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1 Revised Draft Youth Employment Policy in Developing and Transition Countries – Prevention as well as Cure
Abstract
The structure of the paper is as follows. Section A proposes that the starting point for policy discussion should be the employment problems of those young people in developing and transition countries who are at the greatest disadvantage, rather than merely those who are unemployed. In section B, as a framework for policy formulation, it is suggested that the position and potential in the labor market of the disadvantaged young depends partly on the strength and dynamism of the demand for labor in general and partly on the extent to which they are able to integrate into economic processes so that, when the demand for labor increases, they can take advantage of the greater scope for improving the quality and quantity of their employment. Section C (the longest section) reviews the youth employment policies and programs that have been implemented in developing and transition countries, with headings derived from the analytical framework of section B: 1. increasing the demand for labor in general in relation to supply; 2. increasing the integrability of the disadvantaged young by: (a) remedying or counteracting market failure, including; i) labor market failure; ii) credit market failure; iii) location-related market failure; and iv) training systems failure; (b) optimizing labor market regulations; (c) improving the skills of disadvantaged youth, including i) literacy and numeracy; ii) vocational skills. Section D briefly outlines the policy measures needed to deal with the problem of educated unemployment - not the fundamental youth employment problem but one which is of understandable concern to governments. Section E sets out the key data needs for diagnosis and monitoring of the employment problems of disadvantaged youth, including a minimum format of data that should be routinely available. Finally, in Section F, the threads of the policy discussion are pulled together into a set of policies that can help to prevent the emergence ofemployment problems among the disadvantaged young in developing and transition countries.
... It is a period when young people become increasingly independent and household support is reduced (Juarez et al., 2013). As well as its financial implications, long periods of under-employment and unemployment have devastating results throughout the lifecycle, reducing human capital accumulation and impairing future job prospects (Garcia and Fares, 2008a;Godfrey, 2003). In this chapter we explore how BRAC's Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescent Girls (ELA) programme in Uganda and Tanzania has been designed to assist young people into better employment and address broader social development. ...
... Long-term unemployment is a serious problem: more than 40 per cent of unemployed youth in Tanzania have been unemployed for more than two years, and more than 70 per cent have been unemployed for more than a year (Garcia and Fares, 2008a). One-quarter and 67 per cent of young men and women, respectively, are 'discouraged workers', that is, inactive members of the labour force who have been discouraged from their job search (Godfrey, 2003). Young people make up 80 per cent of Uganda's unemployed (IYF, 2011). ...
... A girl may decide to have sex with a man just to earn 5,000 shillings to buy essentials' (Banks and Sulaiman, 2012: 96). 1 Young women face marked gender inequalities due to their lower economic and socio-cultural status. They spend a disproportionate amount of time caring for other family members, engaged in domestic responsibilities, and/or working as unpaid family labourers (Godfrey, 2003). A nationally representative survey in Uganda found that young women receive, on average, 0.7 years less schooling than young men, are disadvantaged in ownership of physical assets and land, and have less access to finance both in terms of cash incomes and the ability to borrow money (Banks and Sulaiman, 2012). ...
... It is a period when young people become increasingly independent and household support is reduced (Juarez et al., 2013). As well as its financial implications, long periods of under-employment and unemployment have devastating results throughout the lifecycle, reducing human capital accumulation and impairing future job prospects (Garcia and Fares, 2008a;Godfrey, 2003). ...
... Long-term unemployment is a serious problem: more than 40 per cent of unemployed youth in Tanzania have been unemployed for more than two years, and more than 70 per cent have been unemployed for more than a year (Garcia and Fares, 2008a). One-quarter and 67 per cent of young men and women, respectively, are 'discouraged workers', that is, inactive members of the labour force who have been discouraged from their job search (Godfrey, 2003). ...
... A girl may decide to have sex with a man just to earn 5,000 shillings to buy essentials' (Banks and Sulaiman, 2012: 96). 1 Young women face marked gender inequalities due to their lower economic and socio-cultural status. They spend a disproportionate amount of time caring for other family members, engaged in domestic responsibilities, and/or working as unpaid family labourers (Godfrey, 2003). A nationally representative survey in Uganda found that young women receive, on average, 0.7 years less schooling than young men, are disadvantaged in ownership of physical assets and land, and have less access to finance both in terms of cash incomes and the ability to borrow money (Banks and Sulaiman, 2012). ...
... Employment and income-generation is critical in meeting these multiple needs. As well as its financial implications, long periods of under-and unemployment have devastating results throughout the life-cycle, reducing human capital accumulation and permanently impairing future job prospects (Mlatsheni and Rospabe 2002;Godfrey 2003;Garcia and Fares 2008). ...
... This resolution highlighted five main policy areas including i) policies to increase aggregate demand and improve access to finance ii) education and training to ease the school-to-work transition and prevent skills mismatches iii) labour market policies to target employment of disadvantaged youth iv) entrepreneurship and selfemployment and v) labour rights that ensure young people receive equal treatment (ILO 2013). 4 This represents a two-fold approach, incorporating policies that promote stronger employment growth and those that ensure that the most disadvantaged young people acquire the literacy, numeracy and skills they need for better integration into local labour markets (Godfrey 2003;Garcia and Fares 2008b;ILO 2013;World Bank 2014). Policies to increase labour demand are influenced by the structure of the economy and shaped by state policies and regulation. ...
... Long-term is a serious problem: more than 40 percent of unemployed young adults in Tanzania have been unemployed for more than two years, and more than 70 percent have been unemployed for more than a year (Garcia and Fares 2008). 5 Partly a result of this, one quarter and 67 percent of young men and women, respectively, are 'discouraged workers'inactive members of the labour force who have been discouraged from their job search (Godfrey 2003). ...
Young people constitute a large proportion of – and a particularly vulnerable segment of – Africa’s population. ‘Youth’ constitutes a critical stage in the life course, marked by decreasing household and familial support. Yet as we explore here in the context of Uganda and Tanzania, young Africans are poorly equipped for making the transition to work and financial independence. Consequently, they suffer disproportionately from Africa’s key social and economic development challenges. Alongside burgeoning youth populations this makes youth populations an increasingly pressing policy priority across the continent. This chapter explores how BRAC’s Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescent Girls programme (ELA) has been designed to respond to the social and economic challenges facing young women in Uganda and Tanzania. It highlights that the impact of integrated programmes can go beyond improved employment outcomes to improve social conditions and health outcomes for beneficiaries and their peers at the community level.
... In 2011, the European Union youth unemployment rate was as high as 22 per cent (European Commission 2012) while the youth unemployment rate in the United States was 16 per cent in 2012 (ILO 2012). In developing countries, youth tend to be employed in the informal economy, so under-employment, hidden unemployment and precarious employment are much higher than in developed countries (Godfrey 2003). The difficulties of integrating youth into 1 The United Nations defines youth as 15 to 24 years of age but how different countries consider youth as a group varies enormously (UN 2011). ...
... Indeed, wage rates in developing countries are substantially lower than developed countries. In some parts of Africa youth receive less than one dollar (U.S.) a day (Godfrey 2003 structurally embedded in the processes of neoliberalism. ...
Youth employment is one of the most pressing social issues in the Australian economy. Youth generally have greater employment difficulties than other groups in the labour market. This is particularly striking in regional Australia. The focus of this thesis is the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia which has experienced one of the country’s most disadvantaged labour markets for youth over the last few decades. There have been a number of important factors that have impacted on youth employment. One of the most significant has been neoliberalism, an ideology and practice that has become ubiquitous in the developed West. The theory of hegemony developed by Antonio Gramsci is used to understand how neoliberalism operates. Hegemony can be applied to both theory and ideology, and policy and structures. The thesis argues that neoliberalism can be seen as hegemonic, and contends that it can be seen as operating successfully in its own terms in the Australian context.
This thesis specifies the nature of the local youth labour market in the Illawarra’s regional economy. The thesis poses a central research question to understand these dimensions: What are the challenges to youth employment in a neoliberal economy that operates successfully in its own terms? In order to explore this question a qualitative methodology is used that draws on youth employment experiences to understand, more specifically, how neoliberalism has impacted on youth. The findings indicate how significant neoliberal ideologies and practices impact on youth employment experiences, and youth understandings of them. In particular, the study demonstrates how precarious employment shapes the experiences and expectations of youth, contributing to new understandings of youth employment in regional Australia.
... Otra explicación de este fenómeno es el aumento poblacional; entre mayor es la cantidad de jóvenes en el mercado laboral, más difícil es acomodarlos. Godfrey (2003) y Osmani (2002) se centran en el desempleo de los jóvenes en desventaja socioeconómica. No obstante, los motivos por los cuales este grupo de jóvenes se encuentran en desempleo se pueden traslapar al resto de los jóvenes no importando su condición socioeconómica. ...
... Indican que el potencial del mercado laboral de estos jóvenes depende de la fuerza y el dinamismo de la demanda en general (el crecimiento de la economía y la capacidad en la cual el empleo responde a la expansión de las actividades económicas) y al grado en el cual son capaces de integrarse a los procesos económicos, para que cuando la demanda de trabajo aumente ellos puedan incrementar la oferta y la calidad de su empleo. Godfrey (2003) también se centra en las fallas de mercado como causa del desempleo juvenil. Por una parte, pueden existir las fallas del mercado laboral ya que puede haber poca información sobre los tipos de trabajo disponible y el salario que pueden obtener. ...
... In middle-and higher-income countries, and those with better social protection systems, the reverse is true: economic shocks are associated with lower rates of child labor and children staying in school longer, refl ecting the decline in income-earning opportunities and the opportunity costs of their time (Ferreira and Schady 2008). Youth employment opportunities are likely to refl ect broader effects on adult labor markets (expanding overall opportunities will increase youth employment opportunities and vice versa) and in secondary school quality and completion rates (Godfrey 2003 (Sunderland 2006). ...
... Poor young people are already disproportionately likely to be unemployed. While improving overall employment opportunities is the single most important approach to reducing youth unemployment (Godfrey 2003), active labor market programs, such as support for on-the-job training and job and wage subsidies, have all proved effective in helping young people fi nd work and stay employed (Mazza et al. 2009). Young people can also be encouraged to continue their education by extending subsidies and transfer programs, many of which only support children up to age 16. ...
This Guidance Note outlines some of the potential poverty and social impacts of common economic and social policy reforms on children and the pathways through which they arise. It also gives an overview of existing tools and methods that can be used for analyzing these impacts. This note outlines some approaches for mitigating negative and enhancing positive effects on children. It also discusses briefly how children’s perspectives can be included in a PSIA. This Guidance Note is complemented by the “Children and PSIA Resource Pack” which guides users to additional relevant resources on methodological issues, data sources, policy approaches, and ways of including children’s perspectives. The Guidance Note is intended to help analysts prevent a decline in children’s well-being as a result of policy reforms, and identify ways of enhancing positive impacts on children. However, designing policies or programs for the maximum possible positive effects on children requires more detailed and specifi c planning than can be covered in this Guidance Note, but the Resource Pack covers this point in more detail.
... The statistics produced by Godfrey (2003) showed that the world over was experiencing youth unemployment problems with a bigger proportion of the aected youth being the 15-to-24 age groups. What was not clear though in the data provided by Godfrey (2003) were the specic percentages of unemployed female youths. ...
... The statistics produced by Godfrey (2003) showed that the world over was experiencing youth unemployment problems with a bigger proportion of the aected youth being the 15-to-24 age groups. What was not clear though in the data provided by Godfrey (2003) were the specic percentages of unemployed female youths. ...
... The TR representation has been dominant since the late 1960s. Its view is mimetic of reality 35 , where the viewer is assumed to be an independent observer. Paulston (1996) states; ...
... As you can see in this figure, the visual representation simply categorizes different structural domains in order to show their relationship to one another. 35 Mimetic of reality means that it attempts to imitate a reality as closely as possible. Source: (Hilker, 1963, p. 57) Critical rationalists (CR), who appeared during the 1970s, not only attempted to capture the hierarchy structure, and they also seek a more egalitarian structure. ...
A widely-suggested educational policy solution for youth unemployment is to increase employability; however, this approach tends to neglect an alternative path—that of education for job creation and self-employment. This study emphasizes the importance of this alternative strategy and calls for greater attention to it for two reasons: 1) increasing employability is no longer sufficient in today’s saturated labor market; and 2) the relationship between skills and successful entrepreneurship is still sketchy at best.
This study investigates how education can play a role in creating one’s own job, and what the best way to foster self-employment competencies is. It is designed to help policy makers capture perspectives on education in relation to self-employment so that they can debate, design, and implement programs in the future. The study specifically focuses on how education, related to human and social capital, might play a role in the business creation process.
The study employs social cartography both to select data for analysis and also to present the final findings of the study. Meta-study procedures were applied for the data analysis. The study found three types of human capital (basic, specific, and entrepreneurial) and two types of social capital (cognitive and structural). The findings from the data-analysis were synthesized and mapped on a time-line of business creation and the management process. This map shows that basic human capital is constantly necessary throughout the process; however, the importance of specific and entrepreneurial human capital shifts along with the progress of business creation. The most effective educational strategies also shift parallel with the type of human capital. The impact of social capital also shifts; cognitive social capital has more of an impact in earlier stages, while structural social capital affects the process more in later stages.
The recommendations for policy implications and further research possibility were made based on what the map shows, and does not show. This theoretical study is an effort to elucidate the underlying structures of human and social capital in the job creation process in an attempt to strengthen entrepreneurial education policy and programs in the future.
... It is similarly recognized as pillar six of the NAIA: to develop soft skills for youth to be better equipped to enter the workforce. Securing employment presents a formidable challenge for Tanzanian youth, stemming from a combination of limited opportunities in the labor force and disparities in education (18,19). It is linked to many other challenges, including increased engagement in criminal activities, drug addiction, poor mental health, and increased suicidal rates (17,20). ...
More young people are living in the world than ever before, 90% of whom reside in low and middle income countries (LMICs). To address their needs, it is critical to have sustainable youth engagement when determining policy and to advance effective implementation of youth-focused interventions. Youth Community Advisory Boards (CABs) are a sustainable mechanism to achieve this goal. This paper describes engagement with youth CAB members across four locations in Tanzania. To set youth CAB meeting agendas and priorities, we asked youth CAB members to write (using free text) the top five challenges faced by young people in their communities (highest to lower priority). The Google Forms survey link was presented at the May 2023 youth CAB meeting and disseminated through WhatsApp. The survey was completed by smartphone, tablet, or paper provided to the youth liaison for data entry. Results were translated from Swahili to English and coded using excel. Findings were then presented back to the youth CABs at the September 2023 meeting. At that meeting, youth CAB members were then asked to write (free text) potential solutions to the most commonly described challenges. The surveys had response rates of 90% (84/93) for challenges and 78% (71/93) for solutions. The number one reported challenge was unemployment and financial instability (45%). Gender based violence (13%), sexual reproductive health issues (8%), and alcohol and drug use (8%) were in the top four both by priority and frequency of report. Other important challenges included physical and mental health, malnutrition, relationships, education, and societal and environmental norms, among others. Solutions included job creation, improved education, expanded legal systems, youth-friendly health care services, and increased social support through peer networks and community support. The National Accelerated Action and Investment Agenda for Adolescent Health and Wellbeing (NAIA-AHW) 2021/22-2024/25 includes most, but not all, of these top challenges and solutions. Ensuring young people have a seat at the policy table is critical to effective youth-empowerment in health and other related programs. Including a youth CAB member to represent this collective in youth-related government activities is a sustainable model to achieve this goal.
... Previous studies have primarily focused on investigating social capital, such as social networks (Mdds and Et 2021;Verhaeghe, Koen, and Bart 2015), human capital, including education level (Bobba, Flabbi, and Levy 2021;Bouchakour and Saad 2020;Ngoa and S 2021), and health status (Cai 2010). Additionally, the impact of policy and economic environments, such as fiscal policy (Godfrey 2011), investment in infrastructure construction (Adesugba and Mavrotas 2016), changes in economic structure (Mcmillan, Rodrik, and Í 2014), and other factors on rural labourers' offfarm employment has been explored. However, given the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) in China and the entry of farmers into the information era, there has been limited attention given to the influence of ICT on rural labourers' off-farm employment and its underlying mechanism. ...
... Godfrey (2003), hace una revisión de la literatura empírica sobre los efectos de la educación en la empleabilidad de los jóvenes de países en desarrollo y de economía en transición; concluye la educación sólo incrementa la empleabilidad en las economías en transición; presentando una relación negativa para algunos países de África y Asia y débil para Latinoamérica. ...
Los jóvenes de América Latina tienen graves dificultades para integrarse al mercado laboral. La tasa de desempleo juvenil y de informalidad laboral son muy elevadas. Las investigaciones sobre este tema son escasas, centradas en la oferta (capital humano) y poco concluyentes, sobre todo en un contexto de elevada informalidad laboral, como es el caso Latinoamérica. Por ello, este artículo busca contribuir al debate sobre el desempleo juvenil en América Latina, estimando las principales características del fenómeno (probit), así como los determinantes de la duración (modelo de Kaplan Meier) del desempleo juvenil en Ecuador, y el papel jugado por la informalidad.
... Individuals belonging to economically affluent households can stay relatively longer time in NEET as compared to their counterpart (Ghose, 2004) because individuals from such household have lower or almost no responsibility to earn income for the family. (Godfrey, 2003). We can observe from Table 8 there is positive correlation between household incomes (MPCE) and NEET in that particular group, irrespective of gender and region. ...
Migration has historical roots with factors including socio-economic, cultural, and environmental conditions in the background. It aims at subsistence, sustainable development and career progression of individuals and communities. Migration is an important livelihood activity that has evoked scant interest in strategies on development and policymaking. The migrant workforce forms an important cog in the wheels of the national economy but remains unorganized and is left to fend for its own as noted during the current lockdown. Extensive outmigration from Uttarakhand is related to the geographic diversity-related inequality in development and employment opportunities. Prevalent dismal conditions in the hill districts persist as observed by the desire of the majority who undertook the harrowing Covid-19 induced reverse migration to return to their previous destinations. The current review emphasizes Skill Development programs in the hill areas of Uttarakhand for better employment opportunities and controlling the outmigration. The participation of the NGOs to run these programs in and mentor the youth for better career options is suggested. Policy initiatives as identifying migration as an economic activity and migrant workers as legitimate employees of the state would benefit both.
... Mostly people have not any awareness about stopping the population. It is affected by the population (Godfrey et al., 2003). ...
This paper examines the cause of unemployment in India in recent market scenario. Government is rightly concerned about create jobs for youth and rising levels of youth unemployment because of not only direct economic expenses but also social issues related problems like as poverty, smuggling, acid attacks, violence against women on her working place, drugs, labour force, poor education planning, wrong education system, new-liberal economic policy, various causes of poor placements. This paper also suggests various measure to overcome of these burning problems of unemployment. According to ILO & UN Report the current unemployment rate is 3.5 percent in 2018. The paper also suggests and recommend some points to overcome of this present situation of unemployment prevailing in India.
... Mostly people have not any awareness about stopping the population. It is affected by the population (Godfrey et al., 2003). ...
This paper examines the cause of unemployment in India in recent market scenario. Government is rightly concerned about create jobs for youth and rising levels of youth unemployment because of not only direct economic expenses but also social issues related problems like as poverty, smuggling, acid attacks, violence against women on her working place, drugs, labour force, poor education planning, wrong education system, new-liberal economic policy, various causes of poor placements. This paper also suggests various measure to overcome of these burning problems of unemployment. According to ILO & UN Report the current unemployment rate is 3.5 percent in 2018. The paper also suggests and recommend some points to overcome of this present situation of unemployment prevailing in India.
... Like other poor developing countries, training in the EA countries remains largely unrelated to changing labour market needs. Young people often lack access to the labour market services and support needed to help them secure decent and productive work (David, 2005; [14]). ...
This policy research paper analyses employability factors and challenges contributing to youth unemployment and also provides working recommendations for further dialogue and engagement on youth employability in the East African community EAC Countries. The policy analysis is based on the theory of 4-Es as propounded by International Labour Organization ILO and Youth Employment Network literature. The field research survey, focus group discussion, combined observational and consultations with key informants were major research methods used in collecting secondary and primary data and information. Data analysis uses non-parametric methods, mainly frequency and cross tabulations. The paper found that costs of doing business among the youth in the formal and informal economies are significantly high. There are weak limited skills matching systems and provision of relevant curriculum that produce an updated knowledge base. The problem of rural-urban migration is related to inadequate rural infrastructures; lack of establishment of sustainable agro-processing industries, limited provision of rural vocation and training programmes to equip youth with skills for employability. The education and training systems do not comply with regional, international standards and technological changes in the world. There are weak career counselling and guidance centres for youth. There is a limited access to good quality education and thus decent jobs for youth with disability. The policy solution is to enhance employability conditions. Relevant policy strategies include reducing cost of doing business, enhance business skills development and matching; minimizing rural-urban migration; creating conducive environment for business for youth with disability; increasing agricultural mechanization to enhance productivity, increasing rural connectivity and accessibility; improving VET and higher education learning systems; increasing access to schools, technical and vocational training for youth with disability; improving conditions and quality of employment systems and enhancing provision of information regarding employment opportunities in these EAC countries.
... Like other poor developing countries, training in the EA countries remains largely unrelated to changing labour market needs. Young people often lack access to the labour market services and support needed to help them secure decent and productive work (David, 2005; [14]). ...
Equal Opportunity Factors for Youth Unemployment in the EA
Countries Data and Policy Analysis
... Despite the sharp increase in the economically active population in Ghana, policy makers have failed to properly target the needs of the youth and failed to ensure their active participation and complete adequate analysis of their unique priorities. Youth policies have been touted to be more interested in the outcomes and improvements in the livelihood of young people (Godfrey, 2003) and not just the mere processes and altering of programmes name, usually vague and contested in terms of scope and objectives. For instance, National Youth Council (NYC) as established by law NRDC 241 in 1974 became known as National Youth Authority (NYA) in 2001 and the National Youth Employment Programme (NYEP) is currently called Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Development Agency (GYEEDA). ...
Empowerment is a necessary determinant of young people’s participation
in national, regional and district or local level decision-making processes. For
inclusiveness in any social intervention programme, the policy process should be allembracing
sharing of knowledge and active stakeholders’ participation which
includes the youth. This paper delineates the context of Local Enterprise and Skills
Development Programme (LESDEP) by focusing on the extent to which the programme
beneficiaries (youth) were empowered to play active roles in the decision
policy processes which goes beyond the rhetoric. In particular, to unpack the
perception that young people empowerment in a youth-oriented programme has
the potential of curbing the problem of exclusion. Inferences from the concept of an
empowerment might be the premise for rethinking the debate surrounding youth
empowerment in the initiatives oriented towards young people. Youth in Ghana has
a very little aptitude and plays an inconsequential role in policy design; therefore,
the need arises for youth empowerment to enable them to engage in the broader
national policies. Having assumed a negative deviation after a further analysis using
empowerment perception index (EPI), the study revealed that youth marginal involvement and consultation in decision making cannot constitute empowerment
to any degree. Given the crucial implications of this for youth policy implementations
at the national as well as subnational level, the paper recommended some
pathways for ensuring youth empowerment in youth-oriented programmes in
Ghana.
... The results confirm the study of (Nganwa, Assefa, & Mbaka, 2015) that shows having an education certificate did not guarantee employment. Likewise, the reason why unemployment rates is higher for educated young is absence of resources to support full-time job search in Ethiopia like many other developing countries unlike the situations in Latin American countries (Godfrey, 2003). Similarly, Nebil, Gezahegn & Hayatet (2010) revealed that low level of education is a reason for unemployment in Ethiopia. ...
Today, youth unemployment is a common agenda and a critical issue of all countries; particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, lack of employment opportunities for educated young people is a critical development challenges facing the country. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of graduate youth unemployment. To answer the research objective data was collected by a structured questionnaire from 312 samples of respondents, wherein a snow ball sampling technique was used and data was analyzed using mixed research design, descriptive and casual design; where a binary logistic regression model used to examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The result indicated that amongst the nine variables of the determinants of graduate youth unemployment; education, number of graduates, work experience, career advice, market information, family income, aspire to the low-income job, and education quality, all were significantly affected unemployment rate except entrepreneurial ability. As a result, based on these findings, it can be recommended that there is a critical need for government, NGOs and all other stakeholders to work on these determinants to reduce graduate unemployment.
... The most important aspect of the employment studies is the problem of its provision for young people (Kozyreva & Smirnov, 2017;Pukhova et al., 2018;Hawley, Hall, & Weber, 2012;Godfrey, 2003;Gianni & Rossignotti, 2005). These statistics allow us to trace the changes that have occurred in the young people's employment over the decade from 2008-2017 (Table 3). ...
... The bibliographic information contained within the reference lists of included studies and relevant prior reviews will be scanned for studies that meet the eligibility criteria. The following reviews (deemed relevant as they review programmes that meet our selection criteria) will be searched (Angel-Urdinola et al., 2010;Betcherman et al., 2004Betcherman et al., , 2007Bouillon and Tejerina, 2006;Card et al., 2010;Fares and Puerto, 2009;Godfrey, 2003;Ibarraran and Rosas Shady, 2008;Knowles and Behrman, 2005;Palmer et al., 2007;Spevacek, 2009;Van Adams, 2007). If during our search we come across others deemed relevant to the review, we will search those also. ...
... Given the modern dynamics of agricultural and rural livelihoods, young people need to be empowered through skills related to modern farming, agriculture-based entrepreneurship and marketing. Training in functional literacy and numeracy is crucial if youth are to help raise Africa"s agricultural productivity as this will 3 give young women and men who may have dropped out of school the opportunity to learn new skills (Godfrey, 2003). One of the best practices is seen in FAO"s approach to youth capacity development through Junior Farmer Field and Life Skills (JFFLS) approach. ...
Development of the agricultural crop value chain is an important driver to attract youth into agriculture in Africa, thereby promoting future food security. In most African countries, agriculture is a major contributor to economic growth and youth involvement in agriculture can be a strong determinant of food security as well as job creation leading to poverty alleviation. The lack of interest in agriculture among the youth in Africa is of great concern, not only to food security and unemployment, but also to peace and such a scenario is likely to delay projected development goals. The rising demand for varied foods gives the youth agribusiness opportunities along the value chain. In this paper we look at the reasons why youth shun agriculture and how agriculture can be made attractive to the youth. Data was collected through a review of previous studies done on youth and agriculture in Africa. The findings indicated that African youth are losing interest in subsistence agriculture due to the non-innovativeness in agricultural technologies, drudgery and low and unstable incomes resulting from uncoordinated or nonexistent markets for agricultural products. This is aggravated by lack of relevant skills and education and limited access to land and capital. The existing policy initiatives need to be adjusted so as to work for youth development and engagement in agriculture as most sub-Saharan Africa countries already have relevant agricultural development strategies and policies. This therefore calls for not only rebranding agriculture but also getting the youth involved in decision making at policy level.
... Lastly, it seems that certain non-cognitive skills are required to deal with the challenges of the modern labour market. Although these skills are increasingly demanded by employers, it is surprising that some inventories overlook programmes that are not strictly focussed on labour market activities (lessening economic hardship; see CDE, 2008a;Cho & Honorati, 2014;Dar & Tzannatos, 1999;Economic of Regions Learning Network, 2015;Godfrey, 2003;Grimm, 2016;Grimm & Paffhausen, 2014;Holden, 2013;IEG, 2013;ILO, 2012). Fortunately, other inventories regard initiatives aimed at increasing participants' non-cognitive skills, such as soft skills, life skills and behavioural skills, as important aspects for gaining employment (see Bertrand et al., 2013;Cunningham et al., 2010;Economic of Regions Learning Network, 2015;Goldin, Hobson, Glick, Lundberg, & Puerto, 2015;Kluve, Lehmann, & Schmidt, 2008;Kluve et al., 2014Kluve et al., , 2016Mayer et al., 2011;Puerto, 2007). ...
Orientation: Given the absence of organised and accessible information on programmes relating to unemployment in South Africa, it may be difficult for beneficiaries to derive value from existing programmes; and for stakeholders to identify possible gaps in order to direct their initiatives accordingly.
Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a review of existing employment initiatives within two low-income communities in South Africa, with the aim of identifying possible gaps in better addressing the needs of the unemployed.
Motivation for the study: Unemployment in South Africa does not appear to be the result of a lack of initiatives or a lack of stakeholder involvement, but rather the result of haphazard implementation of interventions. In order to intervene more effectively, addressing the identified gaps, organising and better distribution of information for beneficiaries is suggested.
Research approach, design and method: The data were collected via documentary research complemented with structured interviews. Relevant documents (N = 166) and participants (N = 610) were consulted during the data collection phase, using convenience and purposive sampling.
Main findings: A total of 496 unemployment programmes were identified. Most of the interventions were implemented by the government. Vocational training followed by enterprise development and business skills training were the most implemented programmes. Less than 6% of programmes contained psychosocial aspects that are necessary to help the unemployed deal with the psychological consequences of unemployment. Finally, in general, benefactors involved in alleviating unemployment seem unaware of employment initiatives in their communities.
Practical and managerial implications: The compilation of an inventory of employment programmes may be valuable, as it will assist in identifying the most prominent needs of the South African labour market.
Contribution or value-add: This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the availability of existing unemployment programmes, projects and interventions, and the need for specific interventions.
... This implies that in urban areas, having an education certificate did not guarantee employment (Nganwa et.al., 2015). Another justification for why unemployment rates tend to be higher among the more educated young is that there is unavailability of resources to support full-time job search in Ethiopia like many other developing countries unlike the situations in Latin American countries (Godfrey, 2003). ...
The main objective of this study is to identify and examine the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of urban youth unemployment in East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. To achieve the specified objective, primary data was collected from 397 sample urban youths and logit model was employed to analyze the collected data. While age, work experience, skill match, social network and family prosperity are identified as negative and significant determinants of urban youth unemployment, education and migration status of urban youths affected unemployment positively and significantly. Hence, efforts should be made to reduce the level of unemployment by increasing job opportunity for educated and non-experienced youths, reducing rural-urban migration and provision of relevant information for job seekers.
... Now is a good time to enact such reforms due to the relatively low opportunity costs. Moreover, preventative action has generally found to be more effective than remedial intervention (Betcherman et al., 2004;Godfrey, 2003). These can be complemented by guaranteed placements on a programme for those at risk of entering long-term unemployment particularly those with low skills. ...
This paper is organized around four chapters. The first chapter introduces the salient aspects of the global crisis and its impact on youth employment. The second chapter analyses the effect of the crisis on the main youth labour market indicators, while the third one reviews the policies and programmes adopted by countries to mitigate the effects of the crisis on young people. The concluding chapter distils lessons learn from the recent and past crises and highlights a number of implications that may be considered by policy-makers while designing interventions to support young workers during economic recovery. The paper is complemented with an inventory of youth employment measures taken by countries during the recent crisis (Annex I).
... Despite the sharp increase in the economically active population in Ghana, policy makers have failed to properly target the needs of the youth and failed to ensure their active participation and complete adequate analysis of their unique priorities. Youth policies have been touted to be more interested in the outcomes and improvements in the livelihood of young people (Godfrey, 2003) and not just the mere processes and altering of programmes name, usually vague and contested in terms of scope and objectives. For instance, National Youth Council (NYC) as established by law NRDC 241 in 1974 became known as National Youth Authority (NYA) in 2001 and the National Youth Employment Programme (NYEP) is currently called Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Development Agency (GYEEDA). ...
Empowerment is a necessary determinant of young people’s participation in national, regional and district or local level decision-making processes. For inclusiveness in any social intervention programme, the policy process should be all-embracing sharing of knowledge and active stakeholders’ participation which includes the youth. This paper delineates the context of Local Enterprise and Skills Development Programme (LESDEP) by focusing on the extent to which the programme beneficiaries (youth) were empowered to play active roles in the decision policy processes which goes beyond the rhetoric. In particular, to unpack the perception that young people empowerment in a youth-oriented programme has the potential of curbing the problem of exclusion. Inferences from the concept of an empowerment might be the premise for rethinking the debate surrounding youth empowerment in the initiatives oriented towards young people. Youth in Ghana has a very little aptitude and plays an inconsequential role in policy design; therefore, the need arises for youth empowerment to enable them to engage in the broader national policies. Having assumed a negative deviation after a further analysis using empowerment perception index (EPI), the study revealed that youth marginal involvement and consultation in decision making cannot constitute empowerment to any degree. Given the crucial implications of this for youth policy implementations at the national as well as subnational level, the paper recommended some pathways for ensuring youth empowerment in youth-oriented programmes in Ghana.
... Mostly people have not any knowledge about stopping the population. It is affected by the population (Godfrey et al., 2003). ...
This paper examines the cause of unemployment in India in current market scenario. Government is rightly concerned about creating jobs for youth and rising levels of youth unemployment because of not only direct economic costs but also social issues related problems like as poverty, acid attacks, violence against women on her working place, drugs, labour force, inadequate education planning, inappropriate education system, new-liberal economic policy, various causes of poor placements. This paper also suggests some measure to overcome of these burning problems of unemployment. According to ILO & UN Report the present unemployment rate is 3.5 percent in 2018. The paper also suggests and recommends some points to overcome of this current situation of unemployment prevailing in India.
... This disadvantage is exacerbated by structural inequality, such as their educational attainment, financial status and/or 'social class', and ability to be independent. For example, Hunter (1998) and Godfrey (2003) both noted that youth unemployment appears to be concentrated, though not exclusively, in lower socio-economic areas and disadvantaged communities. They also argue that youth unemployment is linked to peer, familial and social support as much as personal characteristics or labour market outcomes. ...
The purpose of this paper is to explore the policies and practices associated with the societal ‘problem’ of youth unemployment. This research is primarily a case study analysis of an employment programme established in Otorohanga to address the problem of youth unemployment. The programme in Otorohanga has consistently created a situation where in recent years nobody under the age of 25 is registered with Work and Income New Zealand as unemployed. This outcome has been achieved by ensuring that local youth are either in local training programmes, in employment or in apprenticeships. In this paper we review the international and domestic literature on youth, unemployment, engagement and policies, in conjunction with interviews with a selection of key stakeholders involved in the successes of the Otorohanga programme. We argue that youth are a significant and poorly understood demographic; and that the current policies for dealing with youth unemployment, especially the emphasis on using access to the education system and the impact of neo-liberal ideologies, has had only limited success. Using insights from the interviews, we further argue that policies that draw on local, community driven solutions grounded in labour market realities, in contrast to the current education system driven policy direction, have the potential to be more successful in dealing with the problem of youth unemployment.
... It is reported in the context of Sri Lanka as well as in the context of Bangladesh that there is the presence of unrealistic expectation among the higher educated (Sheers 1971;Rama 2003;Islam 1980). This phenomenon is quite common among many developing countries such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Egypt, and Pakistan (Godfrey 2003). In Sri Lanka, most of the unemployed people are waiting for 'good' job openings, but not interested in readily available 'bad' jobs. ...
It is observed, particularly in the developed countries that there is a negative correlation between level of education and duration of unemployment. With increasing level of education, unemployment decreases in most of the developed countries. In some other developed country contexts—it has been observed that whereas this negative relationship holds generally, at the highest level of education—there is slight growth in unemployment. However, there is a lack of research on duration of unemployment in the developing countries. There were some indications of inverted “U” shaped nature of education and unemployment relationship in the Indian context. However, these are the outcomes of small surveys. Based on NSSO data of several rounds, this paper observes an existence of inverted “U” shaped relationship between level of education and duration of unemployment in the Indian context. It further attempts to explore the reason for this relationship. It argues that this phenomenon is not a supply-curve phenomenon and rather it is a demand-curve phenomenon. Using 61st, 66th and 68th round NSSO data, possible reasons for the duration of unemployment are explored. It has been observed that there is a pattern of job search among the unemployed people. Whereas, the higher educated people look for jobs in the formal sector, people with low level of education are predominantly looking for jobs in the informal sector. It appears that the level of education leads to higher expectation about the job market and consequently there is a long queue of overeducated people for formal sector jobs. We have looked at other likely factors which might contribute to duration of unemployment. Some of the works on unemployment in the developing countries suggest that consumption pattern might influence duration of unemployment since affordability may lead one to stay out of labour force while searching for a better job. However, this variable does not appear to have significant contribution towards duration of unemployment. It is a well-known fact that age influences incidences of unemployment negatively. However, we observe that age has little to do with duration of unemployment. However, lack of employment in the formal sector (a demand-side phenomenon) and the heightened job expectation due to high education are possibly the reasons for the inverted “U” shaped curve.
... Now is a good time to enact such reforms due to the relatively low opportunity costs. Moreover, preventative action has generally found to be more effective than remedial intervention (Betcherman et al., 2004;Godfrey, 2003). These can be complemented by guaranteed placements on a programme for those at risk of entering long-term unemployment particularly those with low skills. ...
... A large sample of top managers judged that the allocation of Hungary's employer-based training funds was influenced most by government institutions, followed by training institutions, and finally, by employers' associations. Not surprisingly, they felt that this order should be reversed (Godfrey 2003). ...
... Third, the negative relationship between youth employment and college access suggests that the college financial burden may deter many youths from attending high schools and higher education institutions and may force them to enter the job market. In particular, for less developed countries, many factors such as parental wealth and education, family size, spending long hours on market-based activities (e.g., grain production for market) or domestic chores (e.g., taking care of younger siblings) may lead to youth employment instead of higher education (Godfrey, 2003;Levison, Moe, and Knaul, 2001). Thus, when a large portion of the college-aged population (15-24 years old) is in the labor force, the pool that is academically prepared to attend college and university is reduced. ...
This dissertation, in the format of three interrelated manuscripts, uses panel data models to analyze the international indicators and examines the statistical relationship between education finance policies and higher education access among OECD nations (Chapter II) and among 98 countries (Chapter III) respectively. Then the dissertation uses the analytical framework and empirical findings from Chapters II and III to reframe the discourse of education finance policy and access for China???s higher education (Chapter IV).
Chapter II concludes that scholarships/grants as a percentage of public tertiary expenditure and student loans as percentages of public tertiary expenditure do not exert statistically significant effect on college access among OECD nations. This chapter also finds that the growth of GDP per capita, and public spending on education as a percentage of GDP have a statistically significant, positive impact on college enrollment.
Chapter III concludes that public spending on education as a percentage of GDP, public expenditure per secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita, and GDP per capita have no statistically significant main effects on tertiary enrollment ratios among the 98 nations. However, the study finds that the growth of GDP per capita and public spending on education as a percentage of GDP have a greater impact on access for developed countries than for less developed countries.
Both Chapters II and III conclude that public expenditure per tertiary student as percentage of GDP per capita, an indicator examined in both chapters, bears a statistically significant but negative association with tertiary enrollment. This finding implies that for a fixed total budget on higher education and a rising total enrollment, various nations appear to have reduced spending on each student and drawn on more private resources to increase higher education access.
Chapter IV finds that, although China???s dramatic economic growth has strongly driven higher education access, the increasing economic disparities have intensified unequal access between rural and urban students and between eastern and western regions. The role of education finance policies in promoting equal access to higher education is too limited to mitigate the negative influence of income disparities in China.
... Rezultati ukazuju kako subvencionirano zapošljavanje pripravnika ima pozitivan utjecaj na vjerojatnost zapošljavanja (Ognjenović, 2007.). U Poljskoj je evaluacija programa sličnog ovom ukazala na pozitivan i dugoročan učinak na zaposlenje (Godfrey, 2003.). Slični rezultati dobiveni su i ovom studijom, odnosno zabilježen je vrlo mali povratak sudionika ove mjere u evidenciju HZZ-a. ...
Although "youth" can refer to any time in a person's life when they are young, it is most usually used to refer to the time between childhood and maturity. There are many diverse interpretations of what ages are considered to be among the young. Newness, wrath, vitality, sport, and energy are all usually associated with the concept of youth. We are still building our sense of self while we are young. A young person's concept of self is frequently moulded by a variety of influences, including their peers, way of life, gender, political system, and culture. It is the period of a person's life when they make decisions that will affect not just their personal future but also the future of their country, either directly or indirectly. If a country's young people are self-aware and capable of taking responsibility for their actions, they have the power to affect major change in their country. The youth of a country are its most significant asset and source of strength. Young people who are given more power frequently prove to be the single most crucial component in their countries' prosperity and development. Young people have the ability to make important contributions in any field; as long as they are focused on doing their very best, nothing will be able to stop them from succeeding. Any nation's or cultures potential vitality can be discovered in its youth. They are a nation's pride as well as its powerhouse, capable of storing a limitless amount of energy and generating an infinite amount of energy. The study's goal is to draw attention to the critical role that young people in India can play in bringing about positive change across the country.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the link between access to the IDMAJ program and the performance of the national employment promotion agency (ANAPEC). Specifically, it aims to analyze the effect of ANAPEC on IDMAJ program beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, and to evaluate the impact of the IDMAJ program on the level of employment. To address this issue, we use the propensity score matching method while mobilizing data from the IDMAJ survey conducted in 2010. This survey was designed by the Ministry of Employment and Professional Training (MEFP) in collaboration with the National Agency for the Promotion of Employment and Skills (ANAPEC). The results show that the program has a positive impact on the employment of young graduates, but this employment is characterized by a lower perceived salary and a higher number of working hours.
Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest unemployment in ASEAN countries. This condition is because some provinces still have unemployment rates that exceed unemployment in Indonesia. Low public education, high poverty and population in several provinces of Indonesia are among the causes of the increase in the unemployment rate in Indonesia. This research will discuss how much influence the education sector has on the average years of schooling (RLS), population, poverty rate and government spending on housing in Indonesia. The research model uses data panel regression method with a scope of 33 provinces in Indonesia. The results explain the average length of school and spending negatively affect unemployment. Then variable population numbers, the poverty rate affects positively towards unemployment.
The purpose of this paper is to identify what youth development programs are needed for the socio-economic development of Kyrgyzstan, and how such programs can be built effectively for the sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan. Since their independence from the Former Soviet Union, virtually all Central Asian countries have faced complex socio-economic challenges in their transition from a command to a market economy. As a consequence, social instability has increased to the level of serious threat to political stability and national security. Particularly, Kyrgyzstan has had people’s revolutions trice since its independence. In those three Kyrgyz revolutions, even though all patriotic Kyrgyz people were parts of relatively peaceful demonstrations against dictators and their corrupt governments, young people who were teens and early twenties made the difference at the critical moments during those two revolutions. Now, Kyrgyz people seem overconfident in believing that they could change anything they don’t like. Especially after the second revolution, many people, especially young people, in Kyrgyzstan have a wrong and dangerous perception that they could have another revolution any time when they feel their demands are not satisfied. However, unfortunately, such demands could not be satisfied completely in a shorter time of their tolerance. If young people’s beliefs about their future will not be realized soon, there will be social chaos virtually everyday continuously, which hurts its socio-economic development in Kyrgyzstan. As the Kyrgyz young people feel have ore socio- political power than ever in Kyrgyzstan, angry and frustrated young peoplein Kyrgyzstan will make lots of noise politically as well as socially. However, history tells us that radical movements, such as revolutions, are not the ultimate solutions in most times for building a healthy society or a prosperous nation. Revolution could sweep the past, but they could not promise a bright future automatically. Building a promising future needs well-developed plans, including youth development programs, by the knowledgeable and competent leadership with visions, and those plans should be carried out one by one in right ways. However, little attention has been paid to such programs in Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, Kyrgyzstan should establish well-focused youth development programs and implement them according to its national priority in strategic development of its country. The objective of this paper is to identify what youth programs/activities are needed for socio-economic development in Kyrgyzstan and how to develop such programs/activities effectively in the current situation, and to make some suggestions for successful operations of those programs to encourage all the Kyrgyz youth to play constructive roles in building their country as a socio-economically well-respected country in the world. Цель этой статьи - определить, какие программы развития молодежи необходимы для социально-экономического развития Кыргызстана и как такие программы могут быть эффективно построены для устойчивого развития Кыргызстана. С момента обретения независимости от бывшего Советского Союза практически все страны Центральной Азии столкнулись со сложными социально-экономическими проблемами при переходе от командной экономики к рыночной. Как следствие, социальная нестабильность выросла до уровня серьезной угрозы политической стабильности и национальной безопасности. В частности, с момента обретения независимости Кыргызстан трижды переживал народные революции. В этих трех киргизских революциях, несмотря на то, что все патриотически настроенные киргизы участвовали в относительно мирных демонстрациях против диктаторов и их коррумпированных правительств, молодые люди в возрасте от 20 до 30 лет сыграли решающую роль в критические моменты этих двух революций. Теперь кыргызстанцы кажутся слишком самоуверенными, полагая, что они могут изменить все, что им не нравится. Особенно после второй революции у многих людей, особенно молодых, в Кыргызстане сложилось неправильное и опасное представление о том, что у них может произойти еще одна революция в любое время, когда они почувствуют, что их требования не удовлетворены. Однако, к сожалению, такие требования не могли быть удовлетворены полностью за более короткий срок их терпимости. Если убеждения молодых людей в своем будущем не будут реализованы в ближайшее время, практически каждый день будет происходить социальный хаос, который негативно скажется на социально-экономическом раз- витии Кыргызстана. По мере того как кыргызская молодежь захватывает больше социально-политической власти, чем когда-либо в Кыргызстане, разгневанные и разочарованные молодые люди в Кыргызстане будут создавать много шума как в политическом, так и в социальном плане. Однако история говорит нам, что радикальные движения, такие как революции, в большинстве случаев не являются окончательным решением для построения здорового общества или процветающей нации. Революции могут смести прошлое, но они не могут автоматически обещать светлое будущее. Для построения многообещающего будущего необходимы хорошо разработанные планы, в том числе программы развития молодежи, под руководством знающего и компетентного руководства с видением, и эти
This chapter investigates how technological developments implemented in the production processes and organizational structures of small and medium sized enterprises affect the skills and therefore the employment of young workers in these businesses. The furniture sector in the greater region of Ankara in Turkey is explored in this chapter because it is one of the fastest growing sectors in the new millennium, and the rate of youth employment is very high. Young workers face severe problems due to the technological developments and organizational changes occurring in these enterprises. Many of them are either removed from production processes or dismissed from the company. To have a decent job, the young generation working in this sector should not be alienated from the production process. It is claimed that this major problem of bias towards young workers can be solved by a proper education, which will greatly increase their technical skills.
Long-term unemployment has been discussed in academic studies as a cause for both scarring effect on young people and their future. In this context, examining differences between long-term unemployed youth and adults requires a perspective that consolidates an analysis of demographic and work-related factors; however, there are a limited number of systematic works distinguishing long-term unemployment between youth and adults. To address this gap, this study aims to present a logistic regression analysis that examines the differences between youth and adults in the relationship between long-term unemployment and demographic and work-related variables, by using the micro-data from 2016 Turkish Household Labour Force Survey. The results of the study reveal that the lack of qualifications and work experience and the desire to work in full-time jobs and in semi-skill occupations, as well as the inter-regional disparities in terms of economic development, are the main driving factors that increase the likelihood of young people becoming long-term unemployed. Also, a university or postgraduate degree does not guarantee young people protection against long-term unemployment.
El concepto de buenas prácticas o prácticas basadas en la evidencia constituye una de las herramientas metodológicas y administrativas más populares en los espacios de trabajo científico, técnico y político-administrativo en los últimos veinte años. No obstante, cuando se intenta profundizar en lo que representan, en la dinámica necesaria
para su generación y, peor aún, para su adopción, comenzamos a encontrar un conjunto
de ambigüedades y dificultades que contrastan enormemente con la apariencia de
“claridad” y “facilidad de uso” de dicho concepto y procedimiento.
Precisamente por ello, con este informe se pretende efectuar una doble labor: La primera “Teórico-clarificadora”, dedicando la primera parte de este documento a dilucidar lo que es y representa dicha herramienta metodológica. La segunda “Práctico-Ilustrativa”, seleccionando un conjunto de “buenas prácticas” de acuerdo a los criterios más exigentes dentro de dicha metodología y reflejándolas en “fichas” descriptivas de las distintas experiencias en las que se ha volcado toda la información necesaria para su calibración. El ámbito elegido para ello es el del “empleo juvenil”, un tema nuclear como consecuencia del brutal efecto que la crisis económica ha generado sobre el mercado de trabajo juvenil
Para ambas labores se han revisado las principales bases de datos y fuentes de información de cada uno de los aspectos tratados, recogiendo éstas en un doble apartado (fuentes de información y bibliografía)
Over the last decades, in Kosovo and in many Western Balkan countries, there have been processes of political, economic and social transformations. The object of this study was to analyse the linear trends, employment and unemployment correlation through Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and its growth, Consumer Prices Index (CPI), Import and the role of employment policies in Kosovo. The methods used for this study were: linear econometric models, correlation, comparative methods ect. Although there have been improvements in socio-economic indicators in Kosovo, the economy still has a higher unemployment rate compared to the countries of the region. The approach of linear relationships for econometric models is usually preferred to research the socio-economic situation and dynamics of labour market trends. Labour market analysis is a measurement unit and assesses the economic forces and demographics such as education and trainings on the one hand and employment on the other. According to the results conducted from the quantitative study, it turns out that the employment variable in Kosovo has a complex relationship with a set of other parameters where GDP and GDP change carries the main weight, etc.
With the growing population, the problem of unemployment is escalated. To fight with this problem every governmental body launches various Public Welfare Schemes (PWS) from year to year for welfare of poor or below poverty line population i.e. giving wages by taking work.PWS sometimes referred as public aid and social support for all citizens. Hence, it is very pertinent to understand which PWS is useful for which sector. Through this paper, an attempt is made to outline various PWS pertaining to SAARC nations only and with the help of SWOT analysis various parameters are identified like Strength, Weakness, opportunities and threats which will further helps in understanding the base of particular PWS. Lastly based on SWOT analysis discussion part is done in which general comparison of various PWS is done. Results will help in making understand which PWS carries how much importance and capability of generating employability and entrepreneurship.
The paper examined the employment and unemployment situation of the rural youth in India
during the last one-and-half decade period and policy issues related to youth employment.
Importantly the analysis is extended to the social groups.
This chapter investigates how technological developments implemented in the production processes and organizational structures of small and medium sized enterprises affect the skills and therefore the employment of young workers in these businesses. The furniture sector in the greater region of Ankara in Turkey is explored in this chapter because it is one of the fastest growing sectors in the new millennium, and the rate of youth employment is very high. Young workers face severe problems due to the technological developments and organizational changes occurring in these enterprises. Many of them are either removed from production processes or dismissed from the company. To have a decent job, the young generation working in this sector should not be alienated from the production process. It is claimed that this major problem of bias towards young workers can be solved by a proper education, which will greatly increase their technical skills.
The empirical analysis is conducted from two perspectives. Firstly, it examines the role that different policy and institutional settings have played in determining the marked differences in the level of structural or 'equilibrium' unmemployment across the OECD countries during the past decade. Secondly, it looks at the role of these same policy and institutional factors in determining the persistence of unemployment. The results encompass most of the previous cross-country studies comparing labour market performance and, in particular, those of Layart et al. (1991) and Bean and Symons (1989). They also offer new insights as to how policies and the mechanisms of wage determination may affect aggregate unemployment and other users of labour market slack, such as youth and long-term unemployment rates and non-employment rates. The use of these other measures of labour market slack gives a better understanding of the mechanisms through which distortions in the labour market affect unemployment and gives a better identification of potential beneficiaries of reforms. The broad empirical conclusions suggest that policy variables and the institutional mechanisms of wage determination do matter for the level of structural unemployment as well as for the speed of labour market adjustment in OECD countries.
The study debates on active labor market programs (ALMPs) as a valuable employment policy tool intended to increase the quality of labor supply, and demand, versus the disincentive, and dependent passive measures in combating unemployment. While ALMPs have been implemented to varying degrees in East Asia, they still cannot be considered an important policy instrument; yet, careful consideration by policymakers to such programs, could prove responsive to the economic crisis, and to the longer-term requirements of development. An overview of ALMPs is provided, with key issues reviewed for design consideration. The study discusses the techniques used to evaluate ALMPs, and summarizes the evidence on their impacts, identifying key variables associated with successful outcomes in the region. Recommendations suggest the following issues for the formulation of an active labor market policy: setting priorities, by initially developing strong employment services; identifying the roles of the public, and private sectors, which leads to more diverse, innovative, and cost-efficient services, closely oriented to labor demand, but focused on public priorities; promoting partnerships, and dialogue within coordinated policies, and strengthened administrative and operational capacities, provided a balanced public, and private financing is in place.
Labor market regulation involves many aspects, ranging from how employers contract for the services of workers to the nature of the exchange, including terms of conditions of employment. This area of regulation represents an important and often controversial aspect of public policy in both developed and developing countries. Approaches are dominated by opposing views, one which favors the protection of workers through labor legislation and collective bargaining and the other which emphasizes the advantages of encouraging market processes. In the end, however, what matters are the economic and social outcomes of different approaches. This primer paper reviews different regulatory options regarding hiring and firing and wage determination and summarizes the existing knowledge about their labor market effects. It also reviews two important institutional aspects of labor market regulation -- enforcement and dispute resolution. In an annex to the paper, we summarize the statutory arrangements for various topics related to labor market regulation in 17 countries.
Incl. bibl., index.
integrating the results of disparate studies? (b) Are the general findings we report restricted in applicability to Asia? and (c) Does the survey, or rather the studies included in the survey, underemphasize the effects of education on allocative efficiency? We address each of these questions in the following paragraphs. Meta-analytic techniques permit quantitative estimation of "treatment" effects by aggregating information across studies.2 Aggregate estimates of the mean as well as the variability of "treatment" effect sizes are preferable to simple tallies based solely on statistical significance, since the former have greater interpretability, provide an approximate order of magnitude, do not depend on arbitrarily chosen levels of significance, and are less subject to the problem of "statistically significant, meaningfully insignificant" differences found in analyses of large samples. Moreover, meta-analytic techniques distinguish between statistically insignificant effects and zero effects, which are not the same thing. In our article, we combine effect sizes (both positive and negative) across studies to estimate the mean effects of 4 years of education on farm productivity. Our estimates are reported first unadjusted for the statistical variability of the estimated effect sizes of the individual studies, and second, adjusted by their estimated standard errors. Our conclusions, however, do not appear to be sensitive to the adjustment and are-in our opinion-more interpretable and useful than the simple tally of significant effects proposed by Phillips. In any case, since the data required to produce Phillips's appendix table are clearly presented in our article, any reader who so desired could have constructed such a table.
Returns to investment in education based on human capital theory have been estimated since the late 1950s. In the 40-plus year history of estimates of returns to investment in education, there have been several reviews of the empirical results in attempts to establish patterns. Many more estimates from a wide variety of countries, including over-time evidence, and estimates based on new econometric techniques, reaffirm the importance of human capital theory. This paper reviews and presents the latest estimates and patterns as found in the literature at the turn of the century. However, because the availability of rate of return estimates has grown exponentially, we include a new section on the need for selectivity in comparing returns to investment in education and establishing related patterns.
Este trabajo desarrolla y prueba un mecanismo por el cual los costos de despido
afectan la composición etaria del empleo. Este mecanismo se basa en el costo
relativo de despedir trabajadores jóvenes versus trabajadores viejos, resultando
de regulaciones laborales asociadas a la antigüedad en el empleo. Usando
39 encuestas anuales de hogares consecutivas para Chile, encontramos que los costos de despido están asociados con una baja sustancial en el cuociente
empleo-población de los trabajadores asalariados jóvenes. En contraste, no
encontramos esta caída en las tasas de empleo de trabajadores jóvenes por
cuenta propia o de los asalariados de mayor edad. Comparando los resultados
para hombres y mujeres usando mediciones de los costos relativos de despido,
encontramos que el efecto negativo de los costos de despido sobre el empleo
juvenil está dado por la relación entre las indemnizaciones por despido y la
antigüedad en el empleo. También encontramos que los costos de despido no
tiene un impacto significativo a nivel agregado en el empleo, en la participación
laboral o en las tasas de desempleo.
This paper shows that increases in the minimum wage rate can have ambiguous effects on the working hours and welfare of employed workers in competitive labor markets. The reason is that employers may not comply with the minimum wage legislation and instead pay a lower subminimum wage rate. If workers are risk neutral, we prove that working hours and welfare are invariant to the minimum wage rate. If workers are risk averse and imprudent (which is the empirically likely case), then working hours decrease with the minimum wage rate, while their welfare may increase.
Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent region of Argentina were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy. A second sample also received the option of skill training while a third sample formed the control group. Double-difference and instrumental variables methods were used to deal with potential experimental biases, including selective compliance with the randomized assignment. Compared to the control group, voucher recipients had a significantly higher probability of employment, though their current incomes were no higher. The impact was largely confined to women and younger workers. Labor supply effects appear to have been important. Training had no significant impact. The experiment was cost effective, given that take-up of the subsidy by employers was low.
The objective of this cross country study was to determine if there was any significant difference those individuals who participated in active labor programs (ALP) and similar individuals who did not participate in the programs (the comparison group), with regard to agreed outcome measures of program success (e.g., employment, wage levels) in four countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Turkey. The study evaluated five different ALPs across the four countries for several categories of program participants, grouped by demographic characteristics and geographic location. The active labor programs studies comprised: retraining, public works or temporary community employment, wage subsidy, self-employment initiatives, and general employment services. All five ALPs evaluated were found to have a significant positive net impact for some population subgroups, a general finding supported by the 1996 OECD review that concluded that there are ALPs that work for most groups of individuals. However, the study found the impact was not significant for some sub-groups, and for some ALPs the impact was negative. The final chapter summarizesthe general trends in findings on the various outcome measures across demographic and regional subgroups.
Ever since its introduction, affirmative action to combat discrimination based on race or sex has attracted controversy over its validity, allegedly unfair, perverse or stigmatizing effects, and over whether the available evidence is conclusive. The author examines major decisions taken in the late 1990s in the United States, South Africa and by the European Court of Justice, in which the courts, faced with similar factual situations, reached different conclusions. She suggests explanations for these differences and argues that more rigorous reasoning by lower jurisdictions and new international standards might enable courts to reach just and realistic decisions.
This book is concerned with why unemployment is so high and why it fluctuates so wildly. It shows how unemployment affects inflation, and discusses whether full employment can ever be combined with price stability. It asks why some groups have higher unemployment rates than others. The book thus surveys in a clear, textbook fashion the main aspects of the unemployment problem. It integrates macroeconomics with a detailed micro-analysis of the labour market. it uses the authors' model to explain the puzzling post-war history of OECD unemployment and shows how unemployment and inflation are affected by systems of wage bargaining and unemployment insurance. For each issue it develops new relevant theory, followed by extensive empirical analysis. The authors are established experts in this field, and this book gives their definitive treatment. It is based largely on new research, but also incorporates the best of existing knowledge. The long `overview' chapter is accessible to any non-specialist with an elementary knowledge of economics. The rest of the book provides key elements for courses in macroeconomics and labour economics at advanced undergraduate and graduate levels, and will serve as a major source of reference for both scholars and students. The basic aim of the book, however, is to provide the basis for better policy. As the book shows, by learning from theory and experience, we can avoid the waste and misery of high unemployment.
The development of the African workforce is at a critical moment. Wage employment in the modern sector is largely stagnant, with those unable to find these jobs left to pursue self-employment in the informal sector. Unemployment among urban youth is substantial and increasing. Much of the impact of HIV/AIDS has fallen on the educated and the skilled. What can African governments do to ensure that the workplace skills needed for growth and equity are taught and developed in a cost-effective way? Skills Development in Sub-Saharan Africa provides r elevant and useful knowledge that should help African leaders and donor agencies find answers to this question. An update of a World Bank Policy Paper on technical and vocational education and training (TVET), this review assesses a decade's progress on TVET development and reform. The study puts into an African context the Bank's earlier work on TVET, explores issues and recent developments, and reviews recent literature and policy studies. Without being prescriptive, the book provides a comprehensive review of the challenges facing skills development in Africa today and the lessons learned over the past decade. Based upon 14 thematic studie s covering 20 countries and 70 case studies, the volume provides a good starting point for the development of country policies and programs, including a strategic role for governments. The wealth of information specific to training in Africa should be of value not only to African leaders but also to countries in other regions that are facing similar challenges. Skills Development in Sub-Saharan Africa will be of great interest to policymakers, leaders, and international donors with a stake in skills development in the region.
Including a bibliography
Incl. bib. references, index.
Sri Lanka's high unemployment rate has been attributed to a mismatch of skills, to queuing for public sector jobs, and to stringent job security regulations. But the empirical evidence supporting these explanations is weak. The author takes a fresh look at the country's unemployment problem, using individual records from the 1995 Labor Force Survey and time series for wages in the economy's formal and informal sectors. He assesses, and rejects, the skills mismatch hypothesis by comparing the impact of educational attainment on the actual wages of those who have a job with the effect on the lowest acceptable wages of the unemployed. However, he finds substantial rents associated with jobs in the public sector and in private sector activities protected by high tariffs or covered by job security regulations. A time-series analysis of the impact of unemployment on wage increases across sectors supports the hypothesis that most of the unemployed are waiting for"good"job openings but are not interested in readily available"bad"jobs. In short, unemployment in Sri Lanka is largely voluntary. The problem is not a shortage of jobs but the artificial gap between good and bad jobs. Policy efforts should be aimed at reducing the gap between good and bad jobs by making product markets more competitive, by reducing excessive job security, and by reforming government policies on pay and employment.
This paper documents the high level of job security protection in Latin American labor markets and analyzes its impacts on employment. The authors show that job security policies have a substantial impact on the level and the distribution of employment in Latin America. These policies reduce employment and promote inequality. The institutional organization of the labor market affects both employment and inequality.
This article analyzes the impact and effectiveness of the Mexican labor retraining program for unemployed and displaced workers--Programa de Becas de Capacitacion para Trabajadores (PROBECAT). The strategy followed is to compare the post-training labor market experiences of trainees with those of a comparison group--a matched sample of unemployed individuals who were eligible for, but did not participate in PROBECAT. The results of this exercise suggest that participation in PROBECAT reduced the mean duration of unemployment for both men and women trainees and increased the monthly earnings of men, but not of women. The results also indicate that the post-training earnings effect varied systematically by level of education attained, with the largest earnings increases (of about 28 to 37 percent) found for men with six to twelve years of education. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
In 1985, the international year of the youth, the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of Ind ia, initiated a proposal to formulate a National Youth Policy. The National Youth Policy, was tabled in the two houses of Parliament in late 1988. It has recognised that "the most important component of the youth programme" has to be the "removal of unemployment, both rural and urban, educated and non-educated". However, not much specific action has been initiated to implement the objective of removing or even alleviating unemployment among the youth, incorporated in the National Youth Policy of 1988. The reference to the idealism of the youth in the National Agenda, noted above, probably needs scrutiny. However, the proposed national reconstruction corps could be one means of tackling the problem of unemployment among the youth. However, to help formulate a comprehensive approach to the problems of youth and to evolve the necessary measures to mitigate youth unemployment, a careful review of the available data base and the policy initiatives taken so far is essential. The present study attempts the requisite review, particularly of the statistical data base available through the various surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey.
Tracer Study of Secondary School Graduates
- David H Clark
Clark, David H., 1988, Tracer Study of Secondary School Graduates, Jakarta, ILO.
Who is Harmed by Employment Regulation? Why De-Regulate Labor Markets?
- G Esping-Andersen
Esping-Andersen, G., 2000, Who is Harmed by Employment Regulation?, in G. EspingAndersen and M. Regini (eds.), Why De-Regulate Labor Markets?, Oxford, OUP.
Training and Employment: What Can Planners Do?
- Martin Godfrey
Godfrey, Martin, 1991, Education, Training and Employment: What Can Planners Do?,
Geneva, New Delhi, ILO.
Russian Federation: Moscow-Open Season, Closed City
Human Rights Watch, 1997, Russian Federation: Moscow-Open Season, Closed City,
Human Rights Watch/ Helsinki, 9.10(D).
Sri Lanka Vocational Training Reform Project: Working Paper on the Labor Market
- Martin Godfrey
Godfrey, Martin, 1995, Sri Lanka Vocational Training Reform Project: Working Paper on
the Labor Market, Washington D.C., World Bank.
Global Employment Trends
ILO, 2003, Global Employment Trends, Geneva, ILO.
Migrant Workers in Kuwait: a Review of the Recruitment System in an International Context
- Forthcoming Ilo
ILO, forthcoming, Migrant Workers in Kuwait: a Review of the Recruitment System in an
International Context, Geneva, ILO.
A Little Booklet that Controls All, The Russia Journal
- Sarah Karush
Karush, Sarah, 2002, A Little Booklet that Controls All, The Russia Journal, March 26,
Moscow.
Youth Employment in the Asia-Pacific Region: Prospects and Challenges, paper for the Youth Employment Summit
- Lim Teck Ghee
Lim Teck Ghee, 2002, Youth Employment in the Asia-Pacific Region: Prospects and
Challenges, paper for the Youth Employment Summit, Bangkok, UN ESCAP.
Creating the Enabling Environment for Women's Employment in Pakistan
- Lin Lim
- Claudia Lean
- Coenjarts
Lim, Lin Lean, and Claudia Coenjarts, 1993, Creating the Enabling Environment for
Women's Employment in Pakistan, Bangkok, ILO East Asia Multidisciplinary Team.
Report of the Assessment of the Functional Literacy Levels of the Adult Population of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
Royal Government of Cambodia, 2000, Report of the Assessment of the Functional Literacy
Levels of the Adult Population of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sports.
Farmer Education and Farmer Efficiency: a Meta-Analysis, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 43
- Joseph M Phillips
Phillips, Joseph M., 1994, Farmer Education and Farmer Efficiency: a Meta-Analysis,
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 43.1.
A Decade of Transition: Regional Monitoring Report No
UNICEF, 2001, A Decade of Transition: Regional Monitoring Report No.8-2001, Florence,
The MONEE Project, CEE/ CIS/ Baltics, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
- Colin Gannon
- Zhi Liu
Gannon, Colin, and Zhi Liu, 1997, Poverty and Transport, Report TWU-30, Washington
D.C., The World Bank.
Active Labor Market Programs: a Review of Evidence from Evaluations, World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No
- Amit Dar
- Zafiris Tzannatos
Dar, Amit and Zafiris Tzannatos, 1999, Active Labor Market Programs: a Review of
Evidence from Evaluations, World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series
No. 9901, Washington D.C., World Bank.
Youth Business International: Bridging the Gap between Unemployment and Self-employment for Disadvantaged Youth, ILO Skills Working Paper No
- Rachel Chambers
- Anna Lake
Chambers, Rachel, and Anna Lake, 2002, Youth Business International: Bridging the Gap
between Unemployment and Self-employment for Disadvantaged Youth, ILO Skills
Working Paper No. 3, Geneva, ILO.
The Labor Market Situation of the Gypsy Minority in Hungary, ILO/Japan Project on Employment Policies for Transition in Hungary Working Paper 14
- Gábor Kertesi
Kertesi, Gábor, 1994, The Labor Market Situation of the Gypsy Minority in Hungary,
ILO/Japan Project on Employment Policies for Transition in Hungary Working
Paper 14, Budapest, ILO.
Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA
OECD, 2001, Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA 2000, Paris, OECD.
Flows to and from Insured Unemployment in Hungary, ILO/Japan Project on Employment Policies for Transition in Hungary Working Paper 15
- John Micklewright
- Gyula Nagy
Micklewright, John, and Gyula Nagy, 1994, Flows to and from Insured Unemployment in
Hungary, ILO/Japan Project on Employment Policies for Transition in Hungary
Working Paper 15, Budapest, ILO.
Exploring the Employment Nexus: Topics in Employment and Poverty, report prepared for the Task Force on the Joint ILO-UNDP Programme on Employment and Poverty
- S R Osmani
Osmani, S.R., 2002, Exploring the Employment Nexus: Topics in Employment and Poverty,
report prepared for the Task Force on the Joint ILO-UNDP Programme on
Employment and Poverty, New York, UNDP, Geneva, ILO.
Ineko and the Open Society Institute
- World Bank
- S P A C E Foundation
World Bank, Foundation S.P.A.C.E., Ineko and the Open Society Institute, 2002, Poverty
and Welfare of Roma in the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, World Bank.
Youth, Population and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
- Un Economic Commission For Latin
- America
- The Caribbean
UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2000, Youth, Population
and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, LC/G.2084(SES.28/16),
Santiago, UN ECLAC.
Gender Impact of a Mass Literacy Program in India
- Sheela Chunkath
- Rani
Chunkath, Sheela Rani, 1996, Gender Impact of a Mass Literacy Program in India, in Report
and Technical Papers Presented at the Expert Group Meeting on Gender, Education
and Training, Turin, ILO.
State Failure or Market Failure? The Ten Steps to a Levy-grant System of Vocational Training, chapter
- Chris Edwards
Edwards, Chris, 1997, State Failure or Market Failure? The Ten Steps to a Levy-grant
System of Vocational Training, chapter 5 in Godfrey (1997a).