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ScienceAsia 31 (2005):
265-271
Preservation of Fiber-Rich Banana Blossom
as a Dehydrated Vegetable
Kanchana S. Wickramarachchi and Senaratne L. Ranamukhaarachchi*
Agricultural System and Engineering Program, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
* Corresponding author, E-mail: ranamuka@yahoo.com
Received 25 Jan 2005
Accepted 1 Jun 2005
ABSTRACT:
Banana blossom is an excellent source of crude fiber in the human diet. Hot water blanching
adopted at cottage level is found ineffective for preserving the banana blossom due to enzymatic browning
which reduces market demand of the processed product. Therefore, attempts were made to develop a ready-
to-cook dehydrated product from the banana blossoms, while maintaining the quality and minimizing
enzymatic browning and use of controversial sulfating agents.
Cutting the banana blossoms into slices of 3 mm directly into a 0.2 % citric acid solution and keeping the
slices immersed for 30 minute duration followed by drying at 50oC for 6 hr gave an acceptable product with
respect to appearance, flavor and overall quality. The quality of the product remained almost unchanged
when stored in Aluminum foil laminated with high density polyethylene (Al/HDPE) for more than a month.
Oriented polypropylene laminated with cast polypropylene (OPP/CPP) was by far inferior for storage of the
dehydrated banana blossom, of which moisture content increased by 2.9 % and L’ value decreased from 41.23
to 37.42.
KEYWORDS: processed banana blossom, enzymatic browning, dehydration, rehydration ratio.
INTRODUCTION
Blossom of the banana plant (Musa acuminata Colla)
is often consumed as a vegetable in many Asian countries
such as Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and the
Philippines.1 In Sri Lanka more than 32 million the
banana bunches are produced annually.2 Banana
blossom is a popular dish in Sri Lankan cuisines. It is
consumed as a curry as well as a boiled or deep fried
salad with rice and wheat bread. Despite the absence
of data on dietary fiber content and composition of the
banana blossom, it is generally valued as a fiber-rich
source.
Dietary fiber has demonstrated its benefits in health
and disease prevention in medical nutrition therapy.
Consumption of dietary fiber is known to lower blood
cholesterol levels, 3 normalize blood glucose and insulin
levels,4,5 promote normal laxation, avoid
constipation,6,8 prevent diverticulosis and
diverticulitis,9 lower the risk of colon cancer10
and breast
cancer,11 and prevent obesity etc. According to
American Dietetic Association, except in certain
therapeutic situations, dietary fiber should be obtained
through consumption of food.9 The recommended
intake of dietary fiber is 20-35 g/day for a healthy
adult,12 which is not frequently met due to low intake
of good sources of dietary fiber such as fruits, vegetables,
whole and high fiber grain products, and legumes.9
Although the banana blossom is highly valued for
its fiber content, consumption may be constricted due
to cumbersome preparation procedures. Developing
a preserved product from the banana blossom would
eliminate such difficulties and offer benefits to the
consumers such as prolonged shelf life, convenience
in preparation as well as promoting the intake of fiber
rich vegetables among people. This will also allow
exploring more marketing niches in the western
countries. Although dehydration is considered as a low
cost preservation process to produce ready-to-cook
food items,13 not many studies on preservation of the
banana blossom have been reported.
Color and rehydration ratio are very important
quality attributes of the dehydrated products.14
Banana
blossoms are highly susceptible to enzymic browning
which is attributable to polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
activity and substrate concentration. Processing steps
such as slicing, cutting and drying always promote the
browning,15,16 which leads to reduction in visual and
organoleptic quality of the dried the banana blossom.
Developing a method to control the occurrence of
enzymatic browning is important for dehydration of
banana blossoms, especially due to increasing
consumer concern over sulfating agents, which were
banned by Food and Drug Administration.17
This study was therefore, conducted to develop a
ready-to-cook form that could be promoted to the
market as a preserved item of the blossom of the banana
of a widely grown cultivar, Embul, by dehydration.
doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2005.31.265
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in the Food Science and
Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka during January to
May, 2000. Evenly mature banana blossoms of the cv.
Embul (an extensively grown cultivar in Sri Lanka) were
procured from the fruit orchards of the Department of
Agriculture. The banana blossoms were snapped off
leaving a 15 cm long part in the distal end of the fruit
bunch after cessation of fruit formation on the banana
bunch.
Preliminary StudiesPreliminary Studies
Preliminary StudiesPreliminary Studies
Preliminary Studies
Since no studies have previously been reported,
preliminary studies were carried out to establish basic
processing methods prior to commencing the main
study. Outcomes of these methods were selected for
later testing and processing. In a systemic manner,
thickness of the banana blossom slices, measures to
avoid browning of cut slices and processing
temperature-time requirement to develop a product
that is preferred by the consumers were determined in
the preliminary study.
Four sizes of thickness of slices (viz. 1, 2, 3 and 5
mm) were tested to determine the most appropriate
thickness that gives an attractive product after
processing. Among the four thicknesses of the banana
blossom, 5 mm slices were found too thick and not
good in texture and appearance after rehydration, while
1 and 2 mm slices appeared curled and twisted. Slices
of 3 mm thickness showed least changes in appearance,
and hence it was selected.
Since the banana blossom develops a dark brown
colour when sliced and later added to water, in this
study slicing was directly done into separate solutions,
namely hot water (at 96-98 oC for 3-4 minutes), solutions
containing table salt, potassium metabisulfite, ascorbic
acid, and citric acid over a broad range of
concentrations, separately.
The results of the preliminary study indicated that
hot water blanching at 96-98 oC for 3-4 minutes caused
a rapid browning giving a dark black color to the final
dehydrated product, and hence it was not selected for
further processing purpose. Pre-treatment with salt or
ascorbic acid was inferior to potassium metabisulfite
or citric acid as the former two substances resulted in
the darker dehydrated product. Of the latter two, citric
acid was selected as the pre-treatment18 due to
controversial issues on potassium metabisulfite.19
However, both potassium metabisulfite and citric acid
had relatively lower color change than the rest. Out of
the concentrations used in the range of 0.1 % - 0.3%,20
a 0.2 % citric acid solution was found effective in
minimizing browning, and hence used foregoing
experiments.
Furthermore, the optimum temperature for the
activity of 0.2 % citric acid solution was determined
using four temperatures (viz. 25 o , 65o, 75o and 85 oC)
for about 3-4 minutes and assessing color changes and
rehydration ratio of the dehydrated product. It was
found that the activity of citric acid was better at
25 o C (Table 1). However, as longer immersion times
are generally adopted for pretreatment at room
temperature, a longer immersion time of 30 minutes
was compared against 3-4 minutes. Immersion time of
30 minutes was found to be effective in lowering
browning.
Three drying temperatures (viz. 45o, 50o and 55o C)
were tested to determine the most suitable temperature-
time combination to reduce water activity below 0.6
and moisture content below 5 % in slices. The water
activity value below 0.6 was reported as water activity
minima
for most microorganisms.21 The time taken to
reduce water activity below 0.6 at 45, 50, and 5 oC was
8 hr, 6 hr and 5 hr 30 min, respectively. The best
temperature-time combination for dehydration was
50 oC for 6 hrs.
Dehydration of The banana BlossomDehydration of The banana Blossom
Dehydration of The banana BlossomDehydration of The banana Blossom
Dehydration of The banana Blossom
Freshly harvested the banana blossoms were washed
under running water after removing 3 to 4 outermost
fibrous bracts, and fresh weight of each banana blossom
was recorded in order to determine the final yield of the
processed product after dehydration. The blossoms
were then sliced to a thickness of 3 mm (according to
the findings of the preliminary study) directly into 0.2%
citric acid solution using a vegetable slicer (Nakazato-
54781). To fully immerse 250 to 260 g of the banana
blossom slices, 1 liter of 0.2% citric acid solution was
needed. All the core tissues in the slices were then
removed while in the solution, and the slices were left
in the solution for another 30 minutes. At the end of 30
minute duration, slices were spread over plastic trays
at a loading density of 2.2 kg/m2 and allowed to drain
out excess liquid. Based on the result of temperature-
time combination in the preliminary study, slices were
kept at 50 oC in a dehydrator (Phoenix TK-Mini 10) for
6 hours in cross flow of hot air at a flow rate of 0.305
m s-1. Processing steps for dehydration of the banana
blossom is given in Fig. 1. This process was replicated
three times with newly harvested the banana blossoms.
At the end of dehydration, the weight of dehydrated
product was recorded. The product was then stored in
desiccators until they were used for sensory assessment
and analysis for physical properties.
The extent of browning of the dehydrated product
was assessed in terms of L’ value (100 for perfect
transmission to zero for opaque) 22 using a color
difference meter (ZE-2000 Nippon Denshuku).
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Rehydration ratio of the dehydrated product, i.e. the
ratio of weight of processed food after rehydration to
the weight of dehydrated processed food without water
(g rehydrated product/ g dried product), was determined
as described by Ranganna.23 The moisture content of
both dehydrated and fresh the banana blossom was
determined by oven drying.24 Water activity of
dehydrated product, i.e. ratio between the vapor
pressure of the food itself, when in a completely
undisturbed balance with the surrounding air media,
and the vapor pressure of distilled water under identical
conditions, was determined at 27oC by measuring the
equilibrium relative humidity using a hygrometer (Testo
635) in an incubator (Yamato- IC600) according to the
method of Karel et al.21 The crude protein, crude fiber,
total ash and mineral contents of the dehydrated and
fresh the banana blossoms were determined according
to the standard methods of AOAC.24
The processed product was assessed for consumer
preference using sensory analysis. One set of processed
blossom pieces was used for immediate assessment of
the quality. A sensory panel was selected based on the
ability to recognize and rate basic taste, odor and texture
when consumed. 25 Thirty graduate students between
24-27 years old with a background in food science
were selected as judges. Two separate curry dishes
were prepared from fresh the banana blossom pieces
and the dehydrated banana blossom in sufficient
quantities. Both samples were evaluated in parallel by
the thirty judges when the samples at room temperature
were presented randomly to them. Each judge was
asked to rate the banana blossom curry in terms of
appearance, flavor, texture and overall quality based
on the degree of liking on each sample on a 5-point
Fig 1. Processing steps of dehydration of banana blossom.
(2.2 kg/m2)
hr)
hedonic scale (i.e. 1 = dislike extremely; 2= dislike; 3 =
neither like nor dislike; 4= like 5 = like extremely). The
responses were marked on separate sheets provided
to the judges. Each sample was evaluated twice when
presented randomly for the uniformity of the results.
Two sets of the processed product were stored for
assessment of physical properties after a storage period
of one month. These two sets were stored separately
in 12 cm x 9 cm pouches (6-8 g each) of oriented
polypropylene laminated with cast polypropylene
(OPP/CPP) and aluminum foil laminated with high
density polyethylene (Al/HDPE). The pouches were
stored under ambient conditions (i.e. at 30 ± 2 oC and
75% RH) for one month. At the end of one month of
storage, the samples were analyzed for moisture
content, water activity, rehydration ratio and color (L’
value) as adopted previously. The samples were visually
observed for the presence of fungal colonies and color
changes, if any.
Statistical AnalysesStatistical Analyses
Statistical AnalysesStatistical Analyses
Statistical Analyses
The repeated measurements of L’ value and
rehydration ratio of the dehydrated products from
different pre-treatments were subject to analysis of
variance (p=0.05) and means were compared using
Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD)
test26 using SAS statistical software (Version 6.02).
Sensory scores were analyzed using Friedman test in
MINITAB statistical software (Minitab Inc., State
College, PA). The data from storage study and physico-
chemical analyses were subjected to analyses of variance
and mean comparisons using LSD.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The rehydrationThe rehydration
The rehydrationThe rehydration
The rehydration RatioRatio
RatioRatio
Ratio
The effect of temperature on rehydration ratio of
dehydrated product was significant (p=0.01), but there
was no significant effect of chemical treatment nor
interaction between temperature and chemical
treatment on rehydration ratio (Table 1). There was a
reduction of rehydration ratio with increasing
temperature (Table 2). The highest rehydration ratio of
10.79 was at 25 oC (Table 2). As Potter and
Hotchkiss 27 reported, increasing temperatures cause
distortion of cells and capillaries in plant tissues which
may lead to textural changes, thus lowering water
absorption and adsorption characteristics affecting
rehydration ability and rehydration ratio.
The LThe L
The LThe L
The L
’ V’ V
’ V’ V
’ Valuealue
aluealue
alue
The L’ value shows the lightness or darkness, i.e.
zero for opaque to 100 for white color.22 There were
significant effects of temperature and chemical pre-
treatments (P = 0.01) as well as their interaction on the
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L’ value of the processed product (p = 0.01) (Table 1).
The results of the interaction between temperature
and pre-treatment showed that the L’ value was highest
at 25 oC, and decreased with an increase in temperature
(Fig. 2). There was a significantly greater L’ value when
citric acid (2%) was used as a pre-treatment compared
to water which suggests greater effectiveness of 0.2%
citric acid in minimizing browning compared to water.
This shows that when 2% citric acid was used, the
processed product remains lighter in color when
compared to water as a pre-treatment. This may be
either due to chelating of copper ions in active sites of
the PPO enzymes by citric acid as suggested by
Dziezak,20 or lowering pH which inhibits polyphenol
oxidase (PPO) enzyme,28 or both.
The decrease in the L’ value indicates an increase in
brown color development, which reduces the
marketability of the processed product. The brown
color development in plant tissues occurs due to
activities of enzymes. In particular, the formation of
brown pigments are developed when PPO enzyme
reacts with phenolic compounds.29 PPO generates o-
quinones, which subsequently undergo non-enzymatic
Table 2.Effect of pre-treatment with temperature and
chemicals on rehydration ratio of the dehydrated
banana blossoms at an immersion time of 3-4
minutes.
TT
TT
Trr
rr
reatmentseatments
eatmentseatments
eatments Rehydration ratioRehydration ratio
Rehydration ratioRehydration ratio
Rehydration ratio
TT
TT
Temperaturemperatur
emperaturemperatur
emperature, e,
e, e,
e, oo
oo
oCC
CC
C
25 10.79 ± 1.0
65 8.78 ± 0.63
75 7.44 ± 0.31
85 6.64 ± 0.24
LSD (p=0.05) 0.52
ChemicalChemical
ChemicalChemical
Chemical
Citric acid (0.2%) 8.34 ± 0.50
Water 8.49 ± 0.59
LSD (p=0.05) ns
CV% 7.42
Fig 2.Effect of the interaction between temperature and
pre-treatment chemical on the L’ value of the
dehydrated banana blossoms. [LSD (p=0.05) = 1.37]
Table 1. ANOVA Table for rehydration ratio and L’ value of
the processed banana blossom slices.
Source ofSource of
Source ofSource of
Source of Degrees ofDegrees of
Degrees ofDegrees of
Degrees of Mean SquaresMean Squares
Mean SquaresMean Squares
Mean Squares
variation variation
variation variation
variation freedom freedom
freedom freedom
freedom Rehydration RatioRehydration Ratio
Rehydration RatioRehydration Ratio
Rehydration Ratio LL
LL
L
’ V’ V
’ V’ V
’ Valuealue
aluealue
alue
Temperature - T 3 39.53 *** 158.00 ***
Chemical – C 1 0.27 233.68 ***
T x C 3 0.05 5.36 *
Error 4 0 0.39 1.39
CV% 7.42 3.42
No. of replicates = 6.
oxidative polymerization leading to development of
brown color pigments.29 Therefore, in order to reduce
the brown color development, a very rapid inactivation
of PPO is required before PPO generates o-quinones.
Devece et al.30 reported that PPO in mushroom
remained active for more than 6 min and produced
brown pigments at a blanching temperature of 92oC.
However, hot water blanching or pretreatments with
high temperatures could become less effective in
minimizing oxidative browning if the reaction between
PPO and phenolic compounds is rapid, as observed in
the case of the banana blossom. However, there are
other non-enzymatic browning reactions in plant
tissues such as oxidation of ascorbic acid and Millard
reaction, that may also contribute to the browning of
the product while hot air drying is continued.31
The highest L’ value (41.23) and the highest
retardation ratio (11.0) were found with 0.2% citric
acid at 25oC (room temperature) with an emersion
duration of 3-4 minutes (Fig 2). When the immersion
duration was increased to 30 minutes at the same
temperature, the L’ value significantly increased to
44.23. This may suggest prolonged immersion period
for minimizing browning, which also agrees with
Manimegali and Ramah,18 who also reported a
considerable reduction in browning with increasing
immersion duration of 30 minutes for bitter guard in
0.2% citric acid solution. The possible reason may be
the increased penetration of citric acid into cells and
thereby inhibiting the PPO, which otherwise oxidizes
polyphenolic compounds in the banana blossom
resulting browning of end products.
Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties
Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties
Chemical Properties
There were non-significant decreases in crude
protein and total ash contents due to processing of the
banana blossoms compared to the fresh blossoms (Table
3). However, crude fiber, Ca and Fe contents
significantly decreased due to processing. Crude fiber
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1234
Temperature, oC
L' value
0.2% Citric acid
Water
25 65 75 85
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0
1
2
3
4
5
Apperance
Flavor
Texture
Overall
acceptability
Sensory attribute
E
stimated med
ian
Fresh
Dehydrated
content significantly decreased from 21.31 g/100 g
dry weight in the fresh blossoms to 17.41 g/100 g dry
weight in the processed product (Table 3). The higher
crude fiber content of the banana blossom usually
leads to increases in the absorption and adsorption of
water.32 Considerably, a higher value in the rehydration
ratio was found in the dehydrated banana blossom
when compared to some dehydrated vegetables in
previous studies.18, 33 This may be attributed to higher
fiber content of the banana blossom than most of other
vegetables. Drying leads to curling and twisting, which
makes fiber more susceptible to degradation under the
assay condition.34 This supports the significantly lower
fiber content in the dehydrated banana blossom
compared to the fresh blossoms. Observed reduction
in Fe and Ca content might be due to leaching of minerals
during blanching according to Puupponen-Pimiä
et al.35
Sensory EvaluationSensory Evaluation
Sensory EvaluationSensory Evaluation
Sensory Evaluation
The estimated medians of preference for overall
quality and flavor of the curry prepared from the
dehydrated banana blossom were above 4 of the 5-
point Hedonic scale (Fig. 3). Comparison between the
mean scores of sensory quality attributes of two curries
made out of the fresh and dehydrated banana blossom
revealed that scores of the panelists did not vary
significantly (p<0.05) in flavor and overall acceptability.
However, significantly lower scores were found for
appearance and texture in the curry made of the
dehydrated banana blossom. The estimated median of
the scores for texture was below 3, which suggests the
need for further improvement in texture of the
dehydrated product. Comments from the panelist
showed preference for smaller particle thickness.
However, smaller particles resulted from thinner slices
of 1 and 2 mm made processed product very much
twisted and curled, which would distract the consumer
Fig 3. Estimated median of sensory attributes for curries made
from fresh and dehydrated banana blossom.
Table 3. Physico-chemical properties of fresh and processed
banana blossoms.
ParameterParameter
ParameterParameter
Parameter FreshFresh
FreshFresh
Fresh DehydratedDehydrated
DehydratedDehydrated
Dehydrated
banana banana
banana banana
banana banana banana
banana banana
banana
blossomsblossoms
blossomsblossoms
blossoms blossoms blossoms
blossoms blossoms
blossoms**
**
*
Water activity 0.92±0.01 a** 0.58±0.00 b
Moisture (g/100g) 88.75±1.17 a*** 5.18±0.12 b
Crude protein (g/100g of DM) 21.01±0.10 a 20.54±0.61 a
Crude fat (g/100g of DM) 6.02±0.31 a 5.79±0.41 a
Crude fiber (g/100g of DM) 20.31±1.38 a 17.41±1.42 b
Total ash (g/100g of DM) 8.74±0.11 a 8.53±0.20 a
Ca (mg/g of DM) 3.42±0.13 a 2.82±0.10 b
Fe (mg/g of DM) 0.13±0.12 a 0.01±0.11 b
* Dry matter (DM) basis
** Values within a row followed by different letters are significantly different according to t-test at p = 0.05.
*** Based on fresh weight basis.
preference.
Physical Properties of Processed Product afterPhysical Properties of Processed Product after
Physical Properties of Processed Product afterPhysical Properties of Processed Product after
Physical Properties of Processed Product after
StorageStorage
StorageStorage
Storage
After storage of one month, the dehydrated banana
blossoms packed in OPP/CPP and Al/HDPE were found
to gain moisture contents of 2.9% and 0.81%,
respectively based on the moisture content at the time
of storage (Table 4). This indicates the superiority of Al/
HDPE over OPP/CPP for storage of the processed
banana blossom slices. In addition, the data also show
that the processed product possesses high rehydration
ability, which is a proof of undamaged texture of the
processed product, and which helps maintain the water
absorption due to its hygroscopic nature. Sagar and
Mani36 have reported that there is a structural
deterioration in products when stored in OPP/CPP
leading to reduction in rehydration ratio, thus affecting
consumer preference after sometime.
The L’ value decreased from 41.23 to 37.42 for the
dehydrated banana blossoms stored in pouches made
of OPP/CPP, while in Al/HDPE, the L’ value decreased
slightly from 41.23 to 39.56 at the end of the one month
storage (Table 4). In the Al/HDPE packaging material,
there is a higher resistance to light, moisture and gas
exchange, thus either avoidance or lowering the
oxidative deterioration or both could be the reasons
Table 4. Effect of packaging materials on physical properties
of dehydrated banana blossoms after one month of
storage under ambient condition.
ParameterParameter
ParameterParameter
Parameter Prior toPrior to
Prior toPrior to
Prior to After storage for 30 days After storage for 30 days
After storage for 30 days After storage for 30 days
After storage for 30 days**
**
*
storagestorage
storagestorage
storage OO/CPP OO/CPP
OO/CPP OO/CPP
OO/CPP Al/HDPE Al/HDPE
Al/HDPE Al/HDPE
Al/HDPE
packagepackage
packagepackage
package package package
package package
package
Moisture 5.2±0.70 8.1±1.81 a** 6.0±0.92b
(g/100g DW)
Rehydration ratio 10.0±0.97 8.6 ± 1.02 b 10.0 ± 0.91b
L’ value 41.23±1.30 37.42±1.42a39.56±1.10b
Water activity 0.58±0.01 0.67±0.01a0.59±0.01b
* OO/CPP-oriented polypropylene laminated with cast polypropylene (0.02 mm);
Al/HDPE-Aluminum foil laminated with high-density polyethylene (0.04 mm).
** Values within a row followed by different letters are significantly different according to t test
at p=0.05.
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for maintaining the moisture free condition of the
processed product. These characteristics in Al/HDPE
would have prevented any deterioration and browning
thus retaining the color of the processed product. In
these characteristics, OPP/CPP packaging material
appeared to be inferior.
Water activity has increased from 0.58 without
storage to 0.61 in dehydrated product stored in OPP/
CPP (15.5% increase), while in Al/HDPE, the increase
in negligible, i.e. from 0.58 to 0.59 (a 1.7% increase,
Table 4).
CONCLUSION
Results of this study showed that the banana blossom
could be processed to reduce browning, which is a
major defect observed. Increased temperatures aiming
at inhibiting polyphenol oxidase enzyme and its
reactions were ineffective as it increased browning and
reduced rehydration ratio. As a pretreatment, emersion
of the banana blossom slices in 0.2 % citric acid solution
for 30 minutes followed by drying at 50 oC for 6 hrs gave
the dehydrated end product with reduced browning,
which was ready-to-cook and acceptable with respect
to appearance, flavor and overall quality. Aluminum
foil laminated with high density polyethylene was highly
superior to oriented polypropylene laminated with cast
polypropylene (OPP/CPP) as a promising packaging
material for the dehydrated banana blossom. The
product could also be stored for an extended period
beyond one month, since the current storage was
conducted for one month and the product remained
unchanged during the one month period .
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