Article

Bud Structure in Relation to Shoot Morphology and Position on the Vegetative Annual Shoots of Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)

January 2001
Annals of Botany 87(1):117-123

DOI:10.1006/anbo.2000.1312

Authors:

Sylvie Sabatier

Cirad - La recherche agronomique pour le développement

Daniel Barthélémy

Cirad - La recherche agronomique pour le développement

The length and basal diameter of all lateral and terminal buds of vegetative annual shoots of 7-year-oldJuglans regia trees were measured. All buds were dissected and numbers of cataphylls, embryonic leaves and leaf primordia were recorded. Each axillary bud was ranked according to the position of its associated leaf from the apex to the base of its parent shoot. Bud size and content were analysed in relation to bud position and were compared with the size and number of leaves of shoots in equivalent positions which extended during the following growing season. Length and basal diameter of axillary buds varied according to their position on the parent shoot. Terminal buds contained more embryonic leaves than any axillary bud. The number of leaves was smaller for apical and basal axillary buds than for buds in intermediate positions on the parent shoot only. All new extended shoots were entirely preformed in the buds that gave rise to them. Lateral shoots were formed in the median part of the parent shoot. These lateral shoots derived from buds which were larger than both apical and basal ones. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company

A network of shoots: effects of ontogeny and light availability on growth units in Chandler walnuts

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020
TREES-STRUCT FUNCT

Key message In adult walnut trees, poor light environments increase the number of catkins on a shoot, reducing the probability of bearing fruits. Growth units become shorter with the aging of the tree, tending to reach a stable length. Abstract Tree architecture results from the functioning of populations of meristems across consecutive periods of extension or growing cycles. The study of growth units (GUs) and the type of their axillary meristem lead to a better understanding of tree growth and allow the prediction of tree development under different environmental conditions. To study the effect of position inside the canopy on branch development and the relationship between parent wood and new shoots, 348 GUs from 14 five-to-six-year-old limbs (7 from upper/exposed and 7 from lower/shaded zones within the canopy) were analyzed. Each node was classified according to its axillary meristem type as: 0 (bud, dormant bud, bud scar and dead bud), 1 (fruit and fruit peduncle scar), 2 (male inflorescence or “catkin”, catkin scar and dead catkin) and 3 (branch and branch scar). Data were analyzed through a multinomial logistic model to summarize the distribution of axillary meristem type as a function of explanatory variables. Length of GUs and the number of catkins were modeled through a generalized linear mixed model, whereas the probability of finding fruit on apical nodes was analyzed through generalized additive models. Results show that axillary meristem type is affected by zone, node rank and wood age. On GUs of wood age two or younger, apical buds from upper/exposed zones showed higher probabilities of producing fruits compared with apical buds from lower/shaded zones. The latter was not observed for older wood. In upper/exposed zones, the slope of the relationship between the length of GUs and the length of parent wood increased with wood age. The number of catkins was higher in the lower/shaded than in the upper/exposed zone. The results of this study improve our understanding about walnut tree growth as affected by factors like ontogenetic changes and different light conditions within the tree canopy and might be useful to address tree managements such as training and pruning systems.

Radiative properties of Walnut tree crown (Juglans nigra x regia) and annual shoot growth - Influence of the geométry of leaves, shoot position and microclimate

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2006

Claude-Eric Parveaud

Modelling tree architectural development according to environmental factors is an emerging field of research thanks to the development of adequate computational methods. However, modelling virtual plants is greatly constrained by the difficulty in collecting the architectural and geometric data of woody architecture and foliage. Moreover, partial understanding of functional processes that drive shoot growth limits the analysis and the modelling of the processes involved. Cross-fertilization of insights into architectural and morphological variability of Walnut tree on the one hand, and into growth physiology on the other hand, enables to better understand crown development. Thanks to 3-dimensional measurements of topology and geometry made on 7 to 9 years-old Walnut trees, we have analysed the impact on light interception of variables required for virtual plant modelling that are tedious to measure and that render extrapolation methods necessary. Secondly, we quantified the part of variance of growth variables which can be explained by radiation intercepted by comparison with other factors such as topological position. Our results point out the limitations of using allometric relationships and statistical laws for the reconstruction of 3D canopies. Leaf clumping inside the crown, including the clumping of leaflets at leaf scale, strongly determines the radiative properties of reconstructed crowns. Thanks to an approach based on correlations and statistics, an effect of light intercepted by mother shoots on the growth of daughter shoots was established. Strong correlations between shoot vigour (quantified by an index) and the length of the pathway between the collar and shoots on the one hand and shoot growth on the other hand suggest an effect of hydraulic architecture.

Propriétés radiatives des couronnes de Noyers (Juglans nigra x J. regia) et croissance des pousses annuelles - Influence de la géométrie du feuillage, de la position des pousses et de leur climat radiatif

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2006

Claude-Eric Parveaud

Evoluzione del ramo e delle gemme, aspetti vegetativi e produttivi. - (Noce)

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2019

To ascertain differences in bud topology related to the propagation technique, a study was carried on 1-yr-old cv Chandler walnut trees, micropropagated or grafted on seedlings (J. regia), in two orchards located in Emilia Romagna (Italy). Bud complexes were classified, and their number, position along the axis and length of shoots were also measured. The results evidenced that on average, micropropagated and grafted trees had a similar bud distribution along the shoot. Moreover, the internode length varied along the shoots according to the different fate of the buds. The bud topology was described also in 8 yrs-old micropropagated Chandler trees. Samples of 4 branches of different age were selected and all the buds were studied. The fate of each bud complex was evaluated according to the position along the axis. Terminal buds were investigated also in 3 micro-propagated plants and 4 apical shoots of 2-yrs-old trees. The female flower buds were more frequent in the lateral positions of the medium-terminal portion of long shoots, while the male flowers were more abundant in short shoots, only the terminal bud being female. The flowers in secondary buds were male. The material is available under Public License Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): http://amsacta.unibo.it/6228/

CEVİZDE (Juglans regia L.) AĞAÇ MİMARİSİ (TREE ARCHITECTURE IN WALNUT (Juglans regia L.))

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Ersin Atay

Tree architecture has a strong connection to tree training, fruit quantity and quality. In this study, the branch types in walnut are presented in three categories according to ((a) branching dynamic (sylleptic, proleptic, and epicormic), (b) branching mode (monopodial and sympodial), and (c) final length (short, medium and long). Also, some scientific papers on the issues of relationships between branch type and fruit quality, dominant branching layout on the parent branch (mesotony, basitony, acrotony and hypotony) and branch extinction are reviewed.

Structure of the vegetative bud of olive tree and relation with the growth result (Olea europaea L.)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008

Olive tree buds (Olea europaea L.) issued of the cultivar ‘Chemlali’, were sampled and described on two periods of olive growth season (on winter rest and summer stop) and on different types of shoots (short, medium and long shoot). The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and anatomical aspects of olive buds during the stop of growth and to analyze the relationship between the bud content during the rest and the structure of the produced shoot on olive tree on the end of the two growth flushes. The anatomical study of buds showed the classic zonation of buds: central zone, lateral zone and medullar zone. The bud section showed a number of nodes exactly half of that were present due to the decussate phyllotaxis of the olive tree. All buds for all forms deducted before the spring bud break or before the autumnal flush, showed between 3 to 4 pairs of leaf primordia with an average of 3.25 pairs for winter bud and 3.80 for summer bud. In fact, they developed between 6 to 7 pairs of preformed leaves on the resulting shoot. To analyze the relationship between the bud content during the rest and the structure of the subsequently produced shoot, it appears that some shoots may be entirely preformed and another may consist of a preformed portion followed by a neoformed portion. These types of shoots contained preformed metameres before spring and autumnal growth (winter or summer preformation) and neoformed metameres formed and simultaneously expanded without bud formation after the preformed part (spring and autumnal neoformation).

Modalities of shoot extension and morphology of annual shoots in Persian walnut, Juglans regia L. 'Lara' (Juglandaceae)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1998

Shoot extension during a growth season has been investigated in three morphological types of floriferous annual shoots (monocyclic with or without a small axis with immediate development and bicyclic) on four types of parental branches within 4-year-old Juglans regia L. 'Lara' growing in the south-west of France. The morphological type of parental branches has an influence on the time of inception of monocyclic shoot extension. No correlation has been found between the parental shoot length and monocyclic shoot length, while a positive correlation has been found between parental shoot length and bicyclic shoot length. Bicyclic annual shoots expand during two successive flushes: in spring and summer, respectively. The intra-annual resting phase results in the presence of a series of cataphylls in the median part of the shoots. Spring shoots and summer shoots may be distinguished by variations in form and in number of foliar organs. Annual shoots exhibiting an acrotonic axis with immediate development or a summer shoot generally possess greater extension periods and lengths of spring shoots than the unbranched ones.

Simulation of morphogenetical gradients using a minimal functional-structural plant model (FSPM)

Conference Paper

Oct 2012

Context: Architectural studies highlight recurrent morphogenetical gradients that are observed on some tree species. These morphogenetical gradients are linked to morphological trends among successive shoots throughout plant structure and ontogeny. This study aims at testing a potential origin of these gradients as the complex result of some core plant functions. It will be achieved through a minimalist mathematical modelling approach.

Revisiting the fate of buds: Size and position drive bud mortality and bursting in two coexisting Mediterranean Quercus species with contrasting leaf habit

Article

Full-text available

May 2013
TREES-STRUCT FUNCT

Understanding the relationships between bud size and position and bud fate through time is crucial for identifying and subsequently modeling the mechanisms underlying tree architecture. However, there is a lack of information on how bud size drives crown architectural patterns in coexisting tree species. We studied bud demography in two coexisting Mediterranean oak species with contrasting leaf habit (Quercus ilex, evergreen; Q. faginea, deciduous). The main objective was to analyse the effect of bud size on the fate of buds with different positions along the shoot (apical, leaf axillary and scale-cataphyll axillary buds). The number, length and position of all buds and stems were recorded in marked branches during four years. Study species presented different strategies in bud production and lifespan. The evergreen species showed greater mortality rate than the deciduous one, which produced larger buds. Bud size and position were highly related since apical buds where longer than axillary ones and bud length declined basipetally along the stem. Apical buds had also higher chances of bursting than axillary ones. Within positions, longer buds presented a higher probability of bursting than shorter ones, although no absolute size threshold was found below which bud bursting was impaired. In Q. ilex, four-year-old buds were still viable and able to burst, whereas in Q. faginea practically all buds burst in their first year or died soon after. Such different bud longevities may indicate contrasting strategies in primary growth between both species. Q. ilex is able to accumulate viable buds for several ages, whereas Q. faginea seems to rely on the production of large current-year buds with high bursting probability under favourable environmental conditions.

Stability of the annual shoot diameter in Persian walnut: A case study of different morphotypes and years

Article

Jun 2006

The basal diameter of the annual shoot (1YD) affects vegetative growth and fruiting of the walnut trees. In order to determine interdependency between the 1YD and the older parent wood, 64 walnut genotypes belonging to four different branching and fruiting habits (morphotypes M-I, M-II, M-III and M-IV) were investigated. Year-to-year stability of 1YD was tested with the architectural analysis of a 3-year-old fruiting branch and its constituents (a 3-year-old bearer + corresponding 2-year-old + annual shoots) during 3 successive years. Based on Pearson's correlation coefficients and the multiple regression analysis of 12 quantitative traits, 12 models (four morphotype in 3 successive years) of 1YD were formed. They were compared with the standard model which was calculated on the basis of 1-year measurements of 1Y with no respect to the branching and fruiting type and comprises three quantitative traits, i.e. basal diameter of a 2-year-old parent shoot (2YD), the length of 2Y shoot (2YL), and the length of annual shoot (1YL). In a single year, the 1YD was influenced by two–five parameters. Five out of 12 models agreed with the standard model: in the lateral fruiting genotypes (M-IV), 1YD was always under the influence of the 2Y diameter, and the 1Y length. In addition, the number of nodes of the 2Y parent shoot had an important influence on 1Y diameter. In the terminal bearers (M-I), the impact of 2YD on the 1YD slightly increased with the tree age, and some other parameters, like 1Ynumber and 1Ynodes, which became to be important for 1YD. In the intermediate genotypes with mezotonic ramification (M-II), the number of vegetative buds per 1Y and angles of 1Y had significant effects on 1YD. In the intermediate bearers with acrotonic ramification (M-III), one to four other parameters were included into the model each year beside the 1Y number. Since the traits of a 2-year-old parent shoot have a great influence on the 1YD, the information from the year N can be used for the prediction of the annual shoot development in the year N+1. Such a prediction is more reliable in M-I and M-IV than in M-II and M-III. When we deal with the intermediate fruiting cultivars, 1Y number has to be considered in prediction of 1Y diameter beside 2YD and 1YL.

Homologisierungen: Blatt - Blütenblätter; Sprossknospe - Blüte; Typus - und Grundorgankonzepte - ein Review

Preprint

Apr 2023

Peer Schilperoord

Homology, Type, basic organs, ontogeny, scale leaf, leaf, bud, flower, ontogeny, Angiosperms, methodology. Review. Die Arbeit untersucht die erkenntnistheoretischen und methodischen Grundlagen der vergleichenden Morphologie. Die Begriffe Homologie und Analogie spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Teil der vergleichenden Morphologie ist die Organogenese. Die wichtigsten Konzepte sind das Homologie‐konzept, das Grundorgankonzept, das Typuskonzept. Die Arbeit enthält ein Review der verschiedenen Grundorgankonzepte und ein Review der Homologisierungen der Blüte mit dem Spross.

Contribution au développement d'un modèle d'appui à la conception d'itinéraires techniques de production de mangues plus durables

Thesis

Dec 2022

Emma Carrié

A tree crown is the result of the repeated appearance of vegetative (metamers, axes) and reproductive elements, and of their disappearance. The appearance and disappearance of these elements are conditioned by architectural and environmental factors, and possible human manipulation. In particular, pruning of fruit trees stimulates bud burst and vegetative growth. Mango is a tropical fruit tree of economic, cultural and nutritional interest, whose cultivation meets major agronomic problems, such as generally low and irregular yield from one year to the next one, and phenological asynchronisms leading to the presence of stages susceptible to pests and diseases over long periods in orchards. These constraints stem in part from the strong interactions between vegetative growth and reproduction that have been evidenced in this species. Thus, the importance and dynamics of vegetative growth prior to flowering largely determine the success of the latter. The functional structural plant model V-Mango that simulates mango yield and quality build-up is based on this knowledge. It aims at the model-assisted design of more sustainable orchard management practices, based in particular on pruning optimization. This practice has recently been integrated into V-Mango. However, the simulations show an overestimation of vegetative growth and production, linked to an overproduction of new axes and to the non-consideration of axis mortality. We hypothesized that light, as a source of energy and a signal, has an essential role in the processes of vegetative bud burst, leaf fall and axes mortality in the mango tree, and that integrating these effects into V-Mango can lead to a significant improvement of model outputs. To evaluate this hypothesis, we quantified the variability of the light environment within a mature mango tree crown, and investigated functional relationships between light quantity and quality. We characterized the effects of architecture, light and pruning on axes appearance and disappearance. The annual dynamics of leaf fall and the factors affecting it were analyzed at the axis level. Finally, all these results were integrated into V-Mango after coupling it to a light interception model. Our results showed an important heterogeneity of light environment within the mango tree crown, as well as strong relationships between light quality and quantity. Light environment, axis morphology and topology, and pruning had marked effects on vegetative bud burst and axis mortality. Leaf fall dynamics was irregular during the year and depended mainly on architectural factors and little on light. The implementation in V-Mango of the effects of architecture, light and pruning on vegetative bud burst, after its coupling with a light interception model, allowed to simulate realistically the quantity and dynamics of the appearance of new axes following pruning, and to improve their spatialization in the crown. The simulations, performed on the 3D mock-up of a digitized adult mango tree, were validated at the axis scale and at the whole tree scale with independent data collected through original methodologies of analysis of hemispherical photographs and aerial images taken by drone. The significant improvement of the V-Mango model brought by this research makes it possible to consider using it in the short term to improve pruning practices on the mango tree and thus design more sustainable orchard management practices.

Are scale leaves essencial in temperate-cold climates? An evaluation in tree species from temperate rainforests of South America

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The development of scaly buds (= cataphylls) has been traditionally associated with seasonally cold climates, although only few species from the southern hemisphere were investigated in this regard. The present work focuses on apical and axillary buds of seven tree species native to the South-American Temperate Rainforests (STR). Due to differences in the lineages from which these species derived, high levels of inter-specific variation in bud structure were expected. Apical and axillary buds were dissected under stereomicroscope, and the sizes of their parent shoots were evaluated. Cataphylls and leaf primordia were counted, and the presence of colleters and/or trichomes registered. Both intra- and inter-specific variations in bud structure were found. The apical buds were scaly in two out of seven species, and naked in the other species. Axillary buds were scaly in all but one species. In general terms, larger shoots developed buds with more organs. The presence of colleters (in four species) was not restricted to those buds lacking an outer cover of cataphylls. Further studies should focus on the relevance at a broader scale of colleters and trichomes as protective structures in tree buds. Keywords: Tree buds; South-American Temperate Rainforest; naked buds; scaly buds; preformation

Interspecific morphological variation in Juglandoideae resting bud organisation—a winter’s tale?

Article

Apr 2022

Background and Aims Dormant resting buds are frequently regarded as static units, with protective cataphylls on the outside and embryonic foliage leaves on the inside. The developmental consequences of cataphyll insertion into the dynamic, cyclical, annually repeating sequence of leaf forms that a resting bud gives rise to have rarely been interrogated. To examine the connection between dormant structure and growing-season development, we compare the complete seasonal heteroblastic sequence of leaf forms of six species of temperate Juglandaceae with distinctly different vegetative resting bud structures. These include buds with cataphylls; buds without cataphylls; and buds with caducous cataphylls that are lost before the onset of winter. Methods In a common garden setting over a seven-month growing season, the dimensions of 2249 individual vegetative metamers were tracked from first exposure to abscission along the shoots of saplings and mature trees. The timing of metamer initiation within terminal buds was investigated using micro-CT scanning. Character state transitions of resting bud types were estimated using a phylogenetic tree of Juglandaceae. Key Results The presence of cataphylls within a heteroblastic sequence is associated with a single cohort of foliage leaves that flush and abscise synchronously. This growing pattern is highly determinate, with next year’s terminal-bud cataphylls already initiated before spring leaf out. In contrast, in sequences without cataphylls, shorter-lived foliage leaves appear and abscise in a staggered fashion. Despite these differences in leaf demography, all examined heteroblastic sequences produce a series of small, caducous leaf forms that precede terminal bud set. Conclusions The ubiquity of caducous leaf forms in Juglandoideae may point to the importance of shoot tip protection far beyond the dormant season. In addition, the presence or absence of cataphylls in resting buds is indicative of distinct shoot ontogenetic patterns, and functional strategies, in summer.

Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Bud Dormancy Dynamics in Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Temperate deciduous fruit trees survive winter temperatures by entering a dormant phase in their aerial meristematic organs. Release from bud dormancy occurs after chill requirements (CR) have been satisfied, whereas bud burst/flowering follows heat requirement (HR) fulfillment. The physiological basis behind these metrics remains elusive. In this study, we are presenting the first multidisciplinary dormancy progression analysis in northern Patagonia, linking (1) forcing/field phenology, (2) bud anatomical development, and (3) soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) dynamics in Juglans regia L. CR and HR were determined for ‘Chandler’ and ‘Franquette,’ two walnut cultivars with markedly different CR, in artificial chill/forced heat trials (three seasons) and in-field chill/forced heat tests (five seasons) using excised twigs either with or without apical buds (non-decapitated and decapitated). The soluble sugar dynamics of ‘Chandler’ (high-performance liquid chromatography) and the anatomical changes of the buds (light microscopy) of the two cultivars were analyzed during endo-ecodormancy progression in one and two seasons, respectively. The CR defined by artificial chill tests proved to be an overestimation compared to the field determinations. Moreover, HR was the main driver in the phenology dynamics, as expected for a high-chill region. ‘Chandler’ showed an average of 10.3 field chill portions (CP) and 2,163 Growing Degree Hours (GDH°C) less than ‘Franquette’ for dormancy release and bud burst, respectively. These results were consistent with the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the reproductive phase and the soluble sugar profile. The decrease in sucrose between 15 and 30 days after CR fulfillment could be a reliable biological marker for endodormancy release in walnut, while the increase in fructose and glucose is likely an osmolyte and cellulosic carbon source in pre-sprouting. In addition, we discuss the effect of paradormancy thanks to our apical bud experiment (with or without). Our results improve the current understanding of endo-ecodormancy progression in walnut and provide insightful results for walnut production (i.e., cultivation practices such as pruning) as well as for further application in dormancy modeling, to infer the ideotypes that should be bred for future climate conditions.

The vegetative bud as the structural basis of the flower

Preprint

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Peer Schilperoord

The role of the vegetative bud in the structural development of the flower has received little research attention to date. The bud is an independent organ composed of mature scale leaves enveloping young, immature cauline leaves. There are some obvious parallels between vegetative buds and reproductive, or flower buds. It is generally accepted that the leaf serves as the morphological and genetic basis for the various flower organs. The term ‘leaf’ normally refers to a traditional foliage leaf. Study of the vegetative bud reveals that the leaf assumes two basic forms, namely those of the scale leaf (cataphyll) and the cauline leaf (trophophyll). This paper posits that the vegetative bud is the structural basis for the flower. The scale leaf serves as the basis for the first three categories of organs in the flower: the sepals, petals and stamens. The foliage leaf, on the other hand, serves as the basis for the carpels. The prevailing model used to elucidate the structure of the angiosperm is based on annual flowering plants. This paper proposes the use of a perennial, woody plant as an alternative, complementary model. This model draws from the primary organ concept proposed by Julius Sachs and Karl Goebel, which differentiates between the primary vegetative and reproductive organs. The two sporophylls – the stamen (microsporophyll) and the carpel (macrosporophyll) – are produced by the interactions between these two classes of primary organ. In this context, the stamen can be described as a catasporophyll, while the carpel can be described as a trophosporophyll. The morphological significance of the vegetative bud in defining the basic structure of the plant has been habitually overlooked, a fact which is reflected in the lack of genetic models focused on the development of the vegetative bud and the differentiation between the scale leaves and the cauline leaves.

The Role of Dormant Buds in Transformation of Herbaceous Biomorphs (by the Example, Nepeta L. sect. Spicatae (Benth.) Pojark.)

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019

The role of dormant buds in the formation and transformation of herbaceous life forms of plants was determined by the example of a number of species of the genus Nepeta. Different variants of shoot formation and mechanisms reorganization of biomorphs with the participation of dormant buds are described. It has been established that regular and irregular development of dormant buds may lead to the formation of shortened, remote-nodal, and elongated residue, which are the basis for the construction of new shoot structures (shoot systems and rooting partial formations) typical for long-rhizome biomorphs.

Physiology and Genetics of Plant Architecture

Chapter

Nov 2019

Evelyne Costes

Plant architecture results from developmental processes occurring throughout the plant life span. In the current article, the processes responsible for the formation of aerial organs and their organization at the whole plant scale, i.e. primary and secondary growth, branching, and flowering are considered, whereas the below‐ground plant organization is not included. This article focuses on the advances made on the comprehension of the physiologic and genetic base of plant architecture initially elucidated in plant models, and which are progressively being deciphered in a large range of species. The current knowledge allows comparisons of the processes among groups and to examine their conservation versus their major differences. However, numerous questions remain especially when regularities in plant structure are observed at coarse scales of plant organization such as annual shoots, axes, or branching systems. Moreover, the overlap of numerous gene functions over several processes leads to pleiotropic effects that make the genetic effects complex to interpret. The evidence of such overlaps opens evo‐devo perspectives.

Роль спящих почек в трансформации травянистых биоморф (на примере видов рода Nepeta L. sect. Spicatae (Benth.) Pojark.)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) shoot architecture reveals coordinated ontogenetic changes between shoot specialization and branching pattern

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019
TREES-STRUCT FUNCT

Key message Trees display contrasting specialized annual shoots during their life-span and along with ontogeny-driven modifications in their branching pattern, they can fulfill different combinations of light exploitation and space exploration functions Abstract Tree ontogeny is related to major changes in tree structure and function at different scales, from individual organs to the whole tree. Yet, little is known about the direct effects of tree ontogeny on shoot specialization and branching patterns. Such specific architectural changes occurring with tree growth and aging are of critical importance for understanding the response of trees to their environment. The uppermost branching system of 0.1- to 23-m-tall sugar maple trees was sampled at the end of the growing season. Measurements were made at both the branching system (n = 40) and annual shoot scales (n = 803). An algorithm for automated shoot typology was developed to characterize branching pattern variations. Sugar maple shoots were divided into four types with contrasting sizes and levels of foliage (i.e., relative biomass allocation into leaves, LMF). These morphological differences were interpreted as functional specializations for light exploitation (high LMF) or space exploration and support (low LMF). Only annual trunk shoots exhibited trait value changes during ontogeny such as a minimum allocation to foliage in the current-year shoots for the 5-m-tall trees, which is related to lower light interception capabilities but higher space exploration abilities. However, this relative loss of light interception function is compensated by ontogenetic changes at the branching system scale, which are associated with higher rates of ramification to produce lateral shoots. This study reveals how branching system and annual shoot traits change simultaneously during tree ontogeny to fulfill different functions, particularly light exploitation and space exploration.

A New Insight into Pruning Strategy in the Biennial Cycle of Fruiting: Vegetative Growth at Shoot and Whole-tree Level, Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017

Ersin Atay

Knowledge of the growth dynamics of young and mature trees contribute to development of efficient orchard management practices. In this experiment, the aim was to provide apple growers with practical information on how vegetative growth (at both shoot and whole-tree level), yield and fruit quality change during the transition period, from young to mature trees. The experiment orchard was planted at 3.5 m × 1 m inter-row and intra-row spacings, respectively, with ‘Golden Delicious’/M.9 trees. Trees were trained since planting as modified vertical axis. Vegetative growth at shoot level reacted differently to yield load than that at the whole-tree level. The yield, yield efficiency and annual canopy volume increase and decrease (a vegetative growth indicator at the whole-tree level) showed a positive correlation with shoot length. TCSA (annual increase and actual TCSA), as another vegetative growth indicator at whole-tree level in the experiment, correlated negatively with shoot length. The yield varied biennially and, was greatest in the seventh year after planting (21.76±8.46 kg tree-1, corresponding to an orchard yield of ~62 t ha-1) that is an acceptable tonnage in the region of the experiment. To maintain the balance between vegetative growth and fruiting, orchard management practices should be conducted considering yield. No pruning or light pruning is recommended in the ‘off-year’ of biennial cycle of fruiting as a result of this study.

The morphology of a Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) shoot is affected by its position in the canopy and correlated to the number and size of its fruits

Article

Jun 2017
SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM

In mature walnut trees, mono-cyclic shoots are the main bearing structure and are thus fundamental for tree productivity. In this line, a study was carried out in three commercial “Chandler” walnut orchards, located in the central valley of Chile. In each orchard, eight mature trees were selected and eighteen mono-cyclic shoots were marked according to three fruit load categories (shoots bearing one fruit (F1), shoots bearing two fruits (F2), shoots bearing three fruits (F3)). These shoots were distributed in three zones of the canopy (upper, lower-exposed, lower-shaded). This resulted in 432 marked shoots in the total of the experiment, in which the effect of position and fruit load on length, diameter, leaf area and specific leaf weight were studied. In addition, multilinear regression models for fruit diameter as a function of the above-mentioned characteristics were performed. The results indicate that the production of two or more fruits per shoot is associated with an average shoot length of 12.7 cm, an average shoot diameter of 8.1 mm and an average leaf area of 1034.7 cm². Linear models indicate that length and specific leaf weight significantly explain fruit size for all shoot categories. In addition, the leaf area, and leaf area plus basal diameter of the shoot, are significantly related to fruit size (equatorial diameter) for shoots with two and three fruits, respectively. According to the results of this study, the tree’s upper and lower-exposed zones offer shoots with greater potential to produce more and larger fruits per shoot than the lower-shaded canopy zone. Thus, the morphological characteristics of the shoot (diameter, length and leaf area, among others) are directly related to a greater number and size of fruits, and therefore higher productivity.

AS Oak Studer Schilperoord 2015

Data

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Research

Full-text available

Jan 2016

In the work presented here we describe the bud-forming process in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). During spring it takes just a few weeks before a young shoot has fully developed. The bud from which it originates has taken one and a half years to reach this stage. The terminal bud of the young branch at this point consists only of a few outer bud scales. In the period from May to July develop from the core of the bud the primordia for next year's branch, as well as the initial stages of its terminal bud. The sequence of shapes ('heteroblastic series', Bell 1991, p. 28) of the organs in the transition A) from the foliage leaves to the terminal bud (that is, the 'metamorphosis into the bud') and B) from the terminal bud to the foliage leaves (the 'metamorphosis out of the bud') are described in detail. The series of shapes labelled 'A' shows broad similarities with herbaceous plants and their sequence of leaf forms along the stem up to the blossom. In both cases the 'upper leaf zone' (Bell, 1991, p. 20) is reduced, first the petiole, then the lamina, leaving behind the leaf base as the outermost scales of the winter bud in the pedunculate oak, or the sepals of a blossom in herbaceous plants. As the bud opens in spring (see series B), or with the blossoming of the angiosperm flower, a calyx opens. In the pedunculate oak the outermost scales of the winter bud form this calyx, in a blossom it is formed by sepals. To the inside of the outer bud scales appear inner, transitory scales that on many bosks are coloured; in the blossom the petals and stamens are located inside the sepals. In vegetative buds of woody plants the foliage leaves are arranged centrally, tightly packed, the internodes not yet expanded. This gesture, typical for blossoms, is quickly lost during the growth of the young branch, whereas in a blossom it remains for the entire flowering period. A comparison of the foliage leaves situated in the center of the vegetative bud to the carpels that likewise are situated in the centre of the blossom appears compelling. In the theory of metamorphosis annual plants serve as the model to help visualize the metamorphosis from shoot to carpel. The metamorphosis into the blossom, however, can be grasped more readily, if one takes the perennial, especially the woody plant for a model. In studying the bud-forming process of the perennial we can observe a close relationship between the vegetative bud and the bud of a blossom. For the blossom spore formation is added to the bud-forming process as an intrinsic formative principle. 2

Blütenhaftes in der Metamorphose der vegetativen Jahreszuwachseinheit der Stiel-Eiche (Quercus robur L.)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2015

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Knospen-Bildungsprozess bei der Stiel-Eiche(Quercus robur L.) beschrieben. Im Frühjahr braucht es einige wenige Wochen,bis ein junger Trieb vollkommen ausgewachsen ist. Die Knospe, aus der erhervorgegangen ist, hat bis dahin für ihre Entwicklung eineinhalb Jahre gebraucht. Die Endknospe des jungen Zweiges wird zu diesem Zeitpunkt von den äusserenKnospenschuppen gebildet. Im Laufe der Monate Mai bis Juli entwickelt sichdarin die Anlage für den nächstjährigen Zweig wie auch die ersten Stadien derdazugehörigen Endknospe. Die Formen-Reihen der Organe an den Übergängen von A) den Laubblätternzur Endknospe (die Metamorphose in die Knospe hinein) und B) der Endknospezu den Laubblättern (die Metamorphose aus der Knospe heraus) werden detailliertbeschrieben. Die Formen-Reihe A) zeigt grosse Ähnlichkeiten mit den Blattreihenkrautiger Pflanzen auf die Blüte hin. In beiden Fällen wird das Oberblatt reduziert,zuerst der Blattstiel, dann die Blattspreite, und übrig bleibt der Blattgrund alsäusserste Schuppen der Winterknospen bei der Stiel-Eiche bzw. als Kelchblätterder Blüte. Beim Knospen-Austrieb im Frühling (Formen-Reihe B) bzw. beim Aufblühender Bedecktsamer-Blüte öffnet sich ein «Kelch». Bei der Stiel-Eiche bilden dieäusseren Winterknospenschuppen diesen «Kelch», bei der Blüte die Kelchblätter. Auf die äusseren Knospenschuppen folgen innere, vergängliche, bei zahlreichenGehölzen auch gefärbte Schuppen. In der Blüte stehen innerhalb der Kelchblätterdie Blüten- und Staubblätter. Zentral in der vegetativen Knospe der Gehölze sinddie Laubblätter angeordnet, dicht gedrängt, die Internodien haben sich noch nichtgestreckt. Diese für die Blüte typische Geste verliert sich beim Austreiben des jungenZweiges rasch, bei der Blüte jedoch bleibt sie während der gesamten Blütezeitbestehen. Der Vergleich der in der vegetativen Knospe zentral stehenden Laubblättermit den in der Blüte ebenfalls zentral stehenden Fruchtblättern drängt sich auf. In der Metamorphosen-Lehre dient die einjährige Pflanze als Modell, mit dessenHilfe man die Metamorphose vom Keim- bis zum Fruchtblatt veranschaulicht. Die Metamorphose zur Blüte lässt sich aber einfacher nachvollziehen, wenn man die mehrjährige, insbesondere die Gehölz-Pflanze als Modell nimmt. Bei dermehrjährigen Pflanze zeigt sich beim Studium der Knospen-Bildungsprozesse eineenge Verwandtschaft der vegetativen mit der Blüten-Knospe. Bei der Blüte kommt zur Knospen- die Sporenbildung als spezifisches Bildungsprinzip hinzu.

Howard walnut trees can be brought into bearing without annual pruning

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2015

In traditionally managed Howard walnut orchards, trees are pruned annually during the orchard development phase, an expensive operation in terms of labor and prunings disposal costs. Our observations and some prior research by others had suggested that pruning may not be necessary in walnut. In a trial of pruned and unpruned hedgerow trees over 8 years, beginning a year after planting, we documented canopy growth, tree height, yield and nut quality characteristics and also the effects of fruit removal. Pruning altered canopy shape but did not lead to increases in canopy development, yield or nut quality. Although fruit removal stimulated more vegetative growth in both the pruned and unpruned treatments, fruit removal did not result in an increase in midday canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception or cumulative yield when fruit removal was stopped after year 4. After 8 years, there were no significant differences in tree height, nut quality or cumulative yield among any of the treatments, which suggests that not pruning young Howard orchards could provide a net benefit to growers.

Bud development and shoot morphology in relation to crown location

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015

Plant architecture is shaped by endogenous growth processes interacting with the local environment. The current study investigated crown development in young black alder trees, assessing the effects of local light conditions and branch height on individual bud mass and contents. In addition, we examined the characteristics of parent shoots (stem cross-sectional area and total leaf area, shoot length, the number of nodes, the number and total mass of buds per shoot) and leaf-stem as well as bud-stem allometry, as several recent studies link bud development to hydraulic architecture. We sampled shoots from top branches and two lower-crown locations: one subjected to deep shade and the other resembling the upper branches in light availability. Sampling was carried out three times between mid-July and late October, spanning from the early stages of bud growth to dormancy. Individual bud mass and shoot characteristics varied in response to light conditions, whereas leaf-stem allometry depended on branch height, most likely compensating for the increasing length of hydraulic pathways. Despite the differences in individual bud mass, the number of preformed leaves varied little across the crown, indicating that the plasticity in shoot characteristics was mainly achieved by neoformation. The relationship between total bud mass and stem cross-sectional area scaled similarly across crown locations. However, scaling slopes gradually decreased throughout the sampling period, driven by bud rather than by stem growth. This suggests that the allometry of total bud mass and cross-sectional area of stem is regulated locally, instead of resulting from crown-level processes. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

A Dynamical Model of Plant Growth with Full Retroaction between Organogenesis and Photosynthesis

Article

Nov 2004

In this paper are presented new mathematical developments in plant growth modelling and simulation. GreenLab Model is a functional-structural plant growth model, it combines both organogenesis (architecture) and photosynthesis (biomass production and repartition). New improvements concern the retroaction of photosynthesis on organogenesis. We present in this paper the influence of available biomass on the number of metamers in a growth unit and on the branching. The general theory is introduced and applied to simple trees. Some interesting behaviours are underlined.

Characterizing the balance between ontogeny and environmental constraints in forest tree development using growth phase duration distributions

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2015

This study aimed to identify robust indicators that summarize the respective importance of ontogeny and environmental constraints in tree development. In the proposed approach, tree growth data correspond to the retrospective measurement of annual shoot characteristics (e.g. length, number of branches) along the main stem. We applied segmentation models to identify tree growth phases. These segmentation models, which are hidden semi-Markov chains, were compared with simple hidden Markov chains that correspond to the environment-driven development assumption. This statistical modelling approach was applied to both evergreen (Corsican pine and silver fir) and deciduous (sessile oak and Persian walnut) tree species growing in contrasted conditions ranging from managed forest stands to unmanaged understoreys. Growth phase duration distributions estimated within these segmentation models characterize the respective importance of ontogeny and environmental constraints in tree development at the population scale and have very contrasted characteristics in terms of shape and relative dispersion between ontogeny-driven and environment-driven tree development. These characteristics may change over tree life, reflecting changes in tree competition. Growth phase duration distributions summarize the joint trajectory of tree ontogeny and environment without requiring tree growth follow-up data for their estimation.

Does plant architecture only result from growing meristems? Atlan's principle of life and death as regulated morphogenetic processes

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Pierre-Eric Lauri

It is commonly assumed that the modular structure of plants results from two basic processes: the apical growth process by which the plant builds the monopodial shoot, and the branching process initiated by the development of the axillary meristem. The architectural analysis proposed some 40 years ago by Hallé and colleagues (Hallé et al., 1978) considers the actual morphology of a plant as resulting from a balance between the deterministic genetic blueprint specific to the taxon and the environmental cues. A finite number of criteria have been defined to analyze tree architecture which all refer to the behaviour of meristems: fate (i.e., vegetative or reproductive), growth orientation (i.e., vertical, orthotropic or any other directions, plagiotropic), growth rhythmicity (i.e., continuous or rhythmic), distribution along the parent shoot, development with (delayed or proleptic) or without (immediate or sylleptic) a resting period, etc. These criteria refer to growing meristems. However non-growing meristems play an important role in plant architecture. These meristems belong to two categories. The first one includes meristems remaining latent (dormant) as buds. They usually serve as a reserve of meristems within the individual plant and are typically involved in the proleptic reiteration process by which the plant regenerates the whole or a part of its architecture. Another non-growing meristem category includes meristems which permanently lose their growth potential through abortion ultimately involving cladoptosis, i.e., the shedding of a single shoot or of a whole-branch complex. These phenomena are usually described as an adaptation to environmental stresses, e.g., shade and drought, possibly mediated by a decrease in the hydraulic conductance. However, it is known that the permanent loss of meristematic activity may be highly predictable revealing a genetic or an epigenetic basis. This is typically the case of meristem extinction which has been coined in apple to describe meristem abortion with the following characteristics: independent of external (light, temperature) conditions and likely involving a genetic or epigenetic determinism, precocious (as soon as in the first weeks following bud burst), and in most of the cases involving reproductive laterals. A relation between frequency of extinction and development of the remaining laterals, especially an increase of the frequency of flowering, has been shown. When and where extinction occurs is thus as important in defining shoot and plant architecture as the analysis of the distribution of growth characteristics of shoots. This interweaving of growth and death processes in the dynamics of plant form follows a known Atlan’s principle, since it appears to be a specific case of the statement established by Henri Atlan (1979) at cellular and tissular levels, mainly in animal science, “Sans processus de mort contrôlée, pas de processus de vie.

Differences in proleptic and epicormic shoot structures in relation to water deficit and growth rate in almond trees (Prunus dulcis)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2013
ANN BOT-LONDON

Background and AimsShoot characteristics differ depending on the meristem tissue that they originate from and environmental conditions during their development. This study focused on the effects of plant water status on axillary meristem fate and flowering patterns along proleptic and epicormic shoots, as well as on shoot growth rates on 'Nonpareil' almond trees (Prunus dulcis). The aims were (1) to characterize the structural differences between proleptic and epicormic shoots, (2) to determine whether water deficits modify shoot structures differently depending on shoot type, and (3) to determine whether shoot structures are related to shoot growth rates.MethodsA hidden semi-Markov model of the axillary meristem fate and number of flower buds per node was built for two shoot types growing on trees exposed to three plant water status treatments. The models segmented observed shoots into successive homogeneous zones, which were compared between treatments. Shoot growth rates were calculated from shoot extension measurements made during the growing season.Key ResultsProleptic shoots had seven successive homogeneous zones while epicormic shoots had five zones. Shoot structures were associated with changes in growth rate over the season. Water deficit (1) affected the occurrence and lengths of the first zones of proleptic shoots, but only the occurrence of the third zone was reduced in epicormic shoots; (2) had a minor effect on zone flowering patterns and did not modify shoot or zone composition of axillary meristem fates; and (3) reduced growth rates, although patterns over the season were similar among treatments.Conclusions Two meristem types, with different latency durations, produced shoots with different growth rates and distinct structures. Differences between shoot type structure responses to water deficit appeared to reflect their ontogenetic characteristics and/or resource availability for their development. Tree water deficit appeared to stimulate a more rapid progression through ontogenetic states. © 2013 © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] /* */

Winter peridermal conductance of apple trees: Lammas shoots and spring shoots compared

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2013

Lammas shoots are flushes formed by some woody species later in the growing season. Having less time to develop, tissue formation is suggested to be incomplete leading to a higher peridermal water loss during consecutive months. In this study, we analysed morphological and anatomical parameters, peridermal conductance to water vapour and the level of native embolism in mid-winter and late-winter of lammas shoots and normal spring shoots of the apple varieties Malus domestica 'Gala' and 'Nicoter'. Lammas shoots showed a significantly higher shoot cross-sectional area due to larger pith and corticular parenchyma areas. In contrast, phloem was significantly thicker in spring shoots. No pronounced differences were observed in xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diameter. The phellem of spring shoots was composed of more suberinised cells compared to lammas shoots, which led to a significantly higher peridermal conductance in the latter. The amount of native embolism in mid-winter did not differ between shoot types, but in late-winter lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots. Data show that the restricted vegetation period of lammas shoots affects their development and, in consequence, their transpiration shield. This may also pose a risk for winter desiccation.

Branching of annual shoots in common walnut (Juglans regia L.) as affected by bud production and indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) content

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011

Relationship of bud production (axillary and terminally) of annual shoot (1Y) and/or the content of bud-derived indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) to branching of the 1Y was studied in common walnut (Juglans regia L.), cvs. Franquette and Lara. Cultivar-related branch architecture was determined. Lara tended to branch more densely than Franquette (53 vs. 42%). Significantly more fruiting off-spring shoots (FO) than vegetative ones (VO) grew-out per 1Y in both cultivars, whereas the ratio FO/VO of Lara exceeded that of Franquette by four times. An acrotonic branching pattern was more strongly expressed in Lara compared to Franquette. Bud-derived IAA was influenced by the cultivar (Franquette had 3.6 times more cumulative IAA along the 1Y than Lara), and by the relative position (terminal, subterminal, medial and basal) of the buds along 1Y. An opposite relationship between branching density and cumulative IAA content was established in both cul-tivars. At the 1Y relative position level, the opposite ratio between branching density and IAA content was clearly shown only on the basal position of the bud along 1Y in the Lara cultivar. Such an inconsistent linkage between bud production and the IAA spatial distribution along the 1Y illustrated that hormonal factors probably weakly affect the branching of Franquette and Lara. The length of the parent 1Y, the position of the buds along the 1Y-length, and the fate of the buds seemed to have a stronger influence on the bud out-growth and further development of the off-springs. In further analyses, seasonal fluctuations of the IAA, and the following activity of the buds should be investigated in order to improve the understanding of a complex branching phenomenon in walnut.

Seasonal and inter-annual variability of bud development as related to climate in two coexisting Mediterranean Quercus species

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013
ANN BOT-LONDON

Background and AimsIn trees, bud development is driven by endogenous and exogenous factors such as species and climate, respectively. However, knowledge is scarce on how these factors drive changes in bud size across different time scales.Methods The seasonal patterns of apical bud enlargement are related to primary and secondary growth in two coexisting Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit (Quercus ilex, evergreen; Quercus faginea, deciduous) over three years. In addition, the climatic factors driving changes in bud size of the two oak species were determined by correlating bud mass with climatic variables at different time scales (from 5 to 30 d) over a 15-year period.Key ResultsThe maximum enlargement rate of buds was reached between late July and mid-August in both species. Moreover, apical bud size increased with minimum air temperatures during the period of maximum bud enlargement rates.Conclusions The forecasted rising minimum air temperatures predicted by climatic models may affect bud size and consequently alter crown architecture differentially in sympatric Mediterranean oaks. However, the involvement of several drivers controlling the final size of buds makes it difficult to predict the changes in bud size as related to ongoing climate warming.

Growth dynamics and reproductive activity of annual shoots in the walnut cultivar'Elit'

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2005

An architectural analysis of a fruiting branch in the Slovenian variety 'Elit' was conducted during three successive years. The fruit bearing branch was constructed of a three-year-old parent shoot plus all corresponding two-year-old shoots and annual shoots (1Y). The construction of the bearing branch during the time caused a statistically significant increase in the number of annual shoots. The basal diameter and the length of 1Y significantly depended on a year whereas their angles did not. In spite of decreasing length of 1Y, the number of vegetative buds per shoot increased from the first to the third year of observations. The number of nodes was closely correlated with the length of the shoots. Activity points on the 1Y were most often on the apical two or three nodes, what was expressed by a marked acrotony. The number of active points varied as the tree matured. The ratio fruit bearing 1Y / total 1Y was 0.47 in year 1; 0.18 in year 2; 0.74 in year 3. It points to the slightly alternance. As the tree grew the number of flowering buds per 1Y as well as the number of female flowers per 1Y increased. The results of the three-year-long research show some growth and development rules in the walnut cultivar 'Elit', however, they do not allow a reliable prediction of the following activities. We assume that this will be possible after another three-year-long analysis, with the help of the Hidden Mark Model.

No Flower no Fruit – Genetic Potentials to Trigger Flowering in Fruit Trees

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007

The development of flower buds and a sufficient fruit set are basic requirements for fruit growers to generate a marketable crop. However, fruit trees remain in a juvenile (nonflowering) phase for years, and after a transition period of getting reproductively competent they enter the adult phase of tree life. The reproductive phase is associated with the ability to alternate between the production of vegetative and reproductive buds. Efficient breeding is limited in fruit trees due to the long period of juvenility. Therefore, it is important to accelerate flowering by reducing the juvenile phase of the tree. In fruit production, precocious flowering of the tree is also favoured to reduce the vegetative phase of tree development after planting in order to obtain the earliest fruit crop. Additional critical aspects of flower deve-lopment in fruit trees, such as alternate bearing, accentuate the necessity to improve our understanding on genetic factors controlling floral initiation as well as flower and fruit development in perennial fruit trees. Most of what we know about regulating floral development is based on research in annual plants, like Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we summarize floral transition, meristem development and flower bud formation in Malus domestica, one of the most important representatives of temperate fruit trees. We also focus on current findings of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth obtained in Arabidopsis and how this knowledge can be applied to fruit trees, particular to apple. We discuss state-of-the-art and future research to manipulate maturation and flower initiation in apple.

Die vegetative Knospe als Grundlage der Bluete

Preprint

Oct 2020

Peer Schilperoord

Die Arbeit vertritt die These, dass die vegetative Knospe die Grundlage abgibt für die Blüte. Sie geht über die Annahme hinaus, dass das Blatt die vegetative Grundlage für die Blütenorganen, für Kelchblatt, Kronblatt, Staubblatt und Frucht-blatt abgibt. Die vegetative Knospe enthält die beiden Hauptformen des Blattes, Schuppenblatt (Kataphyll) und Laub-blatt.(Trophophyll). Das Schuppenblatt gibt die Grundlage ab für die ersten drei Organkategorien Kelchblatt, Kronblatt und Staubblatt, das Laubblatt gibt die Grundlage ab für das Fruchtblatt. Die, bezüglich der Blattform, im Allgemeinen bleibende Aussage dass das Blatt die Grundlage für die Blütenorganen abgibt, ist auf das vorherrschende Modell einer einjährigen Blütenpflanze als Modell zur Erläuterung des Bauplans der Angiospermen zurückzuführen. Als Alternative und Ergänzung wird das Modell einer mehrjährigen, holzbildenden Pflanze vorgeschlagen. Das basiert auf dem Grund-organkonzept von Julius Sachs und Karl Goebel unterscheidet zwischen vegetativen Grundorganen und generativen Grundorganen. Die beiden Sporophylle Staubblatt (Mikrosporophyll) und Fruchtblatt (Makrosporophyll) gehen aus dem Zusammenspiel dieser beiden Organklassen hervor. Das Staubblatt kann man in diesem Zusammenhang als Katasporophyll bezeichnen und das Fruchtblatt als Trophosporophyll. Die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten des Schuppenblattes und des Laubblattes sind durch die inneren Bedingungen des rhythmischen Wechsels zwischen Zweig und Knospenbildung eingeschränkt. Die Einschränkung, die die Bildung von Knospen mit sich bringt, fällt bei dein krautigen Sprossen weg. Die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten des krautigen Sprosses sind durch die Bedingung des unbegrenzten Wachstums eingeschränkt. Diese Einschränkung fällt in der Blüte, mit ihrem begrenztem Wachstum, weg.

Vegetative-Knospe-als-Grundlage-der-Bluete

Preprint

Oct 2020

Peer Schilperoord

Einführung Die ersten bedecktsamigen Pflanzen (Magnoliopsida) waren mehrjährige Holzpflanzen. Es waren kleine Bäu-me. Die ersten Angiospermen bildeten Knospenschup-pen (Schuppenblätter) und Laubblätter. Später kam die Bildung von Nebenblättern oder Stipeln dazu. Die Blü-ten der Angiospermen bestehen aus Kurzsprossen mit einem Perianth, das aus sterilen Organen besteht und aus männlichen und weiblichen reprodutktiven Orga-nen. Die Pflanze hat die Fähigkeit mit Hilfe einiger wenigen Organe eine unüberschaubar grosse Vielfalt an Formen aus sich hervorgehen zu lassen. Diese Organe werden Grundorgane genannt. Grundorgane sind per Definition Organe, die man morphologisch nicht voneinander ab-leiten kann und unterschiedliche Funktionen ausüben. Das am meisten verwendete Konzept, das von Wilhelm Troll 1 vertreten wurde, kennt nur drei Grundorgane: Wurzel, Sprossachse und Blatt. Als Modell zur Erläute-rung der Anordnung und der Gestalt der Angiospermen verwendet Troll das Schema (Bauplan) einer einjähri-gen, krautigen Pflanze. Wie ist es, wenn man als Referenzmodell nicht eine ein-jährige, sondern eine mehrjährige, holz-und knospen-bildende Pflanze nimmt? So ein Modell verbindet die Bildung von Knospen und Zweigen, das heisst Mehr-jährigkeit, sekundäres Dickenwachstum, mit Einjährig-keit, das heisst mit der Bildung von Infloreszenzen und Blüten. Die Wahl eines Referenzmodells ist das Ergebnis 1 Troll (1954) Die vegetative Knospe als Grundlage der Blüte Peer Schilperoord, Alveneu Dorf, Switzerland, schilperoord@bluewin.ch Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit vertritt die These, dass die vegetative Knospe die Grundlage abgibt für die Blüte. Sie geht über die Annahme hinaus, dass das Blatt die vegetative Grundlage für die Blütenorganen, für Kelchblatt, Kronblatt, Staubblatt und Frucht-blatt abgibt. Die vegetative Knospe enthält die beiden Hauptformen des Blattes, Schuppenblatt (Kataphyll) und Laub-blatt.(Trophophyll). Das Schuppenblatt gibt die Grundlage ab für die ersten drei Organkategorien Kelchblatt, Kronblatt und Staubblatt, das Laubblatt gibt die Grundlage ab für das Fruchtblatt. Die, bezüglich der Blattform, im Allgemeinen bleibende Aussage dass das Blatt die Grundlage für die Blütenorganen abgibt, ist auf das vorherrschende Modell einer einjährigen Blütenpflanze als Modell zur Erläuterung des Bauplans der Angiospermen zurückzuführen. Als Alternative und Ergänzung wird das Modell einer mehrjährigen, holzbildenden Pflanze vorgeschlagen. Das basiert auf dem Grund-organkonzept von Julius Sachs und Karl Goebel unterscheidet zwischen vegetativen Grundorganen und generativen Grundorganen. Die beiden Sporophylle Staubblatt (Mikrosporophyll) und Fruchtblatt (Makrosporophyll) gehen aus dem Zusammenspiel dieser beiden Organklassen hervor. Das Staubblatt kann man in diesem Zusammenhang als Katasporo-phyll bezeichnen und das Fruchtblatt als Trophosporophyll. Die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten des Schuppenblattes und des Laubblattes sind durch die inneren Bedingungen des rhythmischen Wechsels zwischen Zweig-und Knospenbildung ein-geschränkt. Die Einschränkung, die die Bildung von Knospen mit sich bringt, fällt bei dein krautigen Sprossen weg. Die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten des krautigen Sprosses sind durch die Bedingung des unbegrenzten Wachstums eingeschränkt. Diese Einschränkung fällt in der Blüte, mit ihrem begrenztem Wachstum, weg.

Le sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill., PINACEAE) en contexte méditerranéen : développement architectural et plasticité phénotypique

Thesis

Jan 2011

Olivier Taugourdeau

Diplôme : Dr. d'Université

Structural differentiation among annual shoots as related to growth dynamics in Luma apiculata trees (Myrtaceae)

Article

Oct 2018
FLORA

Walnut Response to Multiple Exposures to Simulated Drift of Bispyribac-Sodium

Article

Jul 2018
WEED TECHNOL

A field study was established to evaluate symptoms, growth, yield, and nut quality of walnut trees subjected to multiple exposures of simulated bispyribac-sodium drift. Nut yield the year following simulated drift treatment was also evaluated because tissue differentiation for future fruiting position occurs in the prior season. Bispyribac-sodium was applied four times, at weekly intervals, at 0.5% and 3% of the use rate in rice (45 g ai ha ⁻¹ ). Injury from the 0.5% rate exceeded 5% after three applications. In general, the severity of the symptoms peaked 14 d after last application (23% and 40% injury for 0.5% and 3% rate, respectively) and subsequently remained nearly constant over the duration of the study. Growth of shoots treated with the 0.5% rate was initially delayed during the treatment regime but recovered after treatments ended; however, walnut shoots exposed to the higher rate had fewer internodes than nontreated trees at the end of the season. No measurable reduction in walnut yield or average nut weight either in the year of exposure or in the subsequent year was observed. However, both rates negatively affected walnut kernel color in the year of exposure.

Response of Walnuts to Simulated Drift Rates of Bispyribac-Sodium, Bensulfuron-Methyl, and Propanil

Article

Jun 2018
WEED TECHNOL

A field study was established to study symptoms, growth and yield of 2-year-old walnut trees exposure to simulated drift of several herbicides commonly used in rice production. Bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, and propanil were applied at four rates representing 0.5%, 1%, 3% and 10% of the normal use rate in rice (45, 70, and 6725 g ai ha ⁻¹ , for the three herbicides respectively). Symptoms started to appear approximately 7 days after application (DAT) and peaked 28 DAT. At that time, bispyribac-sodium caused greater injury at low drift rates (6% and 15% visual injury for 0.5% and 1% rate, respectively) compared to bensulfuron-methyl and propanil. Bispyribac-sodium also appeared to slow walnut shoot elongation compared to nontreated trees; however, no yield reductions were observed either in the year after drift exposure. The effect of bispyribac-sodium simulated drift on the yield and nut quality in the year of drift exposure was evaluated in a separate study on 3-year-old walnut trees. While no yield or nut quality reductions were observed, a linear correlation between rate of bispyribac-sodium and color, an important quality factor, was found: higher herbicide rates tended to be associated with darker kernel color. Bispyribac-sodium may damage nearby walnut orchards if drifted at significant amounts. However, it is unlikely that in a field situation bispyribac-sodium would drift at high enough levels to cause the symptoms observed from the 10% use rates in this study.

Analysis of primary and secondary growth and modelling growth dynamics of olive shoots (Olea europaea L.)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008

Understanding growth rate in woody plants is an essential criterion for the establishment of tree architecture, and therefore of future tree form. Olive seedlings exist as three main tree structures: bushy, mixed, and tree-form. Growth dynamics were observed on different types of shoots of these different forms throughout the growing season. Both primary growth (elongation and developed metamers) and secondary growth (basal diameter increment) were considered. To study the inter-annual pattern of shoot growth, simple linear regressions were performed between shoot properties measured at the beginning and at the end of the vegetative season. Positive correlations were obtained for all growth parameters. Allometric relationships between primary and secondary growth indicated that the increment in basal diameter was related to primary growth. Bud size and the contents of primordia were compared to the structure of the future shoot and leaves produced after the Spring and Autumn growth flushes. Shoots were entirely preformed in the bushy form. Mixed- and tree form-types had a preformed portion, followed by a neoformed portion. Mathematical models on olive growth were developed based on growth dynamic parameters. Elongation and metamer numbers showed a tri-sigmoid evolution (two Spring flushes and an Autumn flush) which was modelled by theoretical equations defined by tri-logistic functions, and characterised by nine parameters. Secondary growth was also represented by three logistic shapes, indicating three phases of girth expansion on all three forms. These results indicate that olive tree growth is rhythmic under the rain-fed conditions of Tunisia.

Update of the Spanish Chesnut Inventory of Cultivars

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Limited plasticity of shoot preformation in response to light by understory saplings of common walnut (Juglans regia)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Olivier Taugourdeau

Background and aims Analysis of the variability of organogenesis and extension (two basic processes of primary growth) is needed to improve our understanding of architectural plasticity in trees. An example of such plasticity is the difference in size between fully grown shoots found at different positions on the tree. The contribution of preformation processes to these differences was explored by determining the intraspecific variability of shoot preformation of main stems of understorey saplings of Juglans regia. Methodology In 2007, two samples of annual shoots that differentiated in 2006 were taken from saplings growing in a Mediterranean mixed forest in the south of France. At the first sampling, the terminal winter bud of each parent shoot was dissected and the nodes of these buds were counted. For the second sampling, annual shoot growth was measured after the 2008 growing season. The percentage of light transmitted through the understorey was determined by hemispherical photographs. Principal results The effect of plant development (ontogeny) on the number of preformed leaves and the annual shoot extension was strong. Light availability also contributed to explaining differences in the length of annual shoots. The impact of light on the number of preformed leaves was minimal. Conclusions Ontogeny (onset of branching) and reduced irradiance both affected leaf preformation in buds of annual shoots, with ontogeny being the more influential. The results suggest that the shoot preformation did not contribute to the plasticity of morphology of annual shoots. Light availability was more influential and promoted annual shoot extension.

Effect of host-plant manipulation by a gall-inducing insect on abundance of herbivores on chestnut trees

Article

Aug 2013

We investigated plant-mediated effects of the stem gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), on other herbivores on the chestnut tree Castanea crenata. In the early season, leaves emerged earlier and in greater numbers on galled shoots than on ungalled shoots. On galled shoots the leaf to shoot biomass ratio was lower and the leaves were physically different. In May and June the concentration of nitrogen in leaves was higher on galled shoots than on ungalled shoots. In July, the water content of leaves was lower on galled shoots. In May and June, the number of aphids, Myzocallis kuricola Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphidoidea), on leaves was higher on galled shoots than on ungalled shoots, but the opposite was true at the end of July. Laboratory experiments showed that aphid fecundity and body weight decrease were higher in May and June when aphids fed on leaves on a galled shoot than when they fed on those on ungalled shoots. In contrast, aphid performance in July was greater on ungalled leaves than on galled leaves. Our findings suggest that gall initiation in a chestnut tree affected aphid performance by affecting host plant quality.

IRTA - Mas Bové ● Coordination Centre of the Research Network on Nuts

Article

FAO CIHEAM

Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology

Article

Jun 1991

A. D Bell

Meristem Growth, Phenology, and Architecture in Chamaephytes of the Iberian Peninsula: Insights into a Largely Neglected Life Form

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2011

Protection of resting buds and timing of shoot development are crucial morphological traits of plants growing in a seasonal climate. For eight species of Iberian chamaephytes with contrasting morphology and ecology, we explored the different growth stages within the morphogenetic cycle of the shoot (including the initiation, morphogenesis and maturation of vegetative and reproductive structures), the seasonality of these growth stages and their relationship with the general climate of the species distribution area. We evaluated the implications of morphogenetic cycles on the phenology, architecture and distribution of each species, and tried to identify good descriptors of these cycles for their inclusion in databases of functional plant traits. The morphology, activity and growth of meristems and the expansion of shoots were assessed periodically by dissecting buds under stereomicroscope. Plant phenology was recorded monthly for a minimum of 13months on 15 marked plants of six out of the eight study species. All species showed naked buds, with meristems protected by leaf primordia and surrounding young leaves. We identified five stages of growth that summarize the processes of organogenesis and expansion of primordia in study species. Depending on the temporal arrangement of these stages and the type of structures subtending renewal meristems, we identified two types of morphogenetic cycles in study species: naked buds formed on brachyblasts (short branches) that extend for a relatively long time by neoformation; and naked buds on little shoot primordia that remain concealed by part of subtending leaves and extend rapidly in spring (preformed growth) sometimes followed by a period of slow expansion by neoformation. These morphogenetic cycles seem to be related to the general climate where study species grow: species with brachyblasts grow preferentially in areas with dry summers and not very cold winters, while species with shoot primordia protected by leaf structures tend to grow in areas with cold winters and not very dry summers. Some traits like the type and size of buds, or the type of morphogenetic cycle are quite easy to measure and provide important ecological information. These traits are good candidates to be included in plant trait databases. KeywordsBuds–Expansion–Morphogenetic cycle–Organogenesis–Pheno-morphology–Plant trait data bases–Primordia

Deciphering the developmental plasticity of walnut saplings in relation to climatic factors and light environment

Article

Aug 2011
J EXP BOT

Developmental plasticity, the acclimation of plants to their local environment, is known to be crucial for the fitness of perennial organisms such as trees. However, deciphering the many possible developmental and environmental influences involved in such plasticity in natural conditions requires dedicated statistical models integrating developmental phases, environmental factors, and interindividual heterogeneity. These models should be able to analyse retrospective data (number of leaves or length of annual shoots along the main stem in the present case). In this study Markov switching linear mixed models were applied to the analysis of the developmental plasticity of walnut saplings during the establishment phase in a mixed Mediterranean forest. In the Markov switching linear mixed models estimated from walnut data sets, the underlying Markov chain represents both the succession and lengths of growth phases, while the linear mixed models represent both the influence of climatic factors and interindividual heterogeneity within each growth phase. On the basis of these integrative statistical models, it is shown that walnut saplings have an opportunistic mode of development that is primarily driven by the changing light environment. In particular, light availability explains the ability of a tree to reach a phase of strong growth where the first branches can appear. It is also shown that growth fluctuation amplitudes in response to climatic factors increased while interindividual heterogeneity decreased during tree development.

Le développement architectural du noyer commun , Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae).

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1995

Modalities of shoot extension and morphology of annual shoots in Persian walnut, Juglans regia L. 'Lara' (Juglandaceae)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1998

Architecture aérienne de l'Abricotier en développement libre

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2013

Evelyne Costes

Apricot tree is an exemple of completely sympodial branching tree. The aerial architecture and the dynamic of growth of this species are presented through six different organization levels that contribute to the edification of the observed form of the mature tree: metamer, growth unit, annual shoot, stem, elementary branched system and adult tree. Continuous evolution of each organization level all along ontogenesis is shown.

Preformation, neoformation, and shoot structure in Nothofagus dombeyi (Nothofagaceae)

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2000
CAN J BOT

Buds in different positions along trunk, main branch, secondary branch, and short branch parent shoots of young Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume trees were dissected, and the number of organs of their rudimentary shoots was counted. Bud contents were compared with the number of organs of sibling shoots developed in positions equivalent to those of the dissected buds. Cataphyll number was relatively constant for all buds. The number of green leaf primordia differentiated in each bud depended both on the position of the bud on the parent shoot and on the size of the parent shoot. Sibling shoots derived distally from large parent shoots had more nodes than the rudimentary shoots of buds in a similar position. Proximal sibling shoots derived from large parent shoots and all sibling shoots derived from small parent shoots are entirely preformed. In N. dombeyi, the size gradient of the sibling shoots derived from a particular parent shoot relates mostly to variation in organ preformation, organ neoformation, and internode extension. The expression of each of these sources of variation is related to the position of the sibling shoot on the parent shoot and on the position of the parent shoot on the tree. Consideration is given to the role of environmental conditions on tree development, in view of the species' morphogenetic gradients.

Annual shoot-growth in Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forster) Oersted (Nothofagaceae) from northern Patagonia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2000

The growth dynamics of annual shoots of Nothofagus antarctica shrubs from northern Patagonia was studied. The pattern of extension of the shoots derived from the three most distal buds of 100 parent shoots was registered. Weekly measurements and observations of extending shoots were carried out during the 1996–1997 growth season. The date of shoot extension initiation was less variable than the date of shoot extension cessation. Extension curves had an asymmetrically sigmoid outline. Most extension took place uninterruptedly between mid-September 1996 and the end of January 1997. Extension rate reached its highest value in the second half of the extension period. Leaf unfolding rate had a peak early in the extension period and fluctuated irregularly later on. The apical meristem of all shoots died by the end of shoot extension. In general terms, shoot length, diameter, leaf number and extension duration decreased from the first to the third position from the parent shoot’s apex, although exceptions to this pattern were found. Shoot extension rate was affected by maximum and minimum daily temperatures but not by the amount of precipitation during the extension period. The size of a bud was not related to the size of the shoot derived from it. The size of shoots in the third position from the apex was related to parent shoot size; this was not the case for more distal shoots.

The formation, growth and fate of buds of Fraxinus americana L. in central Massachusetts

Article

Jan 1971

A.M. Gill

Modélisation et simulation de l'architecture de l'orme du Japon Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino (Ulmaceae): La notion d'axe de référence

Article

Jan 1991

Stochastic modelling of apricot growth units and branching

Article

Oct 1992

http://www.actahort.org/books/313/313_10.htm

Essai sur la croissance des arbres et sur leurs systèmes de floraison (Application aux espèces fruitières) (suite)

Article

Jan 1966

Pierre Rivals

Tropical Trees and Forests. An Architectural Analysis.

Article

Mar 1980

Modelling plant growth and architecture: Some recent advances and applications to agronomy and forestry

Article

Jan 1997
CURR SCI INDIA

Modelling plant structure and growth has undergone major changes in the last decades along two major lines: the integration of ecophysiological knowledge in process-based models which often lack a description of plant topology and geometry, and the generation of 3-D virtual plants using morphogenetic models which simulate the architectural development in a stable and homogeneous environment. There is now a trend to merge these two approaches, that is to link plant architecture and functioning. This trend is based on the recognition that plant structure: (i) is the joint output of the physiological processes (water and carbon balance, etc.) and the morphogenetic programme of the plant, (ii) determines the external environment of the trees which itself regulates their functioning (competition for space, light attenuation, etc.), and (iii) directly conditions the physiological processes within the tree (hydraulic structure, self-shading, allocation of photosynthates, etc.). Such models can be used in agronomy and forestry in various ways: to investigate the effects, local and global, immediate and delayed, of the biophysical environment on plant morphogenesis and yield; to study light attenuation through the canopy, to analyse the transport of water and the allocation of photosynthates within the plant; to analyse the competitive interactions among different plants in the same stand; to calibrate remote sensing techniques and to visualize large landscapes.

Growth Dynamics and Morphology of Annual Shoots, According to their Architectural Position, in Young Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae)

Article

Sep 1999

The influence of shoot architectural position on growth and branching pattern of young Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière trees were studied. Extension growth and type of axillary products (lateral bud, sylleptic short or long shoots) of annual shoots of increasing branching order (main stem, branches and branchlets) were recorded weekly during the 1993 growing season. Annual final shoot length, duration of extension, and maximum extension rate decreased with increasing branching order. Sylleptic axillary shoots occurred only on annual shoots of the main stem and branches and were produced when extension rate was at its highest. Differences in growth rate and final length of annual shoots, according to their architectural position, were related to differences in the total number and diversity of types of sylleptic axillary shoots produced. It is suggested that types and numbers of sylleptic axillary shoots produced are linked with threshold values for both final length and extension rate of the parent shoot. Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company

Preformation of Node Number in Vegetative and Reproductive Proleptic Shoot Modules of Persea (Lauraceae)

Article

Jan 1994

The numbers of nodes on single flush terminal and axillary shoot modules were determined in a range of Persea species and cultivars. They were compared with node numbers in apical and axillary buds to investigate whether preformation or neoformation of nodes occurred. Mean number of nodes on terminal shoots was 14 for vegetative shoot modules and 21 for reproductive shoot modules, and was similar across species, cultivars, rootstocks, locations and climates. In the cultivar 'Hass', numbers of nodes on axillary shoot modules were variable, and lower than those for primary shoot modules forming the dominant growth axis of annual growth modules. There was a mean of 12 nodes for vegetative proleptic shoot modules, 15 for reproductive proleptic shoot modules and six for sylleptic shoot modules, which were invariably vegetative. All nodes were preformed within both apical and axillary proleptic buds. This was not the case in sylleptic buds, which burst contemporaneously with extension of the parent axis. The majority (63%) of reproductive buds formed indeterminate compound inflorescences. They carried six basal bud scales, six axillary inflorescences and their subtending bracts, and up to nine true leaves.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press

Bud Content and its Relation to Shoot Size and Structure in Nothofagus pumilio(Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae)

Article

Apr 2000

Buds of shoots from the trunk, main branches, secondary branches and short branches of 10–21 year-old Nothofagus pumilio trees were dissected and their contents recorded. The number of differentiated nodes in buds was compared with the number of nodes of sibling shoots developed at equivalent positions during the following growing season. Axillary buds generally had four cataphylls, irrespective of bud position in the tree, whereas terminal buds had up to two cataphylls. There were more nodes in terminal buds, and the most distal axillary buds, of trunk shoots than in more proximal buds of trunk shoots, and in all buds of shoots at all other positions. The highest number of nodes in the embryonic shoot of a bud varied between 15 and 20. All shoots had proximal lateral buds containing an embryonic shoot with seven nodes, four with cataphylls and three with green leaf primordia. The largest trunk, and main branch, shoots were made up of a preformed portion and a neoformed portion; all other shoots were entirely preformed. In N. pumilio, the acropetally-increasing size of the sibling shoots derived from a particular parent shoot resulted from differences in: (1) the number of differentiated organs in the buds; (2) the probability of differentiation of additional organs during sibling shoot extension; (3) sibling shoot length; (4) sibling shoot diameter; and (5) the death of the apex and the most distal leaves of each sibling shoot. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company

Arboreal Ontogeny. (Book Reviews: Growth and Development of Trees. Vol. 1, Seed Germination, Ontogeny, and Shoot Growth)

Article

Jan 1971

T. T. Kozlowski

Shoot neoformation in clones of Fraxinus pennsylvanica in relation to genotype, site and pruning treatments

Article

Jan 1994

Four clones of Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. were planted in replicated trials at two sites in Manitoba (Morden and Winnipeg) to investigate shoot growth and leaf neoformation in relation to genotype, environment and pruning treatment over a 3 year period. Significant differences were found among clones, years and sites for shoot length and numbers of neoformed leaves. Neoformation was highest shortly after transplanting and then declined. An increase in neoformation was evident following cold related winter injury or loss of terminal buds by late spring frosts. Pruning and terminal bud removal treatments both increased neoformed leaf production relative to control trees. The trees were able to quickly re-establish photosynthetic surface area after injury or treatment and neoformed leaf production was an important component in this recovery strategy. The capacity for neoformation also varied in relation to genotype but appeared to be very plastic, being affected by a wide variety of factors. In addition, the rate or pattern of change in amounts of neoformed leaves over time and locations was variable. Numbers of neoformed leaves increased with shoot length but variation in the relationship suggested that there were differences in internode length as well. Neoformed leaves were highest in the upper part of the crown indicating that there was differential allocation of resources within the crown.

Growth units construction in trees: A stochastic approach

Article

Dec 1991

Trees architectural study shows gradients in the meristematic activity. This activity is described by the number of internodes per growth unit, which is considered as the output of a dynamic random process. Several species were observed, which led us to propose and then estimate some mathematical models. Computing the functioning of a tree in a given environment therefore involves finding the probability function of the meristems and following the evolution of the parameters of this law along the botanical gradients (order, trend, acrotony) within its architecture.

Shoot preformation in clones of Fraxinus pennsylvanica in relation to site and year of bud formation

Article

Feb 1994

Shoot preformation was investigated in buds of four clones of Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. at two sites in Manitoba in the second (1988) and third (1989) growing seasons after grafting. More preformed primordia were produced in terminal buds in 1989 compared to 1988 at each site. Both terminal and lateral buds at Morden contained significantly more primordia than those at Winnipeg. The numbers of preformed primordia were significantly different among clones. Clone 3 produced the most and clone 1 the fewest primordia in terminal buds. Despite quantitative variation, the pattern was similar among clones for terminal buds at each site and in each year. A similar pattern was evident for lateral buds at the Winnipeg site in 1989 but at Morden, clones 4 and 1 had the largest number of preformed primordia. Data from 1989 revealed that numbers of primordia were correlated with bud dimensions, parent shoot length, diameter and number of leaves, and location of the bud on the parent. Shoot dry weight was also related to these variables and revealed a non-linear increase in dry weight with shoot length. Multiple regression, with parent shoot length and location of buds along the parent axis as independent variables provided a reliable indicator of preformation in the crown. Although there is a genotypic component to preformation, variation between sites, years and crown locations suggests plasticity in bud development.

Etude de la croissance rythmique chez HeÂ veÂ a (Hevea brasiliensis MuÈ ll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae-CrotonõÈ deÂ es). Adansonia ser

Jan 1968
475-502

F Halleâ
R Martin

HalleÂ F, Martin R. 1968. Etude de la croissance rythmique chez HeÂ veÂ a (Hevea brasiliensis MuÈ ll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae-CrotonõÈ deÂ es). Adansonia ser. 2, 8: 475±502.

Tropical trees and forests: an architectural analysis Growth and development of trees. Vol. I. Seed germination, ontogeny and shoot growth MorphogeÂ neÁ se des feuilles et des bourgeons: reÂ sultante d'interactions multiples

Jan 1971

F Halleâ
Raa Oldeman
Tomlinson
R Nozeran
P D Neville
C Brion
M Nunez
Mazzini

HalleÂ F, Oldeman RAA, Tomlinson PB. 1978. Tropical trees and forests: an architectural analysis. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Kozlowski TT. 1971. Growth and development of trees. Vol. I. Seed germination, ontogeny and shoot growth. New York: Academic Press. Nicolini N. 1998. Approche morphologique du deÂveloppement du HeÃtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). PhD Thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France. Nozeran R, Neville P. 1974. MorphogeÂ neÁ se des feuilles et des bourgeons: reÂ sultante d'interactions multiples. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie VeÂgeÂtale 37: 217±242. Puntieri JG, Souza MS, BartheÂ leÂ my D, Brion C, Nunez M, Mazzini C.

Rythmes de croissance et structures spatiales peÂriodiques d'arbres tropicaux

Jan 1993

L Comte

Comte L. 1993. Rythmes de croissance et structures spatiales peÂriodiques d'arbres tropicaux. Exemple de cinq espeÁces de foreÃt eÂquatoriale. PhD Thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.

Structure in Juglans regia Comptes rendus du Colloque International sur l'Arbre, Naturalia Monspeliensia, n8 hors seÂ rie

279-302

Bartheâleâmyðbud Sabatier
Shoot

Sabatier and BartheÂleÂmyÐBud and Shoot Structure in Juglans regia Comptes rendus du Colloque International sur l'Arbre, Naturalia Monspeliensia, n8 hors seÂ rie, 279±302.

Approche morphologique du deÂveloppement du HeÃtre (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Jan 1998

N Nicolini

Nicolini N. 1998. Approche morphologique du deÂveloppement du HeÃtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). PhD Thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.

VariabiliteÂ morphologique et architecturale de deux espeÁces de Noyers: Juglans regia L., Juglans nigra L. et de deux Noyers hybrides interspeÂci®ques

Jan 1999

S Sabatier

Sabatier S. 1999. VariabiliteÂ morphologique et architecturale de deux espeÁces de Noyers: Juglans regia L., Juglans nigra L. et de deux Noyers hybrides interspeÂci®ques. PhD Thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.

MorphogeÂ neÁ se des feuilles et des bourgeons: reÂ sultante d'interactions multiples

Jan 1974
217-242

N Nicolini

Nicolini N. 1998. Approche morphologique du deÂveloppement du HeÃtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). PhD Thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France. Nozeran R, Neville P. 1974. MorphogeÂ neÁ se des feuilles et des bourgeons: reÂ sultante d'interactions multiples. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie VeÂgeÂtale 37: 217±242.

Nature de la pusse annuelle chez le Noyer commun, Juglans regia var. Lara (Juglandaceae): preÂ formation hivernale et printanieÁ re

Jan 1995

S Sabatier
D Bartheâ Leâ My
I Ducousso
E Germain

Sabatier S, BartheÂ leÂ my D, Ducousso I, Germain E. 1995. Nature de la pusse annuelle chez le Noyer commun, Juglans regia var. Lara (Juglandaceae): preÂ formation hivernale et printanieÁ re. In: Bouchon J, ed. Architecture des arbres fruitiers et forestiers. Paris: INRA, 109±123.

Seed germination, ontogeny and shoot growth

Jan 1971

T T Kozlowski

Kozlowski TT. 1971. Growth and development of trees. Vol. I. Seed germination, ontogeny and shoot growth. New York: Academic Press.

Revue critique des termes relatifs aÁ la croissance et aÁ la rami®cation des tiges des veÂ geÂ taux vasculaires

Jan 1997
11-87

Y Caraglio
D Bartheâ Leâ My

Caraglio Y, BartheÂ leÂ my D. 1997. Revue critique des termes relatifs aÁ la croissance et aÁ la rami®cation des tiges des veÂ geÂ taux vasculaires. In: Bouchon J, de Reye P, BartheÂ leÂ my D, eds. ModeÂlisation et simulation de l'architecture des veÂgeÂtaux. Paris: INRA, 11±87.

Quelques modaliteÂ s de la croissance rythmique endogeÂ ne des tiges chez les veÂ geÂ taux ligneux

Jan 1986

P Champagnat
P Barnola
S Lavarenne

Champagnat P, Barnola P, Lavarenne S. 1986. Quelques modaliteÂ s de la croissance rythmique endogeÂ ne des tiges chez les veÂ geÂ taux ligneux.

Preformation, neoformation and shoot structure in Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume (Nothofagaceae)

Jan 2000
CAN J BOT

J G Puntieri
M S Souza
D Bartheâ Leâ My
C Brion
M Nunez
C Mazzini

Puntieri JG, Souza MS, BartheÂ leÂ my D, Brion C, Nunez M, Mazzini C. 2000. Preformation, neoformation and shoot structure in Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume (Nothofagaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany (in press).

Architecture, gradients morphogeÂ neÂ tiques et aÃ ge physiologique chez les veÂ geÂ taux

Jan 1995

My D Bartheâ Leâ
Y Caraglio
E Costes

BartheÂ leÂ my D, Caraglio Y, Costes E. 1997. Architecture, gradients morphogeÂ neÂ tiques et aÃ ge physiologique chez les veÂ geÂ taux. In: Bouchon J, de Reye P, BartheÂ leÂ my D, eds. ModeÂlisation et simulation de l'architecture des veÂgeÂtaux. Paris: INRA, 89±136. BartheÂ leÂ my D, Sabatier S, Pascal O. 1995. Le deÂ veloppement architectural du Noyer commun, Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae).

ModaliteÂ s d'allongement et morphologie des pousses annuelles chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. cv.`Lara' (Juglandaceae)

Jan 1998
CAN J BOT
1253-1264

S Sabatier
D Bartheâ Leâ My
I Ducousso

Sabatier S, BartheÂ leÂ my D, Ducousso I, Germain E. 1998. ModaliteÂ s d'allongement et morphologie des pousses annuelles chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. cv.`Lara' (Juglandaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1253±1264.

ModeÂ lisation et simulation de l'architecture de l'Orme du Japon, Zelkova serrata (Thumb.) Makino (Ulmaceae): la notion d'axe de reÂ feÂ rence. Comptes rendus du 2 eÁ me Colloque International sur l'Arbre

Jan 1990
251-266

P Reye De
P Dinouard
D Bartheâ Leâ My

Reye de P, Dinouard P, BartheÂ leÂ my D. 1991a. ModeÂ lisation et simulation de l'architecture de l'Orme du Japon, Zelkova serrata (Thumb.) Makino (Ulmaceae): la notion d'axe de reÂ feÂ rence. Comptes rendus du 2 eÁ me Colloque International sur l'Arbre, Montpellier, 9±14 Sept. 1990. Naturalia Monspeliensa (suppleÂment): 251±266.

ProbabiliteÂs des donneÂes et statistique

Jan 1990

D Saporta

Saporta D. 1990. ProbabiliteÂs des donneÂes et statistique. Paris: Edition Technip.

Bud Structure in Relation to Shoot Morphology and Position on the Vegetative Annual Shoots of Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)

Abstract

No full-text available

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