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Effect of Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) Powder Intervention on the Blood Glucose Levels among Diabetics

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Renu Paliwal at Jiwaji University
Renu Paliwal
Saroj Kathori
Saroj Kathori
Saroj Kathori
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Bhupendra Upadhyay
Bhupendra Upadhyay
Bhupendra Upadhyay
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Abstract

Gymnema sylvestre is a natural herb. The present study was conducted to study the effect of gurmar leaf powder intervention on the blood glucose level of 20 non-insulin dependent diabetic women, (40-60) years residing in the Udaipur city, Rajasthan. Subjects selected were taking no oral hypoglycemic drug (i.e. newly diagnosed) and were willing to participate in the intervention study. Information regarding name, age, religion, lifestyle pattern, was collected with the help of interview schedule. Anthropometric parameters were collected prior to intervention to assess the nutritional status. Blood glucose levels were assessed before and after intervention period by using one touch horizon glucometer. Everyday 6 gm of gurmar leaf powder was used to intervene the subjects in three divided doses. Dietary survey using 24 hours recall method was also done. (3 days- once in a week). Results of intervention revealed that gurmar leaf powder had positive and encouraging effects over blood glucose levels. No adverse effect was observed on the health status of the subjects and it can thus be concluded that gurmar powder is effective in lowering the fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels.
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© Kamla-Raj 2009 Ethno-Med, 3(2): 133-135 (2009)
Effect of Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) Powder Intervention on
the Blood Glucose Levels among Diabetics
Renu Paliwal*, Saroj Kathori and Bhupendra Upadhyay**
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture and Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur 313 001, Rajasthan, India
*Telephone: 091-0294-2450704, *Mobile: 9460028609,
*E-mail: renu8543@yahoomail.com
**Department of Statistics, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Udaipur 313 001, Rajasthan, India
KEYWORDS Fasting Blood Glucose. Postprandial Blood Glucose. BMI
ABSTRACT Gymnema sylvestre is a natural herb. The present study was conducted to study the effect of gurmar leaf
powder intervention on the blood glucose level of 20 non-insulin dependent diabetic women, (40-60) years residing
in the Udaipur city, Rajasthan. Subjects selected were taking no oral hypoglycemic drug (i.e. newly diagnosed) and were
willing to participate in the intervention study. Information regarding name, age, religion, lifestyle pattern, was
collected with the help of interview schedule. Anthropometric parameters were collected prior to intervention to
assess the nutritional status. Blood glucose levels were assessed before and after intervention period by using one touch
horizon glucometer. Everyday 6 gm of gurmar leaf powder was used to intervene the subjects in three divided doses.
Dietary survey using 24 hours recall method was also done. (3 days-once in a week). Results of intervention revealed
that gurmar leaf powder had positive and encouraging effects over blood glucose levels. No adverse effect was
observed on the health status of the subjects and it can thus be concluded that gurmar powder is effective in lowering
the fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels.
INTRODUCTION
Man can live in happiness without many
earthly possessions, but not without good
health. (Amirthaveni et al. 2001)
Good health is a major resource and an
important dimension of the quality of life. Today
with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyle
pattern prevalence of diabetes is increasing at
an alarming rate. Diabetes is a chronic health
condition where the body is unable to produce
insulin and breakdown sugar (glucose) in the
blood (www.pregnancy and baby.com)
Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was
estimated to be about 4 percent in 1995 and will
rise to 5.4 percent by the year 2025. The number
of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from
135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025
(King et al. 1998). Nature has provided us a rich
storehouse of herbal remedies to cure all aliments
of mankind. India has vast and inexhaustible
resources of drugs of plants origin. There has
been resurgence in the consumption and demand
for medicinal plants (Chandrasekhar et al. 2002).
These plants are finding use as pharmaceuticals,
nautraceuticals, cosmetics, and food supple-
ments. Even as traditional source of medicines
they continue to play a pivotal role. Plants have
been source of medicine from ancient times.
Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) is a climbing plant.
It is grown in India, China, Indonesia, Japan,
Malaysia, Srilanka, Vietnam and South Africa. It
is also known as Madhunashini, Gurmarbooti,
Meshashringi (Bone 2002).
The documented properties of Gymnema
sylvestre are it is a stomachic stimulant, laxative,
astringent and diuretic (Bone 2002).The objective
of the study was to prepare gurmar powder and
to find out the effect of gurmar powder interven-
tion on blood glucose levels, so that diabetics
can make use of it in future.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
a. Sample Size and its Selection: The study
was conducted in the municipal limits of Udaipur
city, Rajasthan. Twenty non-insulin dependent
diabetic female subjects were selected purposively
for the present study with the following criterion:
Address for correspondence: Renu Paliwal
22, Vaishali Nagar, Badgaon, Udaipur
Rajasthan, India
Telephone: 0294-2450704
Mobile: 09460028609
E-mail: renu8543@yahoo.com
134 RENU PALIWAL, SAROJ KATHORI AND BHUPENDRA UPADHYAY
1. Subjects selected were female diabetics, as
diabetes is relatively more commonly seen
in females than males.
2. A woman in the age group of 40-60 years as
NIDDM is mainly a disease of the middle age
and elderly.
3. Women willing to participate and cooperate.
4. Women taking no oral hypoglycemic drugs
were selected, i.e. newly diagnosed patients
were taken.
b. Preparation of Powder: The leaves were
cleaned well to make them dust and grit free.
The fresh leaves were washed with tap water.
The collected leaves were dried naturally in
open shade. The leaves were then churned
into a powder.
c. Gurmar Powder Intervention: Subjects were
personally contacted prior to intervention to
brief them about the details regarding the
consumption of Gurmar leaves powder, uses
and benefits of Gurmar selected subjects were
asked to take the prescribed dose half an hour
before lunch, breakfast and dinner
respectively with water and were asked to
follow their normal routine diet and activity
pattern throughout the period of
investigation. The powder was given in three
packets containing 2-gram powder in each
packet, each day by the investigator. The
intervention was done for a period of one
month. Each day 6 gm of powder was given
to each one.
d. Effect of Intervention on Blood Glucose
Levels: The fasting and postprandial blood
glucose levels were measured before and after
the intervention period of one month.
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Table 1 shows that majority of the respondent
(65%) belonged to the age group of 40-50 years
while rest (35%) respondents were in the age
group of 50-60 years. Ramchandran, (1997)
revealed that there is a significant increase in the
diabetics within the age group of 35-64 years of
age. Distribution of subjects on the basis of
educational level (Table 2) showed that (10%) of
the respondents were postgraduates, 25% of the
respondents were graduates. Nearly 20 percent
subjects were educated up to senior secondary
and 40 percent subjects educated up to
secondary level while 5 percent subjects were
uneducated.
Table 3 presents data pertaining to the
anthropometric measurements of the subjects
(mean height, weight and BMI)
Table 1: Percentage distribution of the subjects
according to the age group
Age group Number Percentage of subjects
40-50 years 13 65
50-60 years 7 35
Table 2: Percentage distribution of subjects on the
basis of their educational level
Educational level Number Percentage of subjects
Secondary 8 40
Senior Secondary 4 20
Graduates 5 25
Post Graduates 2 10
Uneducated 1 5
Blood glucose Mean± SD ‘t’ value
mg/dl 0 week 4 week
Table 4: Effect of gurmar leaf powder intervention
on blood glucose level (0 & 4 week)
Fasting 138.26±12.33 132.6±11.39 11.45**
Postprandial 181.3±18.68 175.3±19.03 7.08**
**significant at 1%
Table 3: Anthropometric measurements of the
subjects
Body measurments Mean±SD
Body Weight (kg) 69.7±5.05
Height (cm) 161.75±4.08
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 29.48±4.65
Table 4 shows the effect of powder before
and after intervention period. The mean fasting
blood glucose level of the subject before starting
the intervention was 138.26±12.33 mg/dl and was
132.6±11.39 mg/dl after four week. It statistically
signifies that the fasting blood glucose level was
significantly lowered at 1% (p<.01). Similarly the
mean postprandial blood glucose level before
intervention was 181.3±8.68 mg/dl and after
intervention it was reduced to 175.3±9.03, which
is also significant at 1% (p<. 01).
Sharma (1999) concluded that Baelpatra
powder and Vijayasar extract two herbal products
when given for eight weeks in the daily dosage
of 4 gm. and 400 ml. respectively alone or in
combination can effectively lower the serum and
urine glucose level of diabetic subjects.
Anuradha et al. (2001) observed the impact
of administration of spirulina on the blood
135
EFFICACY OF GURMAR LEAF POWDER IN DIABETES
glucose level of diabetic patients, 4 gm spirulina
per day was administered to experimental group
for a period of 60 days. Diet counseling was also
given to all the 40 subjects through a booklet. The
significant reduction in the blood glucose levels
(fasting, postprandial and random) in the
experimental group was noticed. The control group
males and females also show reduction which may
be due to impact of diet counseling but there was
a significant difference in reduction in blood
glucose levels, when two groups were compared.
REFERCENCES
Amirthaveni MP, Vijayalakshmi MN, Niklia 2001. Lipid
profile of the heart patients and healthy volunteers
and the effect of supplementation of kadukkai
(Terminalia chebula) on hypercholesterolemic
patients. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and
Dietetics, 38: 83-88.
Anuradha V, Vidhya 2001. Impact of administration of
Spirulina on the blood glucose level of selected
diabetic patients. The Indian Journal of Nutrition
and Dietetics, 38: 40-43.
Bone K 2002. Official home page of Gymnema: A key
herb in the management of diabetes. Retrieved March
18,2007, from http://www.townsendletter.com .
Chandrasekhar U, Haripriya 2002. Studies on
hypoglycemic potential of Salacia Prionoides on
Albino Diabetic rats and the evaluation of the effect
of the water extracts of Salacia prionoides and
Tinospra Cordifolia on NIDDM subjects. The Indian
Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 39: 525-528
King H, Aubert RE, Herman HW 1998. Global burden of
Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21: 1414-1431.
Khanna K, Gupta S, Passi S J, Seth R, Mahna R, Puri S
2003. Textbook of Nutrition and Dietitics. New Delhi:
Phoenix Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Ramchandran A 2000. Burden of diabetes and its
complications in India. Proceedings of Novo Nordisk
Diabetes Update, 200: 51-57.
Sharma S 1999. Management of NIDDM Baelpatra and
Vijaysar Extract. M.Sc. Thesis (unpublished), Udaipur:
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology.
... As earlier reported by Paliwal et al. (2009), the first confirmation of G. sylvestre used in human diabetics came almost a century back when it was demonstrated that the leaves of G. sylvestre reduced urine glucose in diabetics. Paliwal et al. (2009) demonstrated that G. sylvestre leaf powder has positive and encouraging effects on blood glucose levels. ...
... As earlier reported by Paliwal et al. (2009), the first confirmation of G. sylvestre used in human diabetics came almost a century back when it was demonstrated that the leaves of G. sylvestre reduced urine glucose in diabetics. Paliwal et al. (2009) demonstrated that G. sylvestre leaf powder has positive and encouraging effects on blood glucose levels. No harmful effect was observed on the health status of the subjects and thus, which indicates that G. sylvestre powder is effective in lowering fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels. ...
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... Gurmar: Gymnema Sylvestre commonly known as 'Gurmar', containing various bioactive compounds like Gymnemic acid and Gymnema saponins, exhibits antidiabetic and antioxidant properties (19). The leaf powder has shown positive effects on blood glucose levels, effectively reducing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels (20). ...
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... The scientific study of ethnopharmacological properties of G. sylvestre has confirmed that the plant parts are useful in diabetes and effective in the balancing of blood glucose level. The bioactive constituents of the plant stimulate to enhance insulin level by regenerating the pancreas and maintaining of homeostasis of the blood glucose [61,7,46,48]. The important phytochemicals of the plant such as gurmarine, crude saponin and five triterpene have antihyperglycemic effect without any adverse effect [68]. ...
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... Paliwal evaluated if Gudmar leaf powder had favourable and promising effects on blood glucose levels in an animal investigation. There was no negative effect on the patients' health, therefore it can be stated that Gudmar powder is beneficial in decreasing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels [8][55] [56]. ...
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... Gymnema's antidiabetic activity appears to be due to a combination of mechanisms. Two animal studies on beryllium nitrateand streptozotocin-diabetic rats found Gymnema extracts doubled the number of insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas and returned blood sugars to almost normal (Paliwal et al.,2009) . Gymnema increases the activity of enzymes responsible for glucose uptake and utilization ,and inhibits peripheral utilization of glucose by somatotrophin and corticotrophin (Nigur et al.,2008) .Plant extracts have also been found to inhibit epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia. ...
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... GS is also used in the form of a simple tea brew, tea bags, beverages and confectioneries [2] or in health supplements. [3] This plant recently came into spotlight being part of drug IME 9 which is formulated by Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences marketed by Kudos Laboratories. Another drug containing GS is BGR-34 launched by Council for Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) marketed by Aimil Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. as an anti-diabetic Ayurveda based formulation. ...
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  • Nov 2001
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Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections
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To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people with diabetes who are > or =20 years of age in all countries of the world for three points in time, i.e., the years 1995, 2000, and 2025, and to calculate additional parameters, such as sex ratio, urban-rural ratio, and the age structure of the diabetic population. Age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to United Nations population estimates and projections for the number of adults aged > or =20 years in all countries of the world. For developing countries, urban and rural populations were considered separately Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to 5.4% by the year 2025. It is higher in developed than in developing countries. The number of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. There will be a 42% increase, from 51 to 72 million, in the developed countries and a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million, in the developing countries. Thus, by the year 2025, >75% of people with diabetes will reside in developing countries, as compared with 62% in 1995. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes are, and will be in the year 2025, India, China, and the U.S. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45-64 years. In the developed countries, the majority of people with diabetes are aged > or =65 years. This pattern will be accentuated by the year 2025. There are more women than men with diabetes, especially in developed countries. In the future, diabetes will be increasingly concentrated in urban areas. This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century. It also provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the epidemic. Worldwide surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step toward its prevention and control, which is now recognized as an urgent priority.
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Global burden of Diabetes
  • Jan 1998
  • 1414-1431
  • H King
  • Re Aubert
  • Hw Herman
King H, Aubert RE, Herman HW 1998. Global burden of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21: 1414-1431.
Management of NIDDM Baelpatra and Vijaysar Extract
  • Jan 1999
  • S Sharma
Sharma S 1999. Management of NIDDM Baelpatra and Vijaysar Extract. M.Sc. Thesis (unpublished), Udaipur: Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology.
Textbook of Nutrition and Dietitics
  • Jan 2003
  • K Khanna
  • S Gupta
  • S J Passi
  • Seth R Mahna
  • R Puri
Khanna K, Gupta S, Passi S J, Seth R, Mahna R, Puri S 2003. Textbook of Nutrition and Dietitics. New Delhi: Phoenix Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Burden of diabetes and its complications in India
  • Jan 2000
  • 51-57
  • A Ramchandran
Ramchandran A 2000. Burden of diabetes and its complications in India. Proceedings of Novo Nordisk Diabetes Update, 200: 51-57.
Official home page of Gymnema: A key herb in the management of diabetes
  • K Bone
Bone K 2002. Official home page of Gymnema: A key herb in the management of diabetes. Retrieved March 18,2007, from http://www.townsendletter.com.
Lipid profile of the heart patients and healthy volunteers and the effect of supplementation of kadukkai (Terminalia chebula) on hypercholesterolemic patients
  • Jan 2001
  • Indian J Nutr Diet
  • 83-88
  • M P Amirthaveni
  • M N Vijayalakshmi
Amirthaveni MP, Vijayalakshmi MN, Niklia 2001. Lipid profile of the heart patients and healthy volunteers and the effect of supplementation of kadukkai (Terminalia chebula) on hypercholesterolemic patients. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 38: 83-88.
Impact of administration of Spirulina on the blood glucose level of selected diabetic patients
  • Jan 2001
  • Indian J Nutr Diet
  • 40-43
  • V Anuradha
  • Vidhya
Anuradha V, Vidhya 2001. Impact of administration of Spirulina on the blood glucose level of selected diabetic patients. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 38: 40-43.
Studies on hypoglycemic potential of Salacia Prionoides on Albino Diabetic rats and the evaluation of the effect of the water extracts of Salacia prionoides and Tinospra Cordifolia on NIDDM subjects
  • Jan 2002
  • Indian J Nutr Diet
  • 525-528
  • U Chandrasekhar
  • Haripriya
Chandrasekhar U, Haripriya 2002. Studies on hypoglycemic potential of Salacia Prionoides on Albino Diabetic rats and the evaluation of the effect of the water extracts of Salacia prionoides and Tinospra Cordifolia on NIDDM subjects. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 39: 525-528