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Design and future of energy-efficient office buildings in Norway
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Design of different energy-efficient office buildings in Norway with different energy concepts were studied with a number of different shapes. With the help of dynamic computer simulations of energy and indoor environment for the various building concepts the impact the different parameters on energy use and indoor environment was analyzed. A focus was put on finding those parameter that have the largest potential to enhance future energy efficiency in office buildings. The results show that significant efforts are needed in order to bring Norwegian buildings up to high energy efficiency levels. In particular, significant improvements of construction details regarding insulation levels and air tightness of the envelope are needed. The importance of climate consideration and level of details became obvious. Here, national and international efforts are needed in order to make building regulations more effective and its implementation successful.
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In this work, a multi-zone TRNSYS model for a dwelling with compression heat pump for both space heating and domestic hot water (DHW), domestic consumers and on-site photovoltaic generation is set-up. As a consequence of the dynamics of the electricity demand and supply, it is necessary to use small time-steps. The model is used to assess the influence of the user behaviour, the influence of the dimensioning of the heating installation and grid- interactions on the auto-consumption of BIPV systems. Furthermore, bottle-necks for possible large-scale implementation of on-site photovoltaic generation are illustrated. The electricity consumption of a dwelling typically peaks when the habitants wake up and arrive back home, whereas the BIPV system shows a profile depending on the local weather and system characteristics. By putting the results of the requested and delivered power within the same model, it is shown that the domestic load profiles due to human behaviour do not coincide with the output of photovoltaic systems. A dwelling with a classic gas-fired heating system is compared by a dwelling equipped with a electricity-driven heat pump for space heating and DHW. Herefore, the cover factor is defined, i.e. the ratio of domestic demand that is covered by the BIPV, for a BIPV installation with a yearly electricity production that equals the yearly domestic demand. If no attempt is made to bring the electricity demand and supply into balance on instant basis, a cover factor of 0.42 is found if a classic heating system is installed, denoting that more than half of the produced electricity will be passed on to the grid and withdrawn on another moment. If a heat pump is used for space heating and DHW, the cover factor decreases to 0.29. If one aims to drastically decrease the domestic electricity demands from the main distribution grid, the installation of a BIPV might not be sufficient due to the imbalance of domestic electricity demand on the production by the BIPV system. An integrated approach including the current practice, the domestic installation, the mixture of loads and the grid is necessary.
Energy use in buildings has come more into focus in recent years. Achieving an energy efficient building is very dependent on the building's air tightness. This can be quantified using the blower door pressurization technique. The air tightness requirements in the Norwegian building regulations, cause considerable concern for the building industry. This leads to a growing interest for air tight constructions and methods. Air leakages in buildings have many origins, where joints around windows are one of them. This depends on the sealing materials being chosen, the sealing technique as well as the craftsmanship. This paper is a part of a PhD study, and discusses the effects on air leakages from window joints only, depending on the sealing technique chosen. Measurements of 7 different sealing techniques have been carried out on a window of 1.2m x 1.2m with a continuous joint of 15 mm. The pressure chamber testing rig at SINTEF Building and Infrastructure has been used. From the laboratory measurements it is shown that tape, wind barrier strips and backer rod contribute most to the air tightness of the window joint. A comparison has also been made between a 50 mm pulled-in and a regular mounting of vapour barrier. The measurements show that when the vapour barrier is squeezed against the jamb liner, the pulled-in variant should be sealed in the corners to reduce air leakages. Measurements of the air tightness of a self expanding sealing strip show that this product has the same air tightness as 50 mm mineral wool insulation.
This study addresses uncertainties in building performance evaluations and their potential impact on design decisions. Design evolution involves a chain of design decisions. Each decision is supported by input supplied by the various domain experts to the design team at large. The research has focused on the domain expertise of the building physics expert, responsible for those inputs that sustain rational decisions with respect to energy use, thermal comfort, HVAC system sizing, etc. Prime attention has been given to thermal comfort.
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