equipment, walking, and running [48,50]. Given that adolescents value opportunities for being active while socialising with peers [77,78], it could be that the specific types of physical activities undertaken, as well as whether they involve accompaniment and interaction with others (e.g., organised sports versus walking alone), matter for supporting social connectedness. ...
Background
Outdoor public recreation spaces are important settings for leisure and physical activity. Adolescents’ use of these spaces may contribute to social connectedness via social interaction with peers and the community in these settings. However, research on this topic is limited. This exploratory study examined associations of frequency of visitation and physical activity in outdoor public recreation spaces with social connectedness among adolescents in Melbourne, Australia.
Methods
Adolescents self-reported their frequency of visitation to parks, trails, beach/lake, and sports facilities; frequency of physical activity in a park, local street or path, and their street; and social connectedness. Separate analyses were conducted for visitation (n = 349, 15.4 ± 1.6 years, 58% female) and physical activity (n = 441, 15.4 ± 1.6 years, 59% female) using multilevel linear regression models.
Results
No significant associations were observed for frequency of visitation to a park (B = 0.86, 95% CI = − 0.26, 1.99), trails (B = 0.41, 95% CI = − 0.61, 1.44), beach/lake (B = − 0.44, 95% CI = − 1.46, 0.57), or sports facilities (B = 0.64, 95% CI = − 0.43, 1.70), nor for frequency of physical activity in their street (B = − 0.07, 95% CI = − 0.46, 0.31), local street/path (B = − 0.05, 95% CI = − 0.43, 0.33) or in a park (B = 0.23, 95% CI = − 0.14, 0.60) with adolescents’ social connectedness.
Conclusions
The findings did not support the hypothesis that visiting and being active in outdoor public recreation spaces are associated with adolescents’ social connectedness. Future research should consider the duration and context of outdoor public recreation space use (e.g., sports, socialising, relaxing alone) and whether different types and/or a combination of public spaces are more/less conducive to social connectedness.
... They also usually visit these settings in groups (30) and accompanied by others rather than visiting alone (31). Additionally, adolescents have reported urban green spaces (e.g., parks) as being key places to meet new people and make friends (29,32). This suggests that adolescents' use of outdoor public recreation spaces is largely driven by social factors, which may contribute to their social connectedness. ...
... Adolescents have also reported "loose t spaces" (e.g., paths, streets) as appealing for various (un)structured physical activities (16). Additionally, qualitative and quantitative evidence indicated that the most common physical activities that adolescents reported performing whilst visiting green spaces may involve social interaction and included playing sport, playing games, using equipment (32,34), going for a walk/run, walking the dog, and riding a bike/scooter/skateboard (34). ...
... It is possible that active travel on streets/paths (even if accompanied) may be less conducive to the social interactions needed to foster adolescents' social connectedness. Further, evidence has indicated that adolescents engage in a range of physical activities in parks, such as organised sports, playing games and/or on play equipment, walking, and running (32,34). Given that adolescents value opportunities for being active while socialising with peers (59, 60), it could be that the speci c types of physical activities undertaken, as well as whether they involve accompaniment and interaction with others (e.g., organised sports versus walking alone), matter for supporting social connectedness. ...
Background: Outdoor public recreation spaces are important settings for leisure and physical activity. Adolescents’ use of these spaces may be related to their social connectedness; however, research on this topic is limited. This study examined associations of frequency of visitation and physical activity in outdoor public recreation spaces with social connectedness among adolescents in Melbourne, Australia.
Methods: Adolescents self-reported their frequency of visitation to parks, trails, beach/lake, and sports facilities; frequency of physical activity in a park, local street or path, and their street; and social connectedness. Separate analyses were conducted for visitation (n=349, 15.4±1.6 years, 58% female) and physical activity (n=441, 15.4±1.6 years, 59% female) using multilevel linear regression models.
Results: No significant associations were observed for frequency of visitation to a park (B = 0.86, 95% CI= -0.26, 1.99), trails (B = 0.41, 95% CI= -0.61, 1.44), beach/lake (B = -0.44, 95% CI= -1.46, 0.57), or sports facilities (B =0.64, 95% CI= -0.43, 1.70), nor for frequency of physical activity in their street (B = -0.07, 95% CI= -0.46, 0.31), local streets/paths (B = -0.05, 95% CI= -0.43, 0.33) or in parks (B = 0.23, 95% CI= -0.14, 0.60) with adolescents’ social connectedness.
Conclusions: The findings did not support the hypothesis that visiting and being active in outdoor public recreation spaces are associated with adolescents’ social connectedness. Future research should consider the duration and context of outdoor public recreation space use (e.g., sports, socialising, relaxing alone) and whether different types and/or a combination of public spaces are more/less conducive to social connectedness.
... Green areas that promote social contact and a feeling of community benefit human health and social cohesiveness [30]. Gardens and parks are urban green spaces that have been demonstrated to help children and adolescents with social networking and inclusion [31]. Greenery has been related to increased social cohesion in neighbourhoods in quantity and quality [32]. ...
... People's windows may observe public green areas, resulting in sizeable green space distributions throughout the city, which can aid psychological concerns. Green space may boost the aesthetic value of a building's property while decreasing noise levels inside and outside [6] [31]. Green space benefits buildings and human lifestyles [18]. ...
The pandemic issue is frequently discussed in the news or mass media. In 2002, Ebola, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 were highly infective viruses that caused a global pandemic, according to the pandemic chronology. Animals in the forest spread each of these viruses to people. Since the 1918 influenza pandemic, the unique human coronavirus COVID-19 has caused the fifth documented pandemic. In this era, there has been an increase in public awareness about urban green spaces. Many studies suggest that proper landscape planning and design with a sustainable mindset may provide a helpful and responsive environment for healthy urban improvement during pandemic crises. Thus, this study aims to look into the functions of urban green spaces for long-term environmental health, especially during pandemic crises. The research revealed that urban green spaces improve immune system performance, promote social capital and cohesiveness, reduce mortality, lengthen life expectancy, and potential adverse health impacts. The findings also emphasised various advantages of urban green spaces during pandemics, such as enhanced mental and physical well-being, less risk of disease transmission, and enhanced social cohesion. In summary, urban green space sustainability may support a healthy environment and lifestyle in metropolitan areas amid pandemic crises.
... Research from European contexts suggests that interracial contact in urban parks can be associated with a variety of outcomes, including those related to prejudice, trust, cultural awareness, and intergroup friendships (Neal et al., 2015;Peters & de Haan, 2011;Seeland et al., 2009). Just being together in shared spaces, even without interaction, can contribute to favorable attitudes toward another group (Neal et al., 2015;Peters & de Haan, 2011;Seeland et al., 2009). ...
... Research from European contexts suggests that interracial contact in urban parks can be associated with a variety of outcomes, including those related to prejudice, trust, cultural awareness, and intergroup friendships (Neal et al., 2015;Peters & de Haan, 2011;Seeland et al., 2009). Just being together in shared spaces, even without interaction, can contribute to favorable attitudes toward another group (Neal et al., 2015;Peters & de Haan, 2011;Seeland et al., 2009). In neighborhood contexts, positive contact has even been shown to influence outgroup trust (Hewstone et al., 2006;Schmid et al., 2014). ...
Urban parks have long been discussed as spaces of diversity and democracy with the potential to foster inter-group contact among racially and ethnically diverse visitors, but the outcomes of contact in parks are less well understood. This survey of racially and ethnically diverse U.S. urban residents investigated the relationships between interracial contact in urban parks, prejudice, interracial trust, critical consciousness, social justice civic attitudes, and social justice civic behaviors (n = 931). Results demonstrated that more frequent and positive interracial contact in urban parks was associated with lower levels of prejudice, higher levels of interracial trust, higher levels of critical consciousness, stronger social justice civic attitudes, and greater engagement in social justice civic behaviors, with many of these relationships robust in comparisons across racial and ethnic groups. Park agencies, community organizations, and supporting foundations seeking to stimulate interracial contact with these factors in mind should focus on creating environments conducive to frequent, positive contact through providing safe and welcoming parks with diverse features/amenities and advancing equitable and inclusive engagement, representation, and resource allocation.
... First, UGS provide people with places for physical activities such as walking, running and sports. Second, public UGS such as schoolyards and parks were found to be essential for children and adolescents in facilitating social relations (Seeland et al., 2009). Third, UGS that provide space for social interactions are vital in reducing social isolation and promoting a sense of community (Kim & Kaplan, 2004;Seeland et al., 2009). ...
... Second, public UGS such as schoolyards and parks were found to be essential for children and adolescents in facilitating social relations (Seeland et al., 2009). Third, UGS that provide space for social interactions are vital in reducing social isolation and promoting a sense of community (Kim & Kaplan, 2004;Seeland et al., 2009). Also, contact with natural environments has positive effects on mental health and may help to reduce stress (Hedblom et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2015). ...
Urban green spaces (UGS) improve health and environmental outcomes for urban residents by providing green areas for recreation and relaxation while supporting pollution control, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and reducing heat retention. This paper analyses UGS as part of the response to COVID-19. It examines citizen perceptions about UGS and how those perceptions have changed during the Pandemic. The paper also examines policies and programmes employed by the Republic of Korea to expand UGS and increase its utility. The paper suggests that UGS can be a cost-effective and nature-friendly response to crises and that the ROK's experiences may have implications and lessons for other countries.
https://www1.undp.org/content/seoul_policy_center/en/home/library/using-urban-green-spaces-in-the-pandemic--examples-from-the-rok.html
... The evidence in children reports similar results: Fjørtoft et al (2001) found that green PA in pre-school children in Norway might stimulate learning, social interactions, and motor development (Fjørtoft, 2001), while a study in the USA found that children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) functioned better after PA in a green space (Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, 2001). Green space playing time was inversely associated with SDQ total difficulties, emotional symptoms, and peer problems in a study of Barcelona schoolchildren (Amoly et al., 2014), while Seeland et al (2009) found that outdoor spaces (parks, playgrounds, lakeside, public swimming pools) were particularly important for making friends in school-aged children in Zurich (Seeland, Dübendorfer, & Hansmann, 2009). A study in the US comparing PA in natural urban settings found that children aged 4-8 years performed better on an attention task following a nature walk but not an urban walk (Schutte, Torquati, & Beattie, 2015). ...
... The evidence in children reports similar results: Fjørtoft et al (2001) found that green PA in pre-school children in Norway might stimulate learning, social interactions, and motor development (Fjørtoft, 2001), while a study in the USA found that children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) functioned better after PA in a green space (Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, 2001). Green space playing time was inversely associated with SDQ total difficulties, emotional symptoms, and peer problems in a study of Barcelona schoolchildren (Amoly et al., 2014), while Seeland et al (2009) found that outdoor spaces (parks, playgrounds, lakeside, public swimming pools) were particularly important for making friends in school-aged children in Zurich (Seeland, Dübendorfer, & Hansmann, 2009). A study in the US comparing PA in natural urban settings found that children aged 4-8 years performed better on an attention task following a nature walk but not an urban walk (Schutte, Torquati, & Beattie, 2015). ...
Background: Research has shown that physical activity (PA) may improve mental health. This thesis explores the association between PA and mental health in UK Millennium Cohort Study children. The role of environmental characteristics, type and intensity of PA, and direction of causality will be investigated. Methods: Accelerometer data were collected at age 7 and reported PA and sedentary behaviour data were collected at ages 5, 7, and 11. Mental health was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Models were run separately by gender. Associations between minutes of sedentary, light PA, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) and SDQ were estimated using multiple linear regression, adjusting for multiple confounders (n=6,153). Between-individual and -ward variances were estimated using multilevel models. Environmental effects were explored using green space, deprivation, and urbanicity variables. Associations between reported PA and sedentary behaviours, and SDQ were estimated using three-wave, cross-lagged panel models. Results: In fully adjusted models, increased light PA and MVPA for boys, and light PA only for girls and less sedentary time, was associated with fewer peer problems. MVPA was positively associated with conduct problems in boys. Increased PA and less sedentary time were associated with more hyperactive symptoms. These effects were observed in both single- and multilevel models. No evidence of green space effects as confounder or moderator were observed in multilevel models. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 4.5% (hyperactivity in girls) to 9.2% (peer problems in girls) in fully adjusted models. In cross-lagged models, sports participation improved emotional and peer problems, and total difficulties. Less television was associated with fewer peer and conduct problems, hyperactive symptoms, and total difficulties in boys. Active commuting and electronic gaming were not found to predict mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Whether PA improves mental health depends on the intensity and type of PA or sedentary behaviour, SDQ outcome, gender, and timing of exposure.
... There is an extensive body of environmental psychology literature on the benefits of urban green spaces, one strand of which attests to its positive impact on social capital (Kweon et al. 1998;Sullivan et al. 2004;Wood and Giles-Corti 2008;Seeland et al. 2009;Holtan et al. 2014;Hadavi 2017). These studies broadly agree that green spaces enhance neighborhood social capital by facilitating social interactions. ...
... These studies broadly agree that green spaces enhance neighborhood social capital by facilitating social interactions. Green spaces are further reported to foster inclusive interactions (Seeland et al. 2009) and to flatten social inequities (Mitchell and Popham 2008). Both objective and subjective measures of nature have been used, and findings in rural settings have also come to consistent conclusions (Weinstein et al. 2015). ...
Communities in socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes are aging and depopulating. While longstanding interdependence of humans and nature in such areas holds crucial hints for sustainable development, they continue to be undervalued by existing economic frameworks. We suspect omission of non-material nature’s contributions to people (NCPs) as a possible reason for this undervaluation and focus on the intangible aspects of human–nature relationships: people’s direct and emotional attachment to their land and interrelationships between close-knit human communities and a thriving natural environment. Field observations on Sado Island, Japan, and literature reviews informed our hypothesis that perceived nature, conceptual human–nature relationships, place attachment, and social relationships contribute to subjective wellbeing. Structural equation modeling of island-wide questionnaire responses confirmed our hypothesis. Nature contributes to wellbeing by enhancing place attachment and social relationships; ecocentrism contributes to greater values of perceived nature. Free-response comments elucidated how local foods and close interpersonal relationships enhance residents’ happiness and good quality of life, as well as how aging and depopulation impact their sense of loneliness. These results lend empirical support to the understanding of human–nature interdependency in socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes. In assessing their value to local residents and society at large, greater consideration should be given to intangible aspects of human–nature relationships and quality of life.
... Thus, a society that considers the potential of public green space for inclusiveness and social interaction in its urban planning has recognized the social policy value of the landscape (Seeland, Dübendorfer, & Hansmann, 2009). We should not, however, consider greening strategies as panaceas or silver bullet solutions in cities, meaning that they alone cannot deliver improvement of quality of life. ...
... The presence of accessible paths for disabled and wheelchair should always be considered in the planning. In a study conducted in Zurich, public urban green spaces were found to play an important role for children and youth in creating contacts and making friends across cultures, which is considered a prerequisite for social inclusion (Seeland et al., 2009). Supporting activities and interactions in children and youth through an adequate planning of urban green spaces can thus contribute to grow more inclusive societies. ...
Public spaces within our cities are being redefined through a wide range of nature-based solutions (NBS) including green spaces. In this chapter, we will focus on public green spaces in the wider sense. If well planned and managed, green spaces can promote social inclusiveness by enhancing the livability of neighborhoods and promoting the development of social interactions. The creation of new green space does not automatically lead to socially just and inclusive development; co-benefits should be available and accessible to the entire community. Prejudices, marginalization, and discrimination on socioeconomic condition, ethnicity, religion, gender, age,
or disability still prevent the equitable distribution of these benefits and need to be fully understood before any planning process is undertaken. The governance of public green spaces is still viewed primarily as a matter for the state or as a purely private activity. It is important, therefore, to identify ways to ensure the integrated and transdisciplinary participation of diverse actors, as is shown in some examples from different countries. The planning and design of green interventions should start with the evaluation of existing or potential trade-offs between environmental and social development.
Urban green spaces must be designed as places for multiple and diverse social groups. If all these issues are duly considered and addressed, NBS can serve as climate mitigation and adaptation tools that produce co-benefits for societal well-being, thereby serving as strong investment options for sustainable urban development and making our cities greener, healthier, and happier places to live.
... Η ενσωμάτωση των διαφορετικών πολιτισμών των αλλοδαπών νέων κατοίκων είναι μια πρόκληση για την πολιτική ηγεσία και τα εκπαιδευτικά ιδρύματα. Οι δημόσιοι αστικοί χώροι πρασίνου παίζουν ένα σημαντικό ρόλο για τα παιδιά και τους νέους ώστε να κάνουν επαφές και φίλους μεταξύ διαφορετικών πολιτισμών κάτι το οποίο θεωρείται απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για την κοινωνική ένταξη (Seeland et al. 2009). Οι δραστηριότητες στο φυσικό περιβάλλον χρησιμεύουν ως εργαλείο για την υγεία και την ευημερία των μεταναστών (των παιδιών και των οικογενειών τους) παρέχοντας συναισθηματικά και σωματικά εφόδια ενάντια στις αντιξοότητες (Hordyk et al. 2015). ...
... Patterns of socialising and making friends in these outdoor locations were found to vary by age, school level, gender, and the percentage of immigrants in each residential area. A main observation was that public urban green spaces play an important role for children and youths in making contact and friends across cultures (Seeland et al., 2009). ...
A primary goal of the welfare state is to ensure that children and young people have a good upbringing and that families feel secure. However, several studies indicate that the risk of marginalisation and social exclusion increases, especially among children of low‐income and immigrant families. Why some children seem to be more loosely connected to people and the world around them is poorly understood. Based on a Foucauldian critical discourse review, this article aims to explore the most cited academic discourses on children’s connections to the social and material environment—typically referred to by terms such as “social inclusion,” “social participation,” “social integration,” and “social exclusion.” The main research questions are: What has been addressed in this literature, by whom, and what are the knowledge gaps? Some of the most important observations are that the most influential literature on children’s connections is typically written by psychologists, address children settled in the US, and tends to neglect important explanation factors, such as the material conditions of children’s everyday life. Implications for the (re)production of knowledge and knowledge gaps are discussed.
... Individual capacities determine to what extent an actor is able to derive benefits from UGS. They can be related to their physical attributes or health condition, e.g., allergies (Seeland et al. 2009, Raymond et al. 2017. Furthermore, personal resources, such as time budget and finances can represent a barrier depending on factors like age, family situation, and professional status or gender (Rutt andGulsrud 2016, Holt et al. 2019). ...
Although potential urban green space accessibility is being discussed widely, specific barriers that affect accessibility are often under-estimated. They do not equate to limited or uneven accessibility nor are they exclusively related to physical settings. Rather, the range of barriers and their complex interactions, including people’s perceptions, personal conditions, and institutional frameworks, make this topic less clear cut and difficult to put into practice for planning purposes. Given the importance of barriers when people make decisions, we present a conceptual framework to capture the cumulative and interactive effects of different barriers on realizing recreational benefits of urban green spaces. The framework classifies physical, personal, and institutional barriers and highlights their interactions based on three case studies: Stockholm, Leipzig, and Lodz. We argue that constraints to the accessibility of urban green spaces are not so much the interactions between various physical, personal, and institutional barriers, but more the significance that beneficiaries assign to them as perceived barrier effects. Studying barriers seeks to improve the knowledge about the non-use of urban green spaces and to enable us to draw conclusions about the actual accessibility of recreational benefits. Deduced from the conceptual framework, three pathways are contrasted for improving accessibility to the recreational benefits of urban green spaces: the environment, knowledge, and engagement. We argue that these pathways should not be a diffuse objective, but a sensitive and scale-dependent re-balance of individual, physical, and institutional factors for considering justice in environmental and green space planning and management. Our systematic conceptualization and classification of multidimensional barriers enables a more comprehensive understanding of individuals’ decisions in terms of accessing recreational benefits.
... In addition, knowledge mapping of sustainable building design development was performed using Cite Space software by Guo Yanlong et al. [43]. Seeland et al. [44] suggest that activities inside the park have a positive impact on improving the mood of those who play in the park. Kang et al. [45] also proposed a theoretical framework for the restorative nature of soundscapes, stating that soundscapes have a direct effect on individual recovery in terms of psychological, physiological and attentional aspects, as well as an indirect effect due to audiovisual interactions, and also proposed a semantic description of the restorative characteristics of soundscapes and their counterparts [46]. ...
Urban Forest parks are indispensable areas in cities and have ecological and social advantages, and the quality of their acoustic landscapes is an important factor influencing visitors’ visiting experience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the acoustic landscape on psychological stress relief in selected urban forest parks in China. This study used a questionnaire to construct an index system for psychological stress reduction and designed a questionnaire for the perceived impact of stress-reducing acoustic sources with user perception and stress-reducing restoration evaluation as the entry point. The research team conducted field research and online questionnaire survey on the questionnaire.com platform from 1–5 July 2022, in Huolu Mountain Forest Park, an urban forest park in Guangzhou, and collected 266 valid questionnaires. SPSS26.0 was used to analyze the results of the impact of the urban forest park on users’ psychological stress relief. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis and a Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test were used to reveal the relationship between social, demographic and behavioral factors of tourism and sound source perception, and multiple regression analysis was used to identify the key factors of urban forest park. The results showed that, first, there were significant individual differences and correlations between respondents’ age, education level, visit time and frequency on soundscape perceptions; the older the respondent or the higher the education level, the higher the psychological stress relief evaluation of natural sounds such as birdsong in urban forest parks; the more frequent the visit, the more sensitive the users were to sound source perceptions; and the different visit time periods showed that, when the frequency of the visit was higher, the more sensitive the users were to the sound source. Secondly, natural sounds are important factors for psychological stress relief in soundscape, and natural sounds such as birdsong, cicadas, flowing water, and the sound of breeze blowing leaves have positive benefits and significant contributions to psychological stress relief. Third, the overall restorative evaluation of soundscape perception and the separate evaluation of natural, mechanical, and human-made sounds had significant effects, and the overall restorative evaluation showed that the cumulative contribution value of attractiveness was greater than that of compatibility and consistency. Fourth, soundscape plays a role in psychological stress relief, as evidenced by significant differences in pleasure and arousal levels but not in control.
... Private gardens are scored 'medium' as they can offer both the potential for incidental and deliberate interaction -but in terms of overall impact they are considered to deliver less impact than communal gardens, which may offer space for interactions for many different users (de Bell et al. 2020), and are assigned a value of 'high'. Pocket parks and parks offer greater potential than communal gardens and are rated 'very high', given potential use by dog walkers, recreational users and for planned social activities (Seeland et al. 2009, Peschardt et al. 2012. Botanical and heritage gardens are rated 'high', because use may be restricted by the facilities or planting arrangements. ...
Urban Green Infrastructure (GI) provides multiple benefits to city inhabitants and can be an important component in nature-based solutions (NBS), but the ecosystem services that underpin those benefits are inconsistently quantified in the literature. There remain substantial knowledge gaps about the level of service supported by less studied GI types, e.g. cemeteries, or less-studied ecosystem services, e.g. noise mitigation. Decision-makers and planners in cities often face conflicting or incomplete information on the effectiveness of GI, particularly on their ability to provide a suite of co-benefits. Here, we describe a feature-based typology of GI which combines elements of land cover, land use and both ecological and social function. It is consistent with user requirements on mapping, and with the needs of models which can conduct more detailed ecosystem service assessments which can guide NBS design. We provide an evidence synthesis based on published literature, which scores the ability of each GI type to deliver a suite of ecosystem services. In the multivariate analysis of the typology scores, the main axis of variation differentiates between constructed (or hybrid) GI types designed primarily for water flow management (delivering relatively few services) and more natural green GI with trees, or blue GI such as lakes and the sea, which deliver a more multi-functional set of regulating services. The most multi-functional GI on this axis also score highest for biodiversity. The second element of variation separates those GI which support very few cultural services and those which score highly in enabling physical wellbeing and social interaction and, to a lesser extent, restoring capacities. Together the typology and multi-functionality matrix provide a much needed assessment for less studied GI types, and allow planners and decision-makers to make a-priori assessments of the relative ability of different GI as part of NBS to address urban challenges.
... Also, non-migrants and ethnic minorities have a greater preference for more developed facilities and amenities that promote more social interaction (Gobster, 2002;Payne et al., 2002). In contrast, more affluent groups tend to socialise more frequently in forests and other less-developed areas (Seeland et al., 2009). ...
In the last two decades, there has been an exponential increase in application of public participation GIS (PPGIS) methods to urban green and blue space (UGBS) planning. However, integrating different elements of environmental justice in PPGIS research is still in its infancy, especially in regards to the deep and less visible issues related to recognition and participation of different groups in local green space planning and management. Here we present a new method for assessing perceived recognition and procedural justice with respect to UGBS in the Amager island of Copenhagen, Denmark. We collected survey data together with 2187 place-based values and preferences from 298 local residents. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis, we classified respondents in four clusters representing low to high perceived recognition and procedural justice. We then examined how these clusters relate to socio-demographics and the spatial distribution of mapped values and preferences. Results indicated no significant differences in terms of income and age between clusters. However, there was clear variation in the spatial distribution and type of values and preferences respondents from different clusters assigned, particularly for those who feel unrecognized and do not participate in local environmental decision-making compared to all other groups. In addition, gender had a significant effect on the perceptions of recognition and procedure. Female respondents scored lower on procedural justice than male and mapped landscape values and preferences closer to home than males, thus suggesting that gender inequalities can be deeply embedded in everyday public spaces and practices. Planning inclusive and environmentally just UGBS requires not only incorporating such gender perspectives, but a more flexible, intersectional and relational understanding of space that reflects the everyday needs of different and marginalized groups.
... Particularly, being outdoors would provide benefits not only for physical, psychological, and social health, but also for the practice of physical activity, and for the educational success of children (5-17 years). It appears that being outdoors strengthens their immune system, decreases stress experienced in daily life (Kuo et al., 2019), promotes their interpersonal relationships (Seeland et al., 2009;Keniger et al., 2013;Larouche et al., 2016) and makes them happier (Barrera-Hernández et al., 2020). It also helps to promote the practice of physical activity in children (Alvarez-Bueno et al., 2017;Santana et al., 2017;Bølling et al., 2021) while playing a positive role in their academic performance (Kuo et al., 2019). ...
IntroductionRecent research investigating the benefits of being outdoors and contact with nature in children showed strong associations with children’s health and development. More teachers are choosing to integrate outdoor learning (OL) into their practice in Quebec, but few studies have focused on OL in the school environment, particularly in Canada and more specifically in Quebec, despite the fact that the school context lends itself favorably to this practice.Objective
The purpose of this study was to portray OL in preschool and primary schools in Québec by identifying three key elements: (1) teachers’ perception of the outdoors, (2) the uses of OL in schools, and (3) teaching strategies and factors that influence teachers’ integration of OL.MethodologySemi-structured group interviews (n = 4) conducted with 14 teachers and participant observations (n = 4) were used for data collection. Inclusion criteria were to be a preschool or primary school teacher, to have taught at least eight sessions of OL in the past year, and to have no connection or contact with the research team prior to the start of the study.ResultsFirst, the results showed that teachers commonly understood the outdoors as being in the open air, practicing a physical activity, having the presence of nature, providing physical freedom and targeting a pedagogical intention. Second, teachers appeared to incorporate a variety of pedagogical intentions in OL (e.g., environmental awareness, interdisciplinary learning), in a variety of settings (e.g., city parks, woodlands), and with a variety of academic subjects (e.g., French, mathematics) and learning tasks (e.g., walking, nature shelter building). Third, teachers used a wide range of teaching strategies in OL (e.g., flexible planning, well-established routines). Participants also identified multiple factors specific to their setting that appeared to facilitate (e.g., parental support) or limit (e.g., storage of materials) their integration of OL into the school environment.Conclusion
This study provided a better understanding of the current use of the OL in the Quebec school environment by identifying the common characteristics, limitations and winning strategies of its use in schools. Teachers and schools interested in OL could benefit from the results of this study, particularly those interested in adopting a Forest School or Udeskole approach.
... Firstly, green spaces have been shown to have a mental restoration effect through the reduction of stress (Høj et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2022). Secondly, green spaces foster social interactions (de Vries et al., 2013;Maas et al., 2009;Seeland et al., 2009;Ward Thompson et al., 2016), and suicide ideation and mortality have been associated with isolation (Helm et al., 2020;Roma et al., 2013). Thirdly, green spaces are linked with higher physical activity engagement (Knobel et al., 2021;van den Berg et al., 2019), and physical activity has been associated with improvement in mental health (Creese et al., 2021;Pearce et al., 2022). ...
Background
Exposure to green spaces is associated with improved mental health and may reduce risk of suicide. Here, we investigate the association between long-term exposure to residential surrounding greenness and suicide mortality.
Methods
We used data from the 2001 Belgian census linked to mortality register data (2001–2011). We included all registered individuals aged 18 years or older at baseline (2001) residing in the five largest urban areas in Belgium (n = 3,549,514). Suicide mortality was defined using the tenth revision of the World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes X60-X84, Y10–Y34, and Y870. Surrounding greenness was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within a 300 m and 1,000 m buffer around the residential address at baseline. To assess the association between residential surrounding greenness and suicide mortality, we applied Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time scale. Models were adjusted for age, sex, living arrangement, migrant background, educational attainment, neighbourhood socio-economic position. We additionally explored potential mediation by residential outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Finally, we assessed potential effect modification by various socio-demographic characteristics of the population (sex, age, educational attainment, migrant background, and neighbourhood socio-economic position). Associations are expressed as hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in residential surrounding greenness.
Results
We observed a 7% (95%CI 0.89–0.97) and 6% (95%CI 0.90–0.98) risk reduction of suicide mortality for an IQR increase in residential surrounding greenness for buffers of 300 m and 1,000 m, respectively. Furthermore, this association was independent of exposure to NO2. After stratification, the inverse association was only apparent among women, and residents of Belgian origin, and that it was stronger among residents aged 36 or older, those with high level of education, and residents of most deprived neighbourhoods.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that urban green spaces may protect against suicide mortality, but this beneficial effect may not be equally distributed across all strata of the population.
... For the subindex of green space benefits, we focused on air quality control and flood mitigation as two ES that could potentially counteract the identified risks and be addressed with new green spaces. We also considered the current provision of urban parks and community gardens as two typologies of green spaces recognised for their potential to increase social inclusion, which is one of the highest priorities for the LPGC Municipality (Lindemann, 2019;Seeland et al., 2009). ...
Environmental justice (EJ) raises concerns about just allocating environmental harms and goods. It has been mainly analysed from a distributive lens through indicators and screening tools that have underlined communities' proximity to pollution and risk sources. However, for urban areas, existing gaps relate to the need for more comprehensive assessments of green space benefits distribution (e.g., flood mitigation, air pollution control and recreation, etc.) as well as aligning EJ indicators to local planning and policy efforts for simultaneously addressing planning issues and reinforce the evaluation of existing unjust realities.
To address these issues, we developed a composite distributive environmental justice index (DEJI) structured into three sub-indices that reflect locally relevant patterns of environmental risks, disadvantaged communities, and the provision of green space benefits. The construction of this index also relies on a qualitative content analysis of planning and policy documents to contextualise EJ priorities relevant to the planning administration, and a detailed methodological rationale for composite indicator building. Applying the DEJI in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) at the census tract level, we identified a complex city-wide pattern of distributive injustices driven by the historical segregation patterns of insular contexts. Based on our results, we discuss how using the DEJI could help planning and policymakers reach specific goals, including those related to enhancing greening interventions in urban areas. Moreover, we argue that EJ composite indicators are needed to support environmentally just trajectories in cities with realities and planning patterns different from those found in mainland territories.
... In relation to psychological health, green spaces can affect stress and anxiety level (Annerstedt et al. 2010;Mennis et al. 2018;Roe et al. 2013;Stigsdotter et al. 2010;Ward Thompson et al. 2016), and make people feel calm in their daily life. Green spaces cause people to feel less lonely and can benefit from social support by providing an environment for social interactions, (Dadvand et al. 2016;Rugel et al. 2019;Seeland et al. 2009). Also, Liu et al. (2017) state that it is very likely for the park users to be very active. ...
Urban green spaces provide a context that constant association with these spaces, can be result in reducing the incidence or diminishing the effect of many diseases. Different studies were assessed the relationship between using urban green spaces and health benefits with considering influential quantitative aspects. This research tries to look differently to this issue by connecting the urban green spaces’ qualitative aspects and their influence on encouraging individuals to use green space more frequently.
For this purpose, present study employs questionnaire-based interviews (no. 336) in two city-parks in Urmia, Iran (The City Park and the Coastal Park) to collect required information for assessing interviewees’ physical and psychological health level. The relationships between the hypotheses are later studied using SPSS analytical software. The results showed that, relationships were found between using the parks and having better psychological health conditions, but no relationship was found between duration of physical activity in the park and having better physiological health. The assessment of the obtained data emphasizes the importance of the park characters and features that lead people to engage with specific activities which cause certain health benefits as a result of that activity. The results highlight the importance of developing green infrastructures in today’s urban areas.
... In addition to the visual pleasure of a nature-based setting, this environment can also minimize urban noise pollution, improve air quality by absorbing and shielding particulate matter, and prevent heat stress with tree shade (Margaritis and Kang 2016;Nowak et al. 2006;Hartig et al. 2014;Lee et al. 2016). These types of areas are beneficial because they offer considerable health benefits to people who have access to them; these benefits include providing areas for physical activity, social interaction, community attachment, and generally improved well-being (Hillsdon et al. 2006;Gardsjord et al. 2014;Seeland et al. 2009;Arnberger and Eder 2012;Tzoulas et al. 2007; Barbosa et al. 2007). That said, not all greenspace is created equal; research has confirmed the need for ecological diversity (e.g., various fauna and flora) to help foster health benefits, like psychological restoration (Wood et al. 2018) (Fig. 1). ...
... Urban green spaces provide a wide range of personal benefits and ecosystem services (MEA, 2005): offering refuge from an increasingly stressful everyday lifestyle (van der Berg et al., 2010), enhancing human wellbeing (Carrus et al., 2015;Shanahan et al. 2016;Nath et al., 2018;Tsai et al., 2018;Bratman et al., 2019;Hystad et al., 2019), stimulating physical activity (Hunter et al., 2015), improving health (van den Bosch & Sang, 2017), ameliorating temperatures (Hiemstra et al., 2017;Zong et al., 2019) and air quality (Grote et al., 2016;Samson et al., 2017;), protecting natural habitats (Lepczyk et al., 2017;Reuben et al., 2019), and providing food (Clark & Nicholas, 2013;Castro et al., 2018). UGS also support cultural ecosystem services, increasingly important in an urban society (O'Brien et al., 2017), where social interaction (Peters et al., 2010), inclusion and cohesion (Seeland et al., 2009;Zijlema et al., 2017), recreation and education (Ugolini and Pearlmutter, 2022), and community building (Kaźmierczak, 2013) can be nurtured in UGS. Public green spaces represent an urban design resource which must be not only aesthetic, but also fully functional and match the needs and preferences of citizens (Ryan, 2011). ...
The potential benefits of public urban green spaces (UGS) are widely recognized and well documented, but the actual realization of these benefits depends on appropriate design and ongoing maintenance. To properly consider the needs and preferences of users, the professionals who plan and manage UGS should ideally be guided by the same perceptions that motivate the people who benefit from them. This exploratory international study was aimed at assessing the perceptions of urban residents and their level of satisfaction with specific aspects of UGS quality, and the extent to which these perceptions align with those of the professionals responsible for providing UGS-related services. The data collection was conducted in five European countries (Croatia, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, and Spain) in 2020–2021. The results show that UGS professionals generally underestimate the fears that are experienced by users at night, especially women, but correctly prioritize the importance of tangible solutions such as adequate lighting and cleanliness. Users in all countries emphasized “nature” and “quiet” as factors that improve their general sense of wellbeing in UGS, whereas these two aspects were largely overlooked by professionals in almost all countries. In addition, user satisfaction with specific UGS characteristics ranging from accessibility to park furniture was overestimated by professionals. These findings reinforce the concern that the benefits and services of green spaces can only be maximized if UGS professionals recognize the actual needs and desires of UGS users, from the phase of planning and landscape design to the everyday management and maintenance of these shared amenities.
... Social connections are beneficial to one's health and well-being, but social isolation is a risk factor for disease and death .Green space that can foster social relationships and foster a sense of community, which are both important for social cohesion and human health (Kim and Kaplan 2004).Children and adolescents have been shown to benefit from urban green space in terms of social networking and social inclusion (Seeland et al., 2009;Thompson et al., 2016). ...
Trace the timeline of a pandemic such as Ebola, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2. All these extremely infectious viruses led to a worldwide pandemic starting in 2002. All these three viruses are transmitted to humans by animals from the jungle. The novel human coronavirus COVID-19 is now the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Questions about pandemics are on the rise these days, and it is widely discussed in the media. Recently, awareness about urban green spaces is rising in this era, and numerous researchers claim that appropriate landscape planning and design with the conception of sustainability able to produce a beneficial and responsive environment for healthy urban improvement in relation to pandemic crises. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of urban green spaces for sustainable environmental health. The result shows that the role of urban green spaces improves immune system function, increases social capital and cohesion, reduces mortality, and increases life expectancy, reduces potential negative health impacts, and makes urban beautification healthier. In addition, the finding shows the benefits of urban green spaces in pandemics, for example improving mental health and stress reduction, improving physical health, decreasing the risk of disease transmission, and improving social cohesion.
... In Europe, it has been found that children from immigrant families may be stigmatized and experience forms of exclusion, as social constructions surrounding green space have resulted in the "othering" of some residents. Public green spaces can provide social cohesion and places for children to meet and develop friendships across multiple gender or cultural identities [54,55]. Thus, there is a need to further understand ways to promote inclusion of multiple identities within these spaces, which produces the ability for all children to experience nature connection. ...
Nature provides multiple physical, mental, and social health benefits to children. Although green spaces in cities can provide these health benefits, in many Western societies, children are spending less time outdoors and access to green spaces and related factors are not evenly distributed spatially and demographically. In addition, recent literature points to new greening projects furthering inequities due to processes of green gentrification. Several studies have provided insight into distributional, interactional, and procedural environmental justice issues related to green spaces. Through a narrative review of the literature, this paper explores these components of environmental justice as they relate to children’s nature connection and play in local city parks. When planning for local parks, historical and context-specific social and environmental factors that influence caretaker and children’s ability to access green spaces that promote nature connection should be considered.
... Urban green spaces have been proven to have an important role in fostering cross-cultural friendships and interactions among children and teenagers, which is essential for social inclusion (Seeland et al., 2009). It is essential that individuals not only comprehend important discipline information but also be able to use that knowledge in order to take action on environmental challenges. ...
In an economy, young people are the most dynamic and adaptable group, and they are a major source of innovation and creativity. This study aims to draw a link between sustainable development and the interests of youth. The role of young people in a country's progress and prosperity is a significant focus of this inquiry. The researchers have done a lot of reading, and that's what researcher is using to build our interpretive structural model (ISM). A method that encourages researchers to examine a wide range of variables to see how they relate is used. This study presents a hierarchical view of the numerous ways in which young people may contribute to sustainable development. According to academics, this poll sheds light on the link between sustainability and youth. Based on comprehensive literature research, ISM methodology, and the interplay between many parts of the idea of youth contribution towards sustainable development, it also identifies crucial factors that have been arrived at. Using a literature review and a theoretical framework, they have tried to answer questions about whether there is a link between sustainable development and research methodology. They want to know if this is true.
... Firstly, green spaces have been shown to have a mental restoration effect through the reduction of stress (Høj et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2022). Secondly, green spaces foster social interactions (de Vries et al., 2013;Maas et al., 2009;Seeland et al., 2009;Ward Thompson et al., 2016), and suicide ideation and mortality have been associated with isolation (Helm et al., 2020;Roma et al., 2013). Thirdly, green spaces are linked with higher physical activity engagement (Knobel et al., 2021;van den Berg et al., 2019), and physical activity has been associated with improvement in mental health (Creese et al., 2021;Pearce et al., 2022). ...
Background
Indoor air pollutants (IAP) such as particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) are a leading cause of acute respiratory symptoms, and long-term health impacts such as respiratory diseases, heart diseases and cancers. In Uganda, literature on the effects of IAP on respiratory outcomes in informal settlements is limited. This study investigated the association of selected IAPs and cooking fuels with respiratory symptoms among children and adults.
Methods
This study was conducted among 284 households in an informal settlement in Uganda from April to May 2022. Information on indoor air conditions, fuel type and adults reported the respiratory symptoms of their children as well as their respiratory symptoms within the previous 30 days. Same-day concentrations of PM less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and less than 10 μm(PM 10 ) in diameter were monitored from 9 am to 2 pm using Temptop M2000c 2 nd edition particle sensor while CO was measured using a carbon monoxide meter. Robust Poisson regression was used to model the associations between indoor air conditions, fuel type and respiratory health outcomes.
Results
Approximately 94.7% of the households were using biomass fuels. Cough (66.2%), shortness of breath (33.5%) and phlegm (17.6%) were common respiratory symptoms in adults while in children, morning cough (80.0%), day or night cough (34.4%) and shortness of breath (26.5%) were reported. The median PM 2.5 , PM 10 and CO levels were 49.5(IQR= 31.1, 86.2) µg/m ³ , 73.6(IQR= 47.3,130.5) µg/m ³ and 7.7(IQR= 4.1,12.5) ppm respectively. Increase in humidity was associated with higher levels of PM 2.5 (ß = 2.74, p =0.004) and PM 10 (ß= 4.14, p =0.002) however temperature increases were associated with lower levels of PM 2.5 (ß = -11.72, p =0.009) and PM 10 (ß= -16.36, p =0.008) but higher CO levels (ß=2.24, p = 0.032). Use of less polluting fuels such as electricity and gas were associated with low levels of PM 2.5 (ß= -31.36, 95%CI =-60.7 – -2.02) while home dampness (ß = 3.39, 95%CI =0.07 – 6.72) was associated with higher indoor CO levels. Dampness was associated with acute phlegm in adults (PR= 2.78, 95%CI =1.57 – 4.90) and outdoor cooking was found to be associated with lower shortness of breath risk (PR = 0.60,95%CI =0.40 – 0.91).
Conclusion
The prevalence of respiratory problems among adults and children was high. Poor indoor air conditions were associated with respiratory symptoms in adults and children. Efforts should be made to protect adults and children from the adverse effects of indoor air pollution.
... Various pathways for the beneficial effects of green spaces on children's health and development have been suggested, including providing physical activity and play opportunities, (Söderström et al., 2004) stress relief, and social interactions. (Seeland et al., 2009) As for prenatal exposure, living in green environments may reduce the risk of stress and depression among pregnant mothers, (Banay et al., 2017) which could contribute to preventing ASD in their offspring. (Hagberg et al., 2018;Oberlander and Zwaigenbaum, 2017) As well, areas with higher levels of greenspace tend to have reduced concentrations of air pollutants, so the beneficial effects of greenspace may be mediated by reduced levels of air pollution. ...
Background
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) incidence has increased in past decades. ASD etiology remains inconclusive, but research suggests genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributing factors and likely prenatal origins. Few studies have examined modifiable environmental risk factors for ASD, and far fewer have examined protective exposures. Greenspace has been associated with positive child development, but very limited greenspace research has examined ASD risk or prenatal exposures. Only one ecological study in 2017 has evaluated the association between greenspace and ASD, observing protective benefits. Greenspace may have direct effects on ASD risk and indirect effects by reducing air pollution exposure, a growing suspected ASD risk factor.
Objectives
To measure the association between prenatal greenspace exposure and ASD risk and examine if reduced air pollution levels in areas of higher greenspace mediate this association.
Methods
We linked a population-based birth cohort of all deliveries in Metro Vancouver, Canada, from 2004 to 2009, with follow-up to 2014. Diagnoses were based on Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised instruments. Greenspace was quantified as the average of the annual mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within a 250 m buffer of a residential postal code. Air pollutant exposures—particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)—were derived from previously developed and temporally adjusted land use regression models. We estimated air pollutant exposures as the mean concentration per month during pregnancy. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) using logistic regression per NDVI interquartile range (IQR) increase, adjusting for child sex, birth month and year, maternal age and birthplace, and neighborhood-level urbanicity and income. To estimate the health impact of greenspace on ASD at the population level, we used the logistic regression model and marginal standardization to derive risk differences (RDs). Lastly, to quantify the mediating effect of greenspace on ASD risk through air pollution reduction, we used marginal structural models and a potential outcomes framework to calculate marginal risk differences (RDs) to decompose the total effect of greenspace on ASD into natural direct and indirect effects.
Results
Of 129,222 births, 1,921 (1.5%) children were diagnosed with ASD. The adjusted OR for ASD per NDVI IQR (0.12) increase was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.02) in 250 m buffer zones and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.00) in 100 m buffer zones. On the additive scale, the adjusted RDs were null. Natural direct, natural indirect, and total effect RDs were null for PM2.5, NO, and NO2 mediation models.
Conclusion
Prenatal greenspace exposure was associated with reduced odds of ASD, but in the additive scale, this effect was null at the population level. No mediating effect was observed through reduced air pollution, suggesting that air pollution may act as a confounder rather than as a mediator.
... Urban green spaces have been proven to have an important role in fostering cross-cultural friendships and interactions among children and teenagers, which is essential for social inclusion (Seeland et al., 2009). It is essential that individuals not only comprehend important discipline information but also be able to use that knowledge in order to take action on environmental challenges. ...
In an economy, young people are the most dynamic and adaptable group, and they are a major source of innovation and creativity. This study aims to draw a link between sustainable development and the interests of youth. The role of young people in a country's progress and prosperity is a significant focus of this inquiry. The researchers have done a lot of reading, and that's what researcher is using to build our interpretive structural model (ISM). A method that encourages researchers to examine a wide range of variables to see how they relate is used. This study presents a hierarchical view of the numerous ways in which young people may contribute to sustainable development. According to academics, this poll sheds light on the link between sustainability and youth. Based on comprehensive literature research, ISM methodology, and the interplay between many parts of the idea of youth contribution towards sustainable development, it also identifies crucial factors that have been arrived at. Using a literature review and a theoretical framework, they have tried to answer questions about whether there is a link between sustainable development and research methodology. They want to know if this is true.
... For instance, adolescents' perceptions and uses of forests may differ geographically from global to local scales. For example, adolescents surveyed across 4 different parts within the area of Zurich, Switzerland reported different forest visitation frequencies, with the authors stating that the higher the social status of a residential area and the fewer foreign residents, the higher the likelihood that the pupils had visited forests (Seeland et al., 2009). ...
Urban forests provide multiple ecosystem services for a range of user groups. However, teenagers are commonly underrepresented in studies about forest recreation and cultural ecosystem services. This paper examines teenagers' forest use and perception of ecosystem services compared to adult populations. We used an online panel survey to elicit motives for forest visits, frequency of visits, forest activities and constraints for visitation, and what ecosystem services participants expect from forests more generally. We then elicited perceived cultural ecosystem services of different forests by showing participants photographs of forest inventory plots for which we had detailed measures of physical forest characteristics to statistically assess the influence of forest characteristics and other parameters on perceived cultural ecosystem services. Results show that teenagers visit forests less often and also differ from adults in their preferences and activities, their motives for forest visits and reasons for not visiting forests. Teenagers exhibit more social and active forms of forest use, whereas adults use forests in more contemplative ways. Perception of cultural ecosystem services on forest photos was influenced by individual factors such as motives for forest visits, preferences, importance of forest during childhood and socio-demographic factors. Environment- and forest-related factors such as forest type, stand structure and single elements such as root plates and stumps had an influence on ecosystem service perception. We conclude that teenagers have different needs than adults concerning the provision of cultural ecosystem services from forests and therefore should be considered as a user group of its own in the management of recreational forests.
... Individual capacities determine to what extent an actor is able to derive benefits from UGS. They can be related to their physical attributes or health condition, e.g., allergies (Seeland et al. 2009, Raymond et al. 2017. Furthermore, personal resources, such as time budget and finances can represent a barrier depending on factors like age, family situation, and professional status or gender (Rutt andGulsrud 2016, Holt et al. 2019). ...
Although potential urban green space accessibility is being discussed widely, specific barriers that affect accessibility are often under-estimated. They do not equate to limited or uneven accessibility nor are they exclusively related to physical settings. Rather, the range of barriers and their complex interactions, including people’s perceptions, personal conditions, and institutional frameworks, make this topic less clear cut and difficult to put into practice for planning purposes. Given the importance of barriers when people make decisions, we present a conceptual framework to capture the cumulative and interactive effects of different barriers on realizing recreational benefits of urban green spaces.
The framework classifies physical, personal, and institutional barriers and highlights their interactions based on three case studies: Stockholm, Leipzig, and Lodz. We argue that constraints to the accessibility of urban green spaces are not so much the interactions between various physical, personal, and institutional barriers, but more the significance that beneficiaries assign to them as perceived barrier effects. Studying barriers seeks to improve the knowledge about the non-use of urban green spaces and to enable us to draw conclusions about the actual accessibility of recreational benefits. Deduced from the conceptual framework, three pathways are contrasted for improving accessibility to the recreational benefits of urban green spaces: the environment, knowledge, and engagement. We argue that these pathways should not be a diffuse objective, but a sensitive and scale-dependent re-balance of individual, physical, and institutional factors for considering justice in environmental and green space planning and management. Our systematic conceptualization and classification of multidimensional barriers enables a more comprehensive understanding of individuals’ decisions in terms of accessing recreational benefits.
... Hingegen erreichen Personen mit mittlerer und höherer Bildung den Wald schneller als Personen mit einfacher Bildung (F 2,3072 = 8.55, p < 0.001). Dies könnte möglicherweise daran liegen, dass Leute mit höherer Bildung und einem entsprechend höheren Einkommen häufiger in Quartieren wohnen, von denen aus Wälder näher und besser erreichbar sind (SeelAnd et al. 2009). Leute im Rentenalter (65+ Jahre) benötigen länger als die jüngeren Leute um den Wald zu erreichen (F 2,3072 = 9.65, p < 0.001). ...
Zur Untersuchung des Verhältnisses der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald wurden bereits seit 1978 Umfragen durchgeführt, 1997 erstmals im Rahmen des sogenannten «Waldmonitoring soziokulturell » WaMos. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Ergebnisse der nationalen WaMos3-Befragung 2020. Für die Umfrage wurde das Online-Panel des Marktforschungsinstituts LINK verwendet. Zusätzlich zur repräsentativen Befragung der erwachsenen Bevölkerung wurde auch ein Sample von 156 Jugendlichen befragt. Die selbsteingeschätzte Informiertheit zum Thema Wald ist seit WaMos2 (2010) zurückgegangen, wobei sich ältere Leute besser informiert fühlen als jüngere. Auch der Wissensstand bezüglich der Zunahme der Waldfläche in der Schweiz und der Bewirtschaftung des Bergwaldes zum Schutz vor Naturgefahren ist bei jüngeren Leuten schlechter als bei älteren. Die Bevölkerung misst heute den meisten Waldfunktionen eine höhere Bedeutung für die Gesellschaft zu als bei WaMos2. Insbesondere die ökologische Funktion, die Produktionsfunktion und die Erholungsfunktion haben an Bedeutung gewonnen. [...]
... Hingegen erreichen Personen mit mittlerer und höherer Bildung den Wald schneller als Personen mit einfacher Bildung (F 2,3072 = 8.55, p < 0.001). Dies könnte möglicherweise daran liegen, dass Leute mit höherer Bildung und einem entsprechend höheren Einkommen häufiger in Quartieren wohnen, von denen aus Wälder näher und besser erreichbar sind (SeelAnd et al. 2009). Leute im Rentenalter (65+ Jahre) benötigen länger als die jüngeren Leute um den Wald zu erreichen (F 2,3072 = 9.65, p < 0.001). ...
Zur Untersuchung des Verhältnisses der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald wurden bereits seit 1978 Umfragen durchgeführt, 1997 erstmals im Rahmen des sogenannten «Waldmonitoring soziokulturell » WaMos. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Ergebnisse der nationalen WaMos3-Befragung 2020. Für die Umfrage wurde das Online-Panel des Marktforschungsinstituts LINK verwendet. Zusätzlich zur repräsentativen Befragung der erwachsenen Bevölkerung wurde auch ein Sample von 156 Jugendlichen befragt. Die selbsteingeschätzte Informiertheit zum Thema Wald ist seit WaMos2 (2010) zurückgegangen, wobei sich ältere Leute besser informiert fühlen als jüngere. Auch der Wissensstand bezüglich der Zunahme der Waldfläche in der Schweiz und der Bewirtschaftung des Bergwaldes zum Schutz vor Naturgefahren ist bei jüngeren Leuten schlechter als bei älteren. Die Bevölkerung misst heute den meisten Waldfunktionen eine höhere Bedeutung für die Gesellschaft zu als bei WaMos2. Insbesondere die ökologische Funktion, die Produktionsfunktion und die Erholungsfunktion haben an Bedeutung gewonnen. [...]
... Interracial contact occurs in parks, but its quality can vary greatly (Harris et al., 2019;Hillier et al., 2016;Matejskova and Leitner, 2011;Neal et al., 2015). Negative contact, which is more likely to be experienced by people of color, can include things such as unfriendly gestures, looks, or comments as well as racist or discriminatory comments, actions, or violence Enos, 2017;Harris et al., 2019;Mowatt, 2018b;Stodolska et al., 2011), whereas positive contact can manifest through friendly gestures, peaceful co-presence, conversations, and interactions (Matejskova and Leitner, 2011;Neal et al., 2015;Peters and de Haan, 2011;Priest et al., 2014;Seeland et al., 2009). Despite the variations between positive and negative contact, there has been limited investigation of the conditions which relate to interracial contact quality. ...
Urban parks have been touted as spaces of diversity and democracy that have the potential to foster intergroup contact among racially and ethnically diverse visitors. However, the extent to which they facilitate interracial contact and the factors related to contact are less understood. Using a quantitative panel study of racially and ethnically diverse U.S. urban residents (n = 931), this study investigated the influence of community diversity, motivations to visit parks, perceived engagement and representation, safety, and sense of welcome and belonging on interracial contact in urban parks. Results demonstrated more frequent and positive interracial contact when individuals perceived a greater sense of welcome and belonging and when they perceived more engagement and representation. These results suggest that urban park agencies seeking to increase sense of welcome and belonging or frequency of positive interracial contact should focus on engagement and representation (as reflected through inclusive programs and events, input in decision making, and representation of racial and ethnic diversity) and safety.
... Different schools of thought have a different view on how green spaces are situated in the sustainable city discourse. Some scholars have backed this notion and maintained a strong position that green spaces in cities provide certain economic, social, and environmental benefits, which can further be situated in the tripartite dimensions of sustainability , Taylor et al. 2001, Takano et al. 2002, Kubal et al. 2009, Sander and Polasky 2009, Seeland et al. 2009, Majumdar et al. 2011, Beatley and Newman 2013, Duggal 2014, Auchincloss et al. 2019, Azunre et al. 2019, Amat et al. 2020. These scholars, therefore, pointed out that cities must try as much as possible to integrate more green spaces into the urban landscape. ...
Green spaces in urban areas are considered critical infrastructure that provides economic, social, and environmental benefits for cities. This study seeks to clarify the roles of green spaces in the sustainable city discourse by first and foremost considering green spaces from a categorical perspective and then situating their tripartite roles within the tripartite dimensions of sustainability.Using semi-structured interviews, face-to-face interviews, and observations, data was collected from 411 respondents which include users of green space, residents living near green space, and green space managers.Findings indicate that green spaces provide tripartite benefits that help in the realization of sustainable cities, which confirmed the assumption of the theory of biophilia. For example, Rattray Park generates revenue, increases land values in the neighborhood within which it is located, and pays taxes to the city. The Royal Parade Ground served as an informal classroom where students can hold academic discussions and interact. The Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary serves as a conservation site and provides habitats for various species of flora and fauna. The KNUST Botanical Garden provides an open space where people can have a conversation and interact. The Ahodwo Roundabout to the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly Clinic Road Corridor provides space for people to carry out economic activities and interact and form new social connections. The results also showed that although green spaces provide tripartite benefits that contribute to sustainable city development, green spaces also negatively impact the sustainability of the city in some ways. For example, even though Rattray Park increases land values, it also makes its neighborhood only exclusive to a select few within the society, and this could lead to social exclusion and gentrification. The study found that some arguments made by the school of thought that are of the view that green spaces negatively impact the sustainability of cities are valid. However, most of their arguments are not valid when green spaces are considered from a categorical perspective. For example, woodlands/wetlands do not need to be mowed thus the argument that more green spaces in cities increase the carbon footprint of cities is not valid. The study concludes that all green spaces are not the same, therefore, researchers must first categorize green spaces before even engaging in discourse about their role in the tripartite dimension of sustainability. The study further concludes that each category of green space contributes significantly and uniquely to the sustainability of the Kumasi metropolis.
... For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com population seek greater space for housing and industrial sectors (Seeland, Dü bendorfer, and Hansmann 2009;Xu et al. 2018). ...
Understanding inhabitants' perceptions of cultural ecosystem services (CES) of urban green space will offer solutions to sustainability challenges. This study aimed to analyse the social perceptions of the supply and demand sides of CES in Dhaka City. A questionnaire-based social preference method was used. Questions in the survey concerned the respondents' satisfaction with green spaces, connected activities, limitations, CES preference and motivation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the 405 surveyed questionnaire data to understand variation in respondents' opinions. Respondents were mostly dissatisfied with the quantity of green spaces. Respondents' family status and age influenced their satisfaction with green space quantity. Single and teenage respondents prefer green space for active recreational activities, whereas young and old respondents preferred passive kinds of recreational activities. Both space-related issues and respondents' barriers limited CES provisioning. This contextual factor particularly affected female, single and young respondents. Respondents most preferred CES was recreation. Respondents' gender, family status and age are drivers for differing perceptions of the green space-based CES. To develop sustainable city planning in the face of global environmental change, those divergent perceptions should be taken into consideration through urban development strategies. Moreover, understanding the supply and demand sides of CES help facilitate a more inclusive planning process to address urban sustainability issues.
... According to Roe et al. (2017), coping with stress on low-stress youth is characterized by "finding friends" and "going out". For young age, green space areas can play critical roles in social aspects that make contacts and friends (Seeland et al. 2009). However, mid-age has the perception that urban green space is associated with psychological well-being (Cleary et al. 2019). ...
The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically changed the social and environmental conditions. People should stay at home for self-isolation and social distancing to avoid the spread of Covid-19. People tend to have more plants at home associated with psychological impact during self-isolation. This study aimed to describe having more plants during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. A nationwide cross-sectional survey involving an online survey was carried out of an Indonesian population-based sample of 412 respondents from 26 provinces, considered demographic, social, and behavioral variables. The variable affecting the having plants during the Covid-19 pandemic was analyzed using non-parametric analysis of the Kruskal Wallis test. The result showed that people preferred having more plants during the Covid-19 pandemic to reduce negative emotions and feelings. The majority of the respondents tend to have 1-10 plants and spend around <100 K (IDR) monthly to maintain and buy plants. They think that efforts to maintain were the most challenging in gardening activities. The majority of the respondents had potted plants at home to make their homes greener. The Kruskal Wallis test showed the p-value (>0.05) for all characteristic respondents. Thus, it can be concluded that there was no significant difference regarding the motivation to have planted during the Covid-19 pandemic from characteristic respondents.
... Creating and managing NB endowments are cost-effective initiatives that can improve public health and address health inequities. Public urban green space has been shown to facilitate social networking and promote social inclusion, although the most vulnerable age groups, children and the elderly, have difficulty [97][98][99]. Urban green public places are often located in the center of cities and rarely in peripheral areas, where the population's poorest segments live. Therefore, inequality of access to urban green space has become an environmental justice issue [100][101][102]. ...
Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and framing sustainability issues from a resilience perspective, our paper first aimed to highlight nature-based solutions (NBSs) as levers to foster sustainable cities consistent with Agenda 2030-SDG 11 (2015) and the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III, 2016). Second, we empirically analyzed two Italian municipalities that are experimenting with initiatives of sustainable urban management and planning based on NBSs: the Municipality of Lucca in Tuscany and the Municipality of Latina in the Latium Region. These municipalities present institutional and socioeconomic similarities, making them an interesting study setting that allows us to draw significant lessons. We conducted four research steps: (1) theoretical background analysis, including resilience thinking in sustainable urban management. We investigated the role of NBSs in enabling urban resilience according to the last level of resilience, i.e., the transformative level. (2) We studied the contributions of NBSs to sustainable cities and resilience thinking. (3) We analyzed the NBSs’ projects of Lucca and Latina, and (4) we proposed an urban managerial tool: the NBSs’ curve, which facilitates the estimation of the NBS ecosystem endowment. The results of the NBS initiatives presented in this study have a two-fold value. First, they aim to combine citizens’ well-being with ecological and environmental aspects by better managing urban spaces that facilitate interpersonal relationships and resource sharing. Second, they are developed to meet the needs of local groups by serving as a stimulus (Fridays For Future movement) and as enablers (local associations) of managed actions. The lessons learned about the enhancement of sustainable cities through NBSs were thoroughly debated.
... Parks, as an important part of the urban outdoor space, can improve local microclimates, and allow visitors to have more social interactions (Seeland et al., 2009) and physical activities (Arnberger, 2006). Understanding the spatial distribution of attendance is especially important for park planning and management (Beeco and Hallo, 2014;Meijles et al., 2014). ...
The thermal environment is an important factor affecting human behavior, and the response of visitors to thermal conditions can be used in the effective design of open spaces. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the spatial-temporal distribution of visitors and thermal conditions in hot summer and cold winter regions. ENVI-met was used to reproduce the actual thermal environment, and visualization was achieved by ArcGIS. The number of visitor locations was recorded with their demographics, including gender (male and female) and age group (the elderly, adult and child), coupled with the simulated physiological equivalent temperature (PET) were investigated for six local solar times (LSTs) and open spaces in Chongqing, China. The results indicate that: (1) The neutral PET was 28.45℃ with a comfort range of 23.38∼33.52℃ in Chongqing. (2) The distribution of visitors was significantly affected by PET during the daytime (R²=0.89) and the effect was quite different during various LSTs. The exponential correlation was weaker when the PET was higher, with a narrow range (at 14:00 LST). (3) Thermal conditions can greatly affect the distribution of visitors in spaces providing visitors with long stay and high intensity activities. (4) The distributions of females (R²=0.76) and the elderly (R²=0.65) were more sensitive to thermal changes than were males and other groups. These results should help landscape designers to better understand the relationship between the thermal environment and the behavior of visitors and provide reference for efficiently adaptive designs in urban parks.
Faced with the prospect that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change will be far-reaching and long-term, the international community is showing interest in urban green space (UGS) and urban green infrastructure utilization as a solution. In this study, we investigated how citizens’ perceptions and use of UGS have changed during COVID-19. We also collected their ideas on how UGS can raise its usability. As a result, more people became to realize the importance of UGS. In particular, the urban environmental purification function from UGS was recognized as giving great benefits to respondents. On the other hand, the patterns of UGS use were mixed with decreasing UGS use to maintain social distancing or increasing UGS use to maintain health or substitute other restricted facilities. More than half of respondents had their UGS visit patterns impacted by COVID-19. In particular, the increase rate of UGS use was rather high in the group that seldom used UGS before COVID-19. In addition, they increased the use of UGS to replace other limited facilities, and thus tended to demand an increase in rest facilities. Based on these results, this paper suggested securing social support and sustainability for the policy by reflecting users’ demand in landscape planning related to the increase of UGS in the city. This study can contribute to improving the resilience of UGS and the sustainability of urban space planning.
In this report, we give a summative overview of the activities our project team has offered to the participants of the 2022 Södertörn University Summer School. The Summer School, coordinated by our colleagues at Södertörn University and held in June 2022 on campus at Flemingsberg, hosted a group of 26 pupils who are enrolled at four public primary schools in the region. Aligned with our project mandate we offered activities centred on how urban environments where the pupils live are made e.g., green or not, urbanised or not, and how that makes them feel. We worked with the role that our senses – hearing and seeing - have and how certain urban areas make us feel. We used different hands-on demonstrations to
allow participants to have a practical sensory experience. In this report, we summarize the activities and the impressions that the participants shared about their living environments, which include the following neighbourhoods: Ronna, Lina and Hovsjö in Södertälje municipality and Källtorp in Järfälla municipality.
About place identity through the visual imagery of the Architecture of Railway Quarters, Ibadan.
The aim of this thesis study is to propose a method that will set an example for all cities, and that will enable the multi-storey mass housing structures in the city of Ankara to be produced with living spaces more related to nature and to contribute positively to the existing urban environment.
In order to achieve this aim, the historical process of the production of "housing" and "open and green spaces in buildings" in cities around the world and in Ankara has been examined in detail from technical and theoretical perspectives. Following this examination, the open and green spaces system in low-density city settlements was used as an example model, and a theoretical idea was developed to produce an open and green spaces system that could be included in the multi-storey mass housing buildings in the city of Ankara.
The theoretical idea developed was applied on three multi-storey mass housing examples in Ankara, and the open and green spaces system proposal for multi-storey mass housing structures in the city of Ankara was revealed as a finding. Then, the system that emerged as a finding was examined and compared with the components that make up the open and green spaces system in low-density city settlements and selected examples in cities around the world. Subsequently, the changes that need to be made in the design method while the system in question was put into practice were revealed. As a final step, changes
that need to be made in the field of legislation and policy proposals that need to be developed in order to put all these studies into practice were put forward.
As a result, the effects of the emerged open and green spaces system on nature and people were evaluated. As a result of the evaluation, it has been observed that the system in question has revealed the potential to create positive effects on nature and people, which can be a turning point.
The primary objective of this research is to define a pedagogy framework for architecture Graduate Design Studio. The proposed pedagogy framework pursues the following three principal objectives: The first objective focuses on buildings and landscapes and the interconnection between them. Such connectivity facilitates a ground for walkability. The second goal is to incorporate green elements within buildings and landscapes with regard to increasing the percentage of available green spaces within contemporary and future cities, which may encourage human respect for nature. The third objective promotes the notion that contemporary and future built environments should be envisioned as environments wherein fresh local food can be cultivated, processed and distributed. It incorporates urban agriculture within buildings and landscapes. The Graduate Studio pedagogy focuses on the concept of social sustainability. The three mentioned objectives of the framework are in line with the core concept of social sustainability, which includes improving the well-being and quality of life of contemporary and future urban dwellers. Overall, the Graduate Studio envisions buildings and landscapes as pedestrian environments, as grounds where green elements are incorporated and local fresh food is cultivated. The mentioned framework has been implemented within the Graduate Studio. Four design project samples are presented as successful precedents.
Educators in Windsor-Essex County who have successfully used outdoor classrooms (OCs) had much to say about where, how and why they take their students outdoors. After reflecting on the designs and features of their OCs, their purposes for using them, and the benefits to themselves and (perceived) benefits to their students of spending time teaching, learning and exploring in OCs, participants came to conclusions about the functionalities of local OCs.
This paper investigates the impact of greening schoolyards on children’s (age 7-11) play and non-play behavior during recess. Five primary schools in The Netherlands took part in a longitudinal prospective intervention study using a pre-post design with a baseline and two-year follow-up. At baseline, all schoolyards were paved. Between baseline and follow-up all schools greened their schoolyards. During recess at baseline and follow-up, the play behavior of children in grades 4, 5 and 6 in different target areas was videotaped with multiple cameras and afterwards coded using the cognitive play categories and non-play categories of the Play Observation Scale (Rubin, 2001). Video recordings of 352 children at baseline, and 325 children in 66 target areas at follow-up, were divided in equal time frames of 30 seconds. Each child’s behavior was coded at the 30th second of the time frame, yielding a dataset of 17046 observations. Results show an increase in observed play, as compared to non-play, behavior, after greening. Furthermore, there was an increase in games-with-rules, a small increase in constructive and explorative play behavior, and a decrease in passive non-play behaviors. This impact of greening was stronger for girls compared to boys. These findings strengthen the empirical basis for greening schoolyards by providing data from a large scale quantitative study with a controlled, longitudinal pre-post design.
The emergence of environmental problems with urbanization have increased the importance of urban green spaces. Especially, urban parks are public spaces where socialization occurs, where people from diverse social classes such as culture, race, socioeconomic class come together. Thus they play a significant role in ensuring social cohesion by bringing together people from different nationalities or diverse ethnic cultures. However, as a result of social segregation manifesting itself in public spaces, in particular ethnic groups form their borders in these spaces. The purpose of this study is to determine how the spatial qualities of urban green spaces and identified recreational activities play a role in shaping user behaviors and developing a sense of place, and to examine the effect of the symbolic elements in the design and security situation on the perception of the users by examining the design of urban green spaces and the usage patterns of immigrants from different cultures in different geographies of the world, based on the literature. As a result of the research, it is seen that the differences in the behavioral patterns and spatial perceptions of immigrants in urban parks are directly related to the behavior-perception schemes of individuals before migration. Particularly, it has been specified that recreational activities and spatial qualities are factors that affect behavior patterns. It has been determined that ethnic groups are generally interested in symbolic areas and prefer areas in urban parks where they feel close to their own culture. At this point, it is important to make planning and design decisions that strengthen the relationship of people with space, considering different cultures.
The emergence of environmental problems with urbanization have increased the importance of urban green spaces. Especially, urban parks are public spaces where socialization occurs, where people from diverse social classes such as culture, race, socioeconomic class come together. Thus they play a significant role in ensuring social cohesion by bringing together people from different nationalities or diverse ethnic cultures. However, as a result of social segregation manifesting itself in public spaces, in particular ethnic groups form their borders in these spaces. The purpose of this study is to determine how the spatial qualities of urban green spaces and identified recreational activities play a role in shaping user behaviors and developing a sense of place, and to examine the effect of the symbolic elements in the design and security situation on the perception of the users by examining the design of urban green spaces and the usage patterns of immigrants from different cultures in different geographies of the world, based on the literature. As a result of the research, it is seen that the differences in the behavioral patterns and spatial perceptions of immigrants in urban parks are directly related to the behavior-perception schemes of individuals before migration. Particularly, it has been specified that recreational activities and spatial qualities are factors that affect behavior patterns. It has been determined that ethnic groups are generally interested in symbolic areas and prefer areas in urban parks where they feel close to their own culture. At this point, it is important to make planning and design decisions that strengthen the relationship of people with space, considering different cultures.
The preservation and advancement of grassroots associations, such as community garden groups, often depend upon an association's ability to leverage a variety of resources situated within itself, that is, among its membership and outsiders whom it can convince to support its cause. With the salience of resource mobilization in mind, this study aimed to understand how the social relationships formed within community garden settings assisted community garden leaders in accessing resources. The findings suggest "leisure episodes" are particularly important to building strong ties, a common source of social capital, and therefore serve as the social lubricant for social capital production.
This study examines how the availability of nature influences the use of outdoor public spaces in two Chicago public housing developments. Ninety-six observations were collected of the presence and location of trees and the presence and location of youth and adults in semiprivate spaces at one high-rise and one low-rise public housing development. Results consistentiy indicated that natural landscaping encourages greater use of outdoor areas by residents. Spaces with trees attracted larger groups of people, as well as more mixed groups of youth and adults, than did spaces devoid of nature. In addition, more dense groupings of trees and trees that are located close to public housing buildings attracted larger groups of people. These findings suggest that natural elements such as trees promote increased opportunities for social interactions, monitorng of outdoor areas, and supervision of children in impovershed urban neighborhoods.
Children growing up in the inner city are at risk for a range of negative developmental outcomes. Do barren, inner-city neighborhood spaces compromise the everyday activities and experiences necessary for healthy development? Sixty-four urban public housing outdoor spaces (27 low vegetation, 37 high vegetation) were observed on four separate occasions. Overall, inner-city children's everyday activities and access to adults appeared remarkably healthy; of the 262 children observed, most (73%) were involved in some type of play, and most groups of children (87%) were supervised to some degree. In relatively barren spaces, however, the picture was considerably less optimistic: Levels of play and access to adults were approximately half as much as those found in spaces with more trees and grass, and the incidence of creative play was significantly lower in barren spaces than in relatively green spaces.
This qualitative and quantitative research investigates the leisure activities of 265 young adolescents in Tasmania, Australia, in relation to their social constructs of home and neighbourhood as private and public spaces, and in the practical contexts of their day to day lives. As these young people search for meaning and identity in a fast changing world dominated by economic and technological globalisation, the symbolic materials available to them both socially and spatially are examined using innovative research methods which involve visual as well as verbal triggers. Findings show that their chosen activities, while reflecting global trends in the use of information and communication technology, focus mainly on friendship network building in the immediate locale and take place predominantly in home and neighbourhood. Favourite places for leisure pursuits also emphasise the importance and idealisation of the ‘traditional’ home and of the natural environment in the search for private places in which to withdraw and reflect. Findings also suggest that the adolescents seek private spaces for safe seclusion or group activities with close friends as part of the process of construction of self as a reflexive and symbolic project. The inherently ‘conservative’ and highly gendered responses of the sample are discussed in the context of current sociocultural theories linking space, place and identity.
In the study reported in this article the roles of social cohesion, residential satisfaction, and place identification are examined for their effect on place-related social identity and its consequential impact on attitudes to environmental sustainability. Two neighborhoods in Guildford, Surrey, England were selected on the basis of their social histories, housing types, and socioeconomic composition. Ninety residents in each neighborhood were sampled. Research methods included cognitive mapping and a questionnaire survey. A structural equation model was used to analyze the covariances between the different factors. The results show clear differences between the two neighborhoods in terms of residential satisfaction, with only some differences in terms of identification and social cohesion and sustainability. Conclusions are drawn that suggest an important relationship between identity and sustainability behavior that is suggestive for future research.
Investigated the degree to which pre-adolescents as well as adolescents associate with parents and peers in their leisure time. Based on recent theoretical conceptions of childhood sociologists, a questionnaire was designed for children and young teens (aged 10–15 yrs). 927 Dutch juveniles from different social classes participated. A leisure kids typology was constructed by means of Principal Components Analysis for categorical data (PRINCALS). It was found that 10–12 yr olds from higher social classes were family kids. They spend a substantial part of their leisure time with parents and siblings. Male 14–15 yr olds, especially those from higher social classes, strongly focused on peer groups. In contrast, females of the same age have a salient preference for dyadic friendships. Questions on parental attitude towards leisure activities and choice of friends show that 10–12 yr olds, especially those from higher social classes, experience most parental interference in their leisure activities. Teenage girls from lower social classes encounter most parental attention concerning peer contacts. Findings partially support theoretical conceptions regarding the parent–peer orientation of children and teens, but add some important nuances to these general perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The increasingly multicultural character of modern urban society creates challenges and opportunities for the urban forester. For the urban forestry strategy to respond effectively to contemporary social issues, it must include policies and programs that promote social inclusion and the involvement of disadvantaged ethnic communities. This can be accomplished through a distinct community strategy. Although the fundamental principles of community involvement still apply, their application needs to reflect the multicultural diversity of the individual city or neighborhood. The education, consultation, and participation elements of the community strategy are delivered through a wide range of events and activities specifically designed to promote social inclusion and the engagement of ethnic communities.
The availability of accessible and attractive green spaces is an integral part of urban quality of life. This paper presents an integrated indicator designed for: (1) the monitoring of the urban green space provision against quantitative and qualitative targets; (2) the comparison between cities and city parts; (3) the assessment of the effects of future policy scenarios; (4) the indication of locations where action is required. The indicator development was guided by five principles: “citizen based”, “functional levels”, “preconditions for use”, “variety of qualities”, and “multiple use”. The parameters were derived from the available research on public preferences and use of green spaces. The indicator is made operational in a GIS-based working procedure starting from the residential places and based on a two-step approach: (1) The accessibility: which green spaces are within reach at different functional levels? (2) The attractiveness: which are the accessible green spaces’ qualities? The GIS-model was applied in four cities of Flanders (northern part of Belgium): Antwerp, Ghent, Aalst and Kortrijk. This article explains the underlying ideas and the construction of the monitoring tool and discusses the suitability as a touchstone for current and future policy as well as its possible guiding role in local planning situations.
This paper attempts to provide an explanation of why reductionist approaches are not adequate for urban sustainability policy-making. Concepts derived from ecology such as urban environmental carrying capacity and ecological footprint. and concepts coming from economics such as cost benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis are discussed. Social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) is proposed as a general multi-dimensional framework for urban sustainability policies. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which participation in leisure activities directed towards cooperation and effective communication affected the development of social capital and sense of community in a group of children at an international camp. Methods of data collection included participant observation and focus groups, which included drawings as a part of the focus group procedure. Through an inductive analysis of qualitative data gathered from 32 eleven-year old campers, leisure was observed to provide a common ground for the children's relationship building and the development of shared meanings. The findings suggest that leisure can provide a foundation for the development of shared meanings through the process of participation and social learning, which in turn is conducive to the emergence of social capital and community.
Urban forests and parks are forested areas that can serve as refuges for privacy. This article presents a conceptual argument for urban forests and parks as privacy refuges, and data that support the argument. On-site visitors (n = 610) to four Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., Metroparks were surveyed in 1995. Results indicated that considerable amounts of privacy were obtained during visits to the urban forests and parks, that people spent an average of two-plus hours per visit to these privacy refuges, that certain settings (habitats) within the refuges were preferred over others for privacy, and that "reflective thought" was the most important function (benefit) that privacy served within the refuges. The findings have implications for preserving and managing urban forests and parks as nearby refuges where the basic human need for privacy can be found.
This paper examines the determinants of recreational practices amongst members of three diverse voluntary associations in the North West of England, focusing on being hosts and guests in private homes and eating and drinking outside the home. Using multi-level models analysing a rich data source on the social networks of members, we show how respondents' sociability is affected less by their socio-demographic characteristics than by the nature of their social networks. We show, against expectations, that there is little evidence of homophily in these recreational practices, which indicates that informal social contacts may be especially important in generating "bridging" and "boundary-spanning" types of social capital. We use the evidence to argue the need for a "sociology of companionship" which highlights routine sociability around rccreational practices.
Within the framework of the ethnologic seminar held at the Basle University and of the prioritary « politics of integration and development of the city » of the government programme the cantonal delegate for immigration was charged to elaborate a model and concept of action for a future politics of integration. A reflexion conducted to this end on emigration themes showed that the immigrants’ culture was not to be considered only from an ethnologic point of view, but within a more socio-economic problematics. On the example of the town of Basle one determines which mechanisms generate social inegality and inhibiting factors of integration.
Subjects from Senegal, Ireland, and the United States were asked (a) to identify their favorite place and (b) to give the reason it was chosen. The purpose was to see whether people from different cultures share a preference for certain environmental forms or features, built or natural, that could indicate the existence of cultural universals. The study found far more similarity in place preferences among the different cultures than differences between them, with each country generating almost identical categories of favorite places. Overall, 38% of the subjects identified their own place, belongings, or family home, and 61% identified some part of the natural environment. As favorite places, built environments-parficularly those offering social interaction, such as sports centers and places of entertainment-were more often mentoned by those from Senegal. The reasons given for the choice of favorte place fell into place centered, person-centered, and interactive perspectives.
In this paper the powerful relations between mental health and nature are explored with reference to past asylum horticultural practices and to contemporary community gardening schemes for people with mental-health problems in the United Kingdom. Through the use of archival evidence, alongside contemporary voices of experience, understandings of the therapeutic and social dimensions to nature work are outlined and deconstructed. It is argued that particular discourses concerning the powers of nature (work) in managing madness and mental-health problems are largely consistent across time and space (from the asylum to the community). However, in the contemporary era it is particular types of nature work that arguably contribute most directly to state agendas for social inclusion, and therefore to securing the place of people with mental-health problems in mainstream society. By briefly profiling the voices of staff and 'volunteers' from two urban garden schemes in England and Scotland, different experiences of garden work as 'restorative' and as 'interventionist' will be discussed. I conclude by evaluating how embodying and enacting gardening work act as a sustainable vehicle for new versions of social citizenship for people traditionally marginalised in mainstream society.
Following long-term social change in the UK there is a growing political recognition that social and economic disadvantage and exclusion have racial and age-related dimensions. In addressing these issues, much emphasis has been placed on the rhetorical connection between the provision of public leisure facilities and the promotion of social and racial integration. However, while there has been much work related to leisure centres and other built facilities, there has been little consideration of the potential role of urban parks and playgrounds. In addressing this imbalance, the paper finds that public parks are more accessible to ethnic minority youth than other types of leisure facility. However, this accessibility is highly localized and, consequently, uneven. Using a reading of Foucault's heterotropia, the paper argues that while such levels of access reflect the significance of parks and public spaces to ethnic minority youths, such accessibility does not, in itself, imply any degree of social or ethnic integration. Indeed, the colonization by ethnic minority youths of poorly maintained local spaces (rather than good quality parks further from home) suggests that these local spaces may represent little more than temporary havens from the disciplinary structures of the external world.
In the paper that follows, Enzo Mingione identifies five different models of postwar welfare capitalism. The models were all based around “full” employment, the nuclear family and the regulatory monopoly of the nation‐state. He argues that as a result of economic and demographic change, the very foundations of each model are eroding. As a result certain groups not previously catered for in traditional welfare systems (particularly migrants, single parents, the young, the poorly skilled and low income nuclear families) are now facing social exclusion. Mingione’s analysis has abroad European focus, but also looks at the cases of specific cities (Rennes, Milan and Bremen among others) which demonstrate pressures on welfare services of a varied nature. The variety of local scenarios requires a localised response; though Mingione states that these should include: “three main ingredients: the development of forms of partnership between private and public agencies; activation and professionalisation of new and old institutions in the third sector [and] professional and coordinating abilities on the part of local authorities”.
Community gardens vary enormously in what they offer, according to local needs and circumstance. This article reports on research and experience from the USA. The context in which these findings are discussed is the implementation of Local Agenda 21 and sustainable development policies. In particular, emphasis is given to exploring the social dimension of sustainable development policies by linking issues of health, education, community development and food security with the use of green space in towns and cities. The article concludes that the use of urban open spaces for parks and gardens is closely associated with environmental justice and equity.
How important is ethnicity for group formation in immigrant societies? Multiculturalism and the racialization (or ethnicization) hypothesis give opposing answers to this question. This article provides an empirical contri-bution to the debate by looking at patterns of group formation on the level of social categories and personal networks in the immigrant neighbourhoods of Basel, Bern and Zürich. We find that ethno-national categories are secondary principles of classification only but that the social networks are ethnically largely homogeneous even in the second generation. We conclude by advocating the use of more differentiated analytical tools to explain this variability of patterns.
Social integration is examined on the basis of friendship ties with Germans, using the concept of social capital. Applying methods of social network analysis, indicators for interethnic friendships (e.g. homogeneity of friendship networks) are constructed. The database of the analysis is provided by the ‘Integrationssurvey’ of the Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), a survey with Germans, Italians and Turks aged 18 to 30. Migrants of Italian origin more frequently engage in friendship ties with Germans than do migrants of Turkish origin. Young female immigrants are less frequently engaged in friendship ties with Germans than men of the same ethnic descent. The host-country specific social capital and therefore the social integration increases in the second generation. German-Italians, i.e. respondents descending from Italian-German parents, as well as naturalized German-Turks are particularly well integrated. An analysis of comparable subgroups of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) show similar results. Thus the findings are confirmed that without appropriate consideration of double citizens and naturalized immigrants the integration success of ethnic groups is underestimated.
A field study was conducted to assess the effect of an intervention designed to promote contact between international and Australian students in an Australian university residential hall on their subsequent intercultural contact with, and acceptance of, unfamiliar outgroup members. In addition, the research was designed to assess the extent to which three variables (i.e. cultural stereotypes, cultural knowledge, and cultural openness) mediated the effect of intercultural contact. Seventy-six Australian and international students in one residential hall (vs 71 Australian and international students in a control residential hall) experienced an intervention designed to promote intercultural contact over a 7 month period. The results revealed considerable support for the intercultural contact hypothesis — the pattern of residential hall contact tended to impact directly upon the dependent measures. However, the results also indicated that the intervention impacted differentially upon the responses of the Australian and international students and that the most plausible explanation for this effect related to the students’ intercultural knowledge and openness.
Use of informal greenspace, such as urban fringe woodlands, by children and teenagers is potentially an important aspect of their development, allowing opportunities for free play and for experiencing nature at close quarters. The ways in which children and teenagers make use of woodlands can be classed as either positive (use) or negative (abuse) by landowners, managers and by different groups of children and teenagers themselves. As part of a wider study examining local use and social inclusion in woodlands close to towns in central Scotland, qualitative research techniques, including focus groups and site observations, were used to explore in depth the contested views of freedom and control as expressed by site managers, adults, children and teenagers. The results give further support to findings in the literature about the importance of access to natural areas for children and society's ambivalent attitude towards teenagers in public places. It also uncovered aspects of the attitudes of older teenagers and the ways in which their perceptions conflict with those of managers. In particular, older teenagers' needs and the opportunities woodlands can provide for developing a sense of identity and testing of boundaries are poorly understood or tolerated by managers. Further research is proposed, including more detailed examination of the degree to which children's and teenagers' engagement with nature today is restricted by comparison with previous generations, and the likely consequences of such restriction.
The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic data for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano (Italian-speaking) and Zürich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.
Bedrohte Stadtgesellschaft: Soziale Desinte-grationsprozesse und ethnisch-kulturelle Konfliktkonstellationen Interethnische Freundschaftsbeziehungen und soziale Integration
- W Heitmeyer
- R Anhut
In: Heitmeyer, W., Anhut, R. (Eds.), Bedrohte Stadtgesellschaft: Soziale Desinte-grationsprozesse und ethnisch-kulturelle Konfliktkonstellationen. Juventa Verlag, Weinheim, pp. 347–400. Haug, S., 2003. Interethnische Freundschaftsbeziehungen und soziale Integration
Urban forestry in a multicultural society Des espaces publics à Genève: Fréquentations et représentations
- Kölner Zeitschrift
- Sozialpsychologie Soziologie
- M Johnston
- L D Shimada
Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 55 (4), 716–736. Johnston, M., Shimada, L.D., 2004. Urban forestry in a multicultural society. Journal of Arboriculture 30, 185–192. Joye, D., Meury, M., Bassand, M., Compagnon, A., Stein, V., 1999. Des espaces publics à Genève: Fréquentations et représentations. Revue Économique et Sociale 4, 271–283
Gute Beziehungen schaffen: Integrationsprojekte der Stadt Zürich
- Präsidialdepartement
Präsidialdepartement der Stadt Zürich (Ed.), 2002. Gute Beziehungen schaffen: Integrationsprojekte der Stadt Zürich. Fachstelle für Stadtentwicklung Zürich, Zürich
Der Park als multikultureller Ort
- Milchert
Milchert, J., 1998. Der Park als multikultureller Ort. Stadt und Grün 47, 667–671.
Wurzeln schlagen in der Fremde: Die Internationalen Gärten und ihre Bedeutung für Integrationsprozesse Social multi-criteria evaluation for urban sustainability policies
- C Müller
Müller, C., 2002. Wurzeln schlagen in der Fremde: Die Internationalen Gärten und ihre Bedeutung für Integrationsprozesse. Ökom Verlag, München. Munda, G., 2006. Social multi-criteria evaluation for urban sustainability policies. Land Use Policy 23, 86–94.
Freiräume in der Stadt: Nutzung und Planungsperspektiven von Grünflächen, Plätzen und soziokulturellen Einrichtungen in Basel
- F Rossé
Rossé, F., 1991. Freiräume in der Stadt: Nutzung und Planungsperspektiven von Grünflächen, Plätzen und soziokulturellen Einrichtungen in Basel. Wepf, Basel.
Raumbedürfnisse ausländischer Jugendlicher; Konsequenzen für Planung und Pflege von Parkanlagen — zwei Beispiele aus Basel und Zürich
- Emmenegger
Emmenegger, M., 1998. Raumbedürfnisse ausländischer Jugendlicher; Konsequenzen für Planung und Pflege von Parkanlagen — zwei Beispiele aus Basel und Zürich. In: Wien, Stadtplanung (Ed.), Migration und öffentlicher Raum in Bewegung. Werkstattberichte. Stadtplanung Wien, Wien, pp. 25–39.
Des espaces publics à Genève: Fréquentations et représentations
- D Joye
- M Meury
- M Bassand
- A Compagnon
- V Stein
Joye, D., Meury, M., Bassand, M., Compagnon, A., Stein, V., 1999. Des espaces publics à Genève: Fréquentations et représentations. Revue Économique et Sociale 4, 271–283.
Does the New Immigration Require a New Theory of Intergenerational Integration? Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung Growing up in the inner city: green spaces as places to grow
- H Esser
Esser, H., 2003. Does the New Immigration Require a New Theory of Intergenerational Integration? Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Mannheim. Faber Taylor, A., Wiley, A., Kuo, F., Sullivan, W.C., 1998. Growing up in the inner city: green spaces as places to grow. Environment and Behavior 30, 3–27.
Community gardening: a model of integration and well-being. The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development
- J W Reuter
- C Reuter
Reuter, J.W., Reuter, C., 1990. Community gardening: a model of integration and well-being. The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development. A National Symposium, Arlington (Virginia).
People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space
- C Francis
Cooper Marcus, C., Francis, C., 1982. People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space. Van Nostrand/Reinhold, New York.
Periurbane Natur im Spiegel zukünftiger Nutzungsbedürfnisse. Biosphärenpark Ballungsraum. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald
- K Seeland
Seeland, K., 1999. Periurbane Natur im Spiegel zukünftiger Nutzungsbedürfnisse. Biosphärenpark Ballungsraum. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft (WSL). WSL, Birmensdorf, pp. 7–11.
Natur ums Schulhaus 1 Ich möchte, dass es kein Scheisspark gibt
- M Brennecke
- Gartenbau
- Stadt Landwirtschaftsamt
- Zürich
- Zürich
- H Brühwiler
- A Gwerder
Brennecke, M., 2001. Natur ums Schulhaus 1. Gartenbau-und Landwirtschaftsamt der Stadt Zürich, Zürich. Brühwiler, H., Gwerder, A., 2000. Ich möchte, dass es kein Scheisspark gibt. In: Soziothek, Bern (Ed.), Bericht über die Planungsarbeit mit Jugendlichen an einem Parkprojekt der Gemeinde Köniz.
Zuerst ich denke: ‘Schweiz ist Schwein’, aber jetzt ist besser
- Emmenegger
Emmenegger, M., 1995. Zuerst ich denke: 'Schweiz ist Schwein', aber jetzt ist besser. Neuzugezogene fremdsprachige Jugendliche, Situationen – Orte – Aktionen: Eine sozialgeographische Studie in Basel. Peter Lang, Bern.
Devenir suisse: Adhésion et diversité culturelle des étrangers en Suisse
- P Centlivres
Centlivres, P., 1990. Devenir suisse: Adhésion et diversité culturelle des étrangers en Suisse. Georg, Geneva.
Ich möchte, dass es kein Scheisspark gibt
- Brühwiler
Brühwiler, H., Gwerder, A., 2000. Ich möchte, dass es kein Scheisspark gibt. In:
Soziothek, Bern (Ed.), Bericht über die Planungsarbeit mit Jugendlichen an einem
Parkprojekt der Gemeinde Köniz.
Growing up in the inner city: green spaces as places to grow
- Faber Taylor
- A Wiley
- A Kuo
- F Sullivan
Faber Taylor, A., Wiley, A., Kuo, F., Sullivan, W.C., 1998. Growing up in the inner city:
green spaces as places to grow. Environment and Behavior 30, 3–27.
Does the New Immigration Require a New Theory of Intergenerational Integration? Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung
- H Esser
Esser, H., 2003. Does the New Immigration Require a New Theory of Intergenerational
Integration? Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung, Mannheim.
Growing up in the inner city: green spaces as places to grow
- Faber Taylor
Community gardening: a model of integration and well-being
- Reuter
Periurbane Natur im Spiegel zukünftiger Nutzungsbedürfnisse
- Seeland
Natur ums Schulhaus 1
- Brennecke