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African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 4 (4), pp. 262-268, April 2009
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR
ISSN 1991-637X © 2009 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Yield and fruit quality performance of Nova and
Robinson mandarins on three rootstocks in Eastern
Mediterranean
T. H. Demirkeser*, M. Kaplankıran, C. Toplu and E. Yıldız
Mustafa Kemal University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Antakya, Hatay 31034 Turkey.
Accepted 30 March, 2009
Yield and fruit quality performances of Nova and Robinson mandarins were evaluated in the
Mediterranean climate of Dörtyol, Hatay, Turkey from 2002 to 2007. The cumulative yields of both Nova
and Robinson mandarins over this 6 year production period were highest on Carrizo citrange and
smallest on Troyer citrange. The fruit weight and seed content were affected by the rootstock in Nova
mandarin. The heaviest fruits were obtained from Troyer citrange. For Robinson mandarins, the fruit
weight and size were not affected by the rootstock, whereas the fruit color and skin structure were
found to be affected by the rootstocks. In the two mandarin cultivars evaluated, the rind thickness, juice
content, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio were similar when the rootstocks
were compared. For Nova and Robinson mandarins, all of the rootstocks gave good fruit quality for the
fresh fruit markets in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In conclusion, we propose Carrizo and Troyer
citranges as an alternative to sour orange rootstocks.
Key words: Mandarin, carrizo citrange, sour orange, troyer citrange, mediterranean.
INTRODUCTION
World production of mandarins (Citrus reticulate L. Ruta-
ceae) is on the rise. The world total citrus production has
increased by 8.3% in the last 10 years, reaching
114,878,542 tons. Among citrus species, mandarin pro-
duction has increased by 34.7% (FAO, 2006). Mandarins
are "easy-peelers" and so-called “child’s fruit” because
they have a sweet flavor and aroma, loose skins, a small-
ler fruit-size among the edible citrus and are easy to peel
and separate into segments.
The mandarin is adaptable to a wide range of climates
and is grown under desert, -semi-tropical and sub-tropical
Mediterranean conditions (Tous and Ferguson, 1992), yet
the climate in which mandarins are grown greatly influen-
ces the fruit quality. The excellent quality and charac-
teristic flavor of the mandarin cultivars are highly prized
by some, and if seedless varieties of a larger size can be
*Corresponding author. E-mail: demirkeser@gmail.com. Tel.:
+903262455845. Fax: +90326245 5832.
developed, their popularity will greatly increase. Over the
last decade, mandarin production in Mediterranean coun-
tries has increased by 21.2% (FAO, 1997; FAO, 2006)
and substantial increases are expected in Spain, Turkey
and Egypt. Over the same period, Turkish citrus produc-
tion was about 2,587,650 tons and exhibited a 2.7 fold
higher increase relative to the increase in the world citrus
production. Turkey’s mandarin production, in particular,
reached 585,000 tons, a 29% increase over the last de-
cade. Most Turkish mandarin production is conducted in
the Mediterranean region (76%), in which Adana
(204.201 tons) and Hatay (163.527 tons) are important
producing provinces. Hatay produces 22% of Turkey’s
citrus and 39% of Turkey’s mandarins (Anonymous,
2005a). In the Mediterranean regions of Turkey, the most
commonly grown mandarin cultivars are Owari Satsuma,
Fremont, Nova and Robinson. In addition, the production
of Okitsu and Clausellina Satsumas, Dobashi Beni, Nu-
les, Marisol and Arrufatina Clementine have recently in-
creased.
Among mandarin cultivars, Nova is a hybrid of the Fina
Clementine Orlando tangelo cross that was made in
1942. The rind color of Nova is a more attractive reddish-
orange and its internal quality is extremely high. The co-
lor is a deep orange and the segments are very juicy and
tender and have a fine sweet flavor. Acid levels are mo-
derate, resulting in a high sugar to acid ratio. Nova is po-
pular with consumers who are prepared to pay premium
prices only if the fruit is seedless and seedless fruits are
also preferred in European markets. Burdette (1993) re-
ported that the use of a suitable pollinator is the most effi-
cient method for producing incompatible cultivars such as
Nova mandarin, in terms of fruit yield and quality. In re-
cent years, production of mandarins, such as Nova, has
been increasing in Turkey.
Robinson is derived from a cross between a Clemen-
tine and Orlando tangelo that was made by F.C. Gardner
and J. Bellows in Florida in 1942. Robinson is a very ear-
ly maturing hybrid. Its size is similar to the Dancy tange-
rine and its external and internal color reaches a deep
rich orange color. The quality of Robinson fruit is excel-
lent (Saunt, 1990), and it possesses the typical mandarin
characteristic of an easily separable peel (Davis and Al-
brigo, 1994). Robinson requires cross-pollination with
compatible cultivars, but fruit are also produced partheno-
carpically. Seed number varies from 0 - 20 per fruit, de-
pending on cross-pollination and Robinson trees are mo-
derately vigorous and productive and exhibit only weak
periodicity (Tuzcu, 1990).
The latest trend in the citrus industry is to extend the
period in which the markets are supplied with citrus fruits,
particularly oranges and mandarins. For this reason, fruit
exporting companies of Turkey have proposed that grow-
ers use early and late cultivars. The characteristics of
preferred mandarin cultivars include deep colored fruit,
larger fruit, low seed number and easy-peeling (Kaplan-
kıran et al., 2005a; Filho et al., 2007). In addition to these
characteristics, both growers and breeders have focused
on novel early and late cultivars.
With changes in customer preferences, many new ci-
trus cultivars have been introduced to Turkey. However,
all are not expected to perform equally well, since various
ecological and climatic conditions exist in Turkey. It would
therefore be useful to identify favorable ecological condi-
tions for individual cultivars. In addition, factors such as
cultivar characteristics, rootstocks employed and growing
conditions.
Rootstock utilization has gained value for solving the
limiting factors of citrus production (soil, climate and
pests etc) and conditioning of market demands (fresh or
processed) on productivity, short juvenility period and
high fruit quality. In Turkey, the main rootstock utilized is
sour orange, which is the dominant rootstock in the Medi-
terranean region, where 88% of citrus fruits are pro-
duced; whereas trifoliate oranges are the dominant root-
Demirkeser et al. 263
stock in the Aegean and Black Sea regions. However, the
use of Carrizo has increased lately, especially in the Eas-
tern Mediterranean region (Kaplankıran et al., 2001). To
deal with potential problems of Citrus tristeza, Turkey has
initiated a research program to replace the susceptible
sour orange with alternative rootstocks that are tolerant to
C. tristeza. The present study therefore aims to evaluate
the growth, yield and fruit quality of Nova and Robinson
mandarins budded on three rootstocks in Turkey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material and field trial
Rootstocks were propagated from seed which were obtained from
the University of Çukurova Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Collection
plots in Adana. Seeds were sown in plastic bags in February and
October, 1997, the seedlings of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.),
Troyer and Carrizo citranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) and Osbeck Pon-
cirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) were grafted with Nova and Robinson
(Citrus reticulata Blanco x (Citrus paradisi Macf. x C. reticulata)
mandarins that were free of all known pathogens. Bud woods were
obtained from the University of Çukurova Citrus and Subtropical
Fruit Research Center. The grafted trees were subsequently plant-
ed at the Research Station of Mustafa Kemal University, Agricul-
tural Faculty Citrus Experimental Station, Dörtyol (Latitude, 36°
51.10 N; Longitude, 36° 09.57E and altitude 9 m). The region has a
Mediterranean climate with an annual average temperature of
19.1º
C and an annual rainfall of 950 mm (Anonymous, 2005b). Hor-
ticultural crops are prevalent in the research area and the most
common crops include subtropical and Citrus species (mandarin,
orange and grapefruit).
Experimental design and cultivation
The experimental design was a completely randomized one with
five replicates and a single tree per plot. Trees were planted with 7
× 7 m spacing in 1998. The experimental plantation was not isolate-
ed; rather, it was surrounded by various other Citrus cultivars, such
as Okitsu, Clausellina, Silverhill 22 - 9, Rhode Red Valencia, Mid-
knight Valencia and Valencia Late. Valencias were suitable pollina-
tor for Nova and Robinson and they are planted at uniform pollina-
tion distance. The soil texture of the plot located in Dörtyol (Hatay)
had a sandy-silt texture.
The soil was coarse-textured (sand, 646 - 693; silt, 245 - 270
and; clay, 64.6 - 69.4 g/kg) and slightly alkaline to alkaline in the
soil profile (pH 7.80, 7.98 and 8.25 for 0 - 30, 30 - 60 and 60 - 90
cm depths respectively in 1:2.5 soil water suspension) and rich in
total limestone, 15.0% for 0 - 30 cm; 22.1% for 30 - 60 cm and;
19.0% for 60 - 90 cm depth.
Standard culture techniques were used with mechanical weed
control between rows and chemical control between trees. In the
first three years of culture, trees were pruned. After 4 years of cul-
ture, the trees were annually hand-pruned in January. Drip irrigation
was installed with frequency adjustments according to the season
of the year, using a 2 - 3 day interval (in summer) per week with 40
L/tree in each irrigation. Fertilizer was applied with irrigation water
starting in the second year and application was increased annually.
In 2004, the trees were fertilized with 500 g N/tree (1/2 of it at the
end of February, 1/4 at the end of May and 1/4 at the beginning of
July), 300 g P/tree (in December) and 300 g K/tree (by the end of
264 Afr. J. Agric. Res.
Table 1. Annual and cumulative yield traits of Nova mandarin trees on three rootstocks in Dörtyol, Turkey
(2002-2007).
Yield (kg / tree)
Rootstock 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cumulative
Sour orange 22.15b 39.95b 42.65 82.79a 83.62b 93.00 364.17 b
Carrizo 27.44a 76.95a 47.33 86.52a 75.25b 92.40 405.89 a
Troyer 17.27c 31.85b 40.81 66.37b 100.43a 88.33 345.06 b
Significance1 ** ** NS ** ** NS **
D0.05 4.15 18.82 --- 13.16 13.17 --- 26.35
1NS,*, ** represent non significant and significant at 5 and 1%, respectively.
January). Foliar nutrient application and pest and disease manage-
ment were conducted in accordance with normal commercial prac-
tices guided by the Department of Horticulture and Plant protection.
Yield, fruit quality, and growth measurements
Between 2002 - 2007, the fruits of each tree were harvested and
weighed for Nova on the 10th of December and for Robinson at the
end of November. 20 fruits per tree were randomly collected and
analyzed for quality. Fruits were weighed, and fruit diameter and
rind thickness were determined with a digital caliper. Juice was ex-
tracted with an electric squeezer. The juice content (%), TSS (deter-
mined with an Atago ATC-1E model hand refractometer (at 20°C),
and total acids (TA) were measured (as citric acid equivalent per
100 ml) by titration of 5 ml of fruit juice with 0.1 N NaOH to pH 8.1
(Sadler,1994). Rind color was determined on a 1 - 7 scale (1 - 4
light to dark green; 5 orange; 6 dark orange; 7 reddish orange).
In January, the height, canopy diameter and trunk circumference
(10 cm above the bud union) were measured. Canopy volume (CV)
was calculated from canopy height and spread; consider canopy as
a prolate spheroid and applying the formula (Westwood, 1993):
CV= 4/3 πab
2
Where:
The major axis = length/2 (a).
The minor axis = length/2 (b)
The trunk circumference was converted into trunk cross-sectional
area (TCSA). The yield efficiency was estimated as the ratio of yield
to canopy volume (kg/m3), trunk cross-sectional unit area (kg/cm2),
yield/canopy projectional unit area (kg/m2) and cumulative yield
(kg/tree).
Data analyses
The data were analyzed using SAS procedures (SAS, 2005). The
GLM procedure was used to construct analysis of variance tables.
When the factors were significant at 5% and 1% levels, the means
were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test at P = 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Yield
For the cumulative yield based on a six-year period, Car-
rizo citrange had significantly greater yield than sour
orange and Troyer citrange in Nova. Troyer had lower yi-
eld than Carrizo and sour orange rootstocks in Robinson
(Tables 1 and 2). Yield means except 2004 and 2007
showed significant differences among the rootstocks in
Nova mandarin. However, Carrizo had the greatest yields
for 2002, 2003 and 2007 (Table 3). The rootstocks sig-
nificantly affected yield parameters for (Table 3). Except
2005 - 2006, Carrizo and sour orange had the highest
yields. For Nova, the effects of rootstocks on yield para-
meters were measured and the average over the 6 year
period; sour orange (12.03 kg/m3) and Troyer citrange
(11.52 kg/m3) had the greatest yield canopy volume. For
yield expressed in trunk cross sectional area, Troyer
(15.72 kg/m2) and sour orange (14.89 kg/m2) were in the
same mean groups. However, for Robinson, no statistic-
cally significant differences were detected for rootstocks’
effects on yield (Table 3).
Nova trees on Carrizo differed significantly from sour
orange and Troyer citrange and had the highest cumu-
lative yield; however, sour orange and Troyer were not
significantly different from each other in Nova mandarin.
Georgiou (2000) reported in an 11 year study that sour
orange had higher cumulative yields when compared to
Carrizo and Troyer citranges. In the present study, Troyer
had less cumulative yield than Carrizo citrange. In a 2
year study by Temiz (2005), the greatest yield was re-
covered from Carrizo citrange for Nova.
Troyer had a lower yield than Carrizo or sour orange
rootstocks in Robinson. Matyar (1992) reported that Ro-
binson had high yields and quality parameters on sour
orange. Temiz (2005) observed the greatest yield of Ro-
binson grafted on sour orange. Tuzcu et al. (1995) stu-
died the effects of 9 rootstocks on Owari Satsumas and
found that Carrizo citrange, Sitrumelo 1452 and Yuzu
gave the most promising results in terms of yield and
quality. Based on their results, they proposed Carrizo as
an alternative to sour orange for the Mediterranean re-
gion of Turkey. For Nova, yield to canopy volume, trunk
cross sectional unit area and yield /canopy projectional
Demirkeser et al. 265
Table 2. The annual and cumulative yield traits of Robinson mandarin trees on three rootstocks in Dörtyol,
Turkey (2002-2007).
Yield (kg/tree)
Rootstock 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cumulative
Sour orange 15.39b 37.59b 40.54a 71.99a 93.21b 120.96a 379.68 a
Carrizo 21.87a 58.75a 30.35b 60.81b 100.13ab 117.59a 389.50 a
Troyer 13.35b 23.79c 19.48c 80.04a 108.48a 94.19 b 339.33 b
Significance1 ** ** ** ** * ** **
D0.05 3.85 7.44 8.32 8.45 14.32 5.92 21.45
1NS,*, ** represent non significant and significant at 5 and 1% respectively.
unit area were found to be highest for sour orange and
Troyer citrange for the averages of 6 years. Although
Carrizo gave the greatest yield averages on a per tree
basis, these values were found to be lowest on Carrizo.
Similar results were obtained by Kaplankıran et al.
(2005b). These results may be explained by the greater
canopy volume of trees grafted on Carrizo citrange when
compared to those of other rootstocks tested.
Fruit quality
The fruit weight and seed content were affected by the
rootstock in Nova mandarin (Table 4), whereas root-
stocks had no effect on fruit diameter or rind thickness.
The heaviest fruits were obtained from Troyer citrange
(146.02 g), whereas Carrizo (136.54 g) and sour orange
(135.25 g) were in the same mean group. Blondel (1986)
on Clementines and Mendilciolu (1986) on Satsumas
found that Troyer and Carrizo citranges had higher fruits
when compared to sour orange.
The greatest seed number was recovered from sour
orange (12.15 per fruit), whereas the lowest was from
Troyer citrange (6.47 per fruit). When the effects of root-
stocks were measured for an average of 6 years for Nova
mandarin, no significant differences were detected for
rind thickness, juice content, TSS, TA or TSS/TA ratios.
However, some variables (juice content, TA, and TSS/TA
ratios) were found to be significantly affected by root-
stocks in specific experimental years.
The number of seeds was significantly influenced by
the rootstocks in Nova and Robinson fruits. However,
seed number did not reach commercially unacceptable
levels. Georgiou (2000) reported similar results for seed
numbers. Pollination and pollination efficiency are the
most important factors for number of seeds per fruit (De
Lange et al., 1973; Ferraro et al., 2006). The fact that the
pollinators for both species were similar in this study may
have contributed to similar numbers of seeds obtained
from experimental plots.
Robinson’s fruit weight and diameter were not affected
by the rootstocks (Table 5). Similar to Nova, no signi-
ficant differences were found for fruit quality parameters
tested when the means from the 6 year data were eva-
luated. However, the TA and TSS/TA ratios were found to
be affected by the rootstocks in specific years.
Robinson’s fruit weight and diameter were not affected
by the rootstock. Filho et al. (2007) also reported that fruit
weight and juice content of both mandarin cultivars were
not influenced by the rootstocks. These results are similar
to those of previous studies in which the fruit weight of
Satsuma mandarin was not affected when budded on 10
different rootstocks (Salibe and Mischan, 1984). Refor-
giata-Recupero and Russo (1983) reported that Clemen-
tine SRA-63 mandarin gave similar fruit weight and rind
color on Troyer and Carrizo citranges when compared to
sour orange.
No significant differences for rootstocks were found for
rind thickness, juice content, TSS, TA or TSS/TA ratios,
either in Nova or Robinson mandarins. Kaplankıran et al.
(2005b) studied the effects of the same rootstocks on fruit
quality parameters for Okitsu Satsumas and detected no
significant differences. Filho et al. (2007) reported no
differences in juice quality in two harvest seasons for
Fallglo and Sunburst mandarin cultivars.
The rootstocks did not affect the skin structure, rind
color or ease of peeling for Nova. However, skin structure
and rind color of Robinson were found to vary for the
rootstocks. For Robinson, sour orange gave smoother
skins than Troyer; whereas Carrizo gave a darker rind
color than Troyer. Similar results have been reported for
Satsuma and Okitsu mandarins when the same root-
stocks were compared in a similar environment (Tuzcu et
al., 1995; Kaplankıran et al., 2005b; Temiz, 2005). Matyar
(1992) and Urgun (1997) reported orange rind color for
Robinson grafted on sour orange. Nova is a grown man-
darin cultivar in the Mediterranean region of Turkey due
to its superior quality characteristics such as early fruit
production, high yield and low tendency for periodicity.
Robinson is also a popular cultivar because of its high
fruit set and resistance to cracking. Sour orange is the
266 Afr. J. Agric. Res.
Table 3. Various yield traits of Nova and Robinson mandarins on three rootstocks (2002-2007).
Nova Robinson
Year Rootstock Yield to
canopy
volume
(kg/m3)
Yield to trunk
cross-sectional
unit area
(kg/cm2)
Yield/canopy
projectional
unit area
(kg/m2)
Yield to
canopy
volume
(kg/m3)
Yield to trunk
cross-
sectional unit
area (kg/cm2)
Yield/canopy
projectional
unit area
(kg/m2)
Sour orange 10.80 a 2.03 a 10.83 a 5.09 b 1.83 5.87 b
Carrizo 6.71 b 1.84 a 8.87 a 7.77 a 1.97 8.61 a
Troyer 5.34 c 0.63 b 3.06 b 7.59 a 1.84 7.67 a
Significance1 ** ** ** * NS *
2002
D0.05 1.24 0.21 3.48 2.43 --- 1.09
Sour orange 22.83 a 2.40 a 22.49 a 10.60 b 1.45 ab 12.93 b
Carrizo 16.17 b 1.84 a 22.82 a 20.69 a 1.82 a 22.61 a
Troyer 9.71 c 1.00 b 12.57 b 11.15 b 1.15 b 11.89 b
Significance1 ** ** * ** * **
2003
D0.05 4.94 0.76 5.14 2.07 0.65 5.77
Sour orange 12.81 a 1.02 a 13.56 a 10.63 a 0.76 a 13.30 a
Carrizo 5.59 b 0.47 b 8.83 b 9.10 ab 0.48 b 10.75 ab
Troyer 10.37 ab 0.49 b 12.45 ab 8.25 b 0.47 b 9.07 b
Significance1 * ** ** * * *
2004
D0.05 6.11 0.46 4.33 1.98 0.27 3.71
Sour orange 11.92 a 2.30 a 17.64 a 6.88 b 0.84 b 11.23 b
Carrizo 7.03 b 0.87 b 13.83 b 8.16 b 0.67 b 12.39 b
Troyer 9.16 ab 0.88 b 14.61 b 15.03 a 1.35 a 21.84 a
Significant1 * ** ** ** ** **
2005
D0.05 4.78 0.63 2.61 4.02 0.25 4.89
Sour orange 8.24 b 0.82 ab 13.23 b 14.14 b 0.81 b 20.64
Carrizo 3.84 c 0.60 b 7.63 c 12.34 b 0.93 b 18.65
Troyer 15.58 a 1.17 a 20.19 a 19.00 a 1.51 a 21.61
Significance1 ** ** ** ** ** NS
2006
D0.05 3.46 0.48 5.31 3.45 0.28 ---
Sour orange 5.61 b 0.54 b 11.59 b 16.41 a 0.89 ab 24.77 a
Carrizo 4.44 b 0.60 b 9.07 b 11.86 b 0.80 b 20.84 ab
Troyer 12.81 a 0.76 a 18.79 a 16.44 a 0.98 a 19.52 b
Significance1 ** ** ** ** ** **
2007
D0.05 2.65 0.06 5.18 4.27 0.10 5.13
Sour orange 12.03 a 1.52 14.89 a 10.62 1.09 14.79
Carrizo 7.30 b 1.04 11.84 b 11.65 1.11 15.64
Troyer 11.52 a 0.86 15.72 a 12.91 1.21 15.27
Significance1 ** NS ** NS NS NS
Mean
D0.05 1.86 --- 2.69 --- --- ---
1NS, *, ** represent non significant and significant at 5 and 1%, respectively.
dominant rootstock in the Eastern Mediterranean where
88% of citrus fruits are produced. This fact might be due
to the fact that growers insist on the rootstock that they
are accustomed to for achieving good performance from
sour orange. Because sour orange is highly susceptible
to C. tristeza, several studies have been performed since
the 1980s to identify alternative rootstock. The present
study demonstrated that Nova and Robinson produce
fruits with quality (high juice quality and good fruit exter-
nal appearance on all rootstocks) sufficient for both fresh
fruit market and industry. For both mandarin cultivars
tested, Carrizo citrange appeared to be superior for yield
Demirkeser et al. 267
Table 4. The effects of three rootstocks on pomological characters of Nova mandarin in Dörtyol, Turkey (2002-2007).
Rootstock
Fruit weight
(g) Fruit diameter
(mm)
Rind thickness
(mm)
Seed no.
(no./fruit)
Juice content
(%)
Soluble solids
(%)
Acidity
(%)
Soluble solids/
acidity
Skin
structure2
Rind
color3
Ease of
peeling4
Sour orange 135.25b 65.17 2.83 12.15 a 50.67 11.92 1.01 11.98 2.00 6.07 3.97
Carrizo 136.54b 65.68 3.08 9.38 b 50.59 12.02 0.98 12.44 2.07 5.97 3.80
Troyer 146.02a 65.74 3.07 6.47 c 50.16 11.70 1.09 11.06 1.93 6.10 3.80
Significance1
** NS NS ** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
D0.05 9.14 --- --- 2.24 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
1NS, *, ** represent non significant and significant at 5 and 1%, respectively. 21: rough; 2: medium; 3: smooth.31: green - 5: orange; 6: dark orange; 7: reddish orange. 41: Very easy; 2: easy; 3:
somewhat tight; 4: tight.
Table 5. The effects of three rootstocks on pomological characters of Robinson mandarin in Dörtyol, Turkey (2002 – 2007).
Rootstock Fruit
weight (g) Fruit
diameter(mm)
Rind
thickness(mm)
Seed no.
(no./fruit)
Juice
content (%)
Soluble
solids (%) Acidity
(%)
Soluble solids/
acidity Skin
structure2 Rind
color3 Ease of
peeling4
Sour orange 136.92 64.73 3.24 9.62 b 50.19 12.11 1.05 11.67 2.67 a 5.ab 3.17
Carrizo 137.30 63.62 2.99 11.50 a 51.26 11.73 1.06 11.40 2.00 b 5.9a 3.03
Troyer 139.08 65.86 3.03 8.72 b 51.90 11.80 1.08 11.22 2.23 ab 5.4b 3.03
Significance1 NS NS NS ** NS NS NS NS ** * NS
D0.05 --- --- --- 2.15 --- --- --- NS 0.61 0.35 ---
1NS, *, ** represent non significant and significant at 5 and 1%, respectively. 21: rough; 2: medium; 3: smooth. 31: green - 5: orange; 6: dark orange; 7: reddish orange. 41: Very easy; 2: easy; 3:
somewhat tight; 4: tight.
characteristics. The fruit characteristics of the ci-
tranges were comparable to those of sour oran-
ges. We therefore propose Carrizo and Troyer ci-
tranges as alternatives to sour orange rootstocks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful for Dr. Sedat Serçe for
reviewing the earlier version of the manuscript.
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