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Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is perhaps the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. Each part of the neem tree has some medicinal property and is thus commercially exploitable. During the last five decades, apart from the chemistry of the neem compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of neem. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. This review gives a bird's eye view mainly on the biological activities of some of the neem compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the neem extracts, clinical studies and plausible medicinal applications of neem along with their safety evaluation.
... Till date, over 300 phytochemicals have been isolated from its various plant parts . Two major classes of phytochemicals: i) isoprenoids, and ii) non-isoprenoids have been isolated (Biswas et al., 2002). A number of organic compounds have been isolated from various parts of neem, and an attempt has been made to group these compounds based on their origin in different plant parts as summarized in Table 2. ...
... It modulates pathways involving p53, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2, highlighting its role in anticancer and antiproliferative activity. Additionally, nimbolide has Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Anon (1988); Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935); Benthal (1933) Bark Analgesic, alternative and curative of fever, Pain, malaria, cosmetics, pest repellents, leprosy, intestinal infections, respiratory disorders, constipation, stomachache Drabu et al., (2012); Patil and Patil (2007); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935) Flower Bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm, GIT infections Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956) Fruit Piles, intestinal worms, urinary disorder, epistaxis, phlegm, eye problem, diabetes, wounds and leprosy, GIT infections Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956) Twig Relieves cough, asthma, piles, phantom tumour, intestinal worms, spermatorrhoea, obstinate urinary disorder, diabetes, Pyrexia, increase in appetite, and teeth cleaner Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956);Benthal, (1933) Gum Effective in skin diseases like ringworms, scabies, wounds and ulcers, Healing of wounds, scabies, ulcer, tonic, and stimulant Kaushik et al., (2002); Charles and Charles (1992); Benthal (1933) Seed pulp Leprosy and intestinal worms Kaushik et al., (2002) Oil Leprosy and intestinal worms, Cosmetics, pest repellents, leprosy, intestinal infections, respiratory disorders, constipation, soaps, toothpastes, and waxes Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002);Dastur, (1964), Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935);Benthal, (1933); ...
... It modulates pathways involving p53, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2, highlighting its role in anticancer and antiproliferative activity. Additionally, nimbolide has Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Anon (1988); Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935); Benthal (1933) Bark Analgesic, alternative and curative of fever, Pain, malaria, cosmetics, pest repellents, leprosy, intestinal infections, respiratory disorders, constipation, stomachache Drabu et al., (2012); Patil and Patil (2007); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935) Flower Bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm, GIT infections Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956) Fruit Piles, intestinal worms, urinary disorder, epistaxis, phlegm, eye problem, diabetes, wounds and leprosy, GIT infections Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956) Twig Relieves cough, asthma, piles, phantom tumour, intestinal worms, spermatorrhoea, obstinate urinary disorder, diabetes, Pyrexia, increase in appetite, and teeth cleaner Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002); Chopra et al., (1956);Benthal, (1933) Gum Effective in skin diseases like ringworms, scabies, wounds and ulcers, Healing of wounds, scabies, ulcer, tonic, and stimulant Kaushik et al., (2002); Charles and Charles (1992); Benthal (1933) Seed pulp Leprosy and intestinal worms Kaushik et al., (2002) Oil Leprosy and intestinal worms, Cosmetics, pest repellents, leprosy, intestinal infections, respiratory disorders, constipation, soaps, toothpastes, and waxes Drabu et al., (2012); Biswas et al., (2002); Kaushik et al., (2002);Dastur, (1964), Chopra et al., (1956); Kirtikar et al. (1935);Benthal, (1933); ...
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is miracle tree cultivated in Indian subcontinent for around 4500 years ago owing to its medicinal and pesticidal significance due to its potential life saver phytochemical ingredients and have traditionally been used as folk medicine to treat ailments and as an agrochemicals. Despite several research confirmed that Neem includes a range of active components, a thorough compilation of references and in-depth analysis of the phytochemical profiling, pharmacological potential, traditional applications, agrochemical agents, and industrial uses of this amazing tree is lacking till date. This review attempted to compile an exhaustive review pretaining to systematic research on phytochemistry, biological properties, phytotoxic qualities , and industrial uses that have been compiled from an exhaustive literature search (1921-2025). Evidences from literature suggested that neem tree has~186 biologically active ingredients especially 'Azadirachtin' isolated from neem plant parts. According to reports, the other bioactive substances with potential biological and medicinal properties are nimbinin and nimbidin. Many Asian and African nations have made commercial utilization of neem for the production of neem-based agrochemicals, pesticides for agriculture and extraction of beneficial compounds for the cosmetics industry. These compounds had an immense potential to treat a number of chronic diseases in plants and animals. The future research is being directed towards utilization of neem for biosynthesis of large-scale production of nanoparticles for theraptutic activities and environmental amelioration.
... Their large area is additionally a key factor that permits a substantial amount of microorganisms to grow on fabric [5]. Furthermore, in medical textiles, antimicrobial finishes aim to prevent the cross-contamination of pathogenic microorganisms [5] and inhibit the spread of communicable disease through contaminated clothing [6]. ...
... Antimicrobial treated textile makes it easy to prevent any modification of visual appearance and any microbes like pathogenic and odour creating purpose [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The plant of neem consists of many components which are mostly effective on textiles for antibacterial, antifungal and also on. ...
... The plant of neem consists of many components which are mostly effective on textiles for antibacterial, antifungal and also on. Some components are to blame for antimicrobial activity which showed in numerous research like these nimbolide, nimbidin, mahmoodin, margolone, margolonone and isomargolonone of these components mostly effective and excellent leads to one purpose like antibacterial [6]. The chemical structure of neem is shown in Figure 1 below. ...
This paper deals in an inclusive review of sustainable antimicrobial finish of textiles using natural products such as neem extract. Neem is a novel plant that contains versatile characteristics. Due to antimicrobial characteristics of neem is being it can be applied on textiles as finishing agent has achieved significant properties in new era. In this review, research, the antibacterial finish on textiles using the active natural ingredients of neem extracts that showed outstanding performance by using microencapsulation, nanocapsulation and different methods. Neem extract has been successfully integrated to the textile's substrate imparting a sustainable antibacterial antimicrobial activity against microbes. The outcomes exhibited that the treated fabrics inhibited the growth of bacteria by more than 90% as compared to the raw sample in case of several washing. There are many chemical ingredients which are used on textiles as antimicrobial finishes are unhygienic and toxic for the environment. In recent science, recently people have become more conscious about the hygienic textiles due to its ecofriendly demand. Around the world, especially in the Indian subcontinent, the neem trees are available for antimicrobial uses in cheap and healthy. The natural antimicrobial plant of neem consists of many components especially nimbidin that are mostly effective on textiles for safely antimicrobial issues. It also contains antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and many more potential elements that increase the zone of inhibition of the material against microbes as producing antimicrobial resistant fabric. During this review we will focus on the sustainable use of neem as an antimicrobial finish on textiles (Graphical Abstract). Graphical Abstract (1, 28, 30, 33, 34)
... For millennia, natural sources, particularly plants, have served as a cornerstone of medicinal compounds, providing remedies that have shaped traditional and modern medicine alike. Among these, Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, holds a place of reverence in traditional Indian medicine systems, such as Ayurveda, and has garnered global recognition for its wide array of therapeutic properties [1]. ...
... In addition to azadirachtin, neem seeds contain other significant alkaloids such as nimbin, nimbinene, salannin, nimbdin, and gedunin. Each of these compounds possesses unique structural features that contribute to their diverse pharmacological activities [1]. ...
... In agriculture, neem alkaloids are already being utilized as natural pesticides and insecticides, offering sustainable solutions to pest management while reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides [8]. These applications underscore the versatility of neem as a resource for biotechnological advancements that align with principles of sustainability and environmental stewardship [1]. ...
... The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has gained significant momentum, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being at the forefront due to their unique physicochemical properties and potent biological activities. Among the various synthesis methods, green synthesis using medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, and Moringa oleifera has emerged as a promising approach [1][2][3]. This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. ...
... This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. The green synthesis process utilizes the bioactive compounds present in these plants to reduce silver ions into nanoparticles, which can then be used in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy [1][2][3][4][5][6]. ...
... Azadirachta indica (Neem/AI), Gymnema sylvestre (GS/Madhunasini), and Moringa oleifera (MO/Moringa), stand out as three exceptional medicinal plants celebrated for their diverse bioactive compounds and extensive historical medicinal uses [1][2][3]. The utilization of plant extracts in AgNP synthesis provides a dual advantage: it helps alleviate the environmental challenges associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods while also capitalizing on the therapeutic capabilities of these plants for biomedical applications [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Introduction Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from natural sources have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and eco-friendly production methods. With lung cancer remaining a major global health issue, there is a continuous need for novel and effective therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Objective This study aims to synthesize AgNPs using plant extracts from Gymnema sylvestre, Moringa oleifera, and Azadirachta indica and to evaluate their anticancer activity, particularly their effects on gene expression in A549 lung cancer cells. Methods AgNPs were synthesized using green chemistry techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gene expression studies were performed to assess the impact of AgNPs on cancer-related genes such as VEGF and CYCLIN-D1. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on A549 cells to determine the anticancer potential of the synthesized AgNPs compared to plant extracts alone. Results XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline AgNPs, while FTIR indicated the presence of bioactive compounds interacting with the nanoparticles. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of VEGF and CYCLIN-D1, suggesting inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and cell cycle progression. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with enhanced efficacy compared to the leaf extracts alone. Conclusion The study highlights the potential of AgNPs synthesized from medicinal plant extracts as promising candidates for lung cancer therapy. Their environmentally sustainable production, combined with their ability to target key cancer pathways, positions them as innovative and affordable therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicine.
... The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has gained significant momentum, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being at the forefront due to their unique physicochemical properties and potent biological activities. Among the various synthesis methods, green synthesis using medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, and Moringa oleifera has emerged as a promising approach [1][2][3]. This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. ...
... This method not only aligns with the principles of sustainability but also enhances the biocompatibility and therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles. The green synthesis process utilizes the bioactive compounds present in these plants to reduce silver ions into nanoparticles, which can then be used in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy [1][2][3][4][5][6]. ...
... Azadirachta indica (Neem/AI), Gymnema sylvestre (GS/Madhunasini), and Moringa oleifera (MO/Moringa), stand out as three exceptional medicinal plants celebrated for their diverse bioactive compounds and extensive historical medicinal uses [1][2][3]. The utilization of plant extracts in AgNP synthesis provides a dual advantage: it helps alleviate the environmental challenges associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods while also capitalizing on the therapeutic capabilities of these plants for biomedical applications [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Introduction
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from natural sources have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and eco-friendly production methods. With lung cancer remaining a major global health issue, there is a continuous need for novel and effective therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies.
Objective
This study aims to synthesize AgNPs using plant extracts from Gymnema sylvestre , Moringa oleifera , and Azadirachta indica and to evaluate their anticancer activity, particularly their effects on gene expression in A549 lung cancer cells.
Methods
AgNPs were synthesized using green chemistry techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gene expression studies were performed to assess the impact of AgNPs on cancer-related genes such as VEGF and CYCLIN-D1. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on A549 cells to determine the anticancer potential of the synthesized AgNPs compared to plant extracts alone.
Results
XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline AgNPs, while FTIR indicated the presence of bioactive compounds interacting with the nanoparticles. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of VEGF and CYCLIN-D1, suggesting inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and cell cycle progression. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with enhanced efficacy compared to the leaf extracts alone.
Conclusion
The study highlights the potential of AgNPs synthesized from medicinal plant extracts as promising candidates for lung cancer therapy. Their environmentally sustainable production, combined with their ability to target key cancer pathways, positions them as innovative and affordable therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicine.
... They can synthesise and store locally produced hormones and neurotransmitters. They function as mechanoreceptors [1] for light and selective tactile perception, but not for hard touch and vibration; they are also involved in the transfer of nociceptive signals. o The hair follicles contain stem cells that produce keratinocytes that will become hair. ...
... Stratum basale o The only layer that undergoes continuous mitosis to produce new cells.o Keratinocytes are constantly being produced in the stratum basale and they move up through the layers until they reach the outermost layer.[1] Keratinocytes are the most dominant cell type in the skin. ...
The study aims to formulate and evaluate an herbal cold cream using plant-based ingredients to provide a natural, safe, and effective skincare solution. The cream incorporates Azadirachta indica (Neem), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus), Clerodendrum phlomidis (Gorakh Limli) oil, and Prunus amygdalus (Almond) oil. These botanicals were selected for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties. The cream was prepared using the water-in-oil emulsification method and evaluated for parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, microbial load, and stability under different environmental conditions. Results demonstrated that the herbal cold cream was stable, skin-compatible (pH 5.0–6.5), non-irritating, and effective in moisturizing and improving skin texture. This formulation offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative to conventional creams, particularly beneficial for dry and sensitive skin types.
... Nimbidin has also been confirmed to possess antipyretic properties [88,89]. When administered orally, it significantly lowers blood glucose levels in fasting rabbits [82]. Furthermore, nimbidin shows a marked antiulcer effect, preventing gastric lesions induced by acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, stress, or serotonin, as well as duodenal ulcers caused by histamine or cysteamine [90]. ...
... Moreover, Neem has deep cultural and spiritual significance. For their protective and purifying qualities, Neem trees are planted near homes and temples in India and many South Asian regions [19,82,[180][181][182][183]. ...
Neem, called ‘Arista’ in Sanskrit, meaning ‘reliever of sickness’, often referred to as ‘the bitter gem’, is one of the most celebrated plants in the Indian Traditional Healthcare system for its diverse medicinal properties. Scientifically, Azadirachta indica, is classified in the Mahogany (Meliaceae) family. Neem stands out as a beacon of promise for the twenty-first century. Each part of the Neem tree, i.e., its flowers, leaves, fruits, seed, seed oil, Neem cake, and gum, has therapeutic properties. Researchers have identified nearly 300 distinct phytochemicals within the Neem tree, having diverse pharmacological effects like antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-plasmodial, antiseptic, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, and anti-ulcer activities thereby justifying the symbolic term ‘elixir’ written in the title of this review. Neem is mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic treatises like Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya (a book authored by Vaghbata) and in nighantus (medical lexicon) written over the ages. In Ayurveda, plenty of formulations contain Neem as an ingredient. This review sheds light on Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem plant) from the standpoint of the traditional system of Indian medicine vis-à-vis its taxonomical position, macroscopic and organoleptic characteristics, bio-activities, use as bio-pesticide and bio-fertilizer, active phytoconstituents, and pharmacological studies. Additionally, it presents a compilation of folklore recipes and Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Siddha and Unani formulations (ASU & H) that contain Neem as an ingredient.
... In summary, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, particularly neem and clove, presents a promising avenue in the field of nanotechnology. With their rich phytochemical content, these plants serve as potent reducing and stabilizing agents, facilitating the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Biswas et al., 2002). This approach offers numerous advantages, including environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, safety, and scalability, making it a preferred choice for nanoparticle synthesis. ...
... Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 3. Add 10 micro-litters of the synthesized nanoparticles to each test tube, totalling 50 micro-litters. 4. Record the UV spectra after each addition. ...
This study explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional methods. Both extracts, rich in bioactive compounds like terpenoids and flavonoids, effectively acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. Clove extract at 1% concentration yielded nanoparticles with a UV Spectroscopy peak at 437 nm, indicative of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption. Neem extract at 5% concentration resulted in nanoparticles with a peak at 446 nm. Notably, clove extract showed superior efficiency in nanoparticle synthesis. Interactions between the synthesized AgNPs and bismuth and lead salts were observed through shifts in UV spectra. For bismuth concentrations of 1ppm, 2ppm, and 5ppm, peaks were observed at 217 nm, 233 nm, and 230 nm, respectively. These spectral shifts suggest potential composite nanoparticle formation or surface modifications, highlighting the versatility of the synthesized AgNPs. The green synthesis approach offers benefits such as reduced environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and safety by eliminating toxic chemicals. Potential applications of these AgNPs range from antimicrobial textiles and cosmetics to biomedical applications like wound healing and vaccine adjuvants. In summary, clove and neem extracts present a promising, sustainable method for nanoparticle production with multifaceted applications.
... Source: Kausik et al., [40]. ...
... Acacia leaf, pod, and stem bark extracts were shown to have antimalarial properties in a 48hour schizont maturation inhibition test by Kausik et al., [40]. Additionally, all extracts demonstrated schizonticide action against Plasmodium falciparum by preventing the growth of mature schizonts after 96 hours. ...
The relevance of medicinal plant as herbal medicine in sustained human health may not be neglected. These plants have healing/therapeutic effects in one or any of their organs. The use of these plants is rapidly expanding. They are used to maintain and improve human health in a variety of situations. In sustainable human health management, medicinal plants have played a significant role which has led to the growing interest in alternative therapies and therapeutic usage of plants. This is due to the fact that it is far less expensive than industrially produced synthetic forms of treatment. The majority of medicinal plant use occurs in Nigeria's rural areas, where there is easy access to a wide variety of plants on vast tracts of land with little to no urbanization. However, due to unchecked wild collecting and human interference, the majority of these plants are in danger of extinction. Therefore, it is advised that intentional efforts be directed toward domestication and
cultivation in order to provide a steady supply of these plant species. This review study discusses
the value and use of certain plants in medicine, endangered species, and conservation tactics.
... Plant-based phytochemicals have emerged as a promising and safe alternative for managing coccidiosis. Garlic and its sulfur compounds, such as allicin, alliin, ajoene, diallyl sulfide, dithiin, and allylcysteine, have been reported to exhibit broad antimicrobial activities, effectively inhibiting the sporulation of contains various compounds, including limonoids and protolimonoids, which are believed to influence Eimeria's life cycle (Biswas et al., 2002;Koul et al., 2006). In comparison to salinomycin sodium, neem fruit added to broiler diets showed efficient repression of coccidiosis (Tipu et al., 2002). ...
... Plant-based phytochemicals have emerged as a promising and safe alternative for managing coccidiosis. Garlic and its sulfur compounds, such as allicin, alliin, ajoene, diallyl sulfide, dithiin, and allylcysteine, have been reported to exhibit broad antimicrobial activities, effectively inhibiting the sporulation of contains various compounds, including limonoids and protolimonoids, which are believed to influence Eimeria's life cycle (Biswas et al., 2002;Koul et al., 2006). In comparison to salinomycin sodium, neem fruit added to broiler diets showed efficient repression of coccidiosis (Tipu et al., 2002). ...
In the context of global health, parasitic diseases continue to be a significant challenge, particularly in developing countries with limited resources. The emergence of drug-resistant parasites and the undesirable side effects associated with conventional treatments have triggered the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Secondary metabolites, which are natural compounds synthesized by organisms for ecological reasons, offer great promise as potential effective agents against parasitic infections. This book chapter aims to present a comprehensive summary of recent research on secondary metabolites with anti-parasitic properties, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential applications in the treatment of parasitic diseases.
... In Ayurveda, it is said to have a deep cleansing effect on the blood, liver, and skin, helping to rid the body of accumulated toxins. Neem is often recommended for individuals with chronic skin conditions, digestive issues, or liver toxicity, where detoxification is required to restore balance [25] . Neem is additionally known for its capacity to boost resistance. ...
... Neem (Azadirachta indica), Sa-Dao in Thai, contains powerful antibacterial and antifungal properties, enhances immune response and supports wound closure. 7 At present, A. indica is used in pastes or oils for topical application. Gotu Kola or Bua-Bok (Centella asiatica) stimulates collagen synthesis and promotes wound contraction by reducing scarring and enhancing skin elasticity. ...
... The active compounds such as nimbidin and azadirachtin inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria like Propionibacterium acnes and help in purifying the skin. Neem also reduces sebum production and soothes irritation, making it an excellent base for acne gel formulations [28] . ...
The creation and assessment of an herbal anti-acne gel utilizing natural plant extracts with antibacterial and antiinflammatory qualities is the main goal of this study. Sebaceous gland irritation is the source of acne, a widespread dermatological disorder that is particularly prevalent in teenagers and young adults. Herbal components that are proven to be helpful against Propionibacterium acnes, including tulsi, tea tree oil, neem, and aloe vera, are used in the formulation of the gel. The produced gel was tested for stability, microbiological inhibition, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and skin irritation. The results showed high physicochemical stability and encouraging anti-acne efficacy. With fewer adverse effects, this formulation may provide a safer and more natural substitute for synthetic anti-acne drugs.
... Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract of leaves significantly decreases the blood sugar level in the treatment of diabetes. The similar observations were observed by Biswas et al., (2002). Oral administration of aqueous seed extract of B. juncea has a beneficial effect on diabetes. ...
The present study deals with the survey on the antidiabetic plant species with discussed to local people , which regulate the blood sugar level. Diabetes or Madhumeha is a disease in which there is an improper functioning of insulin and increase the sugar level in the blood. Diabetes may cause heart problem, kidney failure, blurred vision if not treated timely. Diabetes mellitus is increasing alarmingly worldwide and is defined as the abnormal glucose tolerance, which affects pancreatic beta-cells functions and sensitivity leading to the development of diabetes and its related complications. It is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and post prandial blood sugar level and an increased risk of vascular complications. For this problem the different plant parts such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, fruits and their crude extracts that have been used in the Indian traditional system of medicine and have clinical anti-diabetic activity. In the present investigation we have conducted an ethnobotanical survey to collect information about the use of traditional medicinal plants for diabetes treatment. Our survey has reported 24 numbers of medicinal plants belonging to different families. Family Cucubritaceae was found to be of high frequency in terms of its use with a maximum of 3 species. K E Y W O R D S Diabetes mellitus | Antidiabetic plants | Pancreatic beta cells | Hyperglycemia | Hypoglycemic effect | Insulin | Drug interaction | Herbal medicine | Traditional medicine. C I T A T I O N Lal, Sanjeev; Dhingra, Gulshan Kumar and Kaur, Rupinder (2018): Survey on the traditional medicinal plant species used to cure diabetes. ESSENCE Int. J. Env. Rehab. Conserv. IX (1): 23-33.
... The mature bark of this plant shows an outer zone of rhytidome, formed of alternative stripes of dark brown cork cells and dead secondary phloem (19). ...
Melia azedarach L, also known as Chinaberry tree, is a Southeast Asian plant with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and insecticidal properties. It contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. Recent studies have shown that extracts from Melia azedarach L have anticancer properties and antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Melia azedarach Linn, also known as mahanimba, is a large evergreen tree found throughout India, used for its anthelmintic, antilithic diuretic, emmenagogue, astringent, and stomachic properties. It is highly nutritious and used in various industries, including agriculture, furniture, plywood, and fuel wood. The plant's leaves contain various terpenoids and limonoids, including l-Cinnamoyl 3-acetyl-11-hydroxy Meliacarpin, Deacetylsalannin, 1,3-dicinnamoyl-l1-hydroxyrneliacarpin, β-Pinene, α-Terpinene, Kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, and Rutin, along with acids like palmitic acid and hexadecanoic acid. Fruits contain various terpenoids and limonoids, while stems contain terpenoids and limonoids, flavonoids, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. The root bark contains various terpenoids and limuloids, while the roots contain flavonoids, steroids, and acids like Trans-cinnamic acid and Vanillic acid. This article discusses the ethnomedicinal description, phytochemistry, pharmacological action, and therapeutic use of Melia azedarach. The herb has various health benefits, including anti-ulcer, antipyretic, anti-fertility, anti-cancer, antiviral, wound healing, and hepatoprotective properties. It contains active substances like terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, acids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The article suggests that research is needed to purify M. azedarach components and characterize their potential chemical makeup and mode of action, as these ingredients may be beneficial and less hazardous than current medications.
... Mass spectrometry (MS) without prior HPLC separation, such as flow-injection mass spectrometry (FIMS) or direct analysis in real time (DART) MS, is a pivotal analytical tool that relies on comparing MS fingerprints with authenticated reference materials, often utilizing multivariate statistical analysis. MS is particularly effective for analyzing crude whole, cut, or powdered plants, as well as similarly processed batches of extracts which, due to its high sensitivity, enables the detection of adulterants at low concentrations [65]. However, MS methods can be misled by the addition of purified single compounds or mixtures that mimic the ingredient's profile. ...
Traditional herbal medicine, ethnopharmacology, and evidence-based phytotherapy inspire the development of botanical active ingredients for cosmetics. Ensuring their authenticity and quality is essential in guaranteeing the safety and efficacy of cosmetic formulations. However, the industry faces challenges related to adulteration and inconsistent verification practices. Adulteration can occur at both the crude raw material stage and during processing, involving misidentification, contamination, or the addition of unauthorized substances. This review emphasizes the need for robust authentication methods, including botanical identification, genetic testing, and phytochemical/metabolomic profiling. Analytical tools such as UV/VIS spectroscopy, HPTLC, GC-MS, HPLC/UHPLC, and isotope analysis provide complementary data for detecting and addressing adulteration. Adulteration jeopardizes product safety, efficacy, regulatory compliance, and consumer trust, while dilutions or substitutions erode the intended health benefits. A standardized, comprehensive approach across the supply chain—from raw material sourcing to extract manufacturing—is critical for maintaining the integrity of botanical ingredients. Cosmetovigilance and nutrivigilance are crucial aspects of ensuring product safety and compliance. This review presents a novel perspective by highlighting that, while the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries have long recognized the risks of botanical adulteration, awareness in the cosmetics industry remains limited. It further integrates recent advancements in metabolomic profiling, global regulatory challenges, and the economic implications of botanical adulteration in cosmetics. Future developments in AI-driven authentication technologies may represent a promising solution for addressing evolving challenges in product safety and traceability.
... Despite regulatory and market challenges, botanicalbased biopesticides have proven to be a safer, eco-friendly and sustainable pest management option for rice (11). Botanicals have been used in Indian agriculture for over a century to minimize the substantial yield losses caused by most insect pests in rice (12). ...
Rice, a staple crop for over half the global population, faces severe yield losses due to insect pests, such as the rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and minor insect pests, which are significant threats to global food security. Traditional reliance on chemical pesticides for pest control has negatively impacted the environment, human health and non-target organisms. This has necessitated a shift toward sustainable pest management strategies that minimize chemical inputs. Botanicals, derived from plants as essential oils, extracts and secondary metabolites, have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative due to their biodegradability, targeted efficacy and reduced environmental footprint. These plant-based compounds act through various mechanisms, including antifeedant activity, growth inhibition, oviposition deterrence, ovicidal effects and toxicity, effectively disrupting pest lifecycles without harming non-target species. Studies underscore the potential of botanicals in suppressing pest populations and mitigating crop losses, making them vital components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. When incorporated into IPM programs alongside biological control agents, cultural practices and resistant rice varieties, botanicals enhance pest control efficacy while preserving ecosystem balance and promoting biodiversity. Their use aligns with sustainable agriculture principles, offering a viable path to reduce pesticide dependency and ensure long-term agricultural resilience. This review highlights the critical role of botanicals in IPM for rice cultivation, emphasizing their potential to mitigate pest impacts while supporting environmentally sustainable and economically viable food production systems.
... Even though the precise mechanism underlying the antibacterial activity of neem leaf extract has not been fully elucidated, it can be inferred that the presence of specific bioactive compounds, namely nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, azadirachtin, mahmoodin, margolone, and cyclic trisulphide, is responsible for this effect [2,62]. ...
The study examined the sustained release of neem from the polymeric carrier system chitosan by varying the drug content, ionic strength of the release medium, and pH. Six different kinetic models, i.e., Korsmeyer–Peppas (KP), Peppas–Sahlin (PS), Higuchi, Hixson–Crowell, Zero order, and First order were used to investigate the drug release kinetics. Based on the R² values, the KP and PS models were chosen from the examined models to study the drug release mechanism from the chitosan biopolymer. The values found for model parameters n and m in the KP and PS models differ noticeably, suggesting that Fickian diffusion and Case II relaxation are important components of the neem release mechanism from chitosan. At lower ionic strengths and lower pH values, neem is released from the composite mostly by Fickian diffusion. The diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay served to assess the composite’s antioxidant properties. The composite’s antioxidant properties ranged from 3.56 ± 1.89% at 10 μg/mL to 51.28 ± 1.14% at 70 μg/mL. The ability of the composite to inhibit the denaturation of egg albumin was also tested and it ranged from 59.68 ± 0.93% at 25 μg/mL to 187.63 ± 3.53% at 1600 μg/mL. The drug composite has exhibited antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and proved to be highly effective against P. aeruginosa at lower concentrations and against S. aureus at higher concentrations. The resulting inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa at 5 and 10 mg/mL concentrations were 16.5 ± 2.25 mm, and 14.83 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, whereas for S. aureus, it was 16.67 ± 0.33 mm at 20 mg/mL. The neem–chitosan composite’s minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration ratio for K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus was greater than 4, suggesting that they trigger bacteriostatic outcomes, whereas for E. coli, it was 4, which means that bactericidal effects were evident.
... Neem trees are known to possess pharmacological properties which include; antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, repellent, pesticidal, and detoxifying agent [12][13][14]. One of the most promising natural compounds is Azadirachtin (AZA), an active compound extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), whose antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties have been known for 2000 years [15,16]. ...
In the quest to achieve economic prosperity and industrialization, sustainable water management, agriculture, biodiversity resources and food security have been marginalized. These have birthed serious intolerable environmental challenges such as heavy metal contamination and wastewater discharge into water bodies, particularly cadmium, lead and mercury. All these pose a serious threat to water bodies or the environment. These could adversely affect the biodegradation that demands bio-friendly remediation. A total of 180 healthy Oreochromis niloticus were used for this comparative research to evaluate neem leaf aqueous extract and pulverized neem leaf biosorption of cadmium in contaminated aquaria. This research focused on the review of neem leaf aqueous extract as a primary alternative for biosorption of heavy metals contamination in aquaculture or the environment. Following the trend of results obtained in recent research, the result depicted stressful acclimatization, death of Orechromis niloticus and irreversible damage to muscle, liver, and kidney tissues or photomicrographs cultured with Cadmium. This is due to the chemical composition of the neem leaf aqueous extract being acidic and has a short shelf life. The reviewed fi ndings showed that pulverized neem leaf is considered eco-friendly, a primary biosorbent for biosorption and is cost-effective in lead-contaminated aquariums cultured with cats and fi sh. The research results revealed normal acclimatization, insignifi cant bioaccumulation below normal range, drastic low mortality rate, chemical composition within range and physical and morphological characteristics of pulverized neem leaf are supportive factors for heavy metal binding. Photomicrographs of muscles, liver and kidney in contemporary research conducted with cadmium and lead showed that damage is reversible, unlike neem leaf aqueous extract that caused irreversible damage to muscles, liver and kidney tissues of fi sh.
... The neem plant has been reported to be endowed with bioactive compounds with a wide range of biological activities and medicinal properties (Biswas et al., 2002). Result from the findings of Bature et al., (2021), revealed the presence of alkaloid, steroid, tannins, flavonoid, saponin, and phenolic compound in A. indica This also agrees with the findings of Al-Hashemi and Hossain, (2016), whose results showed that methanolic and aqueous leaves extract analyzed contained alkaloids, steroid, tannins, amino acid, flavonoid, and saponin. ...
Liver is the vital organ of metabolism and excretion. It is also an important target of the toxicity of xenobiotics and oxidative stress. The study was carried out to determine the expression profile of caspase-3 gene in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Thiry-five (35) wistar rats were divided into seven groups of five rats each group were given varying treatments along with intraperitonial administration of CCl4. The effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica were determined by evaluating the liver function enzymes namely Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Total bilirubin (T. bil). Histopathological changes induced on the liver was examined and Caspase-3 expression in the liver was determined by real time PCR. Results showed increased in levels of AST (24.6±3.79), ALT, ALP (438.6±46.19), and T.BIL in CCl4-intoxicated rats were restored towards normalization in rats treated with the aqueous and methanolic extracts in a dose-dependent manner the highest from ALP and the least in AST. Histopathological studies revealed that rats treated with high dose (150mg/kg) of aqueous and methanolic extracts showed maximum hepatoprotective effects by alleviating the serum enzymes level at 150mg/kg body weight. Results furthermore, showed that A. indica significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the level (0.07, 0.06, 0.08, 0.04, 0.05) of caspase-3 gene expression towards normal in rats administered with the aqueous, methanolic leaf extracts and silymarin respectively. This reveals that the Caspase-3 gene, as the enzyme executing apoptosis were expressed in less amount while wistar rats were induced with CCl4. Thus, conferring the protective effects of the leaf extracts and silymarin.
... • Neem Extract: Renowned for its antimicrobial properties, neem has been used in traditional medicine to combat bacterial and fungal infections 6 (Biswas et al., 2002). ...
Dental health is a critical component of overall well-being, with poor oral hygiene linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. Alosteen Toothpaste, developed by Renatus Nova, is a novel oral care product enriched with bioactive and natural ingredients. This study evaluates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and physical properties of Alosteen, comparing its efficacy to that of marketed products. Results from pH, viscosity, foamability, abrasiveness, antioxidant activity, and stability tests indicate that Alosteen outperforms conventional toothpaste in key parameters, offering superior dental protection and therapeutic benefits. This paper aims to discuss the detailed methodology, results, and implications of these findings. Keywords: Alosteen toothgel, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant
... Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm [28,29]. Apart from having anti-diabetic activity, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects [30]. ...
Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial.
... Singh and Shivay 2003). Almost all plant parts of neem (leaves, seeds, and bark) possess a wide spectrum of antimicrobial properties against a range of microorganisms and hence act as nitrification inhibitor (Abbasi, Hina, and Tahir 2011;Biswas et al. 2002;Kumar et al. 2007). Karanjin and its derivatives in karanja (Majumdar 2008) and certain key meliacins in neem (Kumar et al. 2007) are proposed to be responsible for the nitrification inhibition potential of these plant materials. ...
Rendered animal materials such as meat and bone meal (MBM) could serve as an excellent available resource for plant nutrient management. Here we conducted different laboratory incubation studies to test the potential of four natural amendments (Sulfur, neem cake, karanja cake and tannins) on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from MBM in two different soil types collected from certified organic fields and conventional agricultural fields. MBM mineralized quickly, with net N mineralization of upto 40% of total N within the first 12 days. Sulfur, neem and karanja reduced the nitrification rate of MBM by approximately 60, 36 and 31% and increased the retention of NH 4 +-N; (20-35%) in different soil types compared with MBM alone, respectively. Tannin coating of MBM significantly deceased the ammonification rate and net N mineralization. However, tannins did not influence the nitrification rate from MBM mineralization. MBM exhibits a slow P mineralization rate, and sulfur application with MBM increased the rate of P mineralization. Our study suggests that MBM blended with sulfur, neem cake, karanja cake and tannins could slow the N mineralization rate from MBM and retain higher net mineralized N in soils for longer durations which could increase crop nutrient use efficiency.
... Neem, baobab, and black seed oils have long been valued for their unique chemical compositions and potential applications in skincare products. Neem oil is rich in fatty acids, such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, and contains azadirachtin, a compound known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Biswas et al., 2002). Baobab oil is a source of essential fatty acids, including omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, and is lauded for its moisturizing and skin-repairing abilities (Nkafamiya et al., 2007). ...
The development of nano-enhanced soap offers a groundbreaking approach to enhancing the physicochemical and antimicrobial attributes of conventional soaps. This study compared the prepared soap with two commercially available soaps, examining parameters such as physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The physicochemical analysis indicated that the prepared soap met regulatory standards for pH, solubility, hardness, and total fatty matter (TFM), confirming its suitability for human use. Specifically, the produced soap exhibited the following properties: pH = 6.30±0.02, Hardness = 1.3±0.02 cm, Foamability = 6.9±0.02 cm, Solubility = 80±0.02 s, and Total Fatty Matter (TFM) = 55±2%. Despite slightly reduced foamability due to the absence of foam enhancers, the prepared soap retained effective cleaning capabilities. Antimicrobial testing using the disc diffusion method demonstrated the soap's broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal species, with efficacy increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike the two commercially available soaps used for comparison, which each exhibited high activity against specific pathogens, the prepared soap consistently inhibited all tested pathogens. This broad-spectrum activity highlights the superior antimicrobial properties of the prepared soap. It exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 100 mg/L for all pathogens, outperforming the commercially available soaps. Overall, the prepared soap demonstrated enhanced physicochemical characteristics and balanced antimicrobial efficacy, positioning it as a versatile hygiene product capable of addressing a wide range of microbial infections. Its wide-spectrum activity against all pathogens and superior physicochemical properties underscore...
... Additionally, neem twigs are traditionally used as natural toothbrushes, emphasizing their oral hygiene benefits. Research validates the antimicrobial properties of neem, attributing them to bioactive compounds such as azadirachtin and nimbidin (Biswas et al., 2002). Butea monosperma (Palash): Butea monosperma, locally known as Palash, is another significant plant in Bhil medicinal practices. ...
Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian state, is home to diverse tribal communities whose traditional knowledge systems, including healthcare practices, remain underexplored. This paper examines the healthcare practices, medicinal plant usage, and sociocultural factors influencing tribal health in Madhya Pradesh. It emphasizes the potential integration of traditional knowledge with biomedical practices to improve public health outcomes while preserving indigenous wisdom. The study underscores the importance of documentation and scientific validation of tribal healthcare practices.
... [17] Clinical studies with the dried Neem leaf extract indicated its effectiveness to cure ringworm. [18] In the view of knowledge of modern science, the numerous chemicals present in Ghataka Dravya of Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha possess resultant actions like Manjishtha (anti-proliferative [19] ), Haritaki (antiinflammatory, antifungal [20] ), Vibhitaki (antimicrobial activity, [21] antifungal activity [22] ), Amalaki (antifungal activities [23] ), Vacha (antimicrobial activity [24] ). In vitro experiments of Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis, water extracts revealed their efficacy against dermatophytes. ...
Background: Now a day various types of fungal diseases are on the rampage, Dadru is one of them. Acharya Charaka described Dadru under Kshudra Kushtha, which is characterized by Udagata Mandala (raised patch) associated with Kandu (itching), Raga (redness), and Pidika (eruptions) and is Pitta Kaphaja predominance. Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha & Somraji Taila in the management of Dadru Kushtha with a controlled group of modern antifungal drugs (Tab. Fluconazole & Miconazole ointment). Methods: Total 50 patients for the study were selected and randomly divided into two groups. In trial group, patients were administered Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha orally with external application of Somraji Taila. In control group, patients were given Miconazole 2% ointment for local application with oral Tab. Fluconazole 150 mg once weekly. The obtained data were analyzed for statistical significance using Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Paired and Unpaired ‘t’ test. Results: Trial drugs provided statistically highly significant improvement (P <0.01) in Kandu, Raga, scaling, and margin of lesions, while significant improvement (P <0.05) in the size of lesions. In number of Pidika and number of lesions non-significant results (P >0.05) was found. In control group highly significant improvement (P <0.01) was found in all variables except number of Pidika showed significant improvement (P <0.05). Biochemical parameters did not show any statistically significant difference between the effect of trial and control drugs. Conclusion: It was concluded that trial drugs are clinically safe and effective management of Dadru Kushtha (Fungal Dermatophytosis).
... The aqueous extract was prepared using the cold maceration soxhlet extraction techniques. 6 Five grams of each plant extract were weighed into 100 mL of extraction solvents and left on a mechanical shaker overnight at room temperature. The extract solutions were filtered aseptically into another 100 mL reagent bottle using a Wattman No 1 filter paper and evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. ...
The effect of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (AAI) on gentamicin (GEN)-induced kidney injury was investigated. The study involves 20 adult male Wistar rats (housed in four separate plastic cages) such that graded dosages of AAI were administered to the experimental group for 14 days per oral (PO) before exposure to GEN toxicity (100 mg/kg) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some markers of renal functions, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and apoptotic markers were made between the control, GEN, and AAI-pretreated groups at P < .05. The result showed that GEN treatment caused a significant increase (P < .05) in body weight, kidney weight, urea, bilirubin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1), cystatin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-2), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX) as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 level. Pre-treatment with graded doses of AAI caused a significant increase in urea, CAT, and GPx as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in kidney weight, bilirubin, KIM 1, cystatin C, MDA, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-2, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AAI pre-treated groups compared with the GEN. Hence, the extract has prophylactic potential in managing GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the markers of renal function and inflammation and downregulating the markers of apoptosis.
... differences in the relative organ weights which indicates that the supplementation did not interfere with the healthy development of the broilers. However, the supplementation of neem leaf meal in broilers at 25 g/kg of feed resulted in a higher average giblet percentage and is cited to be attributed to the bioactive compounds present in the leaf such as isoprenoids and polyphenolics despite not fully understanding the mode of action (Biswas et al., 2002;Kumari et al., 2014). On the other hand, the addition of Kudzu and alfalfa leaf meal at 60 and 73 g per kg of starter feed over 21 days resulted in lower (p<0.05) ...
Although antibiotics have considerable positive impacts on poultry production, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is beginning to diminish as countries continue to prohibit their use, raising concerns about food safety. Consequently, the hunt for antibiotic alternatives is intensified to prevent antimicrobial resistance while not jeopardizing broilers’ growth performance. Phytobiotics are of great relevance since, in addition to being derived from plants, they possess valuable pharmacological properties that may benefit the production performances and health status of broilers. Hence, this review will cover the use of grass or leaf meals as a feed additive in broiler diets, as well as the impact on broiler productivity and meat quality. Locally sourced grass or leaf meals could potentially be used as an antibiotic replacement due to bioactive compounds present, however, these very same compounds are deemed to be detrimental if present in high amounts. Therefore, if the appropriate inclusion level is adopted, the addition of grass or leaf meals might successfully be used as an antibiotic alternative while also improving broiler performance and end-product quality.
El uso de combinaciones de fármacos con plantas medicinales es recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, entre ellas la malaria, por sus efectos terapéuticos. En virtud de tal contexto, en este trabajo, se propone evaluar los parámetros toxicológicos de las combinaciones de Cloroquina (CQ), quinolina usada ampliamente para el tratamiento de la malaria y otras patologías con el extracto acuoso de la hoja de la planta Azadirachta indica A. Juss, conocida popularmente como Neem (EAN), tanto en estudios in vivo, utilizando ratones sanos, como en ensayos in vitro usando células Vero, una línea celular continua de mamíferos, derivada del riñón del mono verde africano (Chlorocebus aethiops), con la finalidad de determinar los efectos tóxicos intrínsecos de estos compuestos evaluados solos o combinados. Para ello, se estudiaron los parámetros toxicológicos de los tratamientos con CQ, EAN o combinaciones de CQ+EAN en ratones, a las siguientes concentraciones: CQ20mg/Kg (CQ20); EAN10mg/Kg (EAN10); EAN20mg/Kg (EAN20); CQ20mg/Kg+EAN10mg/Kg (CQ20+EAN10) y CQ20mg/Kg+EAN20mg/Kg (CQ20+EAN20). Los resultados demostraron que el EAN revierte el aumento de los niveles de las enzimas marcadoras de daño hepático (ALT, AST y GGT) producido por la CQ. Aunado a este efecto, el EAN revierte la disminución del porcentaje de viabilidad celular generado por la CQ en las células Vero a concentraciones de 0,01; 0,1; 1; 10 y 100 μg/mL y disminuye el porcentaje de hemólisis inducido por la CQ. Esto sugiere que el EAN es hepatoprotector, hemoprotector y nefroprotector, por lo que se podría ser utilizada como coadyuvante para reducir la toxicidad generada por el tratamiento con CQ.
The natural, mild, and efficient methods of preserving the health of the scalp and hair, herbal shampoos have become a viable substitute for synthetic hair care products. The creation and assessment of herbal shampoos using historically utilized medicinal herbs with cleaning, conditioning, and therapeutic qualities are the main topics of this research. The pharmacological activity of the ingredients—including their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hair growth-promoting properties—is taken into consideration while choosing them. The effectiveness of common plants like Shikakai, Reetha, Amla, Neem, Hibiscus, and Aloe vera is attributed to their abundance in saponins, flavonoids, and vital nutrients. In-depth assessment factors that are essential for determining the efficacy and quality of herbal shampoos are also covered in the review, including pH, foaming index, surface tension, filth dispersion, viscosity, and conditioning ability. The future scope also highlights the possibility for using cutting-edge technology to improve product stability, efficacy, and shelf life, as well as the rising customer preference for eco-friendly cosmetics. According to the study's findings, herbal shampoos provide a sustainable, eco-friendly, and safe method of hair care that is in line with contemporary environmental awareness and wellness trends.
In developing countries, a wide variety of natural products are used as herbal medicine in the treatment of many common infections. Due to the association of pharmacological activities and presence of several constituents in medicinal plants, these are used as worldwide. This study gives a bird's eye view mainly on the antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extracts of Deshi Neem (Azadirachta indica), Wild-type Neem (A. indica), German lota (M. michranta) and Telakochu (Coccinia grandis) against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) is used to determine the effect by agar well diffusion method. Four different concentrations 50, 100, 200 and 400 (µg/ml) of the extract is applied against some selected pathogens causing human diseases. Standard antibiotics were used to compare the antibacterial activity with the experimental leaf extracts. Methanolic extract of leaf demonstrated maximum inhibition zone on S. aureus, and V. Parahaemolyticus followed by other bacterial species. In this study, it is also predicted that these leaf extracts showed no effect on E. coli and P. aeruginosa and the highest zone of inhibition is about 26±0.33 mm and 27±0.33 mm against V. parahaemolyticus. The lowest one is against K. pneumoniae, and the zone of inhibition is about 8.67±0.33 mm, whereas the zone of in the inhibition was observed in the case of standard antibiotics from 9.0±0.32 to 22.3±0.36 mm. This study showed that the extract of tested plants possesses antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains. The extracts showed maximum inhibition zone on S. aureus and V. parahaemolyticus followed by other bacterial species. The inhibition effects of Neem are higher than those of antibiotics. The experimented plants extracts would be possible to use a traditional medicine instead of antibiotics.
O estado do Maranhão possui rica diversidade de plantas, na qual destaca-se o
coentro-maranhense (Eryngium foetidum L.), uma erva medicinal e condimentar. A composição química dessa espécie tem despertado o interesse da indústria
fitoquímica. Nesta revisão, abordou-se os aspectos botânicos e ecológicos, além
do avanço do conhecimento, e possíveis obstáculos sobre a aplicação das técnicas de cultura de tecidos para o coentro-maranhense. O cultivo in vitro como
ferramenta biotecnológica, permite a clonagem de plantas sadias e homogêneas
em curto período de tempo, além de permitir a conservação das espécies nativas.
Por fim, destacou-se o estabelecimento de protocolos eficazes que garantam
a obtenção de plantas com maior padrão de qualidade e as possíveis lacunas
do conhecimento na cultura de tecidos vegetais para o coentro-maranhense,
contribuindo diretamente para o desenvolvimento da agricultura, horticultura e
biotecnologia vegetal.
The worldwide increase of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains requires immediate development of alternative antimicrobial medicines. Medical plants possess therapeutic properties because of their bioactive phytochemicals which demonstrate antimicrobial action. Secondary metabolites produced by plants including alkaloids and flavonoids and tannins and saponins and terpenoids demonstrate inhibitory properties against different harmful microorganisms. The analysis of antibacterial medicinal plants in this study evaluates their potential to combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacterial infections. The conventional qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for phytochemical screening to detect important secondary metabolites. Scientists utilized the disc diffusion method to measure inhibition zone widths for evaluating antibacterial activities of these plant extracts. They conducted the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay to find the lowest effective concentration which halted bacterial growth. Plants containing elevated levels of alkaloids together with phenolic chemicals and flavonoids demonstrated the strongest antibacterial properties. Two of the selected plants demonstrated significant inhibitory properties against S. aureus and E. coli through their active compounds in Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) and Curcuma longa (turmeric). These findings demonstrate the potential of medicinal plants strong in phytochemicals as a viable natural antibacterial agent source. These bioactive substances work by disrupting bacterial membranes, inhibiting enzymes, and interfering with the creation of proteins. These plant-derived chemicals may be utilized as supplemental or alternative antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial infections, especially those brought on by drug-resistant strains, due to their natural origin and broad-spectrum activity. In order to create plant-based antibacterial medicines, more study on the separation, purification, and structural characterisation of these phytochemicals as well as their therapeutic uses would be essential.
Studies are ranked according to the quality of the evidence they can offer. Inepidemiologic research, randomized double blind placebo control (RDBPC) trials areregarded as the "gold standard." Additionally, the same is covered in detail in this paperusing an actual journal article as an example, using this study design to respond to"Does a once daily dose of Valacyclovir reduce the risk of transmission of genitalherpes in a susceptible partner?" is the research question. The most compelling researchdesign is still RDBPC studies, which use random assignment of the intervention toremove the impact of unknown or immeasurable confounding variables that couldotherwise result in a skewed and inaccurate estimation of the treatment effect. I hopethis is helpful. to novice researchers in order to comprehend causal hierarchy whenassessing epidemiologic literature critically.Background: “Azadirachta Indica – A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-ControlledParallel Study Homoeopathic Pathogenetic Trial in accordance e to the protocol givenby the Central Council of Research in Homeopathy.
Background: E. faecalis is the predominant microorganism recovered from root canal of the teeth where previous
Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21 centuries. It is related to design characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at manometer scale. These nano particles are characterized by unique physical, optical and electrical features that are attractive for disciplines ranging from material science to biomedicine. So various nanoforms have been attempted as drug delivery systems. Nano sponges are novel class of hyper crosslinked polymer based colloidal drug carries with nanosized cavities to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drug moieties. it has a backbone long length biodegradable polymer these polymer strands are mixed with small molecules called cross linkers that have an affinity certain portion of the polymer to form a spherical shape that has many packets or cavities where drugs can be stored. They can circumvent the various formulation challenges associated With poor water solubility, low bioavailability, targeting and controlled release of activities. In this present review various formulations additives like polymers, solvents and crosslinkers for the preparation of nano sponges, its advantages, characteristics, and various methods of preparations like melt method, emulsion solvent evaporation, emulsion solvent diffusion method, ultrasound assisted synthesis were studied.
Neem stem bark is a galactomannan material having hydrogel properties because of its three- dimensional network leading to swelling propensity, viscosity, and binding properties which can be used for dual purpose of binder and enhancing medicinal properties of same cure. Hence, the objective of this work was to investigate the Functional and Swelling Properties of Galactomannan Hydrogel extracted from Neem (Azadiracta indicia) Stem Bark obtained from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. The physicochemical, functional properties of the neem stem bark were analyzed to ascertain the active ingredient, the swelling properties were observed at distilled water, pH2.2 and 7.4 corresponding to the pH for large and gastrointestinal respectively. The functional and proximate analysis differs with geographical location taking account on the mineral composition of the soil. Hydrogel of 500 mm has the height swelling at (0 – 9 hours) of all the conditions showing absorption in the order of 6.5g, 3.9g, 5.2g and 2.6g relating the swelling percentage as NSB4<NSB3<NSB2<NSB1 at significant difference p<0.05 values all at the hour of 1-9 hours. This proves that the neem is also suitable as a binder
Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum (MKC) is a decoction from polyherbal Siddha formulation for managing diabetes. The safety of this formulation has not been reported earlier. This study evaluates the chronic toxicity of the Siddha herbal formulation MKC in experimental Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. In an acute oral toxicity study, male and female SD rats were orally administered a single dose of MKC (2000 mg/kg), and clinical signs and mortality stages were observed for 14 days along with weekly body weight. On day 15, the rats were euthanized and the gross morphology was carried out during necropsy. In a chronic (repeated dose) oral toxicity study, the male and female rats were orally administered MKC (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) once daily for up to 180 days. MKC showed outstanding tolerance in SD rats with a NOAEL of 2000 mg/kg, with no adverse effects or death during the study. In acute and chronic toxicity trials, MKC did not alter parameters or cause harmful effects. No group died or became moribund in either study.
ABSTRACT
This research work focused on locally sourced antimicrobial emulsion paint. Two antimicrobial agents were
obtained from leaves of neem (dogoyaro) and bush cane trees (opete). The leaves were then dried for about two
weeks, ground into particles and seived with 75micrones and 100microns seives. The particles were used as
fillers in polyvinyl acetate to produce the PVA- paste and allowed to dry at room temperature. The PVA-neem
and PVA-bush cane composites were used with the ingredients to produce PVA-neem and PVA-bush cane paint
respectively. Results indicated that both paint samples (PVA-neem and PVA-bush cane paint) are good
antimicrobial paints.
Keywords; Emulsion paint, Neem leave particles, Bush cane leaves particles, antimicrobial agents, polyvinyl acetate.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss has become an important tree worldwide due to its immense therapeutic and bio-pesticidal properties. Its habitat is under severe pressure from ever-increasing human population, fast urbanization and changing climates. In this study, the impact of climate change on A. indica was projected through its probable habitat distribution under current and future climatic conditions using maximum entropy modeling under four different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) i.e., SSP 126, 245, 370 and 585 in four states of India, i.e. Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and eastern Uttar Pradesh. The results revealed that temperature and precipitation played the most important roles in determining the suitable habitat. The annual mean temperature (Bio_1) was found to be the most influential factor in determining the distribution of A. indica. For the current scenario, the species exhibited a high suitable habitat zone in 13.5% of the study area. West Bengal demonstrated the highest area (~ 21175.6 km²) with the most suitable zone for the species. Whereas, in the future climatic scenario, the potential distribution has been predicted to be increased under all the SSPs with the maximum gain in SSP 370 (~ 55.62%) followed by SSP 245 (~ 52.57%). Under all future scenarios, the distribution pattern of A. indica displayed a shift towards the north by 2060 while showing an exemplary resilience to climate change. Our findings offer an in-depth understanding into response of the species to evolving climatic conditions and varied socioeconomic scenarios which offers a critical foundation for protection and management of this crucial species.
The present study was designed to evaluate the analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of a methanol extract and thrombolytic activity of methanol extract and its different partitionates obtained from the leaves of Bauhinia acuminata Linn. The analgesic activity was determined on mice model for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests, respectively and antidiarrheal effect was assessed by castor oil-induced diarrhea model at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. In in vitro thrombolytic study, the petroleum ether soluble materials of methanol extract revealed highest thrombolytic activity with clot lysis value of 46.66±0.67% as compared to 63.26±0.47% exhibited by the standard streptokinase. The extract significantly (P< 0.05) attenuated the acetic acid-induced writhing with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg b.w. (41.43%) comparable to that of the standard drug, diclofenac sodium (47.62%). A significant dose-dependent increase (P< 0.05) of latency period was also observed in the tail immersion method. During the castor oil-induced diarrheal assay, the extract showed significant (P<0.05) and dose dependant antidiarrheal effect. These findings indicate that sthe extract has potential thrombolytic, analgesic and antidiarrheal activity which support the folkloric claim and thus have great potential as a source of natural products.
Downy mildew disease (Maize downy mildew) caused by Peronosclerospora spp. is a major disease in corn that can significantly reduce corn production. An environmentally friendly alternative method to control this disease is the use of botanical fungicides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of botanical fungicides derived from betel leaf extract (Piper betle), Javanese chili leaf extract (Piper retrofractum), and neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) in controlling downy mildew disease in BISI-18 corn variety. The research was conducted from January to June 2024. The experimental plots measured 2 x 1.25 m (2.5 m²). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) on a 12 x 9 m plot, consisting of five treatments and six replications (groups). Natural inoculation of the downy mildew pathogen was carried out by placing one symptomatic plant in each experimental plot. Observed variables included incubation period, disease incidence and severity, AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve), phytochemical analysis, and yield. The results showed that the botanical fungicide from betel leaf extract was the most effective in reducing the intensity of downy mildew, while both betel leaf extract and neem leaf extract were moderately effective in suppressing the AUDPC of the disease. However, all botanical fungicide treatments were ineffective in increasing secondary metabolite content and yield of the BISI-18 corn variety.
Ayurvedic Churna is one of the most basic forms of Ayurvedic medicine and can be prepared easily. The Churna one will make should be referenced from an established Ayurvedic text or the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Panchanimba Churna, an Ayurvedic formulation referenced in Bhaisajya Ratnavali and AFI (Part II), has attracted interest for its therapeutic potential in managing various health conditions, particularly skin disorders. This review examines the pharmacological properties, traditional uses, and contemporary research findings related to the Panchanimba churna. Sourced from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), this churna possesses notable antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat skin issues such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis, with modern research supporting its effectiveness in reducing inflammation, fighting microbial infections, and promoting skin healing. Additionally, Panchanimba churna shows promise in complementary therapies for dermatological conditions, highlighting its potential as a valuable alternative treatment in integrative medicine. This review consolidates current knowledge and emphasizes the therapeutic relevance and future research opportunities of Panchanimba churna in dermatological care.
Background
The use of commercial tinctures for the design of a formulation with improved anti-microbial activity in a polyherbal lozenge dosage form has not been described.
Objective
This study aimed to develop and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a novel polyherbal lozenge formulation containing Ashwagandha, Neem, and Tulsi tinctures in a single-dose administration. According to previous studies, each of these herbs could be used in herbal medicine to provide relief from infection owing to their antimicrobial activity, besides other properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, etc.
Methods
The lozenges were prepared using the molding method using three concentrations (1, 3, and 5 % w/w) of commercialized herbal tinctures. Then, they were studied using different assays, including those designed to evaluate physical properties, stability, and antimicrobial activity.
Results
B4, containing 5% w/w of each tincture, showed the highest antimicrobial activity compared with the other batches. This batch exhibited the highest value of bacterial inhibition (17.1 ± 0.07 mm), according to the agar well diffusion method, including Escherichia coli as a test microorganism. Hence, B4 was chosen for additional analyses, including physical properties and stability tests. The results followed Indian Pharmacopeia standards and ICH guidelines, respectively. The formulation was stable after 2 weeks, and no significant changes were observed in its physical properties or antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion
This study shows that polyherbal lozenges have anti-microbial activity, with a disintegration period of 3.86 ± 0.07 minutes in the B4 batch.
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal ethosomal gel incorporating Azadirachta indica(Neem) extract, renowned for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and woundhealing properties. Ethosomes, advanced lipid carriers, were selected to enhance the delivery of the bioactive components of Azadirachta indica into deeper skin layers, ensuring improved therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. The ethosomes were prepared using the cold method, employing phospholipids, ethanol, and water, followed by incorporation into a gel base. The formulated ethosomal gel was evaluated for physicochemical properties, including pH, drug content, viscosity, and microbial study and homogeneity. The particle size, zeta potential, of the ethosomal vesicles were determined to confirm their suitability for topical application. The results suggest that the ethosomal gel containing Azadirachta indica extract is a promising approach for developing effective herbal topical formulations with improved skin delivery, offering potential benefits in treating skin infections and inflammatory conditions.
Phytochemical variability in plants is driven by a complex interplay of ecological and environmental factors, including genetics, climate, and soil characteristics. Understanding these determinants is increasingly important as phytochemicals are vital in mediating plant interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and their broader ecosystem. Recent research shows that both abiotic factors—such as temperature fluctuations, ultraviolet radiation, and nutrient availability—and biotic factors, including herbivory and competition, have significant impacts on the phytochemical profiles of forest trees. Seasonal and spatial variations also influence the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are key to plant defenses and overall ecosystem health. For example, environmental stressors like drought or elevated temperatures can induce higher production of protective phytochemicals, while the developmental stage of the plant and the type of organ (leaf, root, flower) further dictate metabolite expression. This variability holds profound implications for forest conservation and climate resilience. As forests face increasing pressures from climate change, understanding the role of phytochemicals in maintaining ecosystem stability becomes critical. Phytochemicals contribute to plant fitness, species diversity, and ecological interactions, all of which are crucial for the resilience of forest ecosystems. The integration of phytochemical knowledge into forest management can promote biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services, and lead to more sustainable practices in conservation. This paper advocates for interdisciplinary research that connects ecology, chemistry, and conservation biology. Such collaboration is essential to unravel the complex relationships between phytochemical variability and environmental factors, ultimately fostering more informed conservation strategies that can safeguard forest ecosystems in the face of environmental change.
Effect of different extracts of leaves of Azadirachta indica on lowering blood glucose level on intraperetoneally administered alloxan induced diabetic rats were investigated. A significant
inhibition in fasting blood glucose level by aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica was observed when compared with control group and with standard drug glibenclamide. The extracts
of leaves of Azadirachta indica were also evaluated for the availability of phytoconstituents for presence of tannins, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and polyphenols etc. The present study
ascertained that the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves possesses significant anti-hyperglycemic potential which may be due to the phytoconstituents present in the aqueous extracts.
Key words: Azadirachta indica, Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, Alloxan, Glibenclamide
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely observed. In the last century, roughly 121 pharmaceutical products have been discovered based on the information obtained from the traditional healers. Chemical principles from natural sources have become much simpler and have contributed significantly to the development of new drugs from medicinal plants. And because of these facts the world market for plant-derived chemicals–pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavours, and colour ingredients, alone exceeds several billion dollars per year. Azadirachta indica is one of the most revenue releasing plant grown in India because of several phytoconstituents present in it and also due to a number of pharmacological activities associated with it. The present review highlights a literature on taxonomical, botanical, phytoconstituents, and pharmacological discussion on Azadirachta indica leaves.
Azadirachta indica treatment for 48 days In albino rats resulted in a decrease in the total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity. The percentage of abnormal sperm increased and the fructose content of caudal semen of the epididymis decreased. The observations suggest that these effects are probably due to an androgen deficiency, caused by the anti-androgenic property of the leaves of A. indica, thereby affecting the physiological maturation of sperm.
A study was undertaken on the antiulcer effect of some active ingredients present in the lipid part of the fruits of M. azedarach administered p.o. to male rats. Acute gastric ulcers were induced by gipsing the rats for 22 hr preceded by 24 hr starvation to obtain the maximum stress. The free HCl, total HCl and total acidity were also measured. The total lipid (TLP), 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg, reduced the ulcer index by 25-41.8% and 50-58% when given daily for 5 and 10 days, respectively. The saponifiable fraction (SP), 0.85, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg, given for 10 days reduced the ulcer index by 41.8-50%, while the nonsaponifiable (NSP), 0.075, 0.150 and 0.50 g/kg, for 10 days reduced it by 50-83.5%. The 70% ethanol extract of the defatted residue showed no antiulcer effect. Analysis of the gastric juice showed a significant decrease in free HCl (P less than 0.001) induced by TLP; the total HCl and total acidity were reduced only at 5 g/kg. The results revealed the antiulcer effect of the lipid components of M. azedarach fruits which is mainly due to the phytosterol fraction.
Immunopotentiating agents are useful in enhancing resistance to infections in individuals whose immunocompetence is compromised for one reason or another. Because of the very wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious diseases for which preparations from Azadirachta indica are said to be efficacious, it was suspected that a general immunopotentiating ability could be part of the mechanisms by which it ameliorates so many disease conditions. Using the haemolytic plaque technique, an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was shown to enhance the immune response of BALB/C mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo.
A new tetranortriterpene nimbidinin (II) from the neutral fraction of nimbidin, the amorphous bitter principle of Azadirachta indica seed kernel is shown to be biogenetically related to salannin. The crystalline acidic constituent nimbidic acid (I) has been found to be identical to salannic acid, derived from salannin.
The use of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts (Praneem) given orally for abrogation of pregnancy in subhuman primates is described. Oral administration of Praneem was initiated after confirmation of pregnancy using Leydig cell bioassay estimating rising levels of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) in the blood from day 25 onwards of the cycle and continued for six days. Termination of pregnancy was observed with the appearance of blood in the vaginal smears and decline in CG and progesterone. Pregnancy continued in the control animals treated with peanut oil at the same dose. The effect was observed in both baboons and bonnet monkeys. The treatment was well tolerated; blood chemistry and liver function tests had normal values. The animals regained their normal cyclicity in the cycles subsequent to Praneem treatment.
Studies in the neutral fraction of stem bark of Azadirachta indica(neem) have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of three new diterpenoids, margolone (1a), margolonone (2a), and isomargolonone (3a). The structure of these compounds has been established as 12-methyl-7-oxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, 12-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, and 13-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-12-carboxylic acid respectively, through chemical transformations and spectral studies. These diterpenoids showed antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and represent the first isolation of podocarpane derivatives with carbon substituents at both C-12 and C-13.
The inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis was investigated in Syrian male hamsters. All hamsters painted on their buccal pouch with DMBA for 14 weeks developed squamous cell carcinoma. Administration of neem leaf extract effectively suppressed oral carcinogenesis initiated with DMBA as revealed by the reduced incidence of neoplasms. Lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were used to biomonitor the chemopreventive potential of neem. Lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly decreased, whereas GSH, GPx, GST and GGT were elevated in the oral mucosa of tumour bearing animals. Our data suggest that neem may exert its chemopreventive effects in the oral mucosa by modulation of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and detoxification systems.
Water soluble fractions separated from the crude leaf extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. lowered hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetes. Systematic fractionation of the concentrates led to the isolation of flavonol glycosides, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside.
It was confirmed that extracts of some plants were used in folklore medicine as hypoglycemic agents. Of these plants isAzadirachta indica (“neem”), which grows in tropical regions. The present study deals with biochemical effects of the “neem” leaf water extract
given orally to experimental animals, especially the hypoglycemic characteristics. Normals as well as alloxan diabetic rats
have been used in this work. The results showed that the “neem” leaf extract produced some hypoglycemia in normal rats when
given in two doses, while in diabetic rats there was a decrease in blood sugar, but it could not alleviate the diabetic state.
However, the “neem” leaf extract produced some toxic effects in rats, as observed that the clotting time of blood was higher
than that of the normal. Serum cholesterol level increased with concomitant decrease in the liver fat as compared to normal
levels. There was also a drop in liver proteins which was dose-related. The results were compared with those obtained with
an oral hypoglycemic drug (Glibenclamide).
Two samples of debitterized and defatted neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cakes were analyzed for their nutrient composition, and the cake protein quality was evaluated in weanling rats.
The cake is a good source of protein (45–50%), phosphorus, calcium and iron. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the
cake, but it was low (15–17 TIU/mg protein). Lysine content of the cake protein was higher than most of the cereal proteins
but lower than that of legume proteins. Sulphur-containing amino acids were the limiting amino acids of the cake protein.
When the cake contained a low amount of fat and was devoid of neem smell, its PER and NPU were comparable to those of any
other oilseed cake. Animals receiving 84% neem cake diet did not exhibit any toxic symptoms. Therefore, neem seed kernel cake
may be included in animal feeds.
Twenty-one compounds isolated from nine medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Sudan and other African countries were examined in vitro for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the major human malaria parasite. Compounds tested include alkaloids, lignans, triterpenes, coumarins, limonoids and flavonoids. Most were relatively inactive; one limonoid, gedunin, had an IC 50 value of about 1 μM after 48 h exposure (0.3 μM after 96 h), roughly equivalent to quinine. In this protocol, the flavonoid quercetin purified from Diosma pilosa was found to have the same activity as a commercially obtained preparation. Simple radiometric assays for antimalarial activity can thus be used to rapidly screen purified plant material or secondary plant metabolites. The high potency and efficacy of quinine and the Chinese herbal antimalarial quinghaosu (artemisinine) illustrate the merit of this approach.
Limonoids are the most distinctive secondary metabolites of the plant order Rutales. Recent work has established a wide range of biological activities for these compounds, including insect antifeedant and growth regulating properties, a variety of medicinal effects in animals and humans, and antifungal, bacteriocidal, and antiviral activity. This review summarizes the literature on the biological activities of limonoids of known structure, and attempts to relate those activities to current concepts of the evolution of the limonoids.
Effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on serotonin inhibition in glucose mediated insulin release in rat pancreas was studied in vitro to elucidate the possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of A. indica leaf extract. A. indica leaf extract blocks significantly (P < 0.05) the inhibitory effect of serotonin on insulin secretion mediated by glucose.
Neem seed and leaf extracts have immunomodulators that induce cellular immune reactions. These aspects of neem were exploited in earlier studies, where the oral administration of the neem seed extracts in rodents and primates could completely abrogate pregnancy at an early post implantation stage. Complete restoration of fertility was observed in the animals treated in the subsequent cycles. For the purpose of using neem as a long term contraceptive, an activity guided fractionation, followed by identification and characterization of the biologically active fraction from neem seeds was carried out. Sequentially extracted fractions of neem seeds were tested orally at an early post implantation stage in rats. The hexane extract of the neem seeds was found to be biologically active and was the precursor for the final active fraction. The active fraction, identified as a mixture of six components, could completely abrogate pregnancy in rodents up to a concentration of 10%. No apparent toxic effects could be seen following treatment with the fraction. The treatment with the active fraction caused a specific activation of T lymphocyte cells of CD8+ subtype as well as phagocytic cells followed by elevation in cytokines gamma-interferon and TNF. The results of the present study show that a pure active fraction of neem seeds could be obtained for the purpose of early post implantation contraception when given orally, and its mechanism of action seems to be by activating cell mediated immune reactions.
Immunomodulatory effects of neem oil were studied in mice. The animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with neem oil; control animals received the emulsifying agent with or without peanut oil. Peritoneal lavage, collected on subsequent days, showed a maximum number of leukocytic cells on day 3 following treatment with neem oil; peritoneal macrophages exhibited enhanced phagocytic activity and expression of MHC class-II antigens. Neem oil treatment also induced the production of gamma interferon. Spleen cells of neem oil-treated animals showed a significantly higher lymphocyte proliferative response to in vitro challenge with Con A or tetanus toxoid (TT) than that of the controls. Pre-treatment with neem oil, however, did not augment the anti-TT antibody response. The results of this study indicate that neem oil acts as a non-specific immunostimulant and that it selectively activates the cell-mediated immune (CMI) mechanisms to elicit an enhanced response to subsequent mitogenic or antigenic challenge.
Brown Hisex chicks were fed diets containing 2% and 5% Azadirachta indica leaf from their 7th to 35th day of age. Thereafter, the chicks were fed control diet for 2 weeks. A depression in body weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization was observed in chicks fed A. indica leaf when compared with the control. The main clinicopathological changes were increases in lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and uric acid and bilirubin concentrations and decreases in the total protein levels in serum. Changes in the values of erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were remarkable and associated with yellow discoloration on the legs and combs and hepatonephropathy. Tissue recovery was incomplete 2 weeks after removal from the experimental diets.
Literature data on respectively botany, chemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and toxicology of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are reviewed and evaluated. In traditional literature, preparations of the tree are claimed to be vulnerable in wide spectrum of diseases. Especially for inflammation-related diseases a good correlation is found with the results of recent experimental investigations. In addition, a variety of other biological activities are reported. Most frequently the effects can be attributed to compounds representing the structural classes of the limonoids, phenolics and macromolecules. Reported toxicity of preparations and isolated compounds are low, except for the seed oil. In conclusion, A. indica can be regarded as a valuable plant source for the rationalisation of its use in traditional medicine and for modern drug development.
NIM-76, the odorous and volatile fraction of neem oil, was investigated for its antifertility activity in vivo in rats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. The drug is effective when applied before coitus but not so when applied during post-coital stages. It, therefore, appears to act mainly by its spermicidal effect. No alteration in the estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) values was observed after the application of the drug in monkeys.
A novel use of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil, a traditional plant product, for long-term and reversible blocking of fertility after a single intrauterine application is described. Female Wistar rats of proven fertility were given a single dose (100 microliters) of neem oil by intrauterine route; control animals received the same volume of peanut oil. Whereas all control animals became pregnant and delivered normal litters, the rats treated with neem oil remained infertile for variable periods ranging from 107 to 180 days even after repeated matings with males of proven fertility. The block in fertility was, however, reversible as half of the animals regained fertility and delivered normal litters by five months after treatment, without any apparent teratogenic effects. Unilateral administration of neem oil in the uterus blocked pregnancy only on the side of application whereas the contralateral uterine horn treated with peanut oil had normally developing foetuses; no sign of implantation or foetal resorption was noted in the neem-oil-treated horn. The ovaries on both sides had 4-6 corpora lutea indicating no effect of treatment on ovarian functions. The animals treated with neem oil showed a significant leukocytic infiltration in the uterine epithelium between days 3 and 5 post coitum, i.e. during the pre-implantation period. Intrauterine application of neem oil appears to induce a pre-implantation block in fertility; the possible mechanisms of the antifertility action are discussed.
The A. indica crude aqueous bark extract inhibits the generation of chemiluminescence by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Guided by this activity the responsible compounds were purified by extraction with different organic solvents and HPLC. Gallic acid, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (as a 2:1 mixture) (+)-catechin and epigallocatechin were isolated and identified by means of HPLC, TLC, MS, 1H-NMR, UV, and CD data. Commercial samples of gallic acid, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin showed the same effects. To our knowledge the identified catechins have never been described as constituents of A. indica.
The isolation and structure elucidation of gedunin [1], the antimalarial agent of Azadirachta indica, are reported. Its 1H- and 13C-nmr spectra were assigned by using one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy, especially homonuclear and heteronuclear COSY, nOe difference, and COLOC experiments.
The crude aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica bark possesses an inhibitory activity on both classical (CP) and alternative pathway (AP) activation of human complement. Purification of the compounds with the guidance of the AP-inhibitory activity involved extraction with methanol, dialysis, ion-exchange procedures and gel-permeation chromatography. This sequence yielded two polymers, NB-I and NB-II, one a highly active compound with a relatively low molecular weight (NB-II) and the other a less active compound with a high molecular weight (NB-I). The polymers were characterized by using colour reactions, TLC, GLC and HPLC after hydrolysis and gel-permeation chromatography as peptidoglycans. The carbohydrate part consisted predominantly of glucose. Arabinose, galactose and mannose were present in minor amounts (NB-II) or only as traces (NB-I). Protein was present for 5.5% in NB-I and for 9.8% in NB-II.
The interference of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica with different parts of the human immune system was investigated. The extract showed strong anticomplementary effects which were dose-and time-dependent and most pronounced in the classical complement pathway assay. Moreover, a dose-dependent decrease in the chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed and a dose-dependent increase in the production of migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes.
Margosa oil (MO), a fatty acid-rich extract of the seeds of the neem tree and a reported cause of Reye's syndrome, has been used in the induction of an experimental model of Reye's syndrome in rats. It has been reported that MO causes a decrease in in vivo mitochondrial enzyme activity similar to that seen in Reye's syndrome. We have attempted to uncover some of the biochemical mechanisms of MO's toxicity by examining its effect in vitro on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Male rat liver mitochondria were isolated by centrifugation; oxygen uptake, reduced forms of cytochrome b, c + c1, a + a3, and flavoprotein, intramitochondrial concentrations of acetyl coA, acid-soluble coA, acid-insoluble coA, and ATP content were measured after incubation with and without MO. Our results reveal that MO is a mitochondrial uncoupler. State 4 respiration was increased while the respiratory control ratio was decreased. The intramitochondrial content of ATP was also decreased. There were substantial changes in the reduction of the respiratory chain components after incubation of mitochondria with MO. This decelerative effect on mitochondrial electron transport was alleviated by the addition of coenzyme Q and/or carnitine. These effects of MO on mitochondrial respiration may be due to changes in fatty acid metabolism caused by MO as MO caused a shift in the proportion of acid-soluble or acid-insoluble coA esters. Supplementary therapy with L-carnitine and coenzyme Q may be useful in the management of MO-induced Reye's syndrome.
Nimbolide and nimbic acid are toxic to mice only when given i.p. and i.v. but they are less toxic to rats and hamsters. The LD50 values of a single i.p. administration of nimbolide to adult male, female and weanling mice were 225, 280 and 240 mg/kg body wt, respectively, and its i.v. LD50 value was decreased to 24 mg/kg body wt in adult male mice. No fatality was observed when nimbolide was given i.g., i.m. and s.c. to adult male mice. Estimated LD50 values of nimbolide in rats and hamsters were somewhat higher than 600 and 500 mg/kg body wt. After 12-23 h i.p. administration of a lethal dose, most animals died of possible dysfunctions in kidney (tubular necrosis), small intestine (hemorrhagic necrosis), pancreas (acinar cell necrosis) and liver (mild fatty infiltration and focal necrosis). In contrast, mice and rats given a lethal dose of nimbolide (i.v.) died of a marked and sudden drop in arterial blood pressure and respiratory paralysis within about 1-18 min. Nimbic acid was less toxic to mice with an i.v. LD50 value of 265 mg/kg body wt and i.p. and i.g. LD50 values of higher than 600 mg/kg body wt. The possible cause of death induced by nimbic acid may be similar to that of nimbolide given i.v. and this is a sudden hypotensive shock.
Vomiting, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, and encephalopathy developed in thirteen infants within hours of ingestion of margosa oil. Liver biopsy of one infant and necropsy examination of ICR strain mice after experimentally induced margosa-oil poisoning demonstrated pronounced fatty infiltration of the liver and proximal renal tubules as well as cerebral oedema. Electron microscopy demonstrated mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that margosa oil may be involved in the aetiology of Reye's syndrome among Indians in Malaysia.
Nimbidin, an ester of terpenic origin, which forms the major bitter principle isolated from the oil of seed scernels of AZADIRACHTA INDICA (Meliaceae) was found to possess significant anti-ulcer potential in various experimental models. Anti-ulcer studies (preventive tests) revealed very significant protective effect of the test drug in doses of 20 to 40 mg/kg (p.o.) in acetylsalicylic acid, stress, serotonin and indomethacin induced gastric lesions in rats. The test drug also afforded remarkable protection in both types of chemically induced duodenal lesions in rodents. In ulcer healing tests, nimbidin significantly enhanced the healing process in acetic acid induced chronic gastric lesions in albino rats and dogs.
The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, as well as the acute toxicity of Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) extract were studied. It was found to have a pronounced anti-inflammatory (rat paw oedema) and a fairly good antipyretic effect (pyrogen induced hyperpyrexia in rabbits) . The acute oral toxicity test in mice showed a very low range of approximately 13 g/kg body weight.
Nimbidin, a compound isolated from the oil of seeds of AZADIRACHTA INDICA (N EEM), has been screened in comparison with two standard anti-inflammatory agents, phenylbutazone, a non-steriod and prednisolone, a steroid; against various experimental models of inflammation. It was found to significantly reduce acute paw oedema in rats induced by phlogistic agents, carrageenin and kaolin. The test drug significantly suppressed the formalin-induced arthritis of ankle joint and the fluid exudation in croton oil-induced granuloma in rats. In acute phase of inflammation, nimbidin (40 mg/kg) was found to possess significant activity as compared to phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg). Since the drug was found to be effective in both acute and chronic phases of inflammation it can be considered as a general anti-inflammatory agent.
The mode of antifertility action of intrauterine neem treatment (IUNT) was studied. The effect of IUNT on ovarian functions and uterine responsiveness to ovarian hormones was examined in adult Wistar rats. The treated animals had normal reproductive cycles as indicated by the vaginal smears; serum progesterone levels were also in the normal range. Effect of exogenous estradiol following IUNT in ovariectomized rats showed comparable uterine weight gain as in control group; decidual cell reaction of the uterine epithelium following IUNT was also similar to that of control, indicating normal uterine responsiveness to ovarian hormones. Unilateral IUNT followed by mating resulted in degeneration of embryos on the treated side as noted between days 3-5 post coitum; normal embryos were seen on the contralateral side given peanut oil. The study shows that the mode of antifertility action of IUNT is not because of uterine unresponsiveness to the ovarian hormones but is due to impairment of embryo development. The results of this study thus confirm our earlier observations and show further that the antifertility effect of IUNT is at the pre-implantation stage, localized and without any adverse or toxic effect on the fetal development in the contralateral uterine horn of the unilaterally treated rats. The exact mechanism(s) of antifertility action of IUNT is being investigated.
We have shown that azadirachtin, a compound from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, and selected semi-synthetic derivatives, block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in vitro. Changes in the hemiacetal group at position C11 in the molecule result in a loss of activity in this assay. The motility of fully formed male gametes, and other selected flagellated cells, is unaffected by azadirachtin in vitro. These findings raise the possibility of developing azadirachtin-based compounds as antimalarials with transmission-blocking potential, as well as permitting the further study of structure-activity relationships in these compounds.
Antifertility effects of intrauterine neem treatment (IUNT) was studied in bonnet monkeys. A single administration of 1 ml of neem oil by an intrauterine insemination catheter blocked fertility for 7 to 12 months. The effect was, however, reversible as all the animals became pregnant subsequently and delivered normal babies. The neem oil treatment had no adverse effect on menstrual cyclicity and ovarian functions. The uterus of neem-treated animals showed normal morphology. Immunohistological studies, however, demonstrated a significant increase in the number of MHC-II antigen-positive cells in the uterine endometrium following neem treatment, indicating enhanced antigen-presenting ability of the uterus; a feature that may be related to the observed antifertility effect of neem oil. The present investigation demonstrates that an IUNT can be used for long-term, reversible contraception, without any apparent side effects, and that the method could provide an alternate to currently used intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD).
The antiulcer effect of aqueous extracts of the leaves of the neem tree was investigated in rats exposed to 2-h cold-restraint stress or given ethanol orally for 1 h. Extracts were administered in doses of 10, 40, or 160 mg leaf/kg body weight, either as single- or five-dose pretreatment regimens. Neem dose-dependently reduced gastric ulcer severity in rats subjected to stress and also decreased ethanol provoked gastric mucosal damage. The extract appeared to prevent mast cell degranulation and to increase the amount of adherent gastric mucus in stressed animals. These effects may explain, at least in part, the mode of the antiulcer action of neem.
A preliminary crude screening of plants in Jos Metropolis showed that at a concentration of 100 mg/l-1 the stem bark extract of the Neem plant Azadirachta indica caused a 100 percent mortality when tested against three common snail intermediate host species, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus, and Lymnaea natalensis after 24 hours exposure. Toxicity test with freeze-dried aqueous extract of the plant gave 96 hours LC50 values of 19.00 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05), 10.96 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05) and 15.13 mg/l-1 (p > 0.05) against B. pfeifferi, B. truncatus and L. natalensis, respectively. When a similar test was carried out on fish, Aphyosemon giardneri a 96 hour LC50 of 15.1 mg/l-1 was recorded. Extraction with alcohol, increase in temperature within the optimal range, increase in acidity of aquatic medium and cold storage improved the potency of the extract while boiling and room storage reduced it.
Neem seed preparations contain not only azadirachtin as the active insect antifeedant or growth regulator but also a variety of their limonoids, some of which are cytotoxic to N1E-115 neuroblastoma (mouse), 143B.TK- osteosarcoma (human) and Sf9 (insect) cultured cell lines. The most potent of these limonoids is nimbolide with an IC50 ranging from 4 to 10 microM, and averaging 6 microM for the three cell lines. Other limonoids of decreasing potency and their average IC50 values (microM) are epoxyazadiradione 27 microM, salannin 112 microM, and nimbin, deacetylnimbin and azadirachtin each >200 microM (practically nontoxic). Nimbolide at 10 microM acts rapidly in the neuroblastoma cells to induce blebbing associated with disruption of plasma membranes almost instantaneously and 50% loss of cell viability with 30 min. At 5 microM nimbolide, the cells become elongated and assume a neuronal shape accompanied by spikes and lamellipodia within 1-2 hr followed shortly thereafter by extensive cytological changes and and vacuolization associated with irreversible processess leading to cell death. Calcium is apparently not involved the cytotoxic effect since a calcium-free medium, leading to profound morpholigical changes, does not alter the sensitivity to nimbolide. In contrast, epoxyazadiradione requires higher concentrations and a few hr for 50 % viability loss without major morphological changes, indicating a difference in mode of action for nimbolide and epoxyazadiradione. and epoxyazadiradione.
1. Effect of epinephrine on the increment index calculated from intravenous glucose tolerance tests and on hepatic glycogen before and after A. indica leaf extract treatment was studied in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. 2. A. indica leaf extract, in itself, was found to have no action on peripheral utilization of glucose or on hepatic glycogen. 3. The reduction in peripheral utilization of glucose and glycogenolytic effect due to epinephrine action was blocked by A. indica leaf extract, however, almost completely in diabetic rabbits and to a certain extent in normal ones. 4. The results are discussed.
Praneem Vilci (PV), purified neem oil was reported to exercise a reversible antifertility effect after a single intrauterine instillation in rodents and primates without any adverse effects. After toxicology, drug regulatory and ethical clearances, a phase I clinical trial was conducted on PV. Eighteen healthy tubectomised women were enrolled to evaluate the safety of a single intrauterine instillation of PV and to determine the effect of its co-administration on anti-hCG response to the heterospecies dimer (HSD) hCG vaccine. Eight women received PV alone and ten women were given the HSD-hCG vaccine in addition. Base-line and post-treatment haematological and biochemical profiles were determined as also the mid-luteal serum progesterone. Endometrial biopsies were examined to assess ovulatory status and the effect of intrauterine treatment with PV on the endometrium. Anti-hCG antibody titres were estimated in women who were concurrently immunized with the HSD vaccine. No untoward reaction was observed in any woman. Menstrual pattern and ovulatory status remained unaltered. Endometrial biopsy after PV instillation in one woman showed non-specific endometritis but she remained asymptomatic. Mild eosinophilia was seen in two women and this reverted to normal on its own. All women receiving PV and the HSD vaccine generated antibodies against hCG. Our data show that intrauterine administration of PV is safe and does not prevent the antibody response to HSD-hCG vaccine.
Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) seed and leaf extracts have spermicidal, anti‐microbial, anti‐fungal and anti‐viral properties. They are also immunomodulators that induce primarily a TH, type response. These properties are being exploited to develop two different useful methods of fertility control. Neem extracts given orally at early post‐implantation stage terminate pregnancy in rodents and primates. Treatment has no residual permanent effect and fertility is regained in subsequent cycles. The mechanism by which the action occurs is not fully clear. A transient increase in CD 4 and more significantly in CD 8 cells is noticed in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. A rise in immunoreactive and bioactive TNF‐α and IFN‐γ in draining lymph nodes, serum and foetal‐placental tissue is observed.
A polyherbal cream and pessary have been developed containing three active ingredients of plant origin. These have synergistic spermicidal properties on human sperm as determined by the Sander Cramer test. Their use before mating has high contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and baboons. Another interesting property is their inhibitory action on a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms, including Candida albicans. C. tropicalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , the multidrug‐resistant Slaphylococcus aureus and urinary tract Escherichia coli. Herpes simplex‐2 and HIV‐1, Phase I clinical trials have been completed in India, Egypt and the Dominican Republic, and indicate the safety of the formulation, its acceptability and beneficial action invaginosis due to infections.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been shown to possess anti-malarial activity. In this study we systematically evaluated extracts of neem seeds and purified fractions further enriched in polar or non-polar constituents for their effect on in vitro growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Use of synchronized stages of parasites suggested trophozoites/schizonts as the susceptible target stages to various neem extracts. In addition, all the maturation stages of gametocytes were also killed by various neem fractions tested. The anti-plasmodial effect of neem components was also observed on parasites previously shown to be resistant to other anti-malarial drugs, i.e. chloroquine and pyrimethamine suggesting a different mode of action. Neem seed fractions are thus active not only against the parasite stages that cause the clinical infection but also against the stages responsible for continued malaria transmission.
Oral administration of 20, 40, 60, mg of dry Azadirachta indica leaf powder for 24 days resulted in decrease in the weights of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate, reduction in epithelial height, nuclear diameter and the secretory material in the lumen. Biochemically, there was a decrease in total protein, acid phosphatase activities. Seminal vesicles and ventral prostate being androgen dependent, the regressive changes histologically as well as biochemically, suggests the antiandrogenic property of the neem leaves.