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Effect of Bentonite on skin wound healing: Experimental study in the rat model

Authors:
Seyed-Hassan Emami-Razavi at Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed-Hassan Emami-Razavi
N. Esmaeili
N. Esmaeili
N. Esmaeili
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Seyed KHALIL Forouzannia at Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed KHALIL Forouzannia
Saeid Amanpour at Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Saeid Amanpour
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Wound healing in the skin depends upon the availability of appropriate trace metals as enzyme cofactors and structural components in tissue repair. The present study is a part of a series of experimental investigations to examine the influence of Bentonite on skin wound healing. Surgically induced skin wounds in 48 young adult male rats were exposed topically to Bentonite (12 round wound and 12 incisional wound) and control wounds (12 round wound and 12 incisional wound) received de- ionized water only. Skin wounds (round and incisional) treated with Bentonite exhibited no significant difference in margins with erythema and edematous changes. Scab and wound debris was more extensive and persisted for at least 7 days after surgery in control group (P < 0.05). Skin wounds exposed to Bentonite exhibited a mild retarded re-epithelialization, the treatment wounds were characterized by a prominent central mass of inflammatory cells, cell debris and wound exudate. The intense infiltrate of lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes and fibroblasts extended from the wound margin into the region of the panniculus carnosus muscle and hypodermis. Vascular dilatation and dermal oedema were prominent features of these wounds. External utilization of Bentonite for wound healing is safe and feasible, and we finalized that macroscopic healing of wound that treated by
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... Imbalances in the relative concentrations of the ions are potential causes of impaired wound healing. Therefore, the layered structure of bentonite can affect the cation-exchange capacity [16]. These valuable features make it as an interesting biomaterial for skin wound healing. ...
... The features of clay minerals could also be a driving force for healing. Positively-charged inter-layers of clay could absorb and deposit on the negatively-charged cells in the wound environment, improving the healing process [16]. Therefore, the wounds treated with the Carb gel containing CEB showed faster healing than other groups. ...
Enrichment of carbopol gel by natural peptide and clay for improving the burn wound repair process
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2022
  • POLYM BULL
Providing an appropriate treatment to accelerate wound healing after a burn is a challenging problem. Therefore, finding advanced and cost-effective products reducing the recovery time is essential. This study aimed to introduce a simple strategy for the preparation of a multifunctional dressing bearing natural-based materials for the treatment of burn wounds. Carbopol (Carb) gel was loaded with carnosine-enriched bentonite (CEB), and the wound healing potential was evaluated using a rat burn wound model. The acceptable physicochemical properties of Carb-CEB gel provided an appropriate media for improved fibroblast cell adhesion, migration, survival, and growth compared to the Carb gel alone. Furthermore, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay revealed superior antioxidant activity of Carb-CEB than Carb (*P ≤ 0.05). Macroscopically, the wound healing rates of Carb and Carb-CEB were approximately 84 and 95%, respectively, confirming the significant role of CEB in accelerating the wound closure. Histological evaluation also showed better epithelialization, angiogenesis, and reduction in inflammatory cells in the rats treated with Carb-CEB compared to the controls. In Carb-CEB-treated wounds, the regenerated epidermis was thicker and the number of blood vessels increased significantly. Overall, in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that Carb-CEB could be introduced as a promising wound dressing for further study of wound healing. Graphical abstract
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... Then, 5-6 µm sections were taken, deparaffinized, and stained with Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), according to standard histological staining methods. The sections were then examined under a light microscope [29,30]. ...
Efficiency of medical leech on experimentally induced incisional wound healing in rats
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
  • J Compl Integr Med
Objectives This study was conducted in response to the increasing interest in understanding the effects of both modern and traditional complementary medicine on incisional wound healing. Herein, it was aimed to investigate the wound healing effects of medicinal leech therapy and leech saliva in an experimentally created incisional skin wound model. Methods Fifteen rats underwent full-thickness incisions on their dorsal regions and were randomly assigned to five equal groups, as the Leech Saliva (LS) group, where wounds were treated topically with leech saliva once daily; Leech Therapy-1 (LT-1) group, where leech therapy was administered once at the beginning of the experiment; Leech Therapy-2 (LT-2) group, where leech therapy was applied twice, on days 0 and 3; Positive Control (PC) group, where wounds were treated daily with Phyto cream containing Triticum vulgare ; and Negative Control (NC) group, where no treatment was given. Results Wound healing was assessed daily, and the experiment continued until complete healing was observed. At the conclusion, the wound size, appearance, and histological features were analyzed to compare healing progress across the groups. Conclusions Medicinal leech therapy was observed to have a positive wound healing effect in the rat model.
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... Bentonite (Ben) is an absorbent aluminum phyllosilicate clay that contains montmorillonites. Ben is shown to act efficiently in the healing of skin lesions and ulcers (10,12,13). It has been proved that Ben reinforced both PCL (14) and CHT (15,16) scaffolds, but they were not used altogether. ...
Fabrication and evaluation of the regenerative effect of a polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold containing bentonite nanoparticles in a rat model of deep second-degree burn injury
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
Objective(s) In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a nanofibrous scaffold including polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan (CHT), and bentonite nanoparticles (Ben-NPS) on wound healing in order to introduce a novel dressing for burn wounds. Materials and Methods PCL, PCL/CHT, and PCL/CHT/Ben-NPS nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated by the electrospinning technique. Their structural and physiochemical characteristics were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile strength, water contact angle, as well as, swelling and degradation profiles test. The disc diffusion assay was carried out to investigate the antibacterial potential of the scaffolds. In addition, the cell viability and proliferation ability of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) on the scaffolds were assessed using MTT assay as well as SEM imaging. The wound-healing property of the nanofibrous scaffolds was evaluated by histopathological investigations during 3,7, and 14 days in a rat model of burn wounds. Results SEM showed that all scaffolds had three-dimensional, beadles-integrated structures. Adding Ben-NPS into the PCL/CHT polymeric composite significantly enhanced the mechanical, swelling, and antibacterial properties. HDFs had the most cell viability and proliferation values on the PCL/CHT/Ben-NPS scaffold. Histopathological evaluation in the rat model revealed that dressing animal wounds with the PCL/CHT/Ben-NPS scaffold promotes wound healing. Conclusion The PCL/CHT/Ben-NPS scaffold has promising regenerative properties for accelerating skin wound healing.
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... Montmorillonite has been combined with different scaffold materials such as chitosan, methyl methacrylate, gelatin, starch, and polycaprolactone for tissue engineering applications [14][15][16]. Montmorillonite nanoclay composite scaffolds have been studied for their applications in bone tissue engineering [15,16], controlled drug delivery [17], and wound healing [18,19]. ...
Therapeutic Applications of Halloysite
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted significant research interest for applications in biomedicine. Many kinds of engineered nanomaterials, such as lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, porous nanomaterials, silica, and clay nanoparticles, have been investigated for use in drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine, and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Some of the most attractive nanoparticles for biomedical applications are nanoclays. According to their mineralogical composition, approximately 30 different nanoclays exist, and the more commonly used clays are bentonite, halloysite, kaolinite, laponite, and montmorillonite. For millennia, clay minerals have been extensively investigated for use in antidiarrhea solutions, anti-inflammatory agents, blood purification, reducing infections, and healing of stomach ulcers. This widespread use is due to their high porosity, surface properties, large surface area, excellent biocompatibility, the potential for sustained drug release, thermal and chemical stability. We begin this review by discussing the major nanoclay types and their application in biomedicine, focusing on current research areas for halloysite in biomedicine. Finally, recent trends and future directions in HNT research for biomedical application are explored.
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... The proliferative phase is involved by the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, epithelialization, tissue granulation and wound contraction (2). The remodelling phase involves the degradation of excess collagen in the wound by several proteolytic enzymes, leading to the completion of tissue repair (5). Many factors influences the wound healing such as infections, nutrition,drugs and hormones, type and sites of wound, and certain disease conditions (6). ...
Reinwardtia indica: phytochemical screening and evaluation of wound healing activity of the extracts in experimental model rats
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
Reinwardtia indica is traditionally used for wound healing. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of leaves extracts of R. indica using the excision wound model in rats. The leaves of R. indica were collected from Gondrang, Chitwan, Nepal. Leaves were shade dried, extracted by double maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. Then, the fusion method was used for the formulation of ointment and evaluated. Rats (n=24) were divided into four groups with 6 in each. Excision wound model was used, 2 cm diameter (314 mm 2), 2 mm depth wound was created. The treatment was given daily topically to all groups and the % mean wound contraction rate was calculated on days 4, 8, 12 and 16. The result was analyzed statistically using Graph pad prism version 5. Phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, terpenoid, carbohydrate, etc. All the evaluation parameters showed satisfactory results. The extract of R. indica ointment (2% w/w and 5% w/w) increased the wound contraction rate day by day. The % means wound contraction rate, on day 12, (80% and 88%), and on day 16, (97% and 100%) and statistically significant difference was at p<0.0001. The R. indica extract ointment showed an increased wound contraction rate. So, in further R. indica could be used for commercial production of wound healing ointment.
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... The proliferative phase is involved by the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, epithelialization, tissue granulation and wound contraction (2). The remodelling phase involves the degradation of excess collagen in the wound by several proteolytic enzymes, leading to the completion of tissue repair (5). Many factors influences the wound healing such as infections, nutrition,drugs and hormones, type and sites of wound, and certain disease conditions (6). ...
Reinwardtia indica: phytochemical screening and evaluation of wound healing activity of the extracts in experimental model rats
Article
  • Mar 2021
Reinwardtia indica is traditionally used for wound healing. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of leaves extracts of R. indica using the excision wound model in rats. The leaves of R. indica were collected from Gondrang, Chitwan, Nepal. Leaves were shade dried, extracted by double maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. Then, the fusion method was used for the formulation of ointment and evaluated. Rats (n=24) were divided into four groups with 6 in each. Excision wound model was used, 2 cm diameter (314 mm 2), 2 mm depth wound was created. The treatment was given daily topically to all groups and the % mean wound contraction rate was calculated on days 4, 8, 12 and 16. The result was analyzed statistically using Graph pad prism version 5. Phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, terpenoid, carbohydrate, etc. All the evaluation parameters showed satisfactory results. The extract of R. indica ointment (2% w/w and 5% w/w) increased the wound contraction rate day by day. The % means wound contraction rate, on day 12, (80% and 88%), and on day 16, (97% and 100%) and statistically significant difference was at p<0.0001. The R. indica extract ointment showed an increased wound contraction rate. So, in further R. indica could be used for commercial production of wound healing ointment.
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... The remodeling phase involves the excess collagen degradation that leads to the completion of the tissue repair. Any agent that has the ability to accelerate these processes is considered as an enhancer of the wound healing process [31]. The result of higher cell migration rate in MCF 7 cell lines of P. africana crude extract indicated that it was a potential wound healing agent. ...
Isolation, identification and bioactivity analysis of an endophytic fungus isolated from Aloe vera collected from Asir desert, Saudi Arabia
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2021
  • BIOPROC BIOSYST ENG
Endophytic fungi isolated from desert plants are among the less known organisms with potentially valuable applications. The bioactivities of an endophytic fungus isolated from Aloe vera, a plant found in central regions of Asir desert, Saudi Arabia. Based on primary phytochemical screening, an efficient isolate was selected and identified according to the sequence analysis of the internal spacer regions ITS1, ITS4 and the 5.8S region as Preussia africana belonging to the family Sporormiaceae. The crude extract of this fungus was evaluated for its bioactivities. Under static conditions, the crude extract at a concentration of 500 μg/mL had a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging rate of 87%, whereas a higher concentration (100 μg/mL) had an astounding wound healing effect (42.6% at 48 h) when compared to positive control. Moreover, the crude extract with a concentration of 50 μg/mL was active against almost all cancer cell lines such as HeLa (cervical cancer), Hep G2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), A549 (lung cancer), LN-229 (glioblastoma), A-431 (skin cancer), and kidney cell line (HEK 293T). The results suggest that the endophytic fungus P. africana from A. vera has wide therapeutic applications against severe disease conditions.
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... [51] Skin injury promptly leads to local inflammation and clot formation, causing macrophages and neutrophils infiltration into the wound sites, as a sign of inflammatory phase. [52] In order to study in-depth the mechanism of wound healing, many models including punch models, linear incision models, dead space chambers, polyvinyl sponges and full-thickness punch biopsy models have been frequently used. [53][54][55][56] In the present study, we chose full-thickness punch wounds to research the effect of DHCA on wound healing. ...
Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn accelerates wound healing via inactivating NF‐κB pathways in macrophages
Article
  • Nov 2019
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the efficacy of lignin compound dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DHCA) isolated from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn in improving wound healing. These findings preliminarily brought to light the promising therapeutic potential of DHCA in skin wound healing. Methods: First, the effect of DHCA on healing in vivo was studied using a full-thickness scalp wound model of mice by topical administration. Histopathological examinations were then conducted by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome staining and the immunofluorescence assay. Second, we further examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of DHCA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. Key findings: DHCA could promote scalp wound healing in mice by enhancing epithelial cell proliferation and collagen formation and reducing inflammatory cells infiltration. Moreover, the NF-κB nuclear translocation was suppressed remarkably by DHCA administration in connective tissue of healing area. DHCA was also shown to inhibit production of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-1β with downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-induced RAW 246.7 cells. More importantly, DHCA administration upregulated p-IκBα expression and induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB without affecting its expression. Conclusions: Our study indicated that DHCA exerted anti-inflammatory activity through inactivation of NF-κB pathways in macrophages and subsequently improved wound healing.
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New insights on expediency of Egyptian organoclays to suppress corrosiveness of acidic-produced water in Abu-Rudeis oilfield, South Sinai, by removal of scale-forming cations and sulfate-reducing bacteria: Is there a direct link to clay lamellar ordering?
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
This study focused on resolving the query “which is the most beneficial clay system for the petroleum industry, intercalated or exfoliated”? Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate ions (EDTA2–) were used as well-known agents in the tailoring of intercalated-and exfoliatedorganoclays, respectively. Both systems were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, N2-physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques, and examined in treating oilfield produced water. EDTA-clay exhibited long-term ordered, uniformly negatively charged, and high swellable tactoids of hexagon shapes with enhanced pore structure. The lamellar structure of DMSO-clay was highly degenerated and roughened conducting uneven highly charged particles of poor surface features. EDTA-clay was preferentially managed in the petroleum industry as a perfectly safe and efficient agent for (i) long-lasting removal of scale-forming cations (Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sr²⁺) from oilfield produced water with high adsorption rates yielding performances ≥85% within excellent six repeating regeneration/reuse runs, (ii) corrosion protection of steel pipelines, and (iii) killing of sulfatereducing bacteria (near 100%). Increased demand for exploration of multidiscipline materials for the petroleum industry will revitalize clay intercalation systems to a magnificent renaissance.
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Bioactive ingredients in Korean cosmeceuticals: Trends and research evidence
Article
  • Feb 2020
Background: Cosmeceuticals are commonly used in skincare regimens to maintain healthy skin and improve visible signs of aging. In recent years, South Korean skincare has gained prominence in the global beauty industry by introducing innovative cosmeceutical products and aesthetic trends. Objectives: To describe the global impact of Korean skincare and to review the current research evidence for bioactive ingredients commonly found in Korean cosmeceuticals. Methods: A review of the biomedical literature was conducted using PubMed to identify laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that evaluated the biological properties and potential dermatologic uses of ingredients found in Korean cosmeceuticals. Results: Bioactive ingredients in Korean cosmeceutical products are increasingly undergoing scientific validation and are derived from various sources including animals (eg, bee venom and snail mucin), plants (eg, dragon's blood and tiger grass extract), and biotechnology (eg, synthetic snake venom). Their bioactive components and pharmacologic activities have been shown to provide dermatologic benefits with potential applications for skin rejuvenation, photoprotection, wound healing, and more. Conclusion: Further research studies are warranted to elucidate any biological or therapeutic mechanisms of action of these ingredients, which may translate into clinical practice. With the rising public awareness and interest in Korean cosmeceuticals, patients may seek advice from dermatologists about how to incorporate these bioactive ingredients into their skincare regimens to improve skin health and aesthetics.
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Mechanisms of Disease: cutaneous wound healing
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 1999
The primary function of the skin is to serve as a protective barrier against the environment. Loss of the integrity of large portions of the skin as a result of injury or illness may lead to major disability or even death. Every year in the United States more than 1.25 million people have burns1 and 6.5 million have chronic skin ulcers caused by pressure, venous stasis, or diabetes mellitus.2 The primary goals of the treatment of wounds are rapid wound closure and a functional and aesthetically satisfactory scar. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have greatly expanded our understanding . . .
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Normalization of Epidermal Calcium Distribution Profile in Reconstructed Human Epidermis Is Related to Improvement of Terminal Differentiation and Stratum Corneum Barrier Formation
Article
  • Jul 1998
Calcium plays an important role in the regulation of cellular differentiation and desquamation of epidermal keratinocytes. In this study, we examined the calcium distribution in reconstructed epidermis in an attempt to understand the physiology of keratinocyte differentiation and desquamation in vitro. Ion capture cytochemistry (the potassium oxalate-pyroantimonate method) was employed to localize ionic calcium in reconstructed epidermis generated under three different culture conditions (in serum-containing medium, serum-free medium, and serum-free medium supplemented with retinoic acid), allowing a comparison of the physiology of incompletely and well-differentiated keratinocytes. The reconstructed epidermis generated in serum-containing medium showed features of incomplete differentiation, and compared with the native skin, a high calcium content within incompletely differentiated cells in the stratum corneum. Use of serum-free medium containing vitamin and lipid supplements led to a marked improvement of the stratum corneum ultrastructure and penetration pathway across the stratum corneum, indicating improved barrier formation of the reconstructed epidermis. In parallel, the calcium distribution pattern was normalized showing the highest levels of calcium in the stratum granulosum and low levels in the inner stratum corneum. Addition of retinoic acid to the serum-free medium resulted in an altered keratinocyte differentiation and re-appearance of large quantities of calcium precipitates in the stratum corneum. Proton probe X-ray microanalysis was applied to investigate the calcium distribution quantitatively in native and reconstructed epidermis generated in serum-free medium, and verified the calcium distribution demonstrated by the precipitation technique. Regardless of the presence or absence of calcium in the stratum corneum, all examined culture systems exhibited insufficient desquamation, which correlates with the finding that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme was present predominantly as an inactive precursor. This study demonstrates that improvement of the stratum corneum barrier properties in vitro is concurrent with the normalization of the epidermal calcium gradient, whereas deregulation of terminal differentiation correlates with an accumulation of calcium ions within incompletely differentiated corneocytes.Keywords: confocal laser scanning microscopy, desquamation, ion-capture cytochemistry, proton probe X-ray microanalysis, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, transmission electron microscopy
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Reciprocity between tissue calmodulin and cAMP levels: Modulation by excess zinc
Article
  • Sep 1993
  • BRIT J DERMATOL
Signal transduction of many intracellular events is initiated by a minute influx of calcium ions into the cells, resulting in the formation of calcium-calmodulin complex and cAMP. Because zinc appears to have an inhibitory effect on a number of tissue reactions, it is postulated that this occurs through modulation of intracellular calcium influx. To test the hypothesis that the inhibitory effects of zinc are mediated through the calcium calmodulin-cAMP pathway, zinc was administered by various routes to five groups of nude mice (control, intragastric, intraperitoneal. intradermal and oral groups), and calmodulin and cAMP concentrations were measured in the cytosol of epidermal cells. Calmodulin levels decreased significantly in the groups given intraperitoneal zinc (P>0.025) and intradermal zinc (P>0.001) injections. Significant elevations of cAMP levels were noted with intradermal zinc (P>0.025). Overall, the relationship between calmodulin and cAMP appeared to be inversely logarithmic, with the lowest calmodulin levels associated with the highest cAMP concentrations. In addition, there was a significant trend towards a smaller calmodulin/cAMP ratio in all zinc-treated groups, except the mice fed dietary zinc. These results appear to correlate with tissue zinc levels obtained with these various forms of zinc administration. Our results therefore indicate that there is a reciprocity between epidermal calmodulin and cAMP levels, which may be modulated by external factors such as zinc.
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Cadmium-induced immunotoxicity
Article
  • Feb 1983
  • Int J Immunopharm
This study assessed the effects of cadmium on functional lymphopoietic precursor cells and cell size in both spleen and bone marrow. Splenic plaque-forming cell (S-PFC) precursors were stimulated by a thymus independent immunogen (TNP-LPS) and by a thymus dependent immunogen (TNP-BSA plus dextran sulfate). Bone marrow plaque-forming cell (M-PFC) precursors were stimulated by TNP-LPS plus dextran sulfate. Male C57B1/6J mice received either a single ip injection of 5.9 mg/kg CdCl2, and were sacrificed 3 days later (ip group), or 5 daily sc injections of 3.26 mg/kg CdCl2, and were sacrificed either 2 days later (7 day sc group) or 7 days later (12 day sc group). The ip group showed an increase in spleen cellularity which resulted in an enhanced S-PFC (TNP-LPS) response per spleen and compensated for a depressed S-PFC (TNP-BSA) response per 106 cells cultured. Bone marrow cellularity was not significantly decreased but the M-PFC response was drastically depressed. Similar results were obtained in the 7 day sc group. However, a significant increase in spleen cellularity was not seen, resulting in a noncompensated decrease in S-PFC (TNP-BSA) response. The S-PFC (TNP-LPS) response per 106 cells cultured was increased in this group. Responses were similar to controls in the 12 day sc group, but bone marrow cellularity was decreased. The ip and 7 day sc groups showed substantial cadmium-induced shifts in bone marrow cell size distribution profile to larger diameters. Changes in spleen cell size distribution were not as significant. Partial recovery was evident in the 12 day sc group.This study demonstrated that in vivo exposure to cadmium has a greater effect on the in vitro function of immature B-cells in the bone marrow than on more mature B-cells found in the spleen. Bone marrow toxicity should be considered in future investigations of heavy metal toxicity.
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Immunotoxicology of cadmium
Article
  • Feb 1992
A number of investigations have suggested that cadmium may exert immunosuppressive effects in animals even though conflicting findings, due mainly to varying conditions of exposure, have been reported. Overall, cadmium has been shown to enhance humoral immune responses at low levels of exposure, whereas higher ones may result in either no effect or decreased antibody production. By contrast, cell-mediated immunity was more consistently shown to be depressed. Similarly, phagocytosis, natural killer cell activity and host resistance toward experimental infections were markedly impaired in most instances. Very few data are available regarding cadmium immunotoxicity in humans. Hypersensitivity reactions have so far not been described. No immune alterations were found to be associated with "chronic cadmium disease", whereas a depressed phagocytosis, the clinical relevance of which remains to be established, was recently documented in cadmium-exposed workers. Further investigations are therefore needed to determine how immunotoxic cadmium actually is and what health consequences are to be expected in occupationally or environmentally exposed humans.
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Biological effects of the respirable dusts from ore mines
Article
  • Nov 1986
The biological effects of ore dusts were examined on peritoneal macrophages in vitro and on rat lung in vivo. The methylene blue adsorption of the dust samples, cytotoxicity, and phospholipid and hydroxyproline content of the lung were determined. It was realized that the examined ore samples had cytotoxic effects and from the in vitro results one can get information about the type of damage to be expected in the lung tissue. It is supposed that the examined ore dusts are less dangerous and slower acting than quartz, but they cause progressive fibrosis. The in vivo biochemical experiments do not give information about the type of damage to be expected in lung tissue; and the data on ore, bentonite, and coal do not differ from each other. To determine the typical biochemical changes caused by quartz, we obtain the most valuable information by determination of lung weight and phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, and hydroxyproline content.
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