Content uploaded by Shalom H Schwartz
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Shalom H Schwartz
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Basic Human Values: An Overview
Abstract and Figures
Applying the values construct in the social sciences has suffered from the absence of an agreed-upon conception of basic values, of the content and structure of relations among these values, and of reliable methods to measure them. This paper presents data from over 70 countries, using three different instruments, to validate a theory intended to fill part of this gap. It concerns the basic values that individuals in all cultures recognize. The theory identifies 10 motivationally distinct values and specifies the dynamics of conflict and congruence among them. These dynamics yield a structure of relations among values common to culturally diverse groups, suggesting a universal organization of human motivations. Individuals and groups differ in the priorities they assign to these values. The paper examines sources of individual differences in value priorities and behavioral and attitudinal consequences that follow from holding particular value priorities. In doing so, it considers processes through which values are influenced and through which they influence action. 1 Values have been a central concept in the social sciences since their inception. For both Durkheim (1893, 1897) and Weber (1905), values were crucial for explaining social and personal organization and change. Values have played an important role not only in sociology, but in psychology, anthropology, and related disciplines as well. Values are used to characterize societies and individuals, to trace change over time, and to explain the motivational bases of attitudes and behavior.
Figures - uploaded by Shalom H Schwartz
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Shalom H Schwartz
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Por tal motivo, se considera importante la revisión de la literatura de Schwartz [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], Schwartz y Bilsky [13], Schwartz, et al [14]; así como Macnab, Bakker y Fitzsimmons [15] además de autores indicados por Pereira [1] entre otros para analizar y entender los valores básicos universales y en base a ellos diseñar encuestas y recolectar información tanto de estudiantes universitarios como de empleados de EIFs, para así disponer de un estudio de caso en Bolivia. ...
... Con todo lo acontecido se ve necesario considerar las motivaciones o expectativas de las personas que desean trabajar en EIFs dado el RO, para ello es importante considerar los valores que tienen estas para sus conductas; esto mediante el diseño y aplicación de encuestas representativas con sustento teórico como el que ha brindado Shalom H. Schwartz 3 a través de continuos aportes sobre valores (Schwartz y Bilsky [13]; Schwartz [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] y Schwartz et al [14] entre otros, para beneficio del desarrollo de la ética y valores. ...
... En segundo lugar, se preguntaría de qué manera las prioridades de valor que tienen los individuos afectan sus orientaciones y elecciones de comportamiento" [31, p.15]. Para Schwartz [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] y [12]; los valores básicos universales son aquellos que tienen trascendencia, en la que cada valor persigue un objetivo deseable a alcanzar que es deseado por persona de todo tipo de culturas. Lo que como cita Machado [31], Schwartz "sugiere que el objetivo motivacional con sus compatibilidades y oposiciones, es realmente el principio más poderoso que organiza las preferencias de valores" [31, p.18] estableciendo fruto de sus estudios y análisis de datos de estos, 10 tipos motivacionales, estableciéndose los mismos como los 10 valores universales básicos como fuente de diversos estudios e investigaciones realizados, como expone la tabla 1 de Machado [31, p.20]. ...
Considerando que la ética y los valores de las personas, constituyen un componente fundamental para el desenvolvimiento de los empleados del sector de intermediación financiera sin conductas improcedentes que generen riesgo operativo (RO), el presente trabajo de investigación se realizó a partir de las proposiciones teóricas realizadas por Pereira [1], con el objetivo central de la validación indirecta de sus hipótesis P1A y P1B [1], realizándose un análisis de las variables que se relacionan con el interés de trabajar en una entidad de intermediación financiera (EIF) mediante un estudio empírico en Bolivia aplicando encuestas con muestreo probabilístico simple y estratificado a 1656 estudiantes de 9 universidades y 1164 empleados de EIFs del citado país; considerando expectativas y valores universales. Al evidenciarse que mayoritariamente manifestaron interés en trabajar en EIFs (82.4% estudiantes y 98.4% empleados), los resultados obtenidos a través de modelo logit de regresión que permiten sugerir en orden de importancia, que las principales variables que están asociadas o relacionadas con el interés de trabajar para los estudiantes universitarios son el logro, seguido de benevolencia (ambos negativamente) y hedonismo (positivamente), mientras que para los funcionarios de EIFs son el logro y estimulación (ambos negativamente).
... According to human value theory scholars (Rokeach 1973;Schwartz 2006), people believe that some values are more desirable than other values. Recent studies report that human values play an important role in connecting consumers with a brand (Voorn et al. 2018) and brand-related social media activities (Nikolinakou and Phua 2020). ...
... Here, the term value refers to what people assess to be important and worthy (Rokeach 1973). Although values that are collectively held by society are often called cultural values, the values that individuals themselves hold are often called personal values (Schwartz 2006;Schwartz et al. 2012), which refer to "broad desirable goals that motivate people's action and serve as guiding principles in their lives" (Sagiv et al. 2017, p. 630). Because values represent the desirable goals people have, they prioritize some values in a hierarchical order "according to their subjective importance" (Sagiv et al. 2017 p. 630). ...
... Although a similar set of personal values, according to Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010), tend to be prioritized by populations in homogeneous societies, Schwartz and Bilsky (1990) assert that people in heterogeneous societies are inclined to share a smaller set of personal values with others in the society. Due to these characteristics of values, the construct of personal value is inherently multidimensional (Schwartz 2006;Schwartz et al. 2012). Hitlin (2003), p. 119 highlights the important notions of human value theories that enables "scholars to explore the nature of the self and the individual's relationship to society." ...
Due to the explosive growth of social media technology worldwide, consumers are exposed to abundant stimuli across cultures that affect their internalization of societal ideal of beauty and the formation of self‐concept. In response to this, the beauty industry is facing challenges to personalize their offerings to an array of diverse consumers who are seeking brands that resonate with their values and foster a true emotional bond. Consumers' personal value with respect to beauty is an important antecedent of the internalization of societal ideal of beauty, which eventually control their appearance‐conscious emotions and behaviors, thereby play an important role for understanding the psychological mechanisms that underlie diverse beautification procedures. However, a systematic scale to measure personal beauty values of consumers across cultures has yet to be established. In this article, we attempt to bridge this gap by developing, measuring, and validating a new Personal Beauty Values Scale through a series of studies using independent samples from the United States ( n = 348, n = 1039), the United Kingdom ( n = 401, n = 396), Japan ( n = 1011), and Denmark ( n = 981). Subsequently, we investigate influences of personal beauty values on one of the critical beautification procedures invasive to the human body, that is, cosmetic surgery. Specifically, the nomological validation using the U.S. sample ( n = 1039) demonstrated that the distinct characteristics of the five personal beauty values dimensions differently affected appearance‐conscious emotions such as shame and hubristic pride, thereby unveiling the psychological mechanism behind consideration of cosmetic surgery.
... Collective values, which include conservatism and attention to others, express the values of the traditional system and their value aspects include: security, tradition, conformity, altruism and belief in salvation. (Schwartz, 2006). ...
... (2) Schwartz's values (also called the Human Values Scale). Schwartz (1994Schwartz ( , 2006 identifies ten universal human values (achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction), which are differentiated by their motivation and goal. Values originate from universal needs; they are deeply connected with emotions and offer motivation for action. ...
The paper aims to put political polarisation in a value perspective. It introduces a new empirical finding on the relationship between European countries' level of polarisation and their cultural, ideological, and value characteristics. The analysis relies on data from the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2002 and 2022, resulting in 232 country-year observations from 32 countries. It demonstrates that more polarised societies are more firmly attached to anxiety-based values, have more conservative value profiles, and are especially concerned about security. The results open up a novel perspective in the research of polarisation, which, until now, has remained understudied in the literature. While the paper does not make causal claims, as culture and values change slowly over time, the hypothesis emerges that heightened security concerns may be risk factors for polarisation. The results could help us to understand better the background of the political dividedness of contemporary European societies. Competing Interests The author declares none.
... Finally, correlation differences between values and emotions confirm one of the main features of values defined in Schwartz's theory that values are inextricably linked with emotions (Schwartz, 2006). We discovered that teachers' enjoyment in teaching was negatively correlated with non-rational truth. ...
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between personal values, truth-related values and emotions among Turkish teachers. The Schwartz’s Value Theory and Frenzel’s teacher emotion model were used as the theoretical framework. This study used a cross-sectional correlational research design. The data were collected from 279 teachers with the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) where rational truth and non-rational truth values were added, and with the Teacher Emotions Scale (TES). The circular structure of the Schwartz Value Theory was tested by multidimensional scaling. The data analysis aimed to uncover relationships between personal values, truth-related values, and emotions. Rational truth emerged near self-direction and self-transcendence, yet items measuring non-rational truth were scattered among values. Females had higher regard for self-direction and hedonism than males. Non-rational truth was negatively correlated with enjoyment, while it was positively correlated with anxiety. The implications for gender roles in Turkish society are discussed.
... These results have concrete implications for overcoming PEH public stigma. Beyond merely reminding individuals of their values (e.g., universalism and benevolence in this study; Schwartz, 2006), our findings indicate that it is crucial to actively involve individuals, prompting individual reflection on their Running title: Induced hypocrisy against homelessness stigma 11 stance regarding these norms and fostering awareness of their deviations (Mauduy, Priolo, et al., 2023). ...
People experiencing homelessness (PEH) are stigmatized. Their dehumanization contributes to their social exclusion. While previous research underscores the role of intergroup contact in reducing homelessness stigma, this article is concerned with the precursor step of fostering contact intentions. Therefore, we tested the effectiveness of a psychosocial strategy based on the induced-hypocrisy paradigm for promoting contact intentions with PEH through humanness attribution enhancement. Induced hypocrisy is an effective way to encourage prosocial behaviors. In this two-step procedure, people are asked to promote a social norm (i.e., the normative salience step) and then recall their own past failures to comply with it (i.e., the transgressive salience step). In this preregistered study (N = 207), we randomly assigned participants into three conditions, namely, control, norm-alone, and induced hypocrisy. We then measured participants’ humanness attributions to PEH and their contact intentions with them. The findings revealed that the induced-hypocrisy condition surpassed the two control conditions in fostering higher contact intentions, indicating the need for interventions fostering social connection by priming both values and past behaviors. In addition, exploratory results showed that the induced-hypocrisy strategy reinforces some humanness attributions toward PEH, leading to greater contact intentions. Discussion focuses on the role of humanness attributions in preventing PEH stigma with the induced-hypocrisy strategy and highlights the implications of the results for both the prevention of PEH stigmatization and for the induced-hypocrisy paradigm.
What people value today can differ from what they have valued. But what does this value variability mean in the context of healthcare? We ethically analyze the current state of research on the change of embedded values in healthcare systems and the driving processes behind it. Starting with a systematic literature review and a content analysis, we subject the selected articles to an ethical analysis through three ethical theories: principlism, value ethics, and utilitarianism. The included papers demonstrated how moral dissonance between individual values and behavior leads to moral distress. The occurrence of moral distress was related to current healthcare practices. Beneficence and non-maleficence played a central role where principlism was considered, virtue ethics was criticized for not addressing the structural problems in the healthcare system, and consequences of value change for healthcare professionals and the society were analyzed. Further, principlism cannot fully cover the value change in medical care with its top-down and bottom-up processes leading to consequences for the patients, healthcare professionals, and society as a whole. We found correlations between top-down value change processes in the healthcare system and the quality of care. Health professionals are forced to develop an attitude that does not adhere to traditional medical values any longer and eventually leads to low-value care. Accompanying phenomena like moral distress cause dropout of healthcare workers. These can be hardly slowed down from the bottom-up by the development of resilience and moral courage. More effectively, structural changes through value interventions have the potential to improve working conditions and the quality of care.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the success of public health authorities’ strategies to curb the spread of the virus hinged on individuals’ voluntary compliance with their directives. This study considers how two components of the cultural authority of public health influenced compliance with health guidelines during the pandemic: (1) individuals’ views of public health officials as legitimate and (2) the shared value of health. I also examine the influence of other basic values, alongside health, on pandemic behavior. Data come from an original survey of 1,356 U.S. adults collected online in spring 2022. Findings reveal the pivotal role of perceived legitimacy of public health authorities in motivating compliance, even when considering perceived threat of the virus, political orientation, and other contextual factors. Results provide insight into why people complied with health guidelines by indicating how variation in individuals’ value priorities influenced behavior.
This paper presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross-cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimensions are discussed. Application of the approach to social issues is exemplified in the domains of politics and intergroup relations.
Several studies demonstrate that Schwartz’s (1992) theory of human values is valid in cultures previously beyond its range. We measured the 10 value constructs in the theory with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), a new and less abstract method. Analyses in representative samples in South Africa (n = 3,210) and Italy (n = 5,867) and in samples of 13- to 14-year-old Ugandan girls (n = 840) yielded structures of relations among values similar to the theoretical prototype. In an Israeli student sample (n = 200), the values exhibited convergent and discriminant validity when measured with the PVQ and with the standard value survey. Predicted relations of value priorities with a set of 10 background, personality, attitude, and behavioral variables in the four samples supported the construct validity of the values theory with an alternative method of measurement.
