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Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is perhaps the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. Each part of the neem tree has some medicinal property and is thus commercially exploitable. During the last five decades, apart from the chemistry of the neem compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of neem. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. This review gives a bird's eye view mainly on the biological activities of some of the neem compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the neem extracts, clinical studies and plausible medicinal applications of neem along with their safety evaluation.
... Their large area is additionally a key factor that permits a substantial amount of microorganisms to grow on fabric [5]. Furthermore, in medical textiles, antimicrobial finishes aim to prevent the cross-contamination of pathogenic microorganisms [5] and inhibit the spread of communicable disease through contaminated clothing [6]. ...
... Antimicrobial treated textile makes it easy to prevent any modification of visual appearance and any microbes like pathogenic and odour creating purpose [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The plant of neem consists of many components which are mostly effective on textiles for antibacterial, antifungal and also on. ...
... The plant of neem consists of many components which are mostly effective on textiles for antibacterial, antifungal and also on. Some components are to blame for antimicrobial activity which showed in numerous research like these nimbolide, nimbidin, mahmoodin, margolone, margolonone and isomargolonone of these components mostly effective and excellent leads to one purpose like antibacterial [6]. The chemical structure of neem is shown in Figure 1 below. ...
... The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has gained significant momentum, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being at the forefront due to their unique physicochemical properties and potent biological activities. Among the various synthesis methods, green synthesis using medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, and Moringa oleifera has emerged as a promising approach [1][2][3]. This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. ...
... This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. The green synthesis process utilizes the bioactive compounds present in these plants to reduce silver ions into nanoparticles, which can then be used in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy [1][2][3][4][5][6]. ...
... Azadirachta indica (Neem/AI), Gymnema sylvestre (GS/Madhunasini), and Moringa oleifera (MO/Moringa), stand out as three exceptional medicinal plants celebrated for their diverse bioactive compounds and extensive historical medicinal uses [1][2][3]. The utilization of plant extracts in AgNP synthesis provides a dual advantage: it helps alleviate the environmental challenges associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods while also capitalizing on the therapeutic capabilities of these plants for biomedical applications [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Introduction Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from natural sources have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and eco-friendly production methods. With lung cancer remaining a major global health issue, there is a continuous need for novel and effective therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Objective This study aims to synthesize AgNPs using plant extracts from Gymnema sylvestre, Moringa oleifera, and Azadirachta indica and to evaluate their anticancer activity, particularly their effects on gene expression in A549 lung cancer cells. Methods AgNPs were synthesized using green chemistry techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gene expression studies were performed to assess the impact of AgNPs on cancer-related genes such as VEGF and CYCLIN-D1. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on A549 cells to determine the anticancer potential of the synthesized AgNPs compared to plant extracts alone. Results XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline AgNPs, while FTIR indicated the presence of bioactive compounds interacting with the nanoparticles. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of VEGF and CYCLIN-D1, suggesting inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and cell cycle progression. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with enhanced efficacy compared to the leaf extracts alone. Conclusion The study highlights the potential of AgNPs synthesized from medicinal plant extracts as promising candidates for lung cancer therapy. Their environmentally sustainable production, combined with their ability to target key cancer pathways, positions them as innovative and affordable therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicine.
... The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has gained significant momentum, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being at the forefront due to their unique physicochemical properties and potent biological activities. Among the various synthesis methods, green synthesis using medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, and Moringa oleifera has emerged as a promising approach [1][2][3]. This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. ...
... This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. The green synthesis process utilizes the bioactive compounds present in these plants to reduce silver ions into nanoparticles, which can then be used in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy [1][2][3][4][5][6]. ...
... Azadirachta indica (Neem/AI), Gymnema sylvestre (GS/Madhunasini), and Moringa oleifera (MO/Moringa), stand out as three exceptional medicinal plants celebrated for their diverse bioactive compounds and extensive historical medicinal uses [1][2][3]. The utilization of plant extracts in AgNP synthesis provides a dual advantage: it helps alleviate the environmental challenges associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods while also capitalizing on the therapeutic capabilities of these plants for biomedical applications [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Introduction
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from natural sources have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and eco-friendly production methods. With lung cancer remaining a major global health issue, there is a continuous need for novel and effective therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies.
Objective
This study aims to synthesize AgNPs using plant extracts from Gymnema sylvestre , Moringa oleifera , and Azadirachta indica and to evaluate their anticancer activity, particularly their effects on gene expression in A549 lung cancer cells.
Methods
AgNPs were synthesized using green chemistry techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gene expression studies were performed to assess the impact of AgNPs on cancer-related genes such as VEGF and CYCLIN-D1. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on A549 cells to determine the anticancer potential of the synthesized AgNPs compared to plant extracts alone.
Results
XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline AgNPs, while FTIR indicated the presence of bioactive compounds interacting with the nanoparticles. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of VEGF and CYCLIN-D1, suggesting inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and cell cycle progression. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with enhanced efficacy compared to the leaf extracts alone.
Conclusion
The study highlights the potential of AgNPs synthesized from medicinal plant extracts as promising candidates for lung cancer therapy. Their environmentally sustainable production, combined with their ability to target key cancer pathways, positions them as innovative and affordable therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicine.
... Therefore, employing bacterial strains for bioremediation can help lower dye pollution [1]. In 1876, methylene blue was first created as an aniline-based dye for the textile industry [2]. However, researchers like Paul Ehrlich and Robert Koch soon realized that methylene blue could also be used as a stain for microscopy [3]. ...
... After adding 30% hydrochloric acid and a saturated common salt solution to the dye solution, methylene blue hydrochloride is separated; the product is then filtered and cleaned with a 2% common salt solution. Instead of sodium dichromate, manganese dioxide, and catalytic quantities of copper sulfate can be employed for the oxidation [2]. ...
... High-purity methylene blue can be made by acidifying the aqueous solution, isolating the dye, and then using chloroform to remove contaminants from raw dye solutions in borate buffer at a pH of 9.5-10 [2]. Methylene blue is a biological stain and disinfectant [7,3]. ...
Biodegradation techniques employing microorganisms to remove industrial dyes are highly effective and environmentally friendly, and thus are being extensively explored. This research aims to evaluate the capacity of soil bacterium isolate a1 for degrading methylene blue (MB), specifically isolated from contaminated soil. The study was conducted in a laboratory setting using bacteria isolated from polluted soil. The focus was on assessing the influence of initial dye concentration and solution pH on the biodegradation process. The results demonstrated that an increase in the initial MB concentration from 50 to 400 mg/L resulted in a reduction in bacterial clearance efficiency from 90.41% to 71.28%. Additionally, the effect of pH on dye degradation was significant: raising the pH from 5 to 7 increased the percentage of methylene blue decolorization from 57.32% to 75.89%. However, further increasing the pH from 7 to 9 led to a decrease in decolorization efficiency from 75.89% to 46.17%. This study highlights the potential of soil bacterium isolate a1 for bioremediation of methylene blue in contaminated environments and underscores the importance of optimizing conditions such as dye concentration and pH to enhance biodegradation efficiency. The findings contribute valuable insights into the application of microbial bioremediation for industrial dye pollution.
... One well-known medicinal tree is neem (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen tree from the family Meliaceae [13,18], found mainly in India, southern Asia, and parts of Africa [19][20][21]. A. indica is highly valued for its antibacterial properties and is used for a variety of purposes, including as a toothbrush, medicinal paste, food supplement, and oil [13,22]. For several years, it has been used to treat human diseases such as skin ulcers, intestinal worms, itching, and leprosy [17,21]. ...
... A. indica is highly valued for its antibacterial properties and is used for a variety of purposes, including as a toothbrush, medicinal paste, food supplement, and oil [13,22]. For several years, it has been used to treat human diseases such as skin ulcers, intestinal worms, itching, and leprosy [17,21]. Additionally, it is also used as a pest control agent [17], due to its adverse effects on small animals like rats and mice [20,21]. ...
... For several years, it has been used to treat human diseases such as skin ulcers, intestinal worms, itching, and leprosy [17,21]. Additionally, it is also used as a pest control agent [17], due to its adverse effects on small animals like rats and mice [20,21]. ...
With the increasing rate of antibiotic/multidrug resistance and the growing demand for plant-based therapies, Azadirachta indica (neem) emerges as one of the leading medicinal plants due to its wide range of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study analysed the A. indica leaf methanol extract for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar diffusion assay with methanol extracts of varying concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) initially for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Later, methanol extracts with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were used for S. aureus and E. coli. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The results indicated the antibacterial activity of the A. indica leaf methanol extract against all three bacteria, irrespective of the concentration used. However, compared to gentamicin, the antibacterial activity of A. indica was relatively lower. These findings indicate the potential of A. indica as a plant-based antibacterial agent, offering an alternative or complementary treatment strategy to combat antibiotic/multidrug resistance. Further clinical studies/trials on the leaf extract are required to ensure its safety for human use.
... The plant serves as a source of feed, fuel, and timber, and its pods are utilised as a nutritional supplement (Singh and Pandey 1998). Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a noteworthy species that possesses several medicinal qualities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities (Biswas et al. 2002 The significance of sacred groves in Rajasthan, India, from an ethnobotanical perspective is substantial, since it demonstrates a strong interrelation between cultural customs and the preservation of biodiversity. These sacred groves contain a wide variety of medicinal plants and important species that have been used by local communities for years to meet their healthcare, spiritual, and daily requirements. ...
... Singh and Pandey (1998) Biswas et al. (2002) Singh (2000) Singh (2000) Singh (2000) Khan et al. (2008) Ramakrishnan et al. ...
... Neem is valued for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiinflammatory characteristics. Additionally, it is employed as an insect deterrent and in several traditional remedies (Biswas et al. 2002). Withania somnifera, often known as Ashwagandha, is found in the regions of Alwar and Jaipur. ...
... Source: Kausik et al., [40]. ...
... Acacia leaf, pod, and stem bark extracts were shown to have antimalarial properties in a 48hour schizont maturation inhibition test by Kausik et al., [40]. Additionally, all extracts demonstrated schizonticide action against Plasmodium falciparum by preventing the growth of mature schizonts after 96 hours. ...
The relevance of medicinal plant as herbal medicine in sustained human health may not be neglected. These plants have healing/therapeutic effects in one or any of their organs. The use of these plants is rapidly expanding. They are used to maintain and improve human health in a variety of situations. In sustainable human health management, medicinal plants have played a significant role which has led to the growing interest in alternative therapies and therapeutic usage of plants. This is due to the fact that it is far less expensive than industrially produced synthetic forms of treatment. The majority of medicinal plant use occurs in Nigeria's rural areas, where there is easy access to a wide variety of plants on vast tracts of land with little to no urbanization. However, due to unchecked wild collecting and human interference, the majority of these plants are in danger of extinction. Therefore, it is advised that intentional efforts be directed toward domestication and
cultivation in order to provide a steady supply of these plant species. This review study discusses
the value and use of certain plants in medicine, endangered species, and conservation tactics.
... Like many other medicinal plants, Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years, and now it is being used in modern medicine, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals as the global scenario is changing towards the use of nontoxic plant products. Its medicinal values come from the fruits, seeds, leaves, roots, and bark [7]. Various preparations of neem obtained from its different parts have been found to exert anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, contraceptive, and antiulcer activity [8,9]. ...
... But after autoclaving, the antiviral activities of neem extract decrease with the decrease in extract concentration [17,18,15]. This phenomenon indicates the negative effect of heat treatment on the antiviral potential of neem plant extracts, which may happen due to the breakdown or degeneration of biochemical compounds (such as nimbidin, sodium nimbidate, epicatechin, catechin, etc.) that trigger antiviral activity [7]. Despite being affected by heat and concentration, the neem plant can be an incredible source of anti-viral therapeutics against NDV, as it also plays an important role in strengthening the immune system and inactivating viruses effectively [22,23,24]. ...
Aims: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a paramyxovirus that causes significant mortality rates in poultry, often known as Newcastle disease or Ranikhet. This virus has the potential to inflict serious economic losses on farmers. As there is no effective therapy for NDV infection, the current research investigated the efficiency of medicinal plant extracts against this virus. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Methodology: Plant samples (neem bark, neem leaf, garlic, and ginger) were collected from the medicinal garden of CVASU. Samples were ground, and 300 g of ground samples were mixed with distilled water in a 1:5 ratio. Mixtures were stirred for 1 hour by an electric stirrer (1000 rpm) and left overnight. All the mixtures were filtrated through Whatmanno. 1 filter paper separately. Finally, aqueous extracts were prepared from the filtrated sample with the help of a round bottom flask of a rotator vacuum evaporator. Then, the extracts were categorized into different groups to determine the possible effects of extract concentration and heat treatment on the antiviral potential of plant extracts. The plant extract was mixed with viable NDV (8 HA; field strain) and kept at 27.3 °C for 30 minutes. To determine virus inactivation, a 0.2-ml mixture was inoculated into nine-day-old embryonated chicken eggs and incubated. After 48 hours, the allantoic fluid was harvested, and a hemagglutination (HA) assay was performed to determine the virus HA titer. Results: The antiviral effect of plant extract is described in terms of HA titers, specifically the geometric mean titer (GMT). The lower GMT titer value of the plant extract showed higher antiviral activity. However, Neem is more efficient against NDV than other extracts (garlic and ginger). The antiviral activities of these extracts can vary due to the concentration and heat treatment (autoclave) of the extracts. The antiviral potency of all plant extracts declines with decreasing concentration. Heat treatment significantly (p = 0.02) decreases the plant's extract antiviral efficacy. Conclusion: This study suggests the potential use of common local medicinal plants to treat Newcastle disease in poultry, although active compounds of those plants have not yet been studied. Finally, these plants can be a promising source for developing antiviral drugs against Newcastle disease.
... Next to Myrrh and 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Neem was found to possess effective antibacterial activity, which can be attributed to the presence of constituents like nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, azadirachtin, mahmoodin, margolone and cyclic trisulphide [34]. The respiratory chain in the bacterial cell is inhibited because the oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is uncoupled by these active constituents [35]. ...
... The respiratory chain in the bacterial cell is inhibited because the oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is uncoupled by these active constituents [35]. It also decreases intramitochondrial levels of acetyl CoA and acid-soluble CoA esters and reduces the mitochondrial ATP content [34]. The antimicrobial effect of Liquorice is due to its isoflavonoid components [36]. ...
Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) with Commiphora myrrha, Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra against Fusobacterium nucleatum by using Real Time PCR.
Materials and Methods: Fifty teeth specimens (n = 50) in total were inoculated with Fusobacterium nucleatum organism for 21 days. Specimens were categorized into five groups as follows (Group 1: Myrrh, Group 2: Neem, Group 3: Liquorice, Group 4: 2% CHX and Group 5: Saline (negative control). The tooth specimens were then packed with intracanal medicaments. The residual microbial load was assessed by using real time PCR, after 5 days.
Results: Threshold cycle (Ct) values of Myrrh extract, Neem extract, Liquorice Extract, 2% CHX and saline were found to be 30.06, 26.1, 16.45, 29.9 and 14.62respectively
Conclusion: Myrrh extract exhibited suppression of Fusobacterium nucleatum equivalent to that of 2% CHX subsequent by Neem, Liquorice and Saline.
Keywords: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Commiphora myrrha; 2% Chx; Neem; Liquorice; Intracanal Medicament; Dentinal Tubules
... Azadirachta indica, which is the scientific name for neem, has long been used for its therapeutic benefits. According to studies, neem is beneficial for wound healing since it has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties [31]. The bioactive chemicals included in neem aid in the healing process by inhibiting bacterial development and promoting tissue regeneration [32]. ...
... Wounds can be topically treated with neem oil or paste made from neem leaves. This promotes the general healing process and makes it easier to limit the growth of bacteria [31]. Neem's effectiveness in wound treatment is attributed to its bioactive components. ...
Any injury to the body, including damage to the skin's outer layer and impairment of its normal structure and function, is referred to as a wound. Since the beginning of time, people have recognized the crucial nature of wound healing, and significant resources have been used to create cutting-edge wound dressings made of the best materials possible for quick and effective recovery. A vital part of this healing process is played by medicinal herbs. Many studies conducted recently have focused on developing novel wound dressings that contain infusions from medicinal plants or their purified active components, providing viable substitutes for conventional dressings. Several investigations have looked into how various herbal remedies aid in the healing of wounds. This article intends to explain and examine the molecular components of wound healing that are aided by natural plant-based products. The remedies made from herbs participate in various phases of wound healing and work through a variety of processes. Certain herbal medications also increase the formation of important factors that are involved in re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation tissue development, and collagen fiber deposition, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). encouraging anti-inflammatory in nature and antioxidant qualities at different stages of the wound-healing process. The field of herbal medicine and other natural products are used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat wounds. These methods have various benefits over conventional treatments, such as enhanced efficacy owing to different ways in which they work action, antibacterial qualities, and long-term safety when using wound dressings.
... Neem; (Azadirachta indica) is one of the promising medicinal plants, having a wide spectrum of biological activity, well known for its insecticidal properties (ICAR, 1993). It contains most pharmacological properties, especially as antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, anti feedant, repellent, pesticidal, molluscidal, ecdysone inhibitor and sterilant and is thus commercially exploitable (Biswas et al., 2002;Das et al., 2002). Hence, it is used traditionally for treatment of a large number of diseases (Van Der Nat et al., 1991). ...
... In view of the environmental problems caused by the use of synthetic chemicals and the growing need for alternative methods of pest control that minimize this damage, there has been extensive research on pest control by substances from plant (Wan et al., 1996) one of which is Azadirachtin (AZA), an active compound extracted from the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), whose antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties have been known for several years (Isman et al., 1990;Harikrishnan et al., 2003). The chemistry and biological activity of both Neem extracts and AZA have been investigated in various countries (Biswas et al., 2002). Neem has been used successfully in Aquaculture systems to control fish predators (Dunkel and Ricilards, 1998). ...
... Due to its antiviral properties, neem is also used to treat viruses, chikungunya, measles, and coxsackie [25]. Additionally, it is used to treat a variety of illnesses, including ringworm, gas gangrene, eczema, acne, and inflammation. ...
... Similarly, [5] showed that the methanolic extract of neem leaves gives quite big zones of inhibition for various pathogenic bacterial strains, like P. aeruginosa, Citrobacter subsp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus subsp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. aureus. They suggested that Geranyl β-D-glucopyranoside was responsible for this antibacterial activity [5]; [25] [37] Performed experiments on food bacterial strains and bitter gourd gave effective results against them. The MIC used there is 5mg/ml and it shows the zone of inhibition at 12 mm. ...
... Neem trees are known to possess pharmacological properties which include; antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, repellent, pesticidal, and detoxifying agent [12][13][14]. One of the most promising natural compounds is Azadirachtin (AZA), an active compound extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), whose antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties have been known for 2000 years [15,16]. ...
In the quest to achieve economic prosperity and industrialization, sustainable water management, agriculture, biodiversity resources and food security have been marginalized. These have birthed serious intolerable environmental challenges such as heavy metal contamination and wastewater discharge into water bodies, particularly cadmium, lead and mercury. All these pose a serious threat to water bodies or the environment. These could adversely affect the biodegradation that demands bio-friendly remediation. A total of 180 healthy Oreochromis niloticus were used for this comparative research to evaluate neem leaf aqueous extract and pulverized neem leaf biosorption of cadmium in contaminated aquaria. This research focused on the review of neem leaf aqueous extract as a primary alternative for biosorption of heavy metals contamination in aquaculture or the environment. Following the trend of results obtained in recent research, the result depicted stressful acclimatization, death of Orechromis niloticus and irreversible damage to muscle, liver, and kidney tissues or photomicrographs cultured with Cadmium. This is due to the chemical composition of the neem leaf aqueous extract being acidic and has a short shelf life. The reviewed fi ndings showed that pulverized neem leaf is considered eco-friendly, a primary biosorbent for biosorption and is cost-effective in lead-contaminated aquariums cultured with cats and fi sh. The research results revealed normal acclimatization, insignifi cant bioaccumulation below normal range, drastic low mortality rate, chemical composition within range and physical and morphological characteristics of pulverized neem leaf are supportive factors for heavy metal binding. Photomicrographs of muscles, liver and kidney in contemporary research conducted with cadmium and lead showed that damage is reversible, unlike neem leaf aqueous extract that caused irreversible damage to muscles, liver and kidney tissues of fi sh.
... The neem plant has been reported to be endowed with bioactive compounds with a wide range of biological activities and medicinal properties (Biswas et al., 2002). Result from the findings of Bature et al., (2021), revealed the presence of alkaloid, steroid, tannins, flavonoid, saponin, and phenolic compound in A. indica This also agrees with the findings of Al-Hashemi and Hossain, (2016), whose results showed that methanolic and aqueous leaves extract analyzed contained alkaloids, steroid, tannins, amino acid, flavonoid, and saponin. ...
Liver is the vital organ of metabolism and excretion. It is also an important target of the toxicity of xenobiotics and oxidative stress. The study was carried out to determine the expression profile of caspase-3 gene in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Thiry-five (35) wistar rats were divided into seven groups of five rats each group were given varying treatments along with intraperitonial administration of CCl4. The effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica were determined by evaluating the liver function enzymes namely Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Total bilirubin (T. bil). Histopathological changes induced on the liver was examined and Caspase-3 expression in the liver was determined by real time PCR. Results showed increased in levels of AST (24.6±3.79), ALT, ALP (438.6±46.19), and T.BIL in CCl4-intoxicated rats were restored towards normalization in rats treated with the aqueous and methanolic extracts in a dose-dependent manner the highest from ALP and the least in AST. Histopathological studies revealed that rats treated with high dose (150mg/kg) of aqueous and methanolic extracts showed maximum hepatoprotective effects by alleviating the serum enzymes level at 150mg/kg body weight. Results furthermore, showed that A. indica significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the level (0.07, 0.06, 0.08, 0.04, 0.05) of caspase-3 gene expression towards normal in rats administered with the aqueous, methanolic leaf extracts and silymarin respectively. This reveals that the Caspase-3 gene, as the enzyme executing apoptosis were expressed in less amount while wistar rats were induced with CCl4. Thus, conferring the protective effects of the leaf extracts and silymarin.
... • Neem Extract: Renowned for its antimicrobial properties, neem has been used in traditional medicine to combat bacterial and fungal infections 6 (Biswas et al., 2002). ...
Dental health is a critical component of overall well-being, with poor oral hygiene linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. Alosteen Toothpaste, developed by Renatus Nova, is a novel oral care product enriched with bioactive and natural ingredients. This study evaluates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and physical properties of Alosteen, comparing its efficacy to that of marketed products. Results from pH, viscosity, foamability, abrasiveness, antioxidant activity, and stability tests indicate that Alosteen outperforms conventional toothpaste in key parameters, offering superior dental protection and therapeutic benefits. This paper aims to discuss the detailed methodology, results, and implications of these findings. Keywords: Alosteen toothgel, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant
... Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm [28,29]. Apart from having anti-diabetic activity, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects [30]. ...
Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial.
... Singh and Shivay 2003). Almost all plant parts of neem (leaves, seeds, and bark) possess a wide spectrum of antimicrobial properties against a range of microorganisms and hence act as nitrification inhibitor (Abbasi, Hina, and Tahir 2011;Biswas et al. 2002;Kumar et al. 2007). Karanjin and its derivatives in karanja (Majumdar 2008) and certain key meliacins in neem (Kumar et al. 2007) are proposed to be responsible for the nitrification inhibition potential of these plant materials. ...
Rendered animal materials such as meat and bone meal (MBM) could serve as an excellent available resource for plant nutrient management. Here we conducted different laboratory incubation studies to test the potential of four natural amendments (Sulfur, neem cake, karanja cake and tannins) on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from MBM in two different soil types collected from certified organic fields and conventional agricultural fields. MBM mineralized quickly, with net N mineralization of upto 40% of total N within the first 12 days. Sulfur, neem and karanja reduced the nitrification rate of MBM by approximately 60, 36 and 31% and increased the retention of NH 4 +-N; (20-35%) in different soil types compared with MBM alone, respectively. Tannin coating of MBM significantly deceased the ammonification rate and net N mineralization. However, tannins did not influence the nitrification rate from MBM mineralization. MBM exhibits a slow P mineralization rate, and sulfur application with MBM increased the rate of P mineralization. Our study suggests that MBM blended with sulfur, neem cake, karanja cake and tannins could slow the N mineralization rate from MBM and retain higher net mineralized N in soils for longer durations which could increase crop nutrient use efficiency.
... Neem, baobab, and black seed oils have long been valued for their unique chemical compositions and potential applications in skincare products. Neem oil is rich in fatty acids, such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, and contains azadirachtin, a compound known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Biswas et al., 2002). Baobab oil is a source of essential fatty acids, including omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, and is lauded for its moisturizing and skin-repairing abilities (Nkafamiya et al., 2007). ...
The development of nano-enhanced soap offers a groundbreaking approach to enhancing the physicochemical and antimicrobial attributes of conventional soaps. This study compared the prepared soap with two commercially available soaps, examining parameters such as physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The physicochemical analysis indicated that the prepared soap met regulatory standards for pH, solubility, hardness, and total fatty matter (TFM), confirming its suitability for human use. Specifically, the produced soap exhibited the following properties: pH = 6.30±0.02, Hardness = 1.3±0.02 cm, Foamability = 6.9±0.02 cm, Solubility = 80±0.02 s, and Total Fatty Matter (TFM) = 55±2%. Despite slightly reduced foamability due to the absence of foam enhancers, the prepared soap retained effective cleaning capabilities. Antimicrobial testing using the disc diffusion method demonstrated the soap's broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal species, with efficacy increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike the two commercially available soaps used for comparison, which each exhibited high activity against specific pathogens, the prepared soap consistently inhibited all tested pathogens. This broad-spectrum activity highlights the superior antimicrobial properties of the prepared soap. It exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 100 mg/L for all pathogens, outperforming the commercially available soaps. Overall, the prepared soap demonstrated enhanced physicochemical characteristics and balanced antimicrobial efficacy, positioning it as a versatile hygiene product capable of addressing a wide range of microbial infections. Its wide-spectrum activity against all pathogens and superior physicochemical properties underscore...
... Additionally, neem twigs are traditionally used as natural toothbrushes, emphasizing their oral hygiene benefits. Research validates the antimicrobial properties of neem, attributing them to bioactive compounds such as azadirachtin and nimbidin (Biswas et al., 2002). Butea monosperma (Palash): Butea monosperma, locally known as Palash, is another significant plant in Bhil medicinal practices. ...
Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian state, is home to diverse tribal communities whose traditional knowledge systems, including healthcare practices, remain underexplored. This paper examines the healthcare practices, medicinal plant usage, and sociocultural factors influencing tribal health in Madhya Pradesh. It emphasizes the potential integration of traditional knowledge with biomedical practices to improve public health outcomes while preserving indigenous wisdom. The study underscores the importance of documentation and scientific validation of tribal healthcare practices.
... [17] Clinical studies with the dried Neem leaf extract indicated its effectiveness to cure ringworm. [18] In the view of knowledge of modern science, the numerous chemicals present in Ghataka Dravya of Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha possess resultant actions like Manjishtha (anti-proliferative [19] ), Haritaki (antiinflammatory, antifungal [20] ), Vibhitaki (antimicrobial activity, [21] antifungal activity [22] ), Amalaki (antifungal activities [23] ), Vacha (antimicrobial activity [24] ). In vitro experiments of Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis, water extracts revealed their efficacy against dermatophytes. ...
Background: Now a day various types of fungal diseases are on the rampage, Dadru is one of them. Acharya Charaka described Dadru under Kshudra Kushtha, which is characterized by Udagata Mandala (raised patch) associated with Kandu (itching), Raga (redness), and Pidika (eruptions) and is Pitta Kaphaja predominance. Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha & Somraji Taila in the management of Dadru Kushtha with a controlled group of modern antifungal drugs (Tab. Fluconazole & Miconazole ointment). Methods: Total 50 patients for the study were selected and randomly divided into two groups. In trial group, patients were administered Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha orally with external application of Somraji Taila. In control group, patients were given Miconazole 2% ointment for local application with oral Tab. Fluconazole 150 mg once weekly. The obtained data were analyzed for statistical significance using Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Paired and Unpaired ‘t’ test. Results: Trial drugs provided statistically highly significant improvement (P <0.01) in Kandu, Raga, scaling, and margin of lesions, while significant improvement (P <0.05) in the size of lesions. In number of Pidika and number of lesions non-significant results (P >0.05) was found. In control group highly significant improvement (P <0.01) was found in all variables except number of Pidika showed significant improvement (P <0.05). Biochemical parameters did not show any statistically significant difference between the effect of trial and control drugs. Conclusion: It was concluded that trial drugs are clinically safe and effective management of Dadru Kushtha (Fungal Dermatophytosis).
... The aqueous extract was prepared using the cold maceration soxhlet extraction techniques. 6 Five grams of each plant extract were weighed into 100 mL of extraction solvents and left on a mechanical shaker overnight at room temperature. The extract solutions were filtered aseptically into another 100 mL reagent bottle using a Wattman No 1 filter paper and evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. ...
The effect of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (AAI) on gentamicin (GEN)-induced kidney injury was investigated. The study involves 20 adult male Wistar rats (housed in four separate plastic cages) such that graded dosages of AAI were administered to the experimental group for 14 days per oral (PO) before exposure to GEN toxicity (100 mg/kg) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some markers of renal functions, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and apoptotic markers were made between the control, GEN, and AAI-pretreated groups at P < .05. The result showed that GEN treatment caused a significant increase (P < .05) in body weight, kidney weight, urea, bilirubin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1), cystatin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-2), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX) as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 level. Pre-treatment with graded doses of AAI caused a significant increase in urea, CAT, and GPx as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in kidney weight, bilirubin, KIM 1, cystatin C, MDA, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-2, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AAI pre-treated groups compared with the GEN. Hence, the extract has prophylactic potential in managing GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the markers of renal function and inflammation and downregulating the markers of apoptosis.
... differences in the relative organ weights which indicates that the supplementation did not interfere with the healthy development of the broilers. However, the supplementation of neem leaf meal in broilers at 25 g/kg of feed resulted in a higher average giblet percentage and is cited to be attributed to the bioactive compounds present in the leaf such as isoprenoids and polyphenolics despite not fully understanding the mode of action (Biswas et al., 2002;Kumari et al., 2014). On the other hand, the addition of Kudzu and alfalfa leaf meal at 60 and 73 g per kg of starter feed over 21 days resulted in lower (p<0.05) ...
Although antibiotics have considerable positive impacts on poultry production, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is beginning to diminish as countries continue to prohibit their use, raising concerns about food safety. Consequently, the hunt for antibiotic alternatives is intensified to prevent antimicrobial resistance while not jeopardizing broilers’ growth performance. Phytobiotics are of great relevance since, in addition to being derived from plants, they possess valuable pharmacological properties that may benefit the production performances and health status of broilers. Hence, this review will cover the use of grass or leaf meals as a feed additive in broiler diets, as well as the impact on broiler productivity and meat quality. Locally sourced grass or leaf meals could potentially be used as an antibiotic replacement due to bioactive compounds present, however, these very same compounds are deemed to be detrimental if present in high amounts. Therefore, if the appropriate inclusion level is adopted, the addition of grass or leaf meals might successfully be used as an antibiotic alternative while also improving broiler performance and end-product quality.
... The term "Neem" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Nimba", which signifies a healthy state of physical and mental balance unaltered by diseases [2]. Neem is considered the biggest natural reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals as it contains about 300 phytochemicals [3,4]. Traditional home remedies for a wide variety of illnesses involve almost every part of this species [5]. ...
Azadirachta indica was designated the "Tree of the 21st century" by the United Nations, as it is believed to be the largest natural depository of bioactive phytochemicals. This study investigates genetic variability among 152 Candidate Plus Trees (CPTs) of A. indica selected from three agro-climatic zones (ACZs) in eastern India: the Lower Gangetic Plains (ACZ III), Middle Gangetic Plains (ACZ IV), and the Eastern Plateau and Hills region (ACZ VII). Phenotypic characters, fruit and seed morphology, kernel oil content (KOC), and Azadirachtin concentration (AC) were assessed to characterize the genetic diversity. Significant variation was observed across all parameters among individual CPTs. Girth at breast height ranged from 0.9 to 2.8 m, tree height from 6 to 16 m, and crown volume from 146.95 to 2339.86 m 3. Fruit length varied from 13.55 to 21.55 mm and seed length from 9.21 to 17.37 mm. KOC ranged from 36.51 to 58.86%, with a mean of 47.22% (±0.4), while AC showed extreme variability (19.46-1823.45 µg/g seed). KOC exhibited strong positive correlations with crown diameter (R = 0.57, p ≤ 0.001) and crown volume (R = 0.45, p ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, AC did not correlate significantly with any studied parameter. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between ACZs, but only for some traits. All of the parameters demonstrated high heritability and moderate to high genetic advance. Cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance criterion based on Euclidean square (D 2) distances performed in RStudio grouped the CPTs into five clusters as per pooled effects of all parameters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between Clusters III and V (7.703), indicating a potential for heterosis in hybridization between these groups. Each cluster contained CPTs from all three ACZs, suggesting uniformly distributed variation across the study area rather than zone-specific patterns. This study provides valuable insights for improvement programs of the species and emphasizes the need for further research, including progeny trials, to comprehensively understand the genetic variability of A. indica in eastern India.
... Neem, also known as Azadirachta indica or Indian lilac, is a native plant obtained from the Neem tree (ASCHER, 1993). Neem leaves and their components have been reported to exhibit antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects (SINGH et al., 2005), anti-inflammatory activity (BISWAS et al., 2002), antihyperglycemic effects (PATIL et al., 2013), immunomodulatory properties (KUMAR Parainfluenza 1 and 3 (HPIV-1 and HPIV-3) and Sendai virus strains. The clinical symptoms of bovine BPIV-3 infections can vary significantly, from asymptomatic to a severe respiratory disease. ...
ABSTRACT Neem extracts and bioactive compounds which have been widely utilized in medicine for some time, exhibit regulatory effects in relation to various biological mechanisms, and include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, as well as antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Thus, this clearly underscores the pivotal role of Neem Bark in modulation of various biological pathways. The present study evaluated the antiviral activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem Bark) extract on Bovine Corona Virus (BCoV), Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 (BPIV-3) and Bovine Entero Virus (BEV) in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine whether its antiviral activities were effective in the cell entry or replication phase of each virus. As a result of the WST-1 test, performed to determine the non-cytotoxic dose of NBE, it was determined that concentrations lower than 0.87 mg/mL were not cytotoxic in an MDBK cell line. Although Neem Bark extract (NBE) did not have any significant effect on the attachment of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 and Bovine Entero Virus to the host cell, a 100-fold decrease in TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) values of Bovine Corona Virus treated with Neem extract was detected, and virus replication was completely blocked in Bovine Herpes Virus-1. In conclusion, we suggest that it would be valuable to evaluate its antiviral activity on Bovine Corona Virus and Bovine Herpes Virus-1 in vivo. Additionally, the detailed determination of the effectiveness of NBE against other viruses would contribute to future antiviral drug trials.
... C-secomeliacins like salanin, azadirchtin nonisopreniods and nibin and a compound vilasinin which act as carbohydrate, proteins and amino acid, polyphenolics like flavonoids and its glycosides, coumarin tannins and dihydrochalcone, and also aliphatic compounds. [12]. ...
... Some of the tropical tree leaves, like Neem leaves, include bioactive compounds that can affect nutrient utilization in feed (Biswas et al., 2002;Akpan et al., 2008). These bioactive compounds probably modified the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of animals. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with neem leaf powder (NLP) on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters of broilers. A total of 225 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used in a 35-day experiment using a completely randomized design. The birds were divided into 5 dietary base treatments with 3 replicates of 15 birds per pen. The treatments consisted of supplementation of 0, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 g/kg of NLP to a basal diet. The experiment included an evaluation of the following characteristics: performance, internal organs, and serum biochemical parameters. The results showed that the addition of different levels of NLP to the diet had no significant effect on the growth performance of broilers at different ages. Broilers fed with 2-3.5 g/kg NLP had a smaller breast size compared to the control group, while thigh weight increased linearly. The gizzard's weight showed a linear increase. Other organ weights did not differ significantly. The addition of 3.5 g/kg NLP to the broiler diet increased total protein and albumin levels. ALT, AST, and MDA levels decreased significantly with increasing NLP levels, while SOD and CAT levels increased. Broilers fed 2.5–3.5 g/kg NLP had higher HDL and lower LDL levels compared to the control group. No significant effect was observed on TG, total cholesterol, or VLDL levels. In summary, NLP supplementation in the broiler diet led to smaller breast sizes, increased thigh weight, an improved lipid profile, and enhanced liver health.
... It possesses white and aromatic flowers [152][153][154] . Literature indicates that A. indica possesses anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, antibacterial, antioxidant, antimalarial, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties 155,156 . A study in Pakistan indicated that nimbin and nimbidin present in the leaves and bark of A. indica contributed to the treatment of monkeypox due to their immune-enhancing effects 98 . ...
There is a serious increase in the number of viral diseases today. Monkeypox virus (M-Pox/MPXV) is defined as a viral infection caused by a virus called Orthopoxvirus in the Poxviridae family. It is frequently found in the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa. However, it has spread to other countries over time. In this study, the Monkeypox virus, which has recently caused a significant number of deaths, was examined in detail. Based on the literature data, the health problems, symptoms, and treatment approaches caused by the disease were discussed. In addition, natural products that can be effective using traditional treatment methods were compiled. As a result, this study can be a source of treatment approaches for the Monkeypox virus.
... [7] Previous research has shown that oil seeds have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as immune modulating and anti-inflammatory effects when combined with concentrations of bark and leaves. [8,9] Other than these neem also shows various other medicinal effects like antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, wound healing, etc. ...
... These bacteria are known to cause chronic wounds and delayed healing. The antibacterial properties of neem are attributed to its ability to disrupt bacterial cell walls, inhibit biofilm formation, and prevent bacterial adhesion to wound surfaces (Alzohairy, 2016;Biswas et al., 2002). ...
Wound infections pose a significant global health challenge, exacerbated by the alarming rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The increasing ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies, particularly those derived from natural sources. This research investigates the antibacterial properties of Vigna subterranea (Bambara nut) leaf extract against common wound-infecting bacteria, focusing on MDR strains. The study employed a comprehensive approach, including phytochemical analysis, antibacterial testing using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods, and a comparative analysis against standard antibiotics. Vigna subterranea leaf extract demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with MIC values ranging from 500 µg/mL to 600 µg/mL. The extract exhibited limited effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, suggesting their potential contribution to the observed antibacterial properties. These findings highlight the potential of Vigna subterranea leaf extract as a natural antibacterial agent for wound management, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract's safe profile, broad availability, and potential synergistic effects with existing treatments make it a promising candidate for development as a topical wound treatment. Further research is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms of action, optimize its therapeutic potential, and establish its clinical relevance through in vivo and clinical trials. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based antimicrobial agents, providing a potential solution to the critical challenge of antibiotic resistance in wound infections. The exploration of Vigna subterranea leaf extract offers a promising avenue for developing sustainable and accessible treatment options for wound management, particularly in resource-limited settings.
The present study was designed to evaluate the analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of a methanol extract and thrombolytic activity of methanol extract and its different partitionates obtained from the leaves of Bauhinia acuminata Linn. The analgesic activity was determined on mice model for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests, respectively and antidiarrheal effect was assessed by castor oil-induced diarrhea model at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. In in vitro thrombolytic study, the petroleum ether soluble materials of methanol extract revealed highest thrombolytic activity with clot lysis value of 46.66±0.67% as compared to 63.26±0.47% exhibited by the standard streptokinase. The extract significantly (P< 0.05) attenuated the acetic acid-induced writhing with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg b.w. (41.43%) comparable to that of the standard drug, diclofenac sodium (47.62%). A significant dose-dependent increase (P< 0.05) of latency period was also observed in the tail immersion method. During the castor oil-induced diarrheal assay, the extract showed significant (P<0.05) and dose dependant antidiarrheal effect. These findings indicate that sthe extract has potential thrombolytic, analgesic and antidiarrheal activity which support the folkloric claim and thus have great potential as a source of natural products.
Downy mildew disease (Maize downy mildew) caused by Peronosclerospora spp. is a major disease in corn that can significantly reduce corn production. An environmentally friendly alternative method to control this disease is the use of botanical fungicides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of botanical fungicides derived from betel leaf extract (Piper betle), Javanese chili leaf extract (Piper retrofractum), and neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) in controlling downy mildew disease in BISI-18 corn variety. The research was conducted from January to June 2024. The experimental plots measured 2 x 1.25 m (2.5 m²). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) on a 12 x 9 m plot, consisting of five treatments and six replications (groups). Natural inoculation of the downy mildew pathogen was carried out by placing one symptomatic plant in each experimental plot. Observed variables included incubation period, disease incidence and severity, AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve), phytochemical analysis, and yield. The results showed that the botanical fungicide from betel leaf extract was the most effective in reducing the intensity of downy mildew, while both betel leaf extract and neem leaf extract were moderately effective in suppressing the AUDPC of the disease. However, all botanical fungicide treatments were ineffective in increasing secondary metabolite content and yield of the BISI-18 corn variety.
Ayurvedic Churna is one of the most basic forms of Ayurvedic medicine and can be prepared easily. The Churna one will make should be referenced from an established Ayurvedic text or the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Panchanimba Churna, an Ayurvedic formulation referenced in Bhaisajya Ratnavali and AFI (Part II), has attracted interest for its therapeutic potential in managing various health conditions, particularly skin disorders. This review examines the pharmacological properties, traditional uses, and contemporary research findings related to the Panchanimba churna. Sourced from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), this churna possesses notable antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat skin issues such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis, with modern research supporting its effectiveness in reducing inflammation, fighting microbial infections, and promoting skin healing. Additionally, Panchanimba churna shows promise in complementary therapies for dermatological conditions, highlighting its potential as a valuable alternative treatment in integrative medicine. This review consolidates current knowledge and emphasizes the therapeutic relevance and future research opportunities of Panchanimba churna in dermatological care.
Background
The use of commercial tinctures for the design of a formulation with improved anti-microbial activity in a polyherbal lozenge dosage form has not been described.
Objective
This study aimed to develop and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a novel polyherbal lozenge formulation containing Ashwagandha, Neem, and Tulsi tinctures in a single-dose administration. According to previous studies, each of these herbs could be used in herbal medicine to provide relief from infection owing to their antimicrobial activity, besides other properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, etc.
Methods
The lozenges were prepared using the molding method using three concentrations (1, 3, and 5 % w/w) of commercialized herbal tinctures. Then, they were studied using different assays, including those designed to evaluate physical properties, stability, and antimicrobial activity.
Results
B4, containing 5% w/w of each tincture, showed the highest antimicrobial activity compared with the other batches. This batch exhibited the highest value of bacterial inhibition (17.1 ± 0.07 mm), according to the agar well diffusion method, including Escherichia coli as a test microorganism. Hence, B4 was chosen for additional analyses, including physical properties and stability tests. The results followed Indian Pharmacopeia standards and ICH guidelines, respectively. The formulation was stable after 2 weeks, and no significant changes were observed in its physical properties or antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion
This study shows that polyherbal lozenges have anti-microbial activity, with a disintegration period of 3.86 ± 0.07 minutes in the B4 batch.
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal ethosomal gel incorporating Azadirachta indica(Neem) extract, renowned for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and woundhealing properties. Ethosomes, advanced lipid carriers, were selected to enhance the delivery of the bioactive components of Azadirachta indica into deeper skin layers, ensuring improved therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. The ethosomes were prepared using the cold method, employing phospholipids, ethanol, and water, followed by incorporation into a gel base. The formulated ethosomal gel was evaluated for physicochemical properties, including pH, drug content, viscosity, and microbial study and homogeneity. The particle size, zeta potential, of the ethosomal vesicles were determined to confirm their suitability for topical application. The results suggest that the ethosomal gel containing Azadirachta indica extract is a promising approach for developing effective herbal topical formulations with improved skin delivery, offering potential benefits in treating skin infections and inflammatory conditions.
Phytochemical variability in plants is driven by a complex interplay of ecological and environmental factors, including genetics, climate, and soil characteristics. Understanding these determinants is increasingly important as phytochemicals are vital in mediating plant interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and their broader ecosystem. Recent research shows the s that both abiotic factors—such as temperature fluctuations, ultraviolet radiation, and nutrient availability—and biotic factors, including herbivory and competition, have significant impacts on phytochemical profiles. Seasonal and spatial variations also influence the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are key to plant defenses and overall ecosystem health. For example, environmental stressors like drought or elevated temperatures can induce higher production of protective phytochemicals, while the developmental stage of the plant and the type of organ (leaf, root, flower) further dictate metabolite expression. This variability holds profound implications for forest conservation and climate resilience. As forests face increasing pressures from climate change, understanding the role of phytochemicals in maintaining ecosystem stability becomes critical. Phytochemicals contribute to plant fitness, species diversity, and ecological interactions, all of which are crucial for the resilience of forest ecosystems. The integration of phytochemical knowledge into forest management can promote biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services, and lead to more sustainable practices in conservation. This paper advocates for interdisciplinary research that connects ecology, chemistry, and conservation biology. Such collaboration is essential to unravel the complex relationships between phytochemical variability and environmental factors, ultimately fostering more informed conservation strategies that can safeguard forest ecosystems in the face of environmental change.
Effect of different extracts of leaves of Azadirachta indica on lowering blood glucose level on intraperetoneally administered alloxan induced diabetic rats were investigated. A significant
inhibition in fasting blood glucose level by aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica was observed when compared with control group and with standard drug glibenclamide. The extracts
of leaves of Azadirachta indica were also evaluated for the availability of phytoconstituents for presence of tannins, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and polyphenols etc. The present study
ascertained that the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves possesses significant anti-hyperglycemic potential which may be due to the phytoconstituents present in the aqueous extracts.
Key words: Azadirachta indica, Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, Alloxan, Glibenclamide
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely observed. In the last century, roughly 121 pharmaceutical products have been discovered based on the information obtained from the traditional healers. Chemical principles from natural sources have become much simpler and have contributed significantly to the development of new drugs from medicinal plants. And because of these facts the world market for plant-derived chemicals–pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavours, and colour ingredients, alone exceeds several billion dollars per year. Azadirachta indica is one of the most revenue releasing plant grown in India because of several phytoconstituents present in it and also due to a number of pharmacological activities associated with it. The present review highlights a literature on taxonomical, botanical, phytoconstituents, and pharmacological discussion on Azadirachta indica leaves.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious and virulent coronavirus that arose in late 2019 and poses great risk to public health and safety. The SARS-CoV-2 utilizes peptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entrance and invasion into host cells. Thus, this study explored the in-silico druggability and molecular docking of essential secondary metabolites (ESMs) from Azadirachta indica leaf as potential inhibitors of ACE-2, a main receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a literature survey and database mining of known compounds from A. indica in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, 12 secondary metabolites and 5 FDA COVID-19-approved drugs were identified. The in-silico druggability and molecular docking experiments were performed using SwissADME and ADMETlab tools, and Autodock vina and UCSF Chimera respectively. Discovery Studio was used for docking visualization and analyses of ligand-target interactions. The results suggest potential candidates for further consideration. Of the 12 secondary metabolites from A. indica and 5 FDA-approved drugs identified, azadirachtin A, azadirachtin D, azadirachtin H, azadirachtin F, azadirachtin I and nimbolin, and ivermectin showed relatively poor druggability. Of the 5 FDA-approved medications for the treatment of COVID-19 under investigation, only paritaprevir was able to dock (representing 20%); while 6 out of the 12 compounds from A. indica were able to dock perfectly (representing 50%). The best docking results identified paritaprevir, desacetylnimbin, azadiradione, nimbin, nimbolide, nimbinene, and azadirone as capable of binding to ACE-2 with the lowest free energy (binding score) of -14.60, -11.88, -11.60, -12.33, -12.78, -12.58, and -11.40 kcal/mol respectively. This study indicated that desacetylnimbin, azadiradione, nimbin, nimbolide, nimbinene, and azadirone from A. indica leaf are potent inhibitors of hACE2 with high druggability potentials. Hence, they are valuable natural bioactive compounds capable of targeting ACE-2 as potential therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19.
A BSTRACT
Background
The removal of the smear layer and antimicrobial efficacy are critical factors in endodontic treatment. Conventional chemical irrigants like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have proven effective but can have adverse effects.
Materials and Methods
A total of 60 extracted single-rooted human teeth were randomly assigned to four groups of 15 each. Group 1 was irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, group 2 with 17% EDTA, group 3 with 10% neem extract, and group 4 with 5% turmeric extract. Smear layer removal was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canals. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Enterococcus faecalis using the agar diffusion method, and the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters.
Results
Neem extract showed an average smear layer removal score of 2.5 (±0.3) compared to 1.8 (±0.2) for NaOCl, 1.9 (±0.3) for EDTA, and 3.2 (±0.4) for turmeric extract. Neem and turmeric extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity with mean inhibition zones of 16 mm (±1.2) and 14 mm (±1.1), respectively, compared to 18 mm (±1.5) for NaOCl and 15 mm (±1.3) for EDTA.
Conclusion
Herbal irrigants, particularly neem extract, show promise as effective alternatives to conventional irrigants for smear layer removal and antimicrobial activity. Their biocompatibility and comparable efficacy suggest potential for use in endodontic practice.
A BSTRACT
Aim
To assess the objectives are to assess and contrast the antibacterial activity of neem, propolis, triphala, turmeric, and green tea as well as the effectiveness of these substances in clearing root canal debris in the presence and absence of passive ultrasonic irrigation.
Methodology
Techniques, such as neem, propolis, triphala, turmeric, and green tea, were tested for antibacterial activity using enterococcus faecalis (ATCC-24212) as a test organism and an agar diffusion test. The negative control group was saline.
Results
A total of 240 removed human mandibular permanent teeth were utilized to assess the effectiveness of the debris removal process. From the CEJ, they received decoronation. After that, they were split into 12 smaller groups based on whether passive ultrasonic stimulation was employed throughout the irrigation technique.
Conclusion
Propolis and triphala had the highest antibacterial activity against enterococcus faecalis. Turmeric had the most efficiency in removing debris from the root canal, followed by propolis, and saline had the least amount. Using all six test irrigants, the debris removal effectiveness was increased by passive ultrasonic irrigation.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out in nanotechnology for their diverse properties as a pioneering field. The purpose of the study was to synthesize AgNPs using new approaches by using Juniperus procera ( J. procera ) and Azadirachta indica ( A. indica ) stem extracts and the synthesis was optimized by modifying factors including pH, concentration of the extract, temperature, and the intensity of light. Extract with 1 mL exposed to sunlight led to enhanced synthesis. By using UV-VIS spectroscopy, furrier transform infrared spectrometry, and field emission scan microscopy we identified functional groups. Also, we found that both J. procera and A. indica AgNPs had small sizes, 27 nm, and 67 nm, respectively. Further, these bioAgNPs as first attempts were highly cytotoxic towards A549, HCT116, and MCF7 cancer cells, suggesting they may prove to be potent cancer therapies in the future.
Introduction: The Sushruta Samhita, a seminal Ayurvedic text, emphasizes the surgical
management of conditions like Arsha (hemorrhoids), which are increasingly prevalent with
age. While modern treatments such as rubber band ligation and haemorrhoidectomy exist, they
often present complications. Sushruta's methods include Ksharasutra, a caustic treatment for
hemorrhoids. Case History: A 51-year-old female presented with a non-reducible anal mass
and intermittent bleeding for 1.5 years. Examination revealed fourth-degree intero-external
hemorrhoids. Laboratory tests were normal, and the patient was deemed fit for Ksharasutra
ligation under local anesthesia. Pre-operative Preparation: Informed consent was obtained.
Pre-operative protocols included administration of Swadishta Virechana Churna, fasting
instructions, and enema. Operative Procedure: Under aseptic conditions, local anesthesia was
administered, and hemorrhoids were surgically managed using Ksharasutra ligation at multiple
clock positions. Proper hemostasis was ensured before postoperative care began. Post-
operative Care: Hydration was maintained with IV fluids, and antibiotics were provided. Sitz
baths and Ayurved medications were prescribed. The patient followed a specific diet and was monitored for complications. By the fifth post-operative day, necrosed hemorrhoids sloughed
off, and the wound healed by the 15th day, with no complications noted by the 21st day.
Conclusion: Ksharasutra ligation proved effective and safe for treating fourth-degree
hemorrhoids, with no significant complications. The combination of traditional Ayurvedic
treatments facilitated the patient’s recovery and highlights the potential of integrating
Ayurvedic practices into modern surgical protocols.
Azadirachta indica (A. indica), commonly known as Neem, is a versatile tree with extensive traditional and contemporary applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution, botanical description, propagation, and bioactive compounds of the Neem tree. It explores the phytochemical diversity of Neem, highlighting its potent compounds such as azadirachtin, nimbidin, and nimbin, among others. Additionally, the manuscript discusses the diverse medicinal properties of Neem, including its anti-cancer, blood sugar-regulating, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial effects. The sustainable agricultural practices facilitated by Neem-based pesticides and fertilizers, as well as its environmental benefits in soil conservation, erosion control, and carbon sequestration are also outlined. Overall, this review underscores the multifaceted importance of Neem in traditional medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.
Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic a related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled.. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting 16 million individuals in the United States and 200 million worldwide. Despite the use of advanced. Synthetic drugs for the treatment, use of herbal remedies is gaining higher importance because of synthetic drugshave drawbacks Thus, this review article undertake the attempt for providing updated information on the typeof diabetes and herbal formulations which will enhance the existing knowledge of the researchers
ABSTRACT
India's east and west coasts are rich in estuaries and brackish water. According
to the Government of India (2000), total brackish water resources are expected
to reach 1.44 million hectares. Andhra Pradesh is divided into nine districts and
has a 974-kilometer-long coastline and a continental shelf size of 33,227 square
kilometers. The objective of this study was to follow the species observed in
artisanal fisheries, offer important background information, and allow
nonspecialists to identify the fish species in the field. In this study, fish samples
were taken from the Gosthani estuary at Bhimunipatnam at 17.8961° N, 83.4545°
E between April 2023 and August 2024. The present study found 60 fish species
belonging to 16 orders, 34 families, and 54 genera in the Gosthani estuary
between May 2023 and August 2024. The fish were brought to the lab and
placed in glass jars before being preserved in a 9-10% formalin solution. The
fishes were identified at the species level using specific keys to the Indian
subcontinent fish. In the present investigation out of 60 brackishwater
ichthyofauna species, the order Perciformes represented the highest species,
with 46.66%, followed by Siluriformes 8.33%, Clupeiformes 6.66%, Beloniformes
and Tetraodontiformes each with 5.71%, Anguilliformes, Carangiformes,
Atheriniformes, Cypriniformes, Mugiliformes and Mulliformes each with 3.33%,
The homogeneous percentage was recorded in Elopiformes, Gobiiformes,
Gonorynchiformes, Osteoglossiformes, and Synbranchiformes each with 1.66%.
According to the IUCN (2024) threatened taxa in the current investigation reveled
A BSTRACT
Burn injuries are often prevalent and among the most catastrophic injuries encountered in casualty or surgery departments, involving skin and other tissues. These injuries typically result from heat sources such as solids, liquids, or fire, while scalds arise from hot liquids, electricity, chemicals, cold, friction, or radiation. Despite varying causes, the male-female ratio of burn cases remains consistent. In India, the annual incidence of burns is estimated at six to seven million. Topical antimicrobial agents are crucial for treatment. This case study focuses on an 83-year-old woman with acute burn wounds on her right leg and abdomen, accompanied by pain, discharge, foul odor, edema, and skin discoloration. Treatment involved Panchagavya Chikitsa , utilizing local applications of Gomutra twice daily for wound cleaning and Jatyadi Ghrita twice daily for wound healing over 60 days. Additionally, 15 ml of Gomutra Arka was administered internally twice daily for 15 days. Significant improvements were observed, including complete wound healing and associated symptom resolution. The positive outcomes may be attributed to the local and systemic effects of Gomutra , Jatyadi Ghrita , and Gomutra Arka , which possess antimicrobial, antiseptic, scrapping, and wound-healing properties. The findings suggest that Panchagavya formulations effectively and safely manage burn wounds, even in geriatric patients. Jatyadi Ghrita and Gomutra demonstrated promising results without causing adverse effects in this case.
Documentation of antiviral plants is an important task for the
development of future drugs to fight against existing and
emerging viral infections. In this context, 5 researchers from
different organizations have recorded the information on 20
antiviral plants and presented it in this book entitled “Antiviral
Plants of India”. Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Andrographis
paniculata, Anisomeles indica, Azadirachta indica, Bridelia retusa,
Calotropis procera, Catharanthus roseus, Celastrus paniculatus,
Cissus quadrangularis, Curcuma longa, Elephantopus scaber,
Eryngium foetidum, Justicia adhatoda, Memecylon umbellatum, Piper
longum, Punica granatum, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia,
and Zingiber zerumbet were presented along with their botanical
description, medicinal properties, and antiviral potential. We hope
that this book will be useful for researchers, students, academicians,
and intellectuals.
Malaria remains one of the great killers in tropical regions of the world due to the transmission of the Plasmodium parasite by the bites of the female mosquito Anopheles. The resistance of this species to synthetic insecticides contributes to an increase in the incidence of malaria and therefore necessitates the development of new potent and eco-friendly insecticides. In this study, twelve previously reported limonoids from four Entandrophragma species collected in Cameroon have been computationally evaluated for their Anopheles gambiae AChE inhibitory activity. The docking procedure was carried out through Molecular Operating Environment 2019.01 (MOE), while the UCSF Chimera program was used to model the docking results based on interactions between proteins and ligands, and molecular dynamics trajectories were analyzed using the GROMACS 2021.1 tool. Entandrophragmin and encandollens B and C with docking scores ranging from −6.45 to −7.28 kcal/mol were the most promising hits compared to the reference azadirachtin (−6.22 kcal/mol) and were further evaluated for their mechanism of action. Subsequent evaluation classified encandollen C as the best candidate for the development of new potent eco-friendly insecticides based on its lower average RMSD and RMSF and its compactness over a 150 ns duration with acetylcholinesterase.
Azadirachta indica treatment for 48 days In albino rats resulted in a decrease in the total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity. The percentage of abnormal sperm increased and the fructose content of caudal semen of the epididymis decreased. The observations suggest that these effects are probably due to an androgen deficiency, caused by the anti-androgenic property of the leaves of A. indica, thereby affecting the physiological maturation of sperm.
A study was undertaken on the antiulcer effect of some active ingredients present in the lipid part of the fruits of M. azedarach administered p.o. to male rats. Acute gastric ulcers were induced by gipsing the rats for 22 hr preceded by 24 hr starvation to obtain the maximum stress. The free HCl, total HCl and total acidity were also measured. The total lipid (TLP), 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg, reduced the ulcer index by 25-41.8% and 50-58% when given daily for 5 and 10 days, respectively. The saponifiable fraction (SP), 0.85, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg, given for 10 days reduced the ulcer index by 41.8-50%, while the nonsaponifiable (NSP), 0.075, 0.150 and 0.50 g/kg, for 10 days reduced it by 50-83.5%. The 70% ethanol extract of the defatted residue showed no antiulcer effect. Analysis of the gastric juice showed a significant decrease in free HCl (P less than 0.001) induced by TLP; the total HCl and total acidity were reduced only at 5 g/kg. The results revealed the antiulcer effect of the lipid components of M. azedarach fruits which is mainly due to the phytosterol fraction.
Immunopotentiating agents are useful in enhancing resistance to infections in individuals whose immunocompetence is compromised for one reason or another. Because of the very wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious diseases for which preparations from Azadirachta indica are said to be efficacious, it was suspected that a general immunopotentiating ability could be part of the mechanisms by which it ameliorates so many disease conditions. Using the haemolytic plaque technique, an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was shown to enhance the immune response of BALB/C mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo.
A new tetranortriterpene nimbidinin (II) from the neutral fraction of nimbidin, the amorphous bitter principle of Azadirachta indica seed kernel is shown to be biogenetically related to salannin. The crystalline acidic constituent nimbidic acid (I) has been found to be identical to salannic acid, derived from salannin.
The use of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts (Praneem) given orally for abrogation of pregnancy in subhuman primates is described. Oral administration of Praneem was initiated after confirmation of pregnancy using Leydig cell bioassay estimating rising levels of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) in the blood from day 25 onwards of the cycle and continued for six days. Termination of pregnancy was observed with the appearance of blood in the vaginal smears and decline in CG and progesterone. Pregnancy continued in the control animals treated with peanut oil at the same dose. The effect was observed in both baboons and bonnet monkeys. The treatment was well tolerated; blood chemistry and liver function tests had normal values. The animals regained their normal cyclicity in the cycles subsequent to Praneem treatment.
Studies in the neutral fraction of stem bark of Azadirachta indica(neem) have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of three new diterpenoids, margolone (1a), margolonone (2a), and isomargolonone (3a). The structure of these compounds has been established as 12-methyl-7-oxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, 12-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, and 13-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-12-carboxylic acid respectively, through chemical transformations and spectral studies. These diterpenoids showed antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and represent the first isolation of podocarpane derivatives with carbon substituents at both C-12 and C-13.
The inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis was investigated in Syrian male hamsters. All hamsters painted on their buccal pouch with DMBA for 14 weeks developed squamous cell carcinoma. Administration of neem leaf extract effectively suppressed oral carcinogenesis initiated with DMBA as revealed by the reduced incidence of neoplasms. Lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were used to biomonitor the chemopreventive potential of neem. Lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly decreased, whereas GSH, GPx, GST and GGT were elevated in the oral mucosa of tumour bearing animals. Our data suggest that neem may exert its chemopreventive effects in the oral mucosa by modulation of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and detoxification systems.
Water soluble fractions separated from the crude leaf extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. lowered hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetes. Systematic fractionation of the concentrates led to the isolation of flavonol glycosides, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside.
It was confirmed that extracts of some plants were used in folklore medicine as hypoglycemic agents. Of these plants isAzadirachta indica (“neem”), which grows in tropical regions. The present study deals with biochemical effects of the “neem” leaf water extract
given orally to experimental animals, especially the hypoglycemic characteristics. Normals as well as alloxan diabetic rats
have been used in this work. The results showed that the “neem” leaf extract produced some hypoglycemia in normal rats when
given in two doses, while in diabetic rats there was a decrease in blood sugar, but it could not alleviate the diabetic state.
However, the “neem” leaf extract produced some toxic effects in rats, as observed that the clotting time of blood was higher
than that of the normal. Serum cholesterol level increased with concomitant decrease in the liver fat as compared to normal
levels. There was also a drop in liver proteins which was dose-related. The results were compared with those obtained with
an oral hypoglycemic drug (Glibenclamide).
Two samples of debitterized and defatted neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cakes were analyzed for their nutrient composition, and the cake protein quality was evaluated in weanling rats.
The cake is a good source of protein (45–50%), phosphorus, calcium and iron. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the
cake, but it was low (15–17 TIU/mg protein). Lysine content of the cake protein was higher than most of the cereal proteins
but lower than that of legume proteins. Sulphur-containing amino acids were the limiting amino acids of the cake protein.
When the cake contained a low amount of fat and was devoid of neem smell, its PER and NPU were comparable to those of any
other oilseed cake. Animals receiving 84% neem cake diet did not exhibit any toxic symptoms. Therefore, neem seed kernel cake
may be included in animal feeds.
Twenty-one compounds isolated from nine medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Sudan and other African countries were examined in vitro for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the major human malaria parasite. Compounds tested include alkaloids, lignans, triterpenes, coumarins, limonoids and flavonoids. Most were relatively inactive; one limonoid, gedunin, had an IC 50 value of about 1 μM after 48 h exposure (0.3 μM after 96 h), roughly equivalent to quinine. In this protocol, the flavonoid quercetin purified from Diosma pilosa was found to have the same activity as a commercially obtained preparation. Simple radiometric assays for antimalarial activity can thus be used to rapidly screen purified plant material or secondary plant metabolites. The high potency and efficacy of quinine and the Chinese herbal antimalarial quinghaosu (artemisinine) illustrate the merit of this approach.
Limonoids are the most distinctive secondary metabolites of the plant order Rutales. Recent work has established a wide range of biological activities for these compounds, including insect antifeedant and growth regulating properties, a variety of medicinal effects in animals and humans, and antifungal, bacteriocidal, and antiviral activity. This review summarizes the literature on the biological activities of limonoids of known structure, and attempts to relate those activities to current concepts of the evolution of the limonoids.
Effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on serotonin inhibition in glucose mediated insulin release in rat pancreas was studied in vitro to elucidate the possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of A. indica leaf extract. A. indica leaf extract blocks significantly (P < 0.05) the inhibitory effect of serotonin on insulin secretion mediated by glucose.
Neem seed and leaf extracts have immunomodulators that induce cellular immune reactions. These aspects of neem were exploited in earlier studies, where the oral administration of the neem seed extracts in rodents and primates could completely abrogate pregnancy at an early post implantation stage. Complete restoration of fertility was observed in the animals treated in the subsequent cycles. For the purpose of using neem as a long term contraceptive, an activity guided fractionation, followed by identification and characterization of the biologically active fraction from neem seeds was carried out. Sequentially extracted fractions of neem seeds were tested orally at an early post implantation stage in rats. The hexane extract of the neem seeds was found to be biologically active and was the precursor for the final active fraction. The active fraction, identified as a mixture of six components, could completely abrogate pregnancy in rodents up to a concentration of 10%. No apparent toxic effects could be seen following treatment with the fraction. The treatment with the active fraction caused a specific activation of T lymphocyte cells of CD8+ subtype as well as phagocytic cells followed by elevation in cytokines gamma-interferon and TNF. The results of the present study show that a pure active fraction of neem seeds could be obtained for the purpose of early post implantation contraception when given orally, and its mechanism of action seems to be by activating cell mediated immune reactions.
Immunomodulatory effects of neem oil were studied in mice. The animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with neem oil; control animals received the emulsifying agent with or without peanut oil. Peritoneal lavage, collected on subsequent days, showed a maximum number of leukocytic cells on day 3 following treatment with neem oil; peritoneal macrophages exhibited enhanced phagocytic activity and expression of MHC class-II antigens. Neem oil treatment also induced the production of gamma interferon. Spleen cells of neem oil-treated animals showed a significantly higher lymphocyte proliferative response to in vitro challenge with Con A or tetanus toxoid (TT) than that of the controls. Pre-treatment with neem oil, however, did not augment the anti-TT antibody response. The results of this study indicate that neem oil acts as a non-specific immunostimulant and that it selectively activates the cell-mediated immune (CMI) mechanisms to elicit an enhanced response to subsequent mitogenic or antigenic challenge.
Brown Hisex chicks were fed diets containing 2% and 5% Azadirachta indica leaf from their 7th to 35th day of age. Thereafter, the chicks were fed control diet for 2 weeks. A depression in body weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization was observed in chicks fed A. indica leaf when compared with the control. The main clinicopathological changes were increases in lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and uric acid and bilirubin concentrations and decreases in the total protein levels in serum. Changes in the values of erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were remarkable and associated with yellow discoloration on the legs and combs and hepatonephropathy. Tissue recovery was incomplete 2 weeks after removal from the experimental diets.
Literature data on respectively botany, chemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and toxicology of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are reviewed and evaluated. In traditional literature, preparations of the tree are claimed to be vulnerable in wide spectrum of diseases. Especially for inflammation-related diseases a good correlation is found with the results of recent experimental investigations. In addition, a variety of other biological activities are reported. Most frequently the effects can be attributed to compounds representing the structural classes of the limonoids, phenolics and macromolecules. Reported toxicity of preparations and isolated compounds are low, except for the seed oil. In conclusion, A. indica can be regarded as a valuable plant source for the rationalisation of its use in traditional medicine and for modern drug development.
NIM-76, the odorous and volatile fraction of neem oil, was investigated for its antifertility activity in vivo in rats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. The drug is effective when applied before coitus but not so when applied during post-coital stages. It, therefore, appears to act mainly by its spermicidal effect. No alteration in the estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) values was observed after the application of the drug in monkeys.
A novel use of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil, a traditional plant product, for long-term and reversible blocking of fertility after a single intrauterine application is described. Female Wistar rats of proven fertility were given a single dose (100 microliters) of neem oil by intrauterine route; control animals received the same volume of peanut oil. Whereas all control animals became pregnant and delivered normal litters, the rats treated with neem oil remained infertile for variable periods ranging from 107 to 180 days even after repeated matings with males of proven fertility. The block in fertility was, however, reversible as half of the animals regained fertility and delivered normal litters by five months after treatment, without any apparent teratogenic effects. Unilateral administration of neem oil in the uterus blocked pregnancy only on the side of application whereas the contralateral uterine horn treated with peanut oil had normally developing foetuses; no sign of implantation or foetal resorption was noted in the neem-oil-treated horn. The ovaries on both sides had 4-6 corpora lutea indicating no effect of treatment on ovarian functions. The animals treated with neem oil showed a significant leukocytic infiltration in the uterine epithelium between days 3 and 5 post coitum, i.e. during the pre-implantation period. Intrauterine application of neem oil appears to induce a pre-implantation block in fertility; the possible mechanisms of the antifertility action are discussed.
The A. indica crude aqueous bark extract inhibits the generation of chemiluminescence by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Guided by this activity the responsible compounds were purified by extraction with different organic solvents and HPLC. Gallic acid, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (as a 2:1 mixture) (+)-catechin and epigallocatechin were isolated and identified by means of HPLC, TLC, MS, 1H-NMR, UV, and CD data. Commercial samples of gallic acid, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin showed the same effects. To our knowledge the identified catechins have never been described as constituents of A. indica.
The isolation and structure elucidation of gedunin [1], the antimalarial agent of Azadirachta indica, are reported. Its 1H- and 13C-nmr spectra were assigned by using one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy, especially homonuclear and heteronuclear COSY, nOe difference, and COLOC experiments.
The crude aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica bark possesses an inhibitory activity on both classical (CP) and alternative pathway (AP) activation of human complement. Purification of the compounds with the guidance of the AP-inhibitory activity involved extraction with methanol, dialysis, ion-exchange procedures and gel-permeation chromatography. This sequence yielded two polymers, NB-I and NB-II, one a highly active compound with a relatively low molecular weight (NB-II) and the other a less active compound with a high molecular weight (NB-I). The polymers were characterized by using colour reactions, TLC, GLC and HPLC after hydrolysis and gel-permeation chromatography as peptidoglycans. The carbohydrate part consisted predominantly of glucose. Arabinose, galactose and mannose were present in minor amounts (NB-II) or only as traces (NB-I). Protein was present for 5.5% in NB-I and for 9.8% in NB-II.
The interference of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica with different parts of the human immune system was investigated. The extract showed strong anticomplementary effects which were dose-and time-dependent and most pronounced in the classical complement pathway assay. Moreover, a dose-dependent decrease in the chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed and a dose-dependent increase in the production of migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes.
Margosa oil (MO), a fatty acid-rich extract of the seeds of the neem tree and a reported cause of Reye's syndrome, has been used in the induction of an experimental model of Reye's syndrome in rats. It has been reported that MO causes a decrease in in vivo mitochondrial enzyme activity similar to that seen in Reye's syndrome. We have attempted to uncover some of the biochemical mechanisms of MO's toxicity by examining its effect in vitro on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Male rat liver mitochondria were isolated by centrifugation; oxygen uptake, reduced forms of cytochrome b, c + c1, a + a3, and flavoprotein, intramitochondrial concentrations of acetyl coA, acid-soluble coA, acid-insoluble coA, and ATP content were measured after incubation with and without MO. Our results reveal that MO is a mitochondrial uncoupler. State 4 respiration was increased while the respiratory control ratio was decreased. The intramitochondrial content of ATP was also decreased. There were substantial changes in the reduction of the respiratory chain components after incubation of mitochondria with MO. This decelerative effect on mitochondrial electron transport was alleviated by the addition of coenzyme Q and/or carnitine. These effects of MO on mitochondrial respiration may be due to changes in fatty acid metabolism caused by MO as MO caused a shift in the proportion of acid-soluble or acid-insoluble coA esters. Supplementary therapy with L-carnitine and coenzyme Q may be useful in the management of MO-induced Reye's syndrome.
Nimbolide and nimbic acid are toxic to mice only when given i.p. and i.v. but they are less toxic to rats and hamsters. The LD50 values of a single i.p. administration of nimbolide to adult male, female and weanling mice were 225, 280 and 240 mg/kg body wt, respectively, and its i.v. LD50 value was decreased to 24 mg/kg body wt in adult male mice. No fatality was observed when nimbolide was given i.g., i.m. and s.c. to adult male mice. Estimated LD50 values of nimbolide in rats and hamsters were somewhat higher than 600 and 500 mg/kg body wt. After 12-23 h i.p. administration of a lethal dose, most animals died of possible dysfunctions in kidney (tubular necrosis), small intestine (hemorrhagic necrosis), pancreas (acinar cell necrosis) and liver (mild fatty infiltration and focal necrosis). In contrast, mice and rats given a lethal dose of nimbolide (i.v.) died of a marked and sudden drop in arterial blood pressure and respiratory paralysis within about 1-18 min. Nimbic acid was less toxic to mice with an i.v. LD50 value of 265 mg/kg body wt and i.p. and i.g. LD50 values of higher than 600 mg/kg body wt. The possible cause of death induced by nimbic acid may be similar to that of nimbolide given i.v. and this is a sudden hypotensive shock.
Vomiting, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, and encephalopathy developed in thirteen infants within hours of ingestion of margosa oil. Liver biopsy of one infant and necropsy examination of ICR strain mice after experimentally induced margosa-oil poisoning demonstrated pronounced fatty infiltration of the liver and proximal renal tubules as well as cerebral oedema. Electron microscopy demonstrated mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that margosa oil may be involved in the aetiology of Reye's syndrome among Indians in Malaysia.
Nimbidin, an ester of terpenic origin, which forms the major bitter principle isolated from the oil of seed scernels of AZADIRACHTA INDICA (Meliaceae) was found to possess significant anti-ulcer potential in various experimental models. Anti-ulcer studies (preventive tests) revealed very significant protective effect of the test drug in doses of 20 to 40 mg/kg (p.o.) in acetylsalicylic acid, stress, serotonin and indomethacin induced gastric lesions in rats. The test drug also afforded remarkable protection in both types of chemically induced duodenal lesions in rodents. In ulcer healing tests, nimbidin significantly enhanced the healing process in acetic acid induced chronic gastric lesions in albino rats and dogs.
The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, as well as the acute toxicity of Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) extract were studied. It was found to have a pronounced anti-inflammatory (rat paw oedema) and a fairly good antipyretic effect (pyrogen induced hyperpyrexia in rabbits) . The acute oral toxicity test in mice showed a very low range of approximately 13 g/kg body weight.
Nimbidin, a compound isolated from the oil of seeds of AZADIRACHTA INDICA (N EEM), has been screened in comparison with two standard anti-inflammatory agents, phenylbutazone, a non-steriod and prednisolone, a steroid; against various experimental models of inflammation. It was found to significantly reduce acute paw oedema in rats induced by phlogistic agents, carrageenin and kaolin. The test drug significantly suppressed the formalin-induced arthritis of ankle joint and the fluid exudation in croton oil-induced granuloma in rats. In acute phase of inflammation, nimbidin (40 mg/kg) was found to possess significant activity as compared to phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg). Since the drug was found to be effective in both acute and chronic phases of inflammation it can be considered as a general anti-inflammatory agent.
The mode of antifertility action of intrauterine neem treatment (IUNT) was studied. The effect of IUNT on ovarian functions and uterine responsiveness to ovarian hormones was examined in adult Wistar rats. The treated animals had normal reproductive cycles as indicated by the vaginal smears; serum progesterone levels were also in the normal range. Effect of exogenous estradiol following IUNT in ovariectomized rats showed comparable uterine weight gain as in control group; decidual cell reaction of the uterine epithelium following IUNT was also similar to that of control, indicating normal uterine responsiveness to ovarian hormones. Unilateral IUNT followed by mating resulted in degeneration of embryos on the treated side as noted between days 3-5 post coitum; normal embryos were seen on the contralateral side given peanut oil. The study shows that the mode of antifertility action of IUNT is not because of uterine unresponsiveness to the ovarian hormones but is due to impairment of embryo development. The results of this study thus confirm our earlier observations and show further that the antifertility effect of IUNT is at the pre-implantation stage, localized and without any adverse or toxic effect on the fetal development in the contralateral uterine horn of the unilaterally treated rats. The exact mechanism(s) of antifertility action of IUNT is being investigated.
We have shown that azadirachtin, a compound from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, and selected semi-synthetic derivatives, block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in vitro. Changes in the hemiacetal group at position C11 in the molecule result in a loss of activity in this assay. The motility of fully formed male gametes, and other selected flagellated cells, is unaffected by azadirachtin in vitro. These findings raise the possibility of developing azadirachtin-based compounds as antimalarials with transmission-blocking potential, as well as permitting the further study of structure-activity relationships in these compounds.
Antifertility effects of intrauterine neem treatment (IUNT) was studied in bonnet monkeys. A single administration of 1 ml of neem oil by an intrauterine insemination catheter blocked fertility for 7 to 12 months. The effect was, however, reversible as all the animals became pregnant subsequently and delivered normal babies. The neem oil treatment had no adverse effect on menstrual cyclicity and ovarian functions. The uterus of neem-treated animals showed normal morphology. Immunohistological studies, however, demonstrated a significant increase in the number of MHC-II antigen-positive cells in the uterine endometrium following neem treatment, indicating enhanced antigen-presenting ability of the uterus; a feature that may be related to the observed antifertility effect of neem oil. The present investigation demonstrates that an IUNT can be used for long-term, reversible contraception, without any apparent side effects, and that the method could provide an alternate to currently used intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD).
The antiulcer effect of aqueous extracts of the leaves of the neem tree was investigated in rats exposed to 2-h cold-restraint stress or given ethanol orally for 1 h. Extracts were administered in doses of 10, 40, or 160 mg leaf/kg body weight, either as single- or five-dose pretreatment regimens. Neem dose-dependently reduced gastric ulcer severity in rats subjected to stress and also decreased ethanol provoked gastric mucosal damage. The extract appeared to prevent mast cell degranulation and to increase the amount of adherent gastric mucus in stressed animals. These effects may explain, at least in part, the mode of the antiulcer action of neem.
A preliminary crude screening of plants in Jos Metropolis showed that at a concentration of 100 mg/l-1 the stem bark extract of the Neem plant Azadirachta indica caused a 100 percent mortality when tested against three common snail intermediate host species, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus, and Lymnaea natalensis after 24 hours exposure. Toxicity test with freeze-dried aqueous extract of the plant gave 96 hours LC50 values of 19.00 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05), 10.96 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05) and 15.13 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05) against B. pfeifferi, B. truncatus and L. natalensis, respectively. When a similar test was carried out on fish, Aphyosemon giardneri a 96 hour LC50 of 15.1 mg/l-1 was recorded. Extraction with alcohol, increase in temperature within the optimal range, increase in acidity of aquatic medium and cold storage improved the potency of the extract while boiling and room storage reduced it.
Neem seed preparations contain not only azadirachtin as the active insect antifeedant or growth regulator but also a variety of their limonoids, some of which are cytotoxic to N1E-115 neuroblastoma (mouse), 143B.TK- osteosarcoma (human) and Sf9 (insect) cultured cell lines. The most potent of these limonoids is nimbolide with an IC50 ranging from 4 to 10 microM, and averaging 6 microM for the three cell lines. Other limonoids of decreasing potency and their average IC50 values (microM) are epoxyazadiradione 27 microM, salannin 112 microM, and nimbin, deacetylnimbin and azadirachtin each >200 microM (practically nontoxic). Nimbolide at 10 microM acts rapidly in the neuroblastoma cells to induce blebbing associated with disruption of plasma membranes almost instantaneously and 50% loss of cell viability with 30 min. At 5 microM nimbolide, the cells become elongated and assume a neuronal shape accompanied by spikes and lamellipodia within 1-2 hr followed shortly thereafter by extensive cytological changes and and vacuolization associated with irreversible processess leading to cell death. Calcium is apparently not involved the cytotoxic effect since a calcium-free medium, leading to profound morpholigical changes, does not alter the sensitivity to nimbolide. In contrast, epoxyazadiradione requires higher concentrations and a few hr for 50 % viability loss without major morphological changes, indicating a difference in mode of action for nimbolide and epoxyazadiradione. and epoxyazadiradione.
1. Effect of epinephrine on the increment index calculated from intravenous glucose tolerance tests and on hepatic glycogen before and after A. indica leaf extract treatment was studied in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. 2. A. indica leaf extract, in itself, was found to have no action on peripheral utilization of glucose or on hepatic glycogen. 3. The reduction in peripheral utilization of glucose and glycogenolytic effect due to epinephrine action was blocked by A. indica leaf extract, however, almost completely in diabetic rabbits and to a certain extent in normal ones. 4. The results are discussed.
Praneem Vilci (PV), purified neem oil was reported to exercise a reversible antifertility effect after a single intrauterine instillation in rodents and primates without any adverse effects. After toxicology, drug regulatory and ethical clearances, a phase I clinical trial was conducted on PV. Eighteen healthy tubectomised women were enrolled to evaluate the safety of a single intrauterine instillation of PV and to determine the effect of its co-administration on anti-hCG response to the heterospecies dimer (HSD) hCG vaccine. Eight women received PV alone and ten women were given the HSD-hCG vaccine in addition. Base-line and post-treatment haematological and biochemical profiles were determined as also the mid-luteal serum progesterone. Endometrial biopsies were examined to assess ovulatory status and the effect of intrauterine treatment with PV on the endometrium. Anti-hCG antibody titres were estimated in women who were concurrently immunized with the HSD vaccine. No untoward reaction was observed in any woman. Menstrual pattern and ovulatory status remained unaltered. Endometrial biopsy after PV instillation in one woman showed non-specific endometritis but she remained asymptomatic. Mild eosinophilia was seen in two women and this reverted to normal on its own. All women receiving PV and the HSD vaccine generated antibodies against hCG. Our data show that intrauterine administration of PV is safe and does not prevent the antibody response to HSD-hCG vaccine.
Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) seed and leaf extracts have spermicidal, anti‐microbial, anti‐fungal and anti‐viral properties. They are also immunomodulators that induce primarily a TH, type response. These properties are being exploited to develop two different useful methods of fertility control. Neem extracts given orally at early post‐implantation stage terminate pregnancy in rodents and primates. Treatment has no residual permanent effect and fertility is regained in subsequent cycles. The mechanism by which the action occurs is not fully clear. A transient increase in CD 4 and more significantly in CD 8 cells is noticed in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. A rise in immunoreactive and bioactive TNF‐α and IFN‐γ in draining lymph nodes, serum and foetal‐placental tissue is observed.
A polyherbal cream and pessary have been developed containing three active ingredients of plant origin. These have synergistic spermicidal properties on human sperm as determined by the Sander Cramer test. Their use before mating has high contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and baboons. Another interesting property is their inhibitory action on a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms, including Candida albicans. C. tropicalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , the multidrug‐resistant Slaphylococcus aureus and urinary tract Escherichia coli. Herpes simplex‐2 and HIV‐1, Phase I clinical trials have been completed in India, Egypt and the Dominican Republic, and indicate the safety of the formulation, its acceptability and beneficial action invaginosis due to infections.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been shown to possess anti-malarial activity. In this study we systematically evaluated extracts of neem seeds and purified fractions further enriched in polar or non-polar constituents for their effect on in vitro growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Use of synchronized stages of parasites suggested trophozoites/schizonts as the susceptible target stages to various neem extracts. In addition, all the maturation stages of gametocytes were also killed by various neem fractions tested. The anti-plasmodial effect of neem components was also observed on parasites previously shown to be resistant to other anti-malarial drugs, i.e. chloroquine and pyrimethamine suggesting a different mode of action. Neem seed fractions are thus active not only against the parasite stages that cause the clinical infection but also against the stages responsible for continued malaria transmission.
Oral administration of 20, 40, 60, mg of dry Azadirachta indica leaf powder for 24 days resulted in decrease in the weights of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate, reduction in epithelial height, nuclear diameter and the secretory material in the lumen. Biochemically, there was a decrease in total protein, acid phosphatase activities. Seminal vesicles and ventral prostate being androgen dependent, the regressive changes histologically as well as biochemically, suggests the antiandrogenic property of the neem leaves.