No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Effect of oil-pulling on dental caries causing bacteria
Abstract
The effect of oil-pulling on the reduction of total count of bacteria was determined. There was a remarkable reduction in the total count of bacteria. The process of oil-pulling reduced the susceptibility of a host to dental caries. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of sesame oil against dental caries causing bacteria was determined. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to be moderately sensitive to the sesame oil.
... It is important to avoid swallowing the oil. [8][9][10] The ideal position for oil pulling is a seated position with the chin up. To hasten the healing process, apply it three times a day on an empty stomach before meals. ...
... 8 Chlorosesamon, found in sesame root (Sesamum indicum), has antifungal properties. 9 Moreover, sesame oil's polyunsaturated fatty acids lessen oral cavity free radical damage. 19 ...
All patients may not be able to correctly carry out mechanical teeth brushing methods in varied circumstances since they need for dexterity and specific motivation. On the other hand, since over-the-counter mouthwashes have various side effects, more natural counterparts are being researched. Oil pulling is an application that has been applied in India for 3000-5000 years and is good for various systemic diseases. This method, which is applied with different oils, provides various benefits to the teeth and surrounding tissues. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the research on the oils used in oil pulling and their benefits.
... Also, it is as efficient as commercially available fluoridated mouthwash. Efficacy of oil pulling in reduction of S. mutans was demonstrated by Anand et al., 15 Thaweboon et al., 16 Asokan et al., 17 and Kaushik et al. 18 Efficacy of oil pulling in reduction of S. mutans was demonstrated by Anand et al., 15 Thaweboon et al., 16 Asokan et al., 17 and Kaushik et al. 18 However, the findings of this study were contradictory to a study done by Jauhari et al. which didn't show promising results for oil pulling. 4 Coconut oil is allergy-free, does not leave a residual aftertaste, and does not stain. ...
... Also, it is as efficient as commercially available fluoridated mouthwash. Efficacy of oil pulling in reduction of S. mutans was demonstrated by Anand et al., 15 Thaweboon et al., 16 Asokan et al., 17 and Kaushik et al. 18 Efficacy of oil pulling in reduction of S. mutans was demonstrated by Anand et al., 15 Thaweboon et al., 16 Asokan et al., 17 and Kaushik et al. 18 However, the findings of this study were contradictory to a study done by Jauhari et al. which didn't show promising results for oil pulling. 4 Coconut oil is allergy-free, does not leave a residual aftertaste, and does not stain. ...
Aim
To evaluate efficacy of oil pulling on caries activity of Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and methods
A randomized controlled experiment was designed, with 60 children chosen at random. Following that, the participants were divided into three groups—group A: oil pulling using cold pressed coconut oil (Perfora*); group B: commercially available fluoridated mouthwash (Kidodent*); group C: distilled water as control. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately, and 2 weeks postoperatively. To assess the effectiveness of coconut oil, fluoride mouthwash, and distilled water, microbiological examination was carried out and colonies were counted.
Results
Both group A (oil pulling with coconut oil) and group B (commercially available Kidodent mouthwash) experienced a statistically significant decrease in colony count.
Conclusion
Oil pulling is found to be as effective as commercially available fluoride mouthwash and can be used in conjunction with other aids for maintaining oral hygiene in children.
Clinical significance
Oil pulling is a natural, economical, and organic alternative to medicated mouthwashes; hence, it can be used as an aid for maintaining oral hygiene.
How to cite this article
Gosavi HS, Tandon S, Rai TS, et al. To Evaluate the Efficacy of Oil Pulling on Caries Activity of Streptococcus mutans: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):580-584.
... Nigella oil was reported to contain many substances like thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, negillicine, negillidine, and nigellimine [56] that have effects against microorganisms. The results obtained on the low MIC and MBC of sesame on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus was in accordance with the result reported by Mohammed et al. [55], Anand et al. [57] also reported that sesame oil is found to have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and total bacteria. This type of screening by using sesame and nigella oil with very effective antibacterial activity could be promising for future application in cosmetic formulations [57]. ...
... The results obtained on the low MIC and MBC of sesame on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus was in accordance with the result reported by Mohammed et al. [55], Anand et al. [57] also reported that sesame oil is found to have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and total bacteria. This type of screening by using sesame and nigella oil with very effective antibacterial activity could be promising for future application in cosmetic formulations [57]. ...
Over the years, the cosmetic industry has offered a large variety of products that brought out the problems of stability, cost, and scouring couple with the growing effect of bacteria resistance. This research was carried out to determine the chemical and antibacterial properties of lipids extracted from plants commonly used in cosmetics. To achieve this, the physicochemical and phytochemical compositions as well as the antibacterial activity of six oil seeds and fruits: moringa (Moringa oleifeira), black seed (Nigella sativa), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), sesame (Sesamum indicum), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and avocado (Persea Americana) was analysed. The oils were extracted and lipid quality (acid value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, and unsaponifiable matter) analysed as well as their phytochemical screening. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results revealed that iodine values of avocado, sesame, moringa, cocoa, coconut, and nigella were 72.89; 74.18; 73.45; 69.54; 70.35, and 61.11(gI 2 /100g) respectively. Peroxide values and %FFA ranged between [0.03 to 7.06 meqO 2 /Kg] and [8.42 to 20.70%] respectively. The unsaponifiable matter was 0.18; 0.64; 0.21; 0.25; 0.02 and 0.54% for avocado, sesame, moringa, cocoa, coconut and nigella respectively. These values indicate that these oils can be stable during storage. All the seeds and fruits oils extracted contained polyphenols, saponin, alkaloids, and terpenoids reported as classes of metabolites having antioxidant activities. Coconut, sesame, nigella, and moringa oils exhibited high antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms. These results suggest that studied oils may have cosmeceutical and technological applications in cosmetics.
... [1] The oral cavity consists of wide variety of bacteria, but only a few specific species of bacteria cause dental caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli are among the most important bacteria. [2] that facilitate adherence and accumulation of S. mutans and other oral bacteria. The biofilm formation is influenced by the amount of glucosyltransferase produced by S. mutans. ...
... the most common pathogen isolated from human dental plaque and their prevalence has been reported in several epidemiological studies. [2,4] Lactobacilli may be found in the mouth before the teeth erupt; and they are known to preferentially colonize the dorsum of the tongue and are also carried into saliva by the sloughing of the tongue's epithelium. Their numbers in saliva reflects the consumption of simple carbohydrates by the host. ...
Objectives
To evaluate the antibacterial activity of black pepper, Indian bay leaf, cinnamon, and cumin against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus in-vitro and to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Materials and Methods
The spices (cinnamon, cumin, Indian bay leaf, and black pepper) were obtained from local market, were dried and powdered. Solvent extracts were prepared with methanol by maceration, followed by filtration and evaporation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using cup plate diffusion method, followed by determination of MIC of the extracts. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
All the four extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity. Cinnamon demonstrated maximum activity against S. mutans (zone of inhibition of 18.1 mm ± 0.30) and L. acidophilus (zone of inhibition of 17.9 mm ± 0.44) with the least MIC against the organisms (<0.05 mg/ml).
Conclusion
All the spice extracts tested demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and L. acidophilus . On comparison of the antibacterial activities of all the four extracts, cinnamon extract emerged as the potent agent.
... Coconut oil pulling is popular but has little evidence of helping radiotherapy patients. [6,7] Digestibility and energy source: Lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid in VCO, digests quickly and provides energy, possibly aiding weight loss. Many cultures use VCO for minor skin and gastrointestinal issues. ...
A BSTRACT
Background
Head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) are at an increased risk of dental caries due to radiation-induced damage to salivary glands. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three interventions—virgin coconut oil (VCO), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse (TM), and amine fluoride mouthwash (MW)—in preventing caries among head and neck cancer patients’ post-radiation therapy.
Methods
A total of 102 head and neck cancer patients undergoing RT were enrolled. The participants were randomized to use one of three interventions: VCO, TM, or MW. Caries progression was assessed using the decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT) index at baseline and after 6 months of RT. Differences in DMFT scores between the groups were analysed using statistical tests.
Results
At the 6-month follow-up, significant differences in DMFT scores were observed between the VCO and MW groups ( P = 0.012) and between the MW and TM groups ( P = 0.001). The TM group showed a significant reduction in caries progression compared to both the VCO and MW groups ( P = 0.001).
Conclusions
Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) tooth mousse was found to be the most effective in preventing new caries and slowing the progression of existing carious lesions in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
... The growth of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics has boosted the needs for the search for new antimicrobials (Anand et al., 2008). (Jouda et al., 2013) informed that resistant spread with remarkable speed. ...
Antibiotics provide the main basis for the thereby of bacterial infections. Drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been noted across the world in recent years. The plant-produced antimicrobial compounds are active toward human pathogenic bacteria as well as plants. Plant extracts are expected to produce target sites better than antibiotics ones. This study is a broad screening of eleven medicinal plant species and four essential oils against six pathogenic bacteria which include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. The maximum inhibition in the growth of S. aureus was by the essential oil of white musk with 48 mm. Then MRSA and S. epidermis had been inhibited by C. verum with 45 and 25mm) respectively. Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria K. pneumonia was inhibited by C. verum with 40mm. Also, A. baumannii had been inhibited by A. sativum with 38mm and E. coli by C. verum with inhibition zone 37mm in diameter.
... It also has the highest zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi. It was discovered that sesame oil has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli acidophilus and total bacteria (Anand et al., 2008). ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L., family Pedaliaceae) is undeniably a significant cash crop in the oilseed sector. It has multiple bioactive compounds such as phytosterols, tocopherol, homologues, lignans etc. which are good for health. Lignans are formed because of the oxidative coupling of-hydroxyphenylpropane. Sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, and sesaminol are the most important lignans in terms of medicinal and pharmacological properties. These lignans have been extensively researched and are considered to have multiple benefits. These benefits are its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes and anti-cancer properties. These lignans have the potency to target modern chronic diseases, which can progress to clinical diseases. The most common type of long-lasting disease is rheumatic inflammatory disease. It disturbs the sustenance structures and different parts of the body and can progress to cancer. Tocopherols are a critical part of the human diet. Different tocopherol homologues are found in sesame seeds. These include α-tocopherols, γ-tocopherols, and δ-tocopherols. This crop is also a significant source of bioactive peptides, phytates, phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids although the usability of these compounds are unclear. This chapter discusses the functional significance and medicinal utility of various bioactive constituents existing in sesame seeds.
... In one such study by Amith et al. (2007), the influence of oil pulling on plaque formation on teeth and gingivitis (gum inflammation) was scrutinised and it was found that there was a significant reduction in gum inflation after regular use of oil pulling [14]. It was also found that there was a notable reduction in the total count of disease causing bacteria in the mouth of individuals after rinsing/oil pulling with sunflower seed oil [15], sesame seed oil and subsequently there was a significant reduction in tooth decay (dental caries) in the individuals considered in the study [16]. Another recent study has concluded that there is a significant improvement in oral hygiene of adolescents who regularly practise oil pulling [17]. ...
Oil pulling, an ancient technique, is believed to be a natural way for maintaining good oral hygiene which is followed in several countries. In recent years, oil pulling using gingelly oil has become popular. Hence, this research focuses on studying the perceived benefits of gingelly oil for improving oral hygiene and overall health. This research also attempts to find out the factors that influence the adoption of oil pulling among the existing users of this practice. A structured questionnaire was delivered to 171 respondents who had the practice of oil pulling. Chi square test was performed to examine the relationship between demographic variables. A multivariate Generalised Linear Model is adopted to compare the group differences between the respondents and Bonferroni post hoc test is conducted to identify where the differences lie between the individual groups. The results of the research suggest that there is no significant difference in the practise of oil pulling between respondents differentiated by education and occupation. However, there is a significant difference in oil pulling among older and younger respondents. Most of the respondents were practising for more than a year and have ranked oral hygiene and freshness of breath as important factors. Most feel that, oil pulling takes a long time to complete and they forget to do oil pulling regularly.
... Monoterpenes are the major compounds found in Eos [148] and show antibacterial effects against caries-related microorganisms, particularly Streptococcus mutans [149][150][151]. Oil pulling has been used to treat caries, oral malodor, and gingival bleeding [152][153][154]. The anticariogenic effect may be attributed to a reduction in Streptococcus mutans bacteria and an inhibition of bacterial adhesion [155]. ...
Food and fluid supply is fundamental for optimal athletic performance but can also be a risk factor for caries, dental erosion, and periodontal diseases, which in turn can impair athletic performance. Many studies have reported a high prevalence of oral diseases in elite athletes, notably dental caries 20–84%, dental erosion 42–59%, gingivitis 58–77%, and periodontal disease 15–41%, caused by frequent consumption of sugars/carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fats, or deficient protein intake. There are three possible major reasons for poor oral health in athletes which are addressed in this review: oxidative stress, sports diet, and oral hygiene. This update particularly summarizes potential sports nutritional effects on athletes’ dental health. Overall, sports diet appropriately applied to deliver benefits for performance associated with oral hygiene requirements is necessary to ensure athletes’ health. The overall aim is to help athletes, dentists, and nutritionists understand the tangled connections between sports diet, oral health, and oral healthcare to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of dental diseases due to nutrition.
... 11,[13][14][15] Evidence suggested that weeks of oil pulling regimen significantly reduced bacterial count (e.g. Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus), [15][16][17] plaque index, 15,18,19 and gingival index. 13,20 The RCTs also revealed that the oil pulling regimen using sesame oil shared equal effectiveness as chlorhexidine mouthwash against plaque-induced gingivitis. ...
Objectives:
A meta-analytic review was performed to critically synthesize the evidence of oil pulling on improving the parameters of gingival health, plaque control and bacteria counts against chlorhexidine and other mouthwash or oral hygiene practices.
Methods:
Databases including Medline, Embase and bibliographies were searched from inception to 1 April 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 7 days or longer duration of oil pulling with edible oils in comparison to chlorhexidine or other mouthwashes or oral hygiene practice concerning the parameters of plaque index scores (PI), gingival index scores (GI), modified gingival index scores (MGI) and bacteria counts were included. Cochrane's Risk of Bias (ROB) tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework were employed to determine the quality of evidence. Two authors independently conducted study selection and data extraction. Meta-analyses of the effect of oil pulling on the parameters were conducted using an inverse-variance random-effects model.
Results:
Twenty-five trials involving 1184 participants were included. Twenty-one trials comparing oil pulling (n = 535) to chlorhexidine (n = 286) and non-chlorhexidine intervention (n = 205) were pooled for meta-analysis. More than half of the trials (n = 17) involved participants with no reported oral health issues. The duration of intervention ranged from 7 to 45 days, with half of the trials using sesame oil. When compared to non-chlorhexidine mouthwash interventions, oil pulling clinically and significantly improved MGI scores (Standardized mean difference, SMD = -1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.31, -0.97). Chlorhexidine was more effective in reducing the PI scores compared to oil pulling, with an SMD of 0.33 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.49). The overall quality of the body of evidence was very low.
Conclusions:
There was a probable benefit of oil pulling in improving gingival health. Chlorhexidine remained superior in reducing the amount of plaque, compared to oil pulling. However, there was very low certainty in the evidence albeit the clinically beneficial effect of oil pulling intervention.
... The antibacterial activity of sesame protein provides a theoretical basis for the further development of antimicrobial peptides from oilseed protein. Sesame oil with high nutritional and therapeutic values exhibits diversified biological activities such as antimicrobial activity [64]. For example, sesame oil is a potentially useful natural additive to fresh meat products for improving its microbial quality and extending its shelf life during cold storage [65]. ...
Sesame is principally used to generate oil, which is produced by chemical refining or pressing. Sesame meal, as a main byproduct of sesame oil extraction, is usually discarded, causing resource waste and economic loss. Sesame meal is rich in sesame protein and three types of sesame lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol). Sesame protein extracted via a physical method and an enzymic method has balanced amino acid composition and is an important protein source, and thus it is often added to animal feed and used as a human dietary supplement. Extracted sesame lignan exhibits multiple biological activities such as antihypertensive, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering activities, and therefore it is used to improve the oxidative stability of oils. This review summarizes the extraction methods, functional activities, and comprehensive utilization of four active substances (sesame protein, sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol) in sesame meal with the aim to provide theoretical guidance for the maximum utilization of sesame meal.
... Decreases dental decay Eliminating the bad order from the oral cavity. [16,17] [18,19] Mostly 20% reduction shown by oil pulling in the bacterial count after sesame oil pulling was seen as compared to chlorohexidine mouthwash. ...
Ayurvedic drugs have been used since ancient times to treat diseases including periodontal diseases. Oral rinses
made from ayurvedic medicines are used in periodontal therapy to control bleeding and reduce inflammation.
Mouth is considered as the mirror of general health. For good oral and systemic health, proper maintenance of
good oral hygiene is very important. Ayurveda is considered as the most ancient indigenous medical system of
India. Ayurveda includes therapies of treatment of these Orofacial Diseases such as oral cleansing, extraction,
excisions, flap surgeries etc. Ayurveda also recommends daily use of therapeutic procedures as preventive
measures such as Dant dhavani Jivha lekhana, Gandoosha or oil pulling and tissue regeneration therapies. In this
article, an attempt has been made to review various herbal plants mentioned in Ayurveda and therapeutic
procedures that can be used as an adjunct for the maintenance of oral health.
KEYWORDS: Irimedadi taila, Purusharthas, Periodontal diseases
... However, for other organism then MIC values were in the range of 350-500 μl/ml. The sesame oil shows best antimicrobial activity and also equal with standard Kanamycin and also it shows highest zone of inhibition against S. typhi (21). ...
Sesamum indicum L. is from Family:Pedaliaceae. It plays an important role in ancient culture and modern system of medicine. It is commonly known as sesame. It is cultivated throughout India, mainly for its seeds and oil. The plant traditionally used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, dys-entery, constipation, cough, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and ulcers. It also has antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antiatherosclerotic activity. The total alcoholic extracts of all residual aerial parts of this plant show antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging and anticoagulant activities.
... Based on historical findings, we reconstituted three traditional plant-based remedies in sesame oil, Kalanchoe pinnata or "Parnabeeja," Ocimum tenuiflorum or "Tulsi," Cynodon dactylon or "Durva." Sesame seed oil (Sesamum indicum) is known to possess antimicrobial properties (Nigam et al., 2015;Heidari-Soureshjani, 2016;Lavaee et al., 2019), and is widely used as an "oil pulling" agent to combat dental plaque formation (Anand et al., 2008;Thaweboon et al., 2011;Naseem et al., 2017;Shanbhag, 2017). In an in vitro model of oral infection with saliva-coated microtiter plates, sesame oil displayed antibacterial activity against S. mutans biofilms. ...
Traditional plant-based remedies hold vast potential as novel antimicrobial agents, particularly for recalcitrant infection states such as biofilms. To explore their potential, it is important to bring these remedies out of historical treatises, and into present-day scientific evaluation. Using an example of Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda), we present a perspective toward evaluating historical remedies for anti-biofilm potential. Across compendia, we identified three plant-based remedies (of Kalanchoe pinnata, Cynodon dactylon, and Ocimum tenuiflorum) recommended for wounds. The remedies were reconstituted in accordance with historical practices, and tested for their effects on biofilm formation and eradication assays of wound pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on our approach and the results obtained, we provide insights into the considerations and challenges related to identifying potential remedies in historical texts, and testing them in the laboratory with standard biofilm assays. We believe this will be relevant for future studies exploring anti-biofilm approaches at the interface of historical medicine and present-day scientific practices.
... 2) The sesame plant (Sesamum indicum) contains several kinds of sesame lignans which has antifungal activity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids prSesent in sesame oil reduces free radical injury occurring in oral cavity (Anand et al., 2008) 1) Steam inhalation is very useful for respiratory system disorders. Mint oil is widely used essential oil and its main ingredients are menthol and iso-menthone. ...
In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China (East Asia) furthermore worldwide including India. On 30 January 2020, the first case of the COVID-19 pandemic was reported in India. India has reached more than 1.5 lakh confirmed cases including more than 4000 fatalities by dreadful COVID-19 infection. At present, there is no vaccine for prevention or medicine for treatment. Only preventive measures like frequently hand-wash by soap and water, or hand sanitizers along with social distancing are effective to avoid the exposure of this virus. Ayurveda is the oldest acknowledged organized medicine on the earth. Immunity has an important role in maintaining health and prevention of diseases. In Ayurveda, Rasayana drugs are known for their immunomodulation and rejuvenation properties. On March 31, 2020, Ministry of AYUSH has issued advisory for enhancing immunity through lifestyle modification, dietary management, prophylactic interventions and simple remedies based on the symptoms. After that successful implementation, Government of India has planned to conduct clinical trials on three herbal nootropic and immunomodulatory drugs viz. Ashwagandha, Guduchi and Mulethi and AYUSH-64 (Ayurvedic anti-malaria drug) for their preventive properties against Covid-19 infections. This review article covers summary of the COVID-19 i.e. transmission, clinical presentation, investigation and prevention along with preventive measures in according to Ayurveda that can be adopted for future clinical trial.
... Oil pulling is a traditional Indian folk remedy and it is an ayurvedic practice that involves swishing of oil in the mouth for oral and systemic health benefits [33]. Reduction of bacterial count by about 20% and moderate antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus on 40 days of oil pulling using sesame oil has been reported previously [34]. An in-vitro study showed that sesame oil possesses antibacterial activity against S. mutans on oral biofilm model [16]. ...
The study is thus aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash with Chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing plaque accumulation around orthodontic brackets. A total of 20 patients were considered in this study randomly assigned into Group I (experimental group - Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash) and Group II (reference group-0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash). The plaque index scores were recorded in each individual at baseline (pre) and after 3 weeks (post). Dental plaque samples were collected around the orthodontic brackets at the cervical region of maxillary upper molars and lower incisors by cotton swabbing method and evaluated for the presence of microflora. Paired sample t-test for Streptococcus mutans count showed that statistically significant difference only within the group II (p=0.000) (Chlorhexidine group) and there was no significant difference within the group I (p=0.103) (Herbostra group). Paired sample t-test for plaque index score shows statistically significant difference within the groups (0.000).Independent t test showed statistically significant difference in the levels of Streptococcus mutans count after 3 weeks between the two groups (p=0.000) with the mean values of (2.230±0.5056), (1.080±0.3458) in group I and group II respectively. From this study we concluded that, even though there was a reduction in plaque scores and S. mutans count with Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash but it was not as effective as Chlorhexidine mouth rinse.
... Sesamum indicum L. (Queen of oilseeds) is an annual plant belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and distributed throughout the tropics [27]. This plant has been explored for various pharmacological properties, such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, antinociceptive, wound healing and anticancer properties [28][29][30][31]. Whole plant is used to treat various diseases in the Indian traditional systems of medicines [32]. ...
Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) is a novel and non-toxic method as compared to the hazardous conventional physical and chemical methods. Herein, we report production of ZnO-NPs for the first time using whole vegetative parts of Sesamum indicum L. The aqueous extracts of various parts of S. indicum were used to synthesize nanoparticles in this study. The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated using UV-visible spectroscopy for confirmation and characterization. The maximum UV-visible spectral absorption peaks were observed from 293 to 296 nm wavelengths. Leaf and stem reaction mixtures exhibited the sharpest absorption peaks of all the variations at 293 nm and root at 296 nm. This study leads to the development of cost-effective ZnO-NPs synthesis with possible further exploration to serve mankind.
... The bacterial adhesion and plaque co-aggregation is reduced due to the viscosity and bacterial adhesion. (15)(16) Faizal C et all studied the effectiveness of coconut oil in plaque related gingivitis saw a significant reduction in the plaque formation and gingivitis from day 7 and continued to decrease during the period of study. (17) In 2011 Asokan et al. have shown that the oil-pulling therapy with sesame oil has been equally effective in reduction of Streptococcus mutans count, plaque index, modified gingival index scores and plaqueinduced gingivitis as compared to Chlorhexidine mouthwash. ...
Dental Caries is multifactorial in nature and preventive strategies are a must and are being followed since decades. A tooth (which is primarily mineral in content) is in a constant state of Demineralisation and remineralisation with the surrounding saliva. Pediatric dentistry faces challenges in preventive strategies of oral and dental health in children and adolescents. The search for alternative products such as use of phytochemicals isolated from plants are considered to be good alternatives, hence an introduction of Ayurvedic Medicine in this context holds a lot of temptations and over rulings. Ayurveda an ancient science based on herbal therapies believes that dental problems can be treated by balancing the three doshas of a human body - The Vatta, Pita and Kapha, just like any other diseased condition. Thus this article aims to review the prospects and perspectives of use of Ayurveda in Dentistry as a whole and its affinity in Pediatric Dentistry.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dentistry, Ayurvedic medicine, Herbs, herbal Medicine, Oral health
... Roasted sesame oil incorporates a higher concentration of sesamol, the thermally degraded product of sesamolin, which is taken into account as a strong antioxidant compared to its parent molecule. Due to this factor, free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties were also found in the isolated lignans and sesamol [31] According to literature, S. mutans and L. acidophilus were moderately sensitive to oil, that are identified to be essential caries pathogens [32]. ...
Purpose: To determine whether oil-pulling with sesame or coconut oil yields a better result in reducing Streptococcus mutans count compared to conventional chlorhexidine mouthwashes. Methods: Multiple databases were used to search for articles up to and including August 2019. Studies which reported use of oil-pulling and chlorhexidine mouthwashes to reduce Streptococcus mutans bacterial count were analyzed procedurally. Studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were then undertaken for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results: Five studies were included in this analysis, which used oil-pulling (test group) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (control group). The follow-up period ranged from 14 to 30 days. The oil used in oil-pulling group were either sesame or coconut oil. Quantitative analysis showed a significant reduction in oral Streptococcus mutans count with oil-pulling as compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash at follow-up (Q value = 6.61, DF = 4, I2 = 39.50%). Conclusion: Use of oil-pulling showed better result in reducing cariogenic bacterial count as compared to the gold standard chlorhexidine mouthwashes. More clinical trials, evaluating additional oral hygiene parameters, would further validate the effects of oil-pulling on the oral cavity. Clinicians may advise their patients to use oil-pulling instead of chlorhexidine mouthwashes, as it is safe, cost-effective, and easily available.
... In the present study, SO was used since it is a regular constituent of South Indian cooking and is known to have numerous health benefits. A study by Anand et al. [15] had shown significant reduction in bacterial count after SO pulling and reduced susceptibility of host to dental caries. ...
Context:
Oil pulling procedure involves swishing of oil in the mouth for various oral health benefits.
Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sesame oil (SO), ozonated SO (OSO), and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral health status of adolescents.
Study settings and design:
Parallel multi-arm double-blinded randomized trial was done in a Government higher secondary school.
Materials and methods:
A total of 75 adolescents aged 12-14 years with decay-missing-filled index ≤3 were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 25): Group I (SO), Group II (OSO), and Group III (CHX mouthwash). Baseline (T1) Debris Index (DI-S), Calculus Index (CI-S), Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), Plaque Index (PI), and salivary Streptococcus mutans count were recorded. All the groups were subjected to intervention with the respective mouth rinses for 15 days. The index scores and the salivary S. mutans count were reassessed after 15 days (T2) and 1 month (T3), and the results were statistically analyzed.
Statistical analysis:
The statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test were used to test the normality of the data. The Friedman test and Wilcoxon-signed rank test were carried out for intragroup comparison. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test were employed to analyze inter-group comparison.
Results:
All the groups showed statistically significant reduction in DI-S, CI-S, OHI-S, PI, and S. mutans count after 15 days.
Conclusion:
Oil pulling therapy using SO and OSO showed a significant improvement in oral hygiene.
... The antibacterial mechanism of plant essential oils/extracts was generally suggested to be due to its major compounds especially polyphenolic compounds which is able to interact with cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells and subsequently cause the leakage of cellular components (26). Sesame seed lignans, such as sesamin, episesamin, sesamolin, sesaminol as well as sesamol, are known to inhibit the growth of bacterial (16,28,29). Lv et al., (30) also concluded that the mechanisms of combined antimicrobial interaction includes inhibition of the various biochemical pathway and critical enzymes and development of pores and cavities in bacterial cell membrane. ...
Various natural oils/extracts and their constituents incorporated into biopolymer-based edible films as a promising technology with the knowledge that these compounds have been able to reduce microbial growth and chemical changes of packed foodstuffs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO; 0, 0.25 and 0.5%) and sesame oil (SO; 0, 0.5 and 0.75%) into chitosan-flaxseed mucilage (CH-FM) film against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro condition and raw minced trout fillets during refrigerated condition. The in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties of CH-FM films were evaluated using agar disk diffusion method and free radical scavenging activity assay, respectively. The most important constituents of ZEO were found to be carvacrol (65.22%), thymol (19.51%), ɣ-terpinene (4.63%) and p-cymene (4.86%). The lowest and highest antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium were found for CH-FM films enriched with SO 0.5% (0.98-1.24 mm) and ZEO 0.5% + SO 0.75% (5.01-6.25 mm), respectively. The antioxidant property of CH-FM based films were found to be ranged 5.45% ± 0.04-37% ± 0.45. In treated trout fillets, the counts of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium were 1.54-4.18, 0.34-3.35, 0.29-1.45 and 0.19-1.27 log CFU/g significantly lower than control groups after two weeks of refrigerated storage, respectively. The designated films had good antibacterial effect against some food borne pathogenic bacteria including L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 in raw rainbow trout fillets.
... [20] Various types of oils such as sesame, coconut, sunflower, corn, soya bean, palm, rice bran, and olive oil can be used for oil pulling. [21][22][23][24][25] Coconut oil has been proved to have wonderful effects on oral health. It contains predominantly medium-chain fatty acids of which 45%-50% include lauric acid which is otherwise present in such great amounts in breast milk. ...
... Apart from this, there was reduction in the severity of dental caries. It was presumed that bacteria and toxins from the body may be removed through tongue and are trapped in the oil and subsequently thrown out from the body (Anand et al. 2008). ...
Oral health loss is one of the major problems existing all over the world. Oral cavity
is home to numerous pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are responsible
for the progression and development of various systemic diseases, such as cancer,
diabetes, and myocardial infections. Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and
nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort.
Oral health loss has severe implications on global economy and human health
before, during, and after the onset of any of the oral diseases. Economically developing countries are facing a financial crunch due to the continuous burden of investing resources for the upgradation of healthcare systems in maintaining oral hygiene.
About 70% of oral cancers are preceded by onset of precancerous oral lesions.
There is an urgent need to identify some natural and economic solutions to treat the
oral diseases, which can be affordable by each individual.
The present book covers the issues related to oral health, oral diseases, and the
role of medicinal plants in overcoming the oral health issues. Negligence of oral
hygiene is a major drawback in inviting numerous oral pathogens and in turn making oral cavity susceptible to many life-threatening diseases. We have also highlighted the research gaps in dealing with the oral health-related problems all over
the world.
... The dental caries categorized as tooth decay are as a result of acid genic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutant, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces. The loss of the mineralized tissues both in children and adults can cause the pain, damaging the teeth structure, and eventually the loss of the entire tooth [56]. Justicia is a genus of flowering plants in the family of Acanthaceae, which is found in pan tropical and tropical regions and recognized as scan dent perennial herbs or sub shrubs [57]. ...
Development of biologically inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has attracted considerable worldwide attention in matter of medical science and disease treatment. Herein, the green synthesis of silver nanomaterials using organic green sources has been evaluated and discussed. These kinds of materials are widely used for treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, cancer and etc due to their elegant properties compared with other chemical ways and drugs. Moreover, the outcome of green-based approaches were compared with chemical procedures and obtained data were examined via various analyses including UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In this study, variety of green methods were investigated to present a summary of recent achievements toward highlighting biocompatible nanoparticles, all of which can reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles, make them eco-friendly, reduce their side effects and decrease the production cost. The nature of these biological organisms also affect the structure, shape, size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. ARTICLE HISTORY
... 3 Sesame oil T Durai Anand, et al. [13] Effect of oil-pulling on the reduction of total count of bacteria. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of sesame oil against dental caries causing bacteria was determined. ...
... [22] Anand et al studied the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of sesame oil on a control strain and clinical strain of Streptococcus mutans and reported a inhibition zone of 10 mm and 9 mm respectively, contrary to our results. [23] From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that aqueous fennel extracts have antibacterial action comparable to chlorhexidine in vitro. Sesame aqueous extract does not seem to inhibit bacterial growth as much as commercially available sesame oil. ...
... The sesame sanani oil and dwaini oil have more activity against A. niger and A. flavus. These results do not agree with Anand et al., 39 who found antibacterial activity of sesame oil against bacteria. S. mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to be moderate to sensitive to the sesame oil. ...
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of some sesame oils obtained from different cities of Yemen. Sensitivity testing against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were studied with four types of sesame oils in the laboratory pouring aqueous extract of the sesame seeds into the wells of the culture media. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspregillus flavus were the microorganisms used and they were identified, confirmed and obtained from the Microbiology laboratory of the Sana'a University, Yemen. The results indicated that Semsum sanani and Semsum dwaini showed more antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, while Semsum shahri, Semsum hadedi, did not show any activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This study suggests that the compounds found in the semsum oil can form the basis for the development of novel broad spectrum antimicrobial formulations. These results support the notion that semsum oil may have many pharmaceutical roles.
... [24] Sesame is a naturally available antibacterial agent for common pathogens of skin and common skin fungal infections like athlete's foot. [25] Sesamin also used as an antihypertensive agent, evidenced in experimental animal models. [26] Sesame oil has an antioxidant property that helps to prevent oxidative damage and enhances the healing process of damaged tissues. ...
Objective
The oral cavity, often regarded as the mirror of systemic health, hosts numerous microorganisms that can cause both oral and systemic diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders. Maintaining oral hygiene is paramount for overall health. In recent times, particularly post-COVID-19, there has been a growing preference for Ayurvedic treatments to avoid the side effects associated with allopathic medicines. Oil pulling, a traditional Ayurvedic technique, has gained renewed attention for its efficacy in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing diseases. This review aims to emphasize the significance of oil pulling, an ancient Ayurvedic oral hygiene technique, in reducing plaque deposition and supporting oral health, while highlighting its advantages as a natural and side-effect-free alternative to modern medicine.
Methods
The terms “oil pulling,” “alternative medicine in dentistry,” “ayurvedic medicine,” and “antibacterial in dentistry” were used in a digital search of the PubMed database, which focused on peer-reviewed publications till November 2024. The results were 157, 9097, 57, and 14035 items, respectively. Following a careful examination, pertinent material was also added from other electronic sources.
Results
The oil-pulling technique, using sunflower, sesame, coconut, or olive oils, was found to be effective in reducing microbial load in the oral cavity. These oils, rich in antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, interact with the cell membranes of microorganisms, leading to a significant reduction in plaque deposition. Regular use demonstrated improvements in oral hygiene and minimized adverse effects commonly associated with synthetic medications.
Conclusion
Oil pulling is a safe, cost-effective, and efficient traditional technique for maintaining oral health and reducing plaque deposition. It is natural properties and minimal side effects make it a promising alternative in contemporary dentistry for promoting oral hygiene and overall health. Emphasizing its adoption can contribute to a holistic approach to oral care in the future.
Within the management of health care, the traditional system of medicine remains indispensable. The Unani system of medicine treats a variety of illnesses with a range of medications derived from plants. Historically, people have utilized sesamum indicum seeds as a medicinal ingredient. Various parts of the plant have been used by traditional physicians. However, the dried seed and oil are commonly used as Till in Unani Medicine. The plant has a very long history of use as a medicinal herb. It can be used on its own or in compound pharmacopeial compositions with other medications. Till Safeed is an annual plant of family Pedaliaceae and this review article aims to describe morphological characteristics, phytochemistry, ethnobotanical uses and therapeutic properties of Till Safeed. So that subsequent study on any novel therapeutic activity based on phytochemistry can be conducted with greater simplicity and to support the revalidation of the drug's scientifically claimed actions as mentioned in classical literatures. We systematically searched classical Unani literature, online data sources (PubMed, Google scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct and Research Gate) and offline encyclopaedia and books on medicinal plants for the relevant data on Till Safeed. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, essential minerals, and a special class of phenylpropanoid chemicals called lignans—which include sesamin, sesamol, and sesamolin—are among the bioactive ingredients found in till seeds. The pharmacological characteristics of sesame lignans include. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, cholesterol-lowering, hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzyme-increasing, and anti-hypertensive properties.
Keywords: Sesamum indicum, Unani Medicine, phytochemistry, sesamin, sesamolin.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant belonging to the sesamum genus, sometimes referred to as benne. Since prehistoric times, people have grown sesame seeds in tropical climates all throughout the planet. One of the earliest crops to be processed for oil refining was sesame seed. There are a lot of phytochemicals in sesame seeds, both black and white, including eight primary metabolites and sixteen secondary metabolites. Sesame seeds are widely utilised in traditional medicine and cooking due to their nourishing, healing, and protecting qualities. The sesame plant is also used to create a variety of nanoparticles, including iron and silver nanoparticles. For optimal use, an examination of the ethnobotanical and medicinal applications of this very nutritious oilseed—which is also commercially significant—is appropriate. This study's main goal is to learn more about the regular benefits of sesame seeds for pharmacological, medicinal, and ethnobotanical applications.
Background: Dental caries is one of the most common and costly diseases in the world and causes the tooth loss in adults by cariogenic microorganism and food debris, affecting more than 90% of the population, regardless of age, sex or race. One of the strategies for preventing the caries is inhibition of bacterial growth specially S. mutans and prevention of microbial colonization. Objective and Methods: The present study was conducted to isolate, identify, studying the effect of sesame, gum Arabic (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) against S.mutans in vitroand determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) by using well diffusion method. Results: We isolated 33 Streptococcus sp which were identified by morphological, biochemical characteristics and conformed by VITEK 2 system (version: 07,01) to 27.4, 24.3, 18.3, 12, 9, 6, 3% of S. mutans, S. salivaries, S. mitis,S. sanguinis, S. downei, S.oralis and S. pneumonia respectively. The H 2 O 2 was highly active compound against S. mutans gave 24.0 + 0.1. On the other hand, sesame and GA gave the moderate inhibition activity 20.0+0.2 and 17.0 + 0.8 against S. mutans, respectively. The MICs of GA, sesame oil and H 2 O 2 were used by agar well diffusion method against S. mutans gave 5 mg/ml for both GA and sesame, while gave 1.9% for H 2 O 2. Conclusion: The present research is a preliminary attempt to investigate the antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Based on the results of the present research, the sesame, GA and H 2 O 2 can be used in toothpaste and medicine for the treatment of dental caries. However, further research is needed to identify and characterize the active molecules in sesame and GA responsible for their antimicrobial properties and to determine its potential for use in pharmaceutical manufacture.
Nanoparticle investigation is an interesting field of science. The powerfully sized- cognate characteristics of nanoparticles provide numerous possibilities for unexpected innovations. The performance of nanoparticles endure tremendous opportunity for pioneering high-tech application programs, but also stances excessive concerns to the researchers. At present, engineered nanoparticles uphold the outstanding potential in diversified fields of society such as the field of medicine, science, and industry without revealing its toxic implications. However, the growing production and utilization of engineered nanoparticles also arouse concern about inattentive exposure and the feasibility of detrimental effects on human wellness and biological complex. Thus, it is the most pressing need for examining the toxicity along with the application of such advantageous nanomaterial. Nanoparticles are atomic or molecular clusters with the size varying between 1 to 100 nm. Toxicity mechanisms of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can transpire by various approaches like non-homeostasis impacts, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, implications, etc. Components that influence the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are size, dissolution, and ways of exposure.
This chapter will highlight an overview of metals and metal oxide nanoparticles and their toxic effects on living beings and biological systems.
Medicinal herbs are a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention and cure of diseases and ailments. They were used in folklore medicine in the treatment of toothache and strengthening of gums, anthelmintic, kidney diseases, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycaemic, antihyperglycaemic, and anticancer. There are many plants that have potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and, many more plants are screened for the phyto-constituents having pain relief and anti- inflammatory properties to replace non-steroidal and opioid drugs, which have severe side effects. Different phyto-constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, xanthone, coumarin, sterols, withaferin-A, andrographolide, etc., are proved effective as an analgesic and anti- inflammatory agents. Previous studies have contributed much to the understanding of the compound(s) responsible for the known anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. Drugs which are used presently for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions are either steroidal like corticosteroids or non-steroidal like aspirin. All of these drugs possess more or less side and toxic effects like renal failure, allergic reactions, hearing loss or they may increase the risk of hemorrhage by affecting platelet function. On the contrary, many medicines of plant origin had been used for ages without any adverse effects. It is therefore essential that efforts should be made to introduce new medicinal plants to develop more effective and cheaper drugs. Plants represent a large natural source of useful compounds that might serve as a source for the development of novel drugs. This chapter summarizes various medicinal plants and herbs with anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties that have been used by our ancestors to cure many of their ailments.
Background: Dental disease remains a public health concern of this era. In 2020, World Health Organization reported that 3.5 billion of oral
disease occurs every year. About 2.3 billion case is attributed to dental caries while gum disease affects 10% of the global population. Methods:
This was a case control study carried out from November 2020 to February 2021. About 120 participants were recruited, of them, 60 were
oral diseased, while the remaining 60 were selected as a control group. Oral swab samples were collected with the swab stick, and put into
plastic sterile container to avoid external microbial contamination. Samples were transported to INES clinical microbiology laboratory for
microbial identification. chi square was performed to test for association, while odd ratios and relative risk were performed to test for pathogenic
microbial fraction. Results: The common oral diseases were tooth decay (56.6%) and gum disease (43.4%). the most affected age range was
5‑19years (53.33%), while females (63.3%) were the most affected sex. The most isolated microorganism was Lactobacillus spp (15.8%)
for patients, while Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%) was the most isolate in the control group. The statistical significant association with oral
microbial alteration and oral disease was observed on Streptococcus mutans (x2=8.9, P= 0.002852), Lactobacillus spp (x2=9.84, P=0.001708),
Candida spp (x2=5.2, P=0.02258), Staphylococcus aureus (x2 = 15.6, P= 0.000078), and Providencia spp (x2 = 6, P=0.014306). The overall oral
microbial alteration (x2=53, P< 0.00001) was statistically significant. The ratio of pathogenic microorganisms (OR=4, 95%CI:2.3786‑7.062
and RR=1.477, 95%CI:1.2478‑1.7153) was significantly associated with oral disease. Conclusion: Oral microbial alteration contributes to
oral disease. Early detection of oral microbial alteration, and oral diseases are recommended.
Background: Dental disease remains a public health concern of this era. In 2020, World Health Organization reported that 3.5 billion of oral
disease occurs every year. About 2.3 billion case is attributed to dental caries while gum disease affects 10% of the global population. Methods: This was a case control study carried out from November 2020 to February 2021. About 120 participants were recruited, of them, 60 were oral diseased, while the remaining 60 were selected as a control group. Oral swab samples were collected with the swab stick, and put into plastic sterile container to avoid external microbial contamination. Samples were transported to INES clinical microbiology laboratory for microbial identification. chi square was performed to test for association, while odd ratios and relative risk were performed to test for pathogenic microbial fraction. Results: The common oral diseases were tooth decay (56.6%) and gum disease (43.4%). the most affected age range was 5-19years (53.33%), while females (63.3%) were the most affected sex. The most isolated microorganism was Lactobacillus spp (15.8%) for patients, while Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%) was the most isolate in the control group. The statistical significant association with oral microbial alteration and oral disease was observed on Streptococcus mutans (x2 =8.9, P= 0.002852), Lactobacillus spp (x2=9.84, P=0.001708),
Candida spp (x2=5.2, P=0.02258), Staphylococcus aureus (x2
= 15.6, P= 0.000078), and Providencia spp (x2 = 6, P=0.014306). The overall oral microbial alteration (x2=53, P< 0.00001) was statistically significant. The ratio of pathogenic microorganisms (OR=4, 95%CI:2.3786-7.062 and RR=1.477, 95%CI:1.2478-1.7153) was significantly associated with oral disease. Conclusion: Oral microbial alteration contributes to oral disease. Early detection of oral microbial alteration, and oral diseases are recommended.
The chapter gives a picture of the current data on the available anticariogenic natural products and their mechanism of action. Different phytochemicals such as phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, lectins, etc. and their anticariogenic efficacy have been discussed in detail. All the data emphasise the fact that the use of natural products is emerging as an effective strategy in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Consequently, these natural products could be incorporated in toothpastes and other oral hygiene products to promote oral health.
The kidney play essential biological roles necessary to maintain good health. The strategic physiological position of the kidney in metabolic processes expose it to the adverse effect of diseases emanating from other organs or systems. Abnormal metabolic processes as well as genetic defects can also induce injuries within the organ leading to kidney diseases that can progress to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Prompt diagnoses and management are vital to reverse or slow the rate of progression and renal replacement therapy required for advanced stages to sustain life. This chapter is a review the biological roles of the kidneys in man, the diseases of the kidney, diagnostic parameters of kidney disease and nephroprotective mechanisms of phytochemicals in medicinal plants and natural drugs used by complementary and alternative medicine practitioners. Furthermore, factors militating against the application of herbal medicine in managing kidney diseases and some future perspectives are highlighted.
Objectives:
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) pulling has antimicrobial activity and has been promoted as beneficial to oral health; however, limited information exists on its clinical effectiveness. This study aimed to compare the microbiological effects of VCO with palm oil (PO) pulling when used as an adjunctive oral hygiene care.
Materials and methods:
Thirty-six volunteers with gingival inflammation were randomly assigned to start with (1) VCO (test) and (2) PO (control) interventions in a crossover design. Oil pulling was performed for 28 days adjunctively to oral hygiene routine. After a 21-day wash-out period, the participants switched the oil type and restarted the protocol. Plaque samples were collected for microbial culture at baseline, after the first oil pulling period, after washout, and after the second oil pulling period. The total, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria and Mutans streptococci (MS) counts were recorded. The mean differences between VCO and PO were compared by paired t-test.
Results:
The number of total, aerobic, or anaerobic bacteria after 28 days of oil pulling was not significantly different from baseline in both PO and VCO groups. However, PO pulling demonstrated a significant reduction from baseline of MS count (P = 0.010), while VCO pulling showed no significant reduction. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean changes of any microbiological parameters between the two treatments.
Conclusions:
VCO pulling did not show statistically significant superior benefit against plaque bacteria over PO pulling. Using PO pulling as an adjunctive oral hygiene care may reduce the number of MS, but this requires further investigations.
Traditional medicine utilizing different herbal formulations has been an age old tradition being practiced in Indian context. This very regime quintessentially caters to the concept of Ayurveda Yoga Unani Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). Ailments pertaining to Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) have been mitigated by modern medicinal practices. Given this fact, emergence of antimicrobial resistance owing to unprecedented use of antibiotics has crippled the scenario of modern medicine. Being as one of the emerging challenges, a need of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has arisen in recent times. For this to accomplish, ethano-botanical studies based at phyto-chemical interventions are envisaged. These studies are to identify and validate potential bio-active compounds which can be utilized either singly or in a formulation as potential bio-therapeutic agents possessing promising pharmacological activity for circumventing ENT disorders. An emerging concept of re-purposing of drugs and respective molecular docking patterns is a focal theme of recent research investigations. This concept has led to emergence of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) aimed to ward off ENT ailments (bacterial and fungal) without posing an occurrence of adverse affects. The chapter would highlight significance of ethano-botanical studies with special reference of medicinal plants of Sub-himalayan region, screening of bio-active compounds in obliterating common ENT ailments, patho-physiology of associated pathogens, and concept of re-purposing of drugs thus proving an impetus towards green and herbal medicine.
Children are more susceptible to various infections because of underdeveloped immune system as compared to adults. Strengthening the immune system is a natural way to help the body fight against the disease-causing pathogens and immunomodulators can play a major role in this context. Various Ayurveda classics and studies published in journals related to Ayurveda drugs for improving immunity are reviewed and analysed. In Ayurveda, the objective of immune enhancement is achieved through the use of the Amalakyadi Rasayana (an Immunomodulators), as it increases longevity of life, memory, intellect, luxture, complexion, voice, strength of the body functions, strength of all senses and provides the resistance to disease, improves glow and power. Analysis of classical references and various experimental studies show that Amalakyadi Rasayana posse immuno-modulatory, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic activity. Present paper is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, therapeutic actions and possible mode of action of the selected formulation, Amalakyadi rasayana from Yogaratnakara (Rasayanadhikara/17) to enhance the immunity in children. Rasayana is an important part of Ayurvedic therapeutics used to improve the quality of life by strengthening the tissue quality and by reducing the age-related tissue degeneration. This study reveals that Amalakyadi Rasayana have potential to improve or strengthen the immune system in children and thereby can lower down the morbidity rate in children.
The chapter gives a picture of the current data on the available anticariogenic natural products and their mechanism of action. Different phytochemicals such as phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, lectins, etc. and their anticariogenic efficacy have been discussed in detail. All the data emphasise the fact that the use of natural products is emerging as an effective strategy in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Consequently, these natural products could be incorporated in toothpastes and other oral hygiene products to promote oral health.
In this study, a new polyols that was derived from locale produced sesame oil was prepared. This preparation was carried out in two steps. The first step was to prepare the epoxidized oil from the reaction of the oil with the formic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The second step was the reaction of the epoxidized oil with a number of fatty acids like (acetic, stearic, palmitic, butyric, oleic and linoleic acid) to form the polyols. The oil and the prepared compounds were characterized using FT-IR, NMR and C13NMR Spectroscopy. The iodine number, the acid value, the epoxide number, the peroxide number of the oil, and the prepared compounds were determined. Also the biological activity of the oil and the prepared compounds were studied by using two types of bacteria and a type of fungi, which were found that some of the compounds had a positive effect, to fungi and bacteria, E. coli but they was no effect on S.aureus , which can be attributed to the use of low concentrations
Oil pulling has been used widely as a conventional Indian folk remedy for many years for strengthening teeth, gingiva, to prevent dental caries, halitosis, bleeding gums, dryness of mouth, and cracked lips. In the Ayurveda literature Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthana 5, 78–80), it is referred to as Gandoosha, Kavala, and Kavala Graha. It is claimed to treat about 30 systemic disorders ranging from diabetes to migraine and asthma. A Ukrainian medical practitioner, Dr. F. Karach, acquainted the remarkable notion of oil pulling in the 1990s. Recent studies on oil pulling therapy using sunflower and sesame oil were found to reduce dental caries and plaque‐induced gingivitis. The most amazing part of oil pulling therapy is that it can be performed using any cold pressed oil easily at home such as coconut, sunflower, or sesame oil; hence, it becomes a very cost‐effective modality. Since last decade, there are many studies available on the use of oil pulling for the maintenance of overall oral health. There is mounting evidence of oil pulling being as good as many other chemical‐containing ointments, toothpastes, or mouthwashes in control of oral problems with no untoward side effects. This chapter overviews the evidence‐based use of oil pulling therapy in the maintenance of oral health.
The use of traditional medicine used to be one of the primary sources of treatment for various diseases around the world in the past. Although the usage was restricted to rural areas and low economy areas, the urban population has also begun to express their interest in the consumption of products manufactured from natural sources. The success of the traditional medicine depends on the expertise of the traditional healer. In the recent past, the use of herbal medicine and natural product-based drugs has stepped up with reports being published with their multiple benefits. Use of complementary medicine for overcoming the oral diseases is found to be successful based on its mode of application and usage on the patient. Among the traditional oral remedies, the most imperative remedy is “oil pulling technique” followed by use of some traditional medicinal plants. Oil pulling technique removes the toxins and bacteria by trapping them in the oil. Moreover, different parts of medicinal plants are used for treating the oral diseases at the primary levels. Olea europaea leaf decoction is used to combat mouth and gum diseases through gargling.
A prophylaxis followed by three topical applications of an iodine-potassium iodide solution significantly reduced the levels of Streptococcus mutans in fissure and approximal plaques and in saliva. Reductions persisted 20--24 weeks after treatment in salivary and approximal samples. A prophylaxis alone exerted a small and temporary reduction of S. mutans in occlusal fissure plaque, but did not reduce the levels of this organism in approximal plaque or in saliva. A significant relationship existed between the levels of S. mutans in saliva and the proportions of this organism in plaque. The dorsum of the tongue does not appear to constitute a significant reservoir for S. mutans following disinfecting procedures.
The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Its mode of action against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli AG100, the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325, and the yeast Candida albicans has been investigated using a range of methods. We report that exposing these organisms to minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of tea tree oil inhibited respiration and increased the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic and yeast plasma membranes as indicated by uptake of propidium iodide. In the case of E. coli and Staph. aureus, tea tree oil also caused potassium ion leakage. Differences in the susceptibility of the test organisms to tea tree oil were also observed and these are interpreted in terms of variations in the rate of monoterpene penetration through cell wall and cell membrane structures. The ability of tea tree oil to disrupt the permeability barrier of cell membrane structures and the accompanying loss of chemiosmotic control is the most likely source of its lethal action at minimum inhibitory levels.
The tocopherols, the major vitamers of vitamin E, are believed to play a role in the prevention of human aging-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease, yet little is known concerning determinants of their plasma concentrations. Evidence from animal studies suggests that the dietary source of gamma-tocopherol can significantly affect plasma levels of this tocopherol as well as its functional vitamin E activity. To determine whether plasma levels of tocopherols in humans are similarly altered, a study was undertaken in which subjects (n = 9) were fed muffins containing equivalent amounts of gamma-tocopherol from sesame seeds, walnuts, or soy oil. We observed that consumption of as little as 5 mg of gamma-tocopherol per day over a three-day period from sesame seeds, but not from walnuts or soy oil, significantly elevated serum gamma-tocopherol levels (19.1% increase, p = 0.03) and depressed plasma beta-tocopherol (34% decrease, p = 0.01). No significant changes in baseline or postintervention plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or carotenoids were seen for any of the intervention groups. All subjects consuming sesame seed-containing muffins had detectable levels of the sesame lignan sesamolin in their plasma. Consumption of moderate amounts of sesame seeds appears to significantly increase plasma gamma-tocopherol and alter plasma tocopherol ratios in humans and is consistent with the effects of dietary sesame seeds observed in rats leading to elevated plasma gamma-tocopherol and enhanced vitamin E bioactivity.
Chemical plaque control is a useful aid in mechanical oral hygiene, and various chemical agents have been evaluated as antiplaque agents. It has been shown that mastic chewing gum has antibacterial effects on Helicobacter pylori. In this study, the antiplaque effect of mastic chewing gum was investigated.
Twenty dental students who were both systemically and periodontally healthy participated in this study. The effects of mastic gum were assessed from 2 double-blinded, randomized studies. In the first trial, after mechanical toothbrushing, the inhibitory effect of mastic gum on bacteria in saliva following its use was compared to a placebo gum. Saliva samples were collected at the end of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours; diluted; inoculated onto 10% horse blood chocolate agar plates; and cultured anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. The total number of bacterial colonies on each plate was calculated (n = 20). In the second trial, the effects of mastic gum on de novo plaque formation on tooth surfaces and gingival inflammation were evaluated over a 7-day period without mechanical oral hygiene following random use of either mastic or placebo chewing gum. The degree of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were compared between the 2 groups (n = 10).
The total number of bacterial colonies was significantly reduced during the 4 hours of chewing mastic gum compared to the placebo gum (P < 0.05, Student t test). The mastic group showed a significantly reduced plaque index (2.69 +/- 0.29 versus 3.15 +/- 0.24; P = 0.001, Student t test) and gingival index (0.44 +/- 0.15 versus 0.66 +/- 0.23, P = 0.021, Student t test) compared to the placebo group.
These results suggest that mastic chewing gum is a useful antiplaque agent in reducing the bacterial growth in saliva and plaque formation on teeth.
Sesame lignans, whose biosynthetic pathway is the subject of this study, have well-established antioxidant and health protecting properties. Using a combination of radio- and stable-isotopically labelled precursor administration experiments, it was demonstrated that E-coniferyl alcohol undergoes stereoselective coupling to afford (+)-pinoresinol in Sesamum indicum seeds. Only this enantiomer, and not its (−)-antipode, is metabolized further in maturing seeds to afford (+)-piperitol, (+)-sesamin, and (+)-sesamolin. Introduction of the methylene dioxy bridges occurs sequentially with piperitol first being formed, this being subsequently modified to afford sesamin.
The effect of penicillin on the number of oral Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and lactobacilli in hamsters and in man was investigated. This is of interest as S. mutans and lactobacilli are involved in the carious process while S. sanguis is not. Hamsters infected with both S. mutans and S. sanguis or only S. sanguis received penicillin in their drinking water for 14 d. The treatment reduced the proportion of S. mutans and S. sanguis in dental plaque to undetectable levels. After the penicillin treatment the population of S. mutans and S. sanguis gradually increased. In man, the effect of oral penicillin therapy was examined in 21 adults with more than 2 X 10(5) S. mutans per ml saliva. The penicillin treatment had almost no effect on the numbers of S. sanguis and lactobacilli, but a pronounced decrease in the number of S. mutans was observed. The duration of this effect, however, was short. Consequently, such treatment alone is of limited value for the control of the oral infection of these microorganisms.
FULL TEXT available free from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x/pdf
The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
A new chlorinated red naphthoquinone pigment having antifungal activity, named chlorosesamone, was isolated from the roots of Sesamum indicum. Its structure was characterized as 2-chloro-5,8-dihydroxy-3-(3methyl-2-butenyl)- 1,4-na phthoquinone on the basis of spectral evidence.
Activities of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation and synthesis among rats fed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) differing in lignan content (sesamin and sesamolin) were compared. Sesame seeds rich in lignans from two lines, 0730 and 0732, lines established in this laborary, and those from a conventional cultivar (Masekin) were employed. Seeds from the 0730 and 0732 lines contained sesamin and sesamolin at amounts twice those from Masekin. Sesame seeds were added at levels of 200 g/kg to the experimental diets. Sesame increased both the hepatic mitochondrial and the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation rate. Increases were greater with sesame rich in lignans than with Maskin. Noticeably, peroxisomal activity levels were >3 times higher in rats fed diets containing sesame seeds from the 0730 and 0732 lines than in those fed a control diet without sesame. The diet containing Masekin seed caused only a 50% increase in the value, however. Diets containing seeds from the 0730 and 0732 lines, compared to the control and Masekin diets, also significantly increased the activity of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes including acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltranferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. In contrast, diets containing sesame lowered the activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis including fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase, and pyruvate kinase. No significant differences in enzyme activities were, however, seen among diets containing sesame from Masekin cultivar and lines 0730 and 0732. Serum triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in rats fed diets containing sesame from lines 0730 and 0732 than in those fed the control or Masekin diet. It is apparent that sesame rich in lignans more profoundly affects hepatic fatty acid oxidation and serum triacylglycerol levels. Therefore, consumption of sesame rich in lignans results in physiological activity to alter lipid metabolism in a potentially beneficial manner.
Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver Simple Colorimetric Method for Diagnosis of Caries Activity Pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity
- Takahashi
- M Fukazawa
- H Motohia
- K Ochiai
- H Nishikawa
- Miyata
Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49: 2647-2651. Snyder ML (1941). Simple Colorimetric Method for Diagnosis of Caries Activity. J.A.D.A. 28:44. Takahashi K, Fukazawa M, Motohia H, Ochiai K, Nishikawa H, Miyata T. A (2003). Pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity. J. Periodontol. 74: 501-505.