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Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Solid Waste in Low and Middle-Income Countries
... Les coûts d'installation, d'opération et d'entretien d'un dispositif d'agitation sont généralement onéreux dans un processus de biométhanisation (Alastair J. Ward et al., 2008), donc pas tout à fait adapté aux contextes à précarité logistique et socioéconomique. Cependant, un certain degré d'agitation est utile au bon fonctionnement d'un biodigesteur (Müller, 2007). A défaut d'être en continu, une agitation minimale au moment de l'alimentation journalière du biodigesteur est généralement suffisante et plus accessible aux PED pour atteindre, en tout en partie, l'effet d'optimisation souhaitée. ...
... L'une des citernes, plus petite, constitue le gazomètre et est renversée au-dessus de la plus grande qui contient le mélange de substrat à fermenter et la boue active (Figure 7). Le concept est suffisamment compact pour être utilisé par les ménages urbains de même que par les fermiers du milieu rural (Müller, 2007). ...
... Représentation schématique du biodigesteur ARTY(Müller, 2007) ...
Dans les zones rurales de la ville de Tamanrasset (Sud d’Algérie), les déchets et résidus organiques générés principalement par les activités ménagères, agricoles et élevage d’animaux, sont traditionnellement valorisés in situ dans l’alimentation animale comme provende et dans la fertilisation des sols comme amendement organique. Parallèlement, au niveau des zones urbaines, périurbaines les déchets organiques sont majoritairement éliminés sans aucune forme de ségrégation dans des décharges non contrôlées. Ce travail de recherche a voulu mettre l’accent sur l’opportunité de valoriser ces déchets par la méthanisation approchée comme une voie alternative de traitement biologique des déchets organiques fermentescibles. Le travail d’évaluation des gisements de déchets organiques a mis en évidence que la mauvaise gestion de ces gisements entraine une perte annuelle de « déchets-ressource ». Afin de pouvoir quantifier le taux de déchets organiques produits à Tamanrasset, une enquête sur terrain a été réalisée pendant le deuxième semestre de l’année 2016. L’approche expérimentale à l’échelle de laboratoire a permis d’évaluer l’effet de la digestion et la co-digestion anaérobie des différents types de déchets, à savoir les pelures des fruits et légumes, les eaux usées urbaines et les crottins de dromadaire et leurs potentiels biométhanogènes (KWDDSSW (64,51%CH4), DDSSW (51,37%CH4) et DDKW (34,77%CH4)), et la qualité supérieure du biofertiliseur naturel produit. Une application à l'échelle pilote sur le terrain a également été réalisée. Un biodigesteur de 15m3 a été construit suivant le modèle des biodigesteurs type batch à dôme fixe (modèle chinois). Malgré les conditions opératoires particulières de la digestion anaérobie liées à la région du sud, les essais réalisés ont démontré la faisabilité de la filière de la biométhanisation en Algérie et son futur prometteur.
Mots clés : Biogaz, méthane, co-digestion anaérobie, biodigesteur, biofertiliseur, valorisation énergétique, bioénergie, déchets organiques.
... In Thailand, Nepal and Sri Lanka, implemented anaerobic digestion plants have not operated appropriately. The problems were attributed to poor quality feedstock (caused by inadequate separation of the waste at the source), lack of trained workers to operate the plants and overestimation of biogas production (Müller 2007). In Latin America, there are some anaerobic digestion plants treating wastewater from breweries and sludge, in Colombia for example. ...
... In Latin America, there are some anaerobic digestion plants treating wastewater from breweries and sludge, in Colombia for example. In Costa Rica, there are some digestion plants for the treatment of wastewater from coffee production, and in Honduras, an anaerobic plant has been implemented to treat wastewater from palm oil production by using covered wastewater lagoons (Müller 2007). ...
... Another example is the experience of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil. Since 2002, the MSW of the city (approximately 200 Mg/year) is treated in an aerobic MBT plant with the goal of obtaining a stable material to be landfilled (Münnich et al. 2006). This plant improved the quality of life of the informal collectors, who used to work at the landfill, as waste pickers. ...
The Metropolitan Region of Santiago (MRS) has experienced a large growth in population in recent years and a rise in the standard of living. Therefore, its municipal solid waste (MSW) has almost doubled in 10 years.
Data about the current situation of MSW management in MRS were collected during field research, interviews, field visits and by a systematic evaluation of existing documentary literature. The Integrative Sustainability Concept of the Helmholtz Association provided a conceptual framework for the study.
The sustainability analysis showed that the largest deficits are in the current amount of MSW deposited at sanitary landfills without any pre-treatment, and the emission values of greenhouse gases associated with waste treatment and final disposal.
To find out if and how the informal waste sector contributes to sustainability, experiences of organization of informal primary collectors in Latin America were analyzed. The key factors which have an influence on their working conditions were identified. These factors include the existence of a legal framework for the informal waste sector; the existence of alliances with production companies guaranteeing a reliable industrial market for secondary raw materials and expansion of activities beyond collection of recyclables. Key stakeholders included people from the public and the private sector, from the civil society and from NGOs.
Three explorative scenarios were developed for the year 2030: Business as Usual (BAU), Collective Responsibility (CR), and Market Individualism (MI). Waste generation, waste composition and different practices of waste collection, recovery and treatment were taken into account for the scenarios formulation.
The BAU scenario incorporated separate collection of biowaste, recyclable materials with some participation of organized primary collectors and an expansion of drop-off systems. The mechanical sorting of mixed waste was introduced. The utilization of landfill gas as an energy source was promoted and the production of biogas in anaerobic digestion plants was implemented.
The CR scenario incorporated separate collection of biowaste, commitment to work together with the primary waste collectors and an expansion of drop-off systems. The mechanical and mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste was introduced. The utilization of landfill gas as an energy source is promoted and the production of biogas in anaerobic digestion plants was implemented.
In the MI separate collection of biowaste and recyclable materials was irrelevant. An organization of the informal primary collectors did not take place. Mechanical sorting of mixed waste was introduced. Utilization of landfill gas as an energy source was promoted.
The results showed that the generation flux of MSW is at least 50% larger in all scenarios in 2030 compared to the year 2007, exceeding the limit value proposed. The highest value (2.0 kg/(person•day) is obtained in the MI scenario, and the lowest (1.8 kg/(person•day)) in the CR scenario. Pre-treatment of mixed MSW collected is only achieved in the CR scenario with a value of 18%, however, the target value is not achieved. The highest greenhouse gas emission value is obtained in the MI scenario with 295 kg CO2eq/(person•year), the lowest value of 155 kg CO2-eq/(person•year) is obtained in the CR scenario; a value that is still very high in comparison with the suggested target. The largest recycling rate is obtained in the CR scenario (43%), which is better than the target value proposed, the lowest recycling rate is obtained in the MI scenario (20%). The income of primary collectors in comparison with the income of one individual household is improved significantly in the CR scenario (128%), in the MI scenario, earnings of primary collectors decreased to 51%. The share of GDP spent on MSW management is lower in 2030, compared to the year 2007, in all scenarios the largest value of 0.17% is obtained in the CR scenario, and the lowest value of 0.14% is obtained in the MI scenario.
The results of the evaluation of the scenarios showed that the largest sustainability deficits are the amount of mixed MSW which undergoes pre-treatment, the greenhouse gas emissions associated to MSW treatment and disposal, as well as the share of GDP spent on MSW management.
The results obtained suggested that an integration of several factors is required to increase sustainability. It is essential to strengthen and take advantage of the subsystems which are working within the waste management system, as in the case of the informal sector. In addition to the implementation of flexible treatment technologies which help to decrease negative environmental impacts. Moreover, the costs of these technologies should be affordable, allowing a better financial management.
... The process is used to denature lignocellulose, food waste, livestock manure, and wastewater sludge, etc.. This process particularly generates biogas which consists of methane, CO 2 , H 2 S and minute quantities of volatile organic compounds (Müller, 2007;Zhang et al., 2021a). There are four phases in the AD; hydrolysis is the initial phase which involves the transformation of organic polymers into simplerstructural units like monosaccharides and amino acids. ...
... There are four phases in the AD; hydrolysis is the initial phase which involves the transformation of organic polymers into simplerstructural units like monosaccharides and amino acids. Organic subunits of polysaccharides are then degraded in stage 2, that is, acidification which results in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate, hydrogen gas, CO 2 and ammonia (Cucina et al., 2021;Müller, 2007;Vosooghnia et al., 2021). Acidogenesis is the third phase, in which long-chain fatty acids are degraded, resulting in the production of acetate, CO 2 , and H 2 . ...
Rapid urbanization has increased the demand for food, feed, and chemicals that have in turn augmented the use of fossil-based resources and generation of organic waste. Owning to the characteristics like high abundance, renewability, and ease of accessibility, valorization of organic wastes serves as a potential solution for waste management issues. Several industrial wastes, due to their organic and nutrient-rich composition, have been utilized as a resource for the production of value-added products such as biofuels, biopesticides, biohydrogen, enzymes, and bioplastics via microbial fermentation processes. The process consists of pre-treatment of the waste biomass, production of value-added product in reactors and downstream processing for product's recovery. The integration of new comprehensive technologies for organic waste utilization will also stimulate the transition towards a circular economy. Therefore, the feasibility and sustainability of the production of various value-added products from biowastes and byproduct streams will be discussed in the present review.
... The process is used to denature lignocellulose, food waste, livestock manure, and wastewater sludge, etc.. This process particularly generates biogas which consists of methane, CO 2 , H 2 S and minute quantities of volatile organic compounds (Müller, 2007;Zhang et al., 2021a). There are four phases in the AD; hydrolysis is the initial phase which involves the transformation of organic polymers into simplerstructural units like monosaccharides and amino acids. ...
... There are four phases in the AD; hydrolysis is the initial phase which involves the transformation of organic polymers into simplerstructural units like monosaccharides and amino acids. Organic subunits of polysaccharides are then degraded in stage 2, that is, acidification which results in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate, hydrogen gas, CO 2 and ammonia (Cucina et al., 2021;Müller, 2007;Vosooghnia et al., 2021). Acidogenesis is the third phase, in which long-chain fatty acids are degraded, resulting in the production of acetate, CO 2 , and H 2 . ...
The economy of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production process could be supported by utilising the different by-products released simultaneously during its production. Among these, proteins are present in high concentrations in liquid stream which are released after the cell disruption along with PHA granules. These microbial proteins can be used as animal feed, adhesive material and in manufacturing of bioplastics. The recycling of the protein containing liquid stream also serves as a promising approach to maintain circular bioeconomy in the route. For this aim, it is important to obtain good yield and limit the drawbacks of protein recovery processes and associated costs. The review focuses on recycling of the liquid stream generated during acid/thermal-alkali treatment for PHA production that would close the gap in linear economy and attain circularity in the process. Examples to recover proteins from other industrial waste streams along with their applications have also been discussed.
... Energy generated from these sources via anaerobic digestion reduces atmospheric methane emissions and production of digestate. A number of studies have proved the effectiveness of this technology to manage organic waste [2][3][4][5][6][7]in an environmental-friendly and cost-effective manner [8][9][10][11]. Regardless of these successes and the existence of favourable conditions for its generation in developing countries, specifically in Sub-Saharan African countries, the promotion and the development of the technology have suffered a setback . ...
... Despite the ready availability of biogas resources, relatively few studies have focused on the economic assessment of biogas plants in ascertaining the financial viability of installing biogas plants both at the households and institutional level. A number of studies have been conducted providing information on design and investment of biogas digesters in developed countries but this is not the case for developing countries [7,21]. Nelson and Lamb [22] presented a comparison of projected and actual costs of constructing a biogas digester on a Minnesota dairy farm in the USA, the net returns from electricity annually and the payback period for the investment of the digester were evaluated. ...
Biogas (anaerobic digestion) technology is one of the most viable renewable energy technologies today. However, its economic efficiency depends on the investment costs, costs of operating the biogas plant and optimum methane production. Likewise the profit level also rests on its use directly for cooking or conversion into electricity. The present study assessed the economic potential for a 9000m³ biogas plant, as an alternative to addressing energy and environmental challenges currently in Ghana. A cost-benefit analysis of the installation of biogas plant at University of Ghana (Legon Sewerage Treatment Plant) yielded positive net present values (NPV) at the prevailing discount rate of 23%. Further the results demonstrate that installation of the plant is capital intensive. Biogas used for cooking was by far the most viable option with a payback period (PBP) of 5years. Sensitivity analysis also revealed cost of capital, plant and machinery as the most effective factors impacting on NPV and internal rate of return (IRR).
... 30). Although China has established some food waste treatment facilities at household and commercial scales, for example, compost as fertilizers, or anaerobic digestion for energy generation, most of these treatment facilities do not function effectively due to technical failures, inadequate operation and/or management regulations 30,31 . Although the aforementioned technologies may improve in the future, various arguments suggest that recycling these biomasses as feed is a better strategy 32 . ...
Feeding animals more low-opportunity-cost feed products (LCFs), such as food waste and by-products, may decrease food–feed competition for cropland. Using a feed allocation optimization model that considers the availability of feed sources and animal requirements for protein and energy, we explored the perspectives of feeding more LCFs to animals in China. We found that about one-third of the animal feed consisted of human-edible products, while only 23% of the available LCFs were used as feed during 2009–2013. An increased utilization of LCFs (45–90 Mt) could potentially save 25–32% of feed-producing cropland area without impairing livestock productivity. Parallelly, about one-third of feed-related irrigation water, synthetic fertilizer and greenhouse gas emissions would be saved. Re-allocating the saved cropland could sustain the food energy demand of 30–185 million people. Achieving the potentials of increased LCF use requires improved technology and coordination among stakeholders.
... The result showed that selective and appropriate amount of co-digestion should be used to improve the biological and nutritive environment in the digester for microbes to improve biogas production. Muller [28] also recommended biogas production from organic substrates containing high amounts of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses like avocado codigestion with animal manure or pre-treatment to enhance biodigestion process. ...
Anaerobic bio digestion of fruit peel wastes is one of the potential for biogas production which subsequently reduces environmental pollution. In order to test the biogas potential of avocado fruit peel wastes co-digested with either cow dung or poultry manure, the raw materials were collected from juice vending house, dairy farm, and poultry farm, respectively. A finely grinded avocado fruit peel wastes was prepared for the different setups. The experiments include 100% avocado fruit peel wastes (T1), 100% poultry manure (T2), 100% cow dung. The total weight of the raw material was 100 g either solely or in mixture with the animal manure. 15 ml of rumen fluid collected from slaughterhouse was added into each treatment as inoculums. The total volume of the biodigesters was made 1800 ml by adding distilled water; and the setups were completely sealed in plastic bottles. The gas produced was estimated by water displacement method. Feedstocks containing both 100% poultry manure (T2) and 50% poultry manure (T4) attained maximum biogas production within 3-4 days of incubation. The highest in cumulative biogas was produced from the two treatments at 20 th day. The optimum temperature, salt and pH for biogas production from the fruit wastes co-digested with animal manure were 25°C, 0.5% and 7 respectively. Under this environmental condition, the highest biogas (453.5 ± 0.5 mL) was produced by T6 that was significantly higher than the other treatments. In general, the feed stock containing poultry manure co-digested with avocado fruit waste was fast and high in biogas generation. Therefore, co-digestion of avocado fruit peel waste with animal manure is a good strategy to produce bioenergy and minimize urban solid wastes discharge although it demands controlling some physical parameters.
... The laws of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan encourage using FW to feed animals which compose 33%, 81%, and 72. Thailand's Rayong facility utilizes organic MSW from foods, vegetables, and fruit waste to produce organic fertilizer and biogas (Christian and Dübendorf 2007). Carib Share Biogas Group in Jamaica processes FW using AD to provide energy for remote areas (Meghan 2014). ...
Up to one-third of the food that is purposely grown for human sustenance is wasted and never consumed, with adverse consequences for the environment and socio-economic aspects. In India, managing food waste is a significant environmental concern. Food waste output is increasing in Indian cities and towns as a result of the country's urban expansion, modernization, and population growth. Poor management of food waste can have negative consequences for the environment and pose a risk to the public's health issues. This review focuses on the current challenges, management strategies, and future perspectives of food waste management in India. The efficient management of food waste involves a comprehensive study regarding the characterization of food waste and improved waste management methods. In addition, the government policies and rules for managing food waste that is in effect in India are covered in this review.
... Biogas and digestates produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter inside the digester are important products to feed trees and improve environmental issues. Biogas could also replace other energy sources such as fossil fuels, firewood, and agriculture residues that are commonly used for households in rural areas (Müller, 2007;Amigun et al., 2008;Adu-Gyamfi et al., 2012;Molino et al., 2013;Hinh, 2017;Chen, 2018). Recently, about 500,000 biogas digesters were built, mainly in the north of Vietnam where the density of pig production is the largest. ...
Increases in pig farm densities have caused great pressures on waste management systems and produce massive manure and urine quantities in Vietnam. This study aimed to identify the role and contributions of biogas digesters to better manage the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pig wastes for different types of pig farms in the north of Vietnam. Four provinces, namely Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Thai Binh, Vinh Phuc, were identified. A total of 24 farms were purposively selected including 16 small-size farms and 8 larger-size farms. The findings showed that GHG emissions from small-size farms (154.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1) did not significantly differ from the amounts measured in larger-size farms (139.1 t CO2-eq.yr-1) in the four surveyed provinces. The sampling position did not significantly affect the GHG emission rates, with 173.9 t CO2-eq.yr-1 inside piggeries and 120.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1 outside the outlet of the biogas digesters (p-value=0.09). N2O emissions require further measurements at different farm sizes and sites. These results confirmed that the pig waste management of biogas digesters for both small-size and larger-size pig farms is not completely efficient and that efforts need to be invested in to mitigate GHG emissions in pig production. Reducing pig density per piggery is highly recommended. The application of other alternative aerobic or anaerobic digestion technologies like vermicompost, effective microorganisms, and composting should also be encouraged and promoted.
... Anaerobic digestion is a environmental-friendly alternative that has been widely applied in European Union and Asian countries to manage food waste (Abbasi et al., 2012). Through this method, biogas and the nutrient-rich fertilizer can be generated (Christian, 2007). ...
The Bokashi leachate (BL) is a by-product from the anaerobic digestion of food waste, following the Bokashi composting method. Bokashi leachate is acidic and it contains effective microorganisms hence it has potential to be a functional feed additive to the plant proteins based diets for fish farming. This study evaluated the growth performance and feed utilization of the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fingerlings fed with the BL supplemented soybean meal (SBM) based diets. After an 8-week feeding trial, fish fed with the 5% BL supplemented SBM diet attained the highest weight gain. This result was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed with the 0% BL supplemented SBM diet, and comparable (p>0.05) to those fed with the control full fish meal (FM) diet. Generally, dietary inclusion of BL enhanced the fish feed intake on the SBM diet but it did not show clear sign of improvement in their feed utilization. In addition, no significant difference was found across the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index from all dietary treatments. These outcomes concluded that dietary inclusion of BL can enhance the feed intake and growth performance of the red tilapia fingerlings fed with the SBM based diet without compromising their health, and the optimum BL inclusion level was 5%. Nevertheless, further study on the properties and substances content of the BL produced from different types and ratios of food waste is strongly recommended. In this study, BL was also discovered to be capable of reducing the crude fiber content in the SBM diets. Such observation deserves a further exploitation on the application of BL to manipulate the crude fiber content in the plant proteins based diets in fish farming.
... Aiming at sustainable development the organic waste as an alternative source of renewable energy has to be reused. Composting and anaerobic digestion are the most favored options that were commonly also successfully used in other developing countries as China, Nepal, India (Müller, 2007); and nowadays they are started being used in some urban and rural areas of Vietnam. ...
The quick social economic development of Vietnam stimulates great demand of quality as well as quantity on transport service by the increasingly growing needs of customer for transportation. The railway passenger transport is currently still an important branch of a country’s transport system because it is safer, more eco-friendly and much more efficient in comparison to another means. However, the increasing of the number of passengers is the main causes of fast increasing waste amount from the rail service. The aim of this paper is to study how the organic waste from rail service is managed and treated today by the Vietnam railways. The paper ends with some proposal solutions for treating and disposing of organic waste by applying renewable energy technologies for climate change mitigation to protect human health and the environment. Sự phát triển nhanh chóng của nền kinh tế Việt nam dẫn đếnnhu cầu vận chuyển hành khách ngày càng tăngmạnh về số lượng cũng nhưchất lượng dịch vụ. Vận chuyển hành khách bằng đường sắt hiện tại ở Việt nam vẫn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong hệ thống vận tảiquốc giado lợi thế an toàn cao, thân thiện với môi trường và lợi ích cao của nó so với các phương tiện khác.Tuy nhiên sự biến động lớn của lượng hành khách đi tàu là nguyên nhân làm cho lượng rác thải từ các dịch vụ đường sắt cũng tăng mạnh. Bài báo tậptrung vào nghiên cứu và làm rõ hiện trạng quản lý chất thải hữu cơ trên đường sắt Việt nam hiện naycũng như các chiến lược nhằmxử lý chất thảihữu cơ, sử dụng công nghệ năng lượng tái tạo nhằm bảo vệ môi trường, giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu.
... 22 By the end of 2009, there were 35 million household biodigesters in China and inIndia (Gerber, 2008; REN21, 2009 REN21, , 2010. There is also signifi cant experience with commercial biogas use in Nepal.Müller (2007) reviewed existing biogas technologies and case studies with contributions from China, Thailand, India, South Africa, Kenya, Rwanda, and Ghana. ...
... However, it is acknowledged in developing countries that anaerobic digestion is still scarcely applied as a major treatment method of food waste management. In India and China, various institutes and NGOs have established different kinds of anaerobic digesters at the household and commercial scales to develop anaerobic digestion technology for food waste treatment (Müller 2007). For example, India has implemented anaerobic digestion in a pilot project and opened biogas plants that are used by various institutes. ...
... However, it is acknowledged in developing countries that anaerobic digestion is still scarcely applied as a major treatment method of food waste management. In India and China, various institutes and NGOs have established different kinds of anaerobic digesters at the household and commercial scales to develop anaerobic digestion technology for food waste treatment (Müller 2007). For example, India has implemented anaerobic digestion in a pilot project and opened biogas plants that are used by various institutes. ...
... Eventually, the matured larvae are harvested, dried and milled into insect powder (Chen et al., 2016;Lalander et al., 2015) Australia -Swill feeding, or feeding food wastes to swine, is banned due to its association with risks of Foot and Mouth Disease Leib et al. (2016) great academic interest, but research outcomes have also paved the way in establishing anaerobic digestion as an effective strategy to tackle the challenges of food waste. As such, countries in Asia have increasingly scaled up efforts to establish several large and community scale reactors (De Clercq et al., 2017;Kiran et al., 2014;Müller, 2007 Table 3. Most of the existing large-scale plants in China have adopted a single-phase, wet anaerobic digester. ...
... Current increasing energy consumption in rural areas of Central Vietnam can be covered by use of family-size biogas technology and can lead to healthier and more sustainable ways of living [2]. Biogas produced via the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste materials is considered as an important technology for improving the environment because it solves waste management problems and simultaneously produces biogas as a main product and digestate as a by-product, which can also be used as fertilizer [2][3][4]. Technology transfer is the application of information into use [5]. Each technology shall unarguably be supported with the proper maintenance and management by the local actors. ...
In Central Vietnam, two key actors are involved in the extension performance of biogas technology: The owners of biogas plants and facilitators. Facilitators as the immediate providers of advice and services are in direct contact with local farmers and belong to the Vietnamese national extension network. This paper aims at identifying the current state of extension services and creating proper recommendations for further processes of training in the target area through the identification of context-specific knowledge (CSK). CSK can serve as a tool for facilitators and their quality involvement and for the improvement of current training practices in the area. It also provides performance indicators (PIs) for facilitators’ quality assessments. PIs should be consistent parts of the educational process for the evaluation of knowledge transmission success. More research in terms of facilitator’s impacts on the knowledge transition process towards the biogas owners should be done to prove the sustainability of the extension services.
... Low methane yields and process instability are two of the main problems encountered when using AD and research has usually attributed this to a high protein content and ether extract due to toxic effects from free ammonia (NH 3 ) (Yenigün and Demirel, 2013) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) (Palatsi et al., 2010;Rinzema et al., 1989). Previous work has reported that most anaerobic digesters do not function effectively due to technical failures, incorrect operation, or poor management regulation (Müller, 2007;Xu et al., 2018). Therefore, AD of FW is normally run with low organic loading rates or co-digestion of waste with low nitrogen and lipid content (e.g. ...
The current status of FW generation, including its characteristics, management, and current challenges in China, were analyzed, and further suggestions were made with regards to improvement. About 19.50% of the FW generated could be treated under the current designs for treatment capacity in China. FW characteristics show great variability in different economic regions in China, where both treatment efficiency and FW management are poor. Combined pretreatment and three-phase separation is the most used pretreatment method, and of the current FW pilot projects, anaerobic digestion is the most prevalent, accounting for 76.1% of all projects. Significant regional characteristics have been identified regarding FW generation and the treatment capacity for FW processing. Possible factors influencing FW management in China were also discussed. Finally, detailed suggestions are given for further development of FW treatment capacity, particularly regarding potential technical routes and management measures.
... • chemiczne wiązanie z cynkiemwykorzystanie w małych reaktorach gospodarskich z biogazem o niskiej zawartości H2S, • stosowanie surfaktantówusuwanie H2S w wyniku przetłaczania poprzez uzyskaną w wyniku działania środków powierzchniowo czynnych pianę, • bioreaktor z algami -nie wykorzystywany ze względów ekonomicznych; przy czym dodatek kwasu alginowego przynosi pozytywne skutki zwiększenia produktywności biogazu z jednoczesnym zmniejszeniem zawartości NH3 i H2S w biogazie, • bezpośrednie utlenianie -wymaga podgrzanej (100°C) mieszaniny biogazu i powietrza [96], • płuczka ciśnieniowa -H2S jest rozpuszczalny w wodzie, biogaz wtłaczany do płuczki w postaci sprężonej, • sita molekularne -oddzielenie czystego metanu od pozostałych związków takich jak CO2, H2O, H2S, występuje strata ok. 10% metanu. ...
... Particularly for new insulating materials as well as robust designs that endure several years of rough use, and smallscale gasification. 24 By the end of 2009, there were 35 million household biodigesters in China and in India(Gerber, 2008; REN21, 2009 REN21, , 2010. There is also significant experience with commercial biogas use in Nepal.Müller (2007) reviewed existing biogas technologies and case studies with contributions from China, Thailand, India, South Africa, Kenya, Rwanda, and Ghana.25 For example, the high first cost (which can run up to USD 300 for some systems, including the digestion chamber unit) of traditional systems is being reduced considerably by new designs that re ...
... Community digesters could be an alternative in places where the implementation of household digesters has failed. Many community scale projects have been implemented, for example for the treatment of canteen waste, market waste and household cattle dung (Müller, 2007;Nasery, 2011;Reddy, 2004). Their success also highly depends on local socioeconomic conditions but they have the advantage to be more energy efficient and require a lower work and maintenance load per farmer compared to household digesters (He et al., 2013). ...
Anaerobic digestion of cow dung with new feedstock such as crop residues to increase the biogas potential is an option to help overcoming several issues faced by India. Anaerobic digestion provides biogas that can replace biomass cooking fuels and reduce indoor air pollution. It also provides digestate, a fertilizer that can contribute to compensate nutrient shortage on agricultural land. Moreover, it avoids the burning of rice straw in the fields which contributes to air pollution in India and climate change globally. Not only the technical and economical feasibility but also the environmental sustainability of such systems needs to be assessed. The potential effects of implementing community digesters co-digesting cow dung and rice straw on carbon and nutrients flows, human health, resource efficiency and climate change are analyzed by conducting a Substance Flow Analysis and a Life Cycle Assessment. The implementation of the technology is considered at the level of the state of Chhattisgarh. Implementing this scenario reduces the dependency of the rural community to nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic fertilizers only by 0.1 and 1.6%, respectively, but the dependency of farmers to potassium from synthetic fertilizers by 31%. The prospective scenario returns more organic carbon to agricultural land and thus has a potential positive effect on soil quality. The implementation of the prospective scenario can reduce the health impact of the local population by 48%, increase the resource efficiency of the system by 60% and lower the impact on climate change by 13%. This study highlights the large potential of anaerobic digestion to overcome the aforementioned issues faced by India. It demonstrates the need to couple local and global assessments and to conduct analyses at the substance level to assess the sustainability of such systems.
... En effet, plusieurs auteurs (Ngnikam, 2003, Doublier, 2003Rotich et al., 2006 ) soulignent que la gestion des déchets dans la plupart des pays en voie de développement plus précisément en Afrique est la plus mitigée et confrontée à des problèmes financiers, institutionnels (déficits d'organisation), techniques et physiques (absence de plan d'urbanisation), et par conséquent, ces pays sont confrontés à d'énormes problèmes sanitaires. En plus, la pollution par les déchets est de loin celle qui est la plus perçue par les citoyens, car contrairement à la pollution de l'air, du sol ou des ressources en eau, la pollution par les déchets est la plus « visible » à l'oeil nu (Müller, 2007). La gestion de déchets constitue un défi majeur dès lors que leur production accroît ; en conséquence, de nouvelles filières d'élimination doivent être trouvées (Compaoré et al., 2010b). ...
... optymalny stosunek C:N) oraz inhibitorów (poniżej granicznych stężeń: amoniaku, magnezu, metali ciężkich, siarki itd. [12]). ...
Mająca obecnie miejsce transformacja krajowego systemu energetycznego, polegająca na dywersyfikacji mocy wytwórczych oraz stopniowym odchodzeniu od paliw kopalnych, stwarza realne warunki do tworzenia układów biogazowych. Zintegrowane z nimi maszyny i urządzenia pozwalają na realizację, w skali lokalnej, procesu konwersji energii chemicznej powstającego w bioreaktorach, na drodze fermentacji metanowej, paliwa gazowego na energię elektryczną, ciepło i chłód. Co jednak niezwykle istotne, wielkość produkcji poszczególnych form energii oraz ekonomia przedsięwzięcia silnie zależą w ich przypadku m.in. od dostępności substratów, przyjętych rozwiązań technicznych oraz kultury prowadzenia bloku. Przy
dotrzymaniu wspomnianych wymagań układy te mogą być tworzone zarówno
... The types of anaerobic digesters as part of the onsite and decentralized sanitation systems approach include continuous wet and dry fixed domes, continuous plug flow and batch dry fixed domes (Münch, 2008). Their operational conditions are: temperature range of 20e35 C for mesophilic digestion, total solids content below 20% for wet systems and 25e50% for dry systems, and the hydraulic retention of 15e30 days (Müller, 2007). The volatile solid loading rate ranges from 1.6 to 4.8 kg/m 3 of active digester volume per day during the complete mix mesophilic anaerobic digestion. ...
Wastewater often contains valuable resources (e.g. organic matter and nutrients). Different from conventional sanitation approaches, the ecological sanitation (Eco-San) system is based on the closure of material flow cycles to recover resources with minimized demands on other resources. The review comprehensively summarized the main components of the Eco-San system (user interface, collection and conveyance, storage and primary treatment, and reuse/disposal), the frequently-used evaluation methods, and the framework of evaluation index system. Some typical practical cases were discussed to demonstrate the managerial implications and popularize the applications of the Eco-San system. The results show that the Eco-San systems are beneficial to resource efficiency, agricultural use of the organic matters and nutrients, and energy recovery although some shortages exist (e.g. high cost, cultural constraints, and complex operation and management). The evaluation methods can help to identify the restriction factors, contributing factors and measures to improve the efficiency of the future Eco-San system. The setting, selection and quantification are three critical steps when using the evaluation indices to complete the evaluation process. This study not only provides the methods for both developing novel Eco-San systems (combinations of the components) and improving the Eco-San systems (evaluation of the combinations) to solve the wastewater problem in rural areas. Considering the challenges or limitations in the Eco-San research, the recommendations for future research may mainly focus on the combination of different components, methods for sustainability assessment, quantification of the evaluation index, and implementation of more real Eco-San cases.
... From the viewpoint of a practical scenario, AD was proven as the best and most economic method in commercializing FW conversion to electricity (Christian and Dübendorf, 2007;Thi et al., 2015). This was due to there being mature technology and known skills. ...
This review provides the insights for the conversion of food waste (FW) to electricity and heat energy and also to use FW as a source of bioenergy. The evaluations of bioenergy from FW conversion to commercially fulfill the energy demands of various nations were elucidated. Five countries attained the highest heating values from annual FW were: Canada-4915 MJ/capita, the Netherlands-3367 MJ/capita, the United Kingdom-1497 MJ/capita, Japan-1608 MJ/capita, and Sweden-1278 MJ/capita. It is also shown that some countries could derive electricity from annual FW production and contribute a high percentage of total national electricity generation, such as the Netherlands-2.9% (164.4 KWh/capita), Canada-1.35% (240 KWh/capita), Japan-0.92% (78.5 KWh/capita), the United Kingdom-1.31% (73.1 KWh/capita), and Ireland-1.23% (68 KWh/capita). Moreover, an analysis of Strengths – Weaknesses – Opportunities – Threats (SWOT) was used to assess three forms of FW bio-treatment processes including composting, anaerobic digestion, fermentation for bio-hythane gas, and thereby illustrating future directions in the development of fermenting FW to hydrogen and methane. The SWOT analysis indicates that the fermentative hydrogen and methane production was a promising option for commercializing FW into bioenergy. However, there is also a need to implement specific prevailing policies and regulations to stimulate this environment-friendly form of bioenergy production technology. Based on the above considerations, a conceptual model to develop the FW fermentation of bioenergy production was suggested.
... From the viewpoint of a practical scenario, AD was proven as the best and most economic method in commercializing FW conversion to electricity (Christian and Dübendorf, 2007;Thi et al., 2015). This was due to there being mature technology and known skills. ...
... The smallest size of the household-based bio-digester may reach around 0.75-1 m 3 . A more sophisticated construction can be seen in the bio-digester that contains food waste obtained from markets and canteens [19]. In Indonesia, bricks, plastic, plastic drums, and concrete are the materials usually used to build bio-digesters, though other materials are also possible [20]. ...
Household waste is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia, especially in urban areas. Since 2010, biogas production from food waste has been introduced to reduce waste and provided an alternative to liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as cooking fuel in a pilot project in Bandung. Although the produced biogas is sufficient, the socio-economic aspects can hinder application. This study assesses the socio-economic feasibility of the project in Cibangkong, a typical urban area in Bandung, which includes four bio-digesters. The results show that the conversion of food waste into biogas is currently not economically feasible, mainly due to the low penetration of bio-slurry—a by-product commonly used for fertilizer—into local fertilizer supply-chains. From a social perspective, community acceptance is mainly influenced by procedural justice. Furthermore, while the produced biogas is perceived to be quite useful in substituting LPG, it has not yet been fully utilized due to low bio gas pressure and several technical failures, which in turn influence community acceptance of the digesters. It is thus concluded that introducing biogas production from waste to improve waste management and reduce LPG consumption can be feasible when efforts to support the market uptake of bio-slurry, enhance biogas utilization, and improve procedural justice performance, are taken. View Full-Text
... Energy and environmental issues have become one of the most important problems of common concern and one of the first problems needing to be solved by mankind to further sustainable development (Zhou et al., 2011;Amigun et al., 2008). Biogas produced via the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste materials is considered an important technology in improving the environment because it solves waste management problems and simultaneously produces biogas as a main product and digestate as a by-product, which can also be used as fertiliser (Gautam and Herat, 2000;Muller, 2007;Amigun et al., 2008;Molino et al., 2013;Adu-Gyamfí et al., 2012). A biogas plant (BGP) is a piece of equipment that uses an AD process for biodegradable waste treatment. ...
... Anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely used for the treatment and stabilization of organic wastes, production of energy, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and creation of liquid fertilizers in many parts of the world (Clemens et al., 2006; Lusk et al., 1996; MataAlvarez et al., 2000; Müller, 2007). AD technology is increasingly promoted by businesses, development workers and policymakers (Bhaskar, 2010; Callahan, 2011; Murray, 2010 ), and is proliferating both in the United States and abroad (AgSTAR, 2010; Mi, 2007; SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, 2011). ...
Emergy evaluations most often rely on point estimates for important energy, material and solar transformity (or more generally unit emergy values, UEVs) parameters. For emergy science to continue its advancement as a tool for assessing energy and environmental sustainability, it needs to include estimates of uncertainty surrounding emergy budgets so that statistical confidence can be assessed. Here, Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze the effect of uncertainty in the estimates of energy, material and UEVs of system-sources (e.g., sunlight, evapotranspiration, fuel, fertilizer) on the uncertainty of the UEV of the system-yield. Eight unique corn and wheat production systems, reported in the literature, provided the statistical properties (e.g., means, standard deviations, minima) of the energy, material and UEVs of the system-sources, but the probability distribution functions were assumed to be normal, lognormal, or uniform. Uncertainty from system-sources was partitioned into energy/material and UEV. The contribution that a system-source made to total emergy flow was strongly indicative of the amount of uncertainty it contributed. Out of 22 parameters (11 energy/mass and their 11 UEVs), four of them contributed more than 86% of the uncertainty to the UEV of the crop yield. The UEV of nitrogen fertilizer contributed the most uncertainty (19%), followed by the rate of soil erosion (11%), application rate of nitrogen fertilizer (4%), and labor requirements (5%). When uncertainty from all 22 parameters was included, the expected UEV of the crop yield was 118,000 sej/J with a total level of uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of ±106,000 sej/J (±90% of the mean), indicating that uncertainty was vast. However, ±50% was due to energy/mass uncertainty, while ±40% was due to UEV uncertainty, of which all but ±2% was due to the UEV of nitrogen fertilizer, indicating that little uncertainty (±12,600 sej/J) was derived from non-nitrogen fertilizer UEVs. Most of the uncertainty came from the energy/mass, rather than UEVs, indicating that as much care should be given to estimating energy and material use as to selecting or estimating UEVs. Our simulation ignored any multicollinearity that may have existed among the energy/mass use of the system-sources, which likely meant that we overestimated uncertainty. Future investigation should build in the correlations that exist among the system-sources (e.g., nitrogen fertilizer is related to water availability) to better quantify uncertainty. The simulations suggested that uncertainty from UEVs may be hierarchically organized with a few system-sources contributing a majority and most contributing little, indicating that management of uncertainty can be focused on a few parameters.
Improving waste and resource management (WaRM) around the world can halve the weight of plastics entering the oceans, significantly mitigate global heating and contribute directly to 12 of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Achieving such results demands understanding and learning from historical evolution of WaRM. The baseline is 1970, prior to environmental legislation. Early steps in the Global North focused on the ‘technical fix’ within strictly enforced legal frameworks, first bringing hazardous wastes and municipal solid wastes (MSW) under control, then gradually ramping up environmental standards. Using modern technologies to the Global South often failed due to institutional and financial constraints. From 1990, focus switched to integrating technical and governance aspects: local institutional coherence, financial sustainability, provider inclusivity, user inclusivity, national legislative and policy framework. The Global North rediscovered recycling, using policy measures to promote segregation at source; this relied on new markets in emerging economies, which had largely disappeared by 2020. The Global South is making progress on bringing wastes under control, but around 2.7 billion people lack access to waste collection, while ~40% of collected MSW is open dumped or burned – a continuing global waste emergency. So, much remains to be done to move further towards a circular economy. Three policy priorities are critical for all countries: access to sustainable financing, rethinking sustainable recycling and worldwide extended producer responsibility with teeth. Extending services to unserved communities (SDG11.6.1) requires a people-centred approach, working with communities to provide both quality services and decent livelihoods for collection and recycling workers.
Food processing industries categorized as fast pace growing sectors, owe to rise in demand of food to mitigate hunger and demand of nutritious food to contribute in growth of healthy nation. Presently, about one third of fresh harvest is wasted among food processing chain hence discarded as landfill and in marine. FAO in its report stated that about 805 million people across the world suffers from hunger and sidewise we discarded the waste food of 126 million tons in 2020, globally. Industrial input to shift this discarded mass to quality term is one and all significant contribution within this stream to potentially identify, recover, and hence reutilize them is the only wayout. This could only be possible owe to carbon and nitrogen availability in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, micronutrients, bioactive, and other dietary structures. If discarded in environment, create huge nuisance (pollution and diseases). This review presents succinct information on the production of variety of wastes from various processing industries at first. Secondly, various tactics involved in sustainable management of food waste as well as the challenges associated with these treatments also presented herein detail. In short, this review is a compilation dealing in recovery of various value-added byproducts like phytochemicals, bio-preservatives, dietary fibers, colorants, nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds and biofuel production.
Up to one third of the food that is purposely grown for human sustenance is wasted and never consumed, with adverse consequences for the environment and socio-economic aspects. In India, managing food waste is a significant environmental concern. Food waste output is increasing in Indian cities and towns as a result of the country's urban expansion, modernization, and population growth. Poor management of food waste can have negative consequences for the environment and pose a risk to the public's health issues. This review focuses on the current challenges, management strategies, and future perspectives of food waste management in India. The efficient management of food waste involves a comprehensive study regarding the characterization of food waste and improved waste management methods. In addition, the government policies and rules for managing food waste that is in effect in India are covered in this review.
The intensity of the heat exchange between the internal thin-wall vessel and the experimental liquid medium has been studied. The mixture of the distilled glycerol, the substrate from the operating biogas plant, the fresh chicken manure with the moisture content of W = 90 %, chicken manure with the moisture content of W = 90 % aged for 5 days and the chicken manure with the moisture content of W = 90 % aged for 13 days was used as the experimental liquid medium. The experimental-calculative method was suggested to define the coefficient of the heat loss between the internal thin-wall vessel and the experimental liquid medium using the method of regular thermal mode. The main problems peculiar for the methods of the definition of the heat-exchange intensity in the multi-phase and multi-component media in the food industry and in the biogas production have been analyzed. The heat-exchange intensity prediction methods available for the food industry are of great importance for heat and power computations. These methods refute the characteristics of the media and it has a great effect on the computation of their thermal and physical properties. Food products subjected to the thermal processes of sublimation, evaporation, heating and crystallization have the properties of solid, liquid and gaseous bodies and transform from one aggregate state to another and it has a substantial effect on a change of their thermal and physical properties. Biogas technologies are used by the multi-tonnage production. These technologies use huge volumes of the substrate with unknown thermal and physical properties. Contemporary development of biogas technologies raises the problems relating to the thermal stabilization of the process and prediction of the heat-exchange intensity. The productions pay much attention to the problems of the stable temperature mode in the bioreactor. The operation of the biogas plant requires a stable temperature mode at different ambient temperatures. The main requirement to the bioreactor is that the temperature fluctuations should be within certain ranges. The waste treatment of different productions, in particular heating, cooling, thermal stabilization results in the anthropogenic load on the environment due to use of the outdated and not upgraded heat process equipment. It is rather difficult to solve this problem because the thermal and physical properties of the mixtures, liquids, substrates and their chemical compositions and molecular structure are limitedly known or unknown. It is also unknown how these are changed during the thermal treatment and how environmental factors affect their change. Relative errors of the main values, in particular the heat loss coefficient, heat transfer coefficient, specific heat capacity, heat exchange surface area, cooling (heating) rate, nonuniform temperature distribution factor, heat flow, temperature rush, temperature difference, mass of the experimental liquid media, experiment duration and table values have been determined.
The problem of solid waste management presents an issue of increasing importance in many low-income set- tings, including the progressively urbanised context of Kenya. Kisumu County is one such setting with an esti- mated 500 t of waste generated per day and with less than half of it regularly collected. The open burning and natural decay of solid waste is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and atmospheric pollut- ants with adverse health consequences. In this paper, we use system dynamics modelling to investigate the ex- pected impact on GHG and PM2.5 emissions of (i) a waste-to-biogas initiative and (ii) a regulatory ban on the open burning of waste in landfill. We use life tables to estimate the impact on mortality of the reduction in PM2.5 exposure. Our results indicate that combining these two interventions can generate over 1.1 million tonnes of cumulative savings in GHG emissions by 2035, of which the largest contribution (42%) results from the biogas produced replacing unclean fuels in household cooking. Combining the two interventions is expected to reduce PM2.5 emissions from the waste and residential sectors by over 30% compared to our baseline scenario by 2035, resulting in at least around 1150 cumulative life years saved over 2021–2035. The contribution and novelty of this study lies in the quantification of a potential waste-to-biogas scenario and its environmental and health impact in Kisumu for the first time.
An upland city of the Philippines is continuously battling against its garbage disposal, wherein biowaste makes up the significant fraction in its MSW with the residential area as the primary contributor. Due to its heterogeneity, very few studies focused on the analysis and characterization of biodegradables. This study aims to conduct a waste analysis of biodegradable generated among households as an initial approach for sustainable organic management options. Results showed that a household consisting of 3–9 members have biowaste per capita generation that ranges from 0.04 to 0.31 kg/day, with a weighted average of 0.1122 kg/day. A five-member household can generate an average 0.55 kg per day, in which, 46% is mostly food scrap, followed by kitchen waste-vegetables and fruits (41%), kitchen waste-raw meat and fish (4%) while yard/garden and wet papers comprise the 5% and 4%, respectively. The family size showed a positive relationship with household generation and a negative correlation to per capita generation. The study also revealed that 51% of the respondents do not divert their biowaste at the source. Hence, this research endeavor recommends the need of each household to have decentralized biological treatment as a practical mode of waste diversion and reduction.
The issues of food loss and waste (FLW) in the global supply chains have recently gained attention. However, causes for FLW and their mitigation strategies for curbing FLW at different stages of the supply chains remains under researched. Our research aims to address these research gaps in a three-fold way: i), we identified key causes (through root-cause analysis) of FLW in the supply chain of developed and less developed countries; ii), systematically classified measures and policies, which have been implemented to mitigate FLW; iii), developed an interdisciplinary conceptual framework for waste utilisation practices that can contribute towards the triple bottom-line in food system. A root-cause analysis was performed, and mitigation strategies identified by systematically analysing and synthesizing the extant research published over the past 20 years (1998 to 2018) in the areas of food loss and waste in the supply chain. A conceptual model for the prevention of FLW utilising a systems approach through the circular economy concept has been proposed. Since the agri-food sector is largely interdisciplinary, we have also demonstrated a method of integrating contributions from multiple disciplines in our proposed model towards achieving a total depollution (zero waste supply chain).
One-third of all food produced in the world is lost or wasted from farm to fork, according to estimates calculated by FAO (2011). This wastage not only has an enormous negative impact on the global economy and food availability, it also has major environmental impacts. The direct economic cost of food wastage of agricultural products (excluding fish and seafood), based on producer prices only, is about 750 billion USD, equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland. The aim of the Toolkit is to showcase concrete examples of good practices for food loss and waste reduction, while pointing to information sources, guidelines and pledges favoring food wastage reduction. The inspirational examples featured throughout this Toolkit demonstrate that everyone, from individual households and producers, through governments, to large food industries, can make choices that will ultimately lead to sustainable consumption and production patterns, and thus, a better world for all.
The food waste in landfill decomposes into contaminated run-off (leachate) and methane (CH4), which is considered a relevant greenhouse gas. This causes environmental liabilities, energy losses and problems in the food system. Currently, organic waste volumes are increasing dramatically converting this into a serious concern in both developed and developing countries. Zero waste to landfill (ZWTL) is one of the most promising concepts for solving organic waste problems. ZWTL when integrated into business processes can lead to innovative ways to identify, prevent and reduce waste. In that sense, the circular economy (CE) has also been considered regularly as an approach to the more appropriate waste management as it considers the business strategy part of the zero waste system. This circularity would increase productivity throughout the food value chain. In that manner, retail stores are proven to be a major market-driven force in the food system. Hence, one retail store located in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, part of Walmart-Mexico (Walmex), was selected to showcase a suitable strategy to tackle the food waste issue. Thus, this research aimed to explore how the organic waste management can be improved by combining CE business model and a ZWTL strategy. The findings of the combined framework (SOL4FoodWaste) showed that most of the food considered as waste can be recovered through different stages. Even further, 40% of the food waste management costs can be saved through three business actions associated to those recovery stages. The proposed SOL4FoodWaste framework intends to collect all the sustainable concepts that might potentially be implemented or resembled in other industries with similar food waste challenges.
Anaerobic digestion is a useful method for producing clean fuel from renewable feedstocks. It is a biological process where biodegradable matter is degraded or decomposed by the activity of specific microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas used for electricity and heat generation. The anaerobic digestion is affected by the type of raw materials. Co-digestion, the simultaneous digestion of a mixture of two or more substrates, is a technique, by which the bioconversion rate, as well as the methane yield, can be increased. The same effects are produced by the pretreatment of the biomass as pretreatments make the organic substance of smaller size more accessible to microorganisms and methane production. An important parameter used to evaluate the efficiency of anaerobic digestion is the bio-methane potential. Others are the gross energy yields, the cumulative energy demand, the net energy yield, and the energy efficiency. In this chapter, a literature analysis about the diet of anaerobic digestion and related methods to improve the process is carried out. Works report that energy crop is the most used substrate for the biogas production. Mechanical, chemical, thermal, thermochemical, and biological pretreatments can be used. Also, the different configuration of anaerobic digester can be developed to improve the efficiency of the process.
With the aim of upgrading current food waste (FW) management strategy, a novel FW hydrothermal pretreatment and air-drying incineration system is proposed and optimized from an energy and exergy perspective. Parameters considered include the extracted steam quality, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW, and the reactor thermal efficiency. Results show that optimal working condition can be obtained when the temperature and pressure of extracted steam are 159 °C and 0.17 MPa, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW is 10%, and the reactor thermal efficiency is 90%. Under such circumstance, the optimal steam energy and exergy increments reach 194.92 and 324.50 kJ/kg-FW, respectively. The novel system is then applied under the local conditions of Hangzhou, China. Results show that approximately 2.7 or 11.6% (from energy or exergy analysis perspective) of electricity can be additionally generated from 1 ton of MSW if the proposed novel FW system is implemented. Besides, comparisons between energy and exergy analysis are also discussed.
The local energy self-reliance approach represents one of the main targets of the current research on smart cities. These city models are based on the concepts of decentralised energy and integration of systems within the built environment.
In developing countries, it is important to integrate the decisional planning process of large metropolitan areas with sustainable strategic guidelines, which link energy efficiency of the built environment with renewable energy infrastructures at urban scale.
Emerging countries as South Africa, where the issues of energy efficiency and renewable energy policies are often still at the early stages, have a great potential for creating strategic frameworks that integrate sustainable urban planning with appropriate waste management strategies.
These frameworks could assist the decision-making and policy-making process of local Municipalities to issue sustainable policies for urban integrated renewable energy systems and green districts, towards energy self-reliant scenarios.
The rationale of this research is to investigate the feasibility of de-centralised urban anaerobic digestion (from organic waste food) as complementary to an energy efficient management programme of buildings and residential developments towards a self-reliant built environment.
The study serves to clarify doubts on the potential of commercial microcredit as a strategic vehicle of implementing of small-scale biogas plants in Sri Lanka, as an alternative to subsidy-based process. The quantified sum of unsubsidized microloan interest born by the biogas users in a modelled situation of maximum potential of the biogas sector financed through microfinance institutions is compared with national technology savings on a macro level. The analysis concludes that an economic justification for the microfinance-fuelled implementation of small-scale biodigesters employing a market-based approach does exist. Annual savings on macroeconomic level surpass the annual cost expressed as a sum of unsubsidized interest. The study furthermore proposes a three-party credit contract, which prevents credit defaults caused by the lack of customary after-sales care by integrating the provision of service providers into a contractual agreement with both the user and the financing source, thus assuming part of credit responsibility.
Waste is described as unused materials and products, leftover materials or by products which is produced at the time of construction or maintenance period of the buildings. In many cities in developing countries, the most serious environmental and health problems are related with inadequate solid waste management. A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Therefore, we need to focus on the solid waste generated from the household and community. As it is difficult to recycle food waste since it contains high levels of sodium salt and moisture and mixed with other waste during collection. Today the proportion of food and garden waste in municipal waste stream is gradually increasing and hence a proper food and garden waste management strategy needs to be devised to ensure its eco friendly and sustainable dispose. Rapid urbanization and population growth have magnified the necessity for adequate solid waste management throughout the world. In order to minimize the risk to the environment and human health, economically feasible solutions are sought for the treatment of solid waste, particularly in urban areas of low-and middle-income countries. This paper evaluates the suitability of a small-scale biogas system as a decentralized treatment option for the organic fraction of market and household solid waste. We have different techniques to convert this waste to useful materials like bio-fertilizers and bio-fuel. By using these techniques we can efficiently manage all waste and energy from it. Nevertheless there are successful projects mainly related to a few types of technologies. Based on the technologies being the most promising in the field of low-tech Anaerobic Digestion of biodegradable waste are ARTI (Appropriate Rural Technology Institute, Pune). About 2500 ARTI-plants are currently in use both in urban and rural households in Maharashtra. Urbanization and population growth are solely responsible for high increasing rate of solid waste and its proper management is a major problem of Municipal Corporation. In this study, the sources and components of solid waste were identified; type and the quantity of solid waste disposed, methods of solid waste disposal and impact of improper waste management on health were highlighted. Paper also criteria defined by the various green building certification program in India.
p>In this report, entitled “Poultry Faeces Management by Bioconversion Technology with Modified GGC 2047 model” focuses on various parameters relating to physico-chemical characteristics of the substrate, fertilizing value of digested poultry waste and potential to create profitability from biogas energy, thus generated and balancing the environmental aspects using poultry waste digestion. Also, biogas may be the tool of energy generation in rural areas while sanitation (waste management) in urban areas of developing countries asNepal. Biogas production from chicken faeces could be obtained more effectively by feeding around 8.5 kg per day. It is concluded that digester could be run by around 2.5 quintal chicken faeces per month. Hence those people, who can manage this quantity of waste, can utilize bio-digester without poultry farm.
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015 , pp. 107-117</p
Biogas technology represents an option to enhance sustainable energy use in developing nations particularly in the rural context. However, the production and use of biogas could also take place in urban settings in these countries with potential benefits for their sustainability. The present work introduces a set of nine indicators in the economic, social and environmental sustainability dimensions for assessing the impact of a small-scale biogas plant on the energy sustainability of a restaurant located in Mexico City. Indicators were evaluated before (base scenario) and after (biogas scenario) biogas plant installation and then they were linearly normalized using a scale between 0 and 1 corresponding to a growing level of energy sustainability. Economic dimension indicators averaged 0.67 in the base scenario and 0.68 in the biogas scenario; those of the social dimension, 0.52 and 0.54; and those of the environmental dimension, 0.17 and 0.49, respectively. Results indicate a positive impact of biogas plant on restaurant energy sustainability. These indicators provide objective elements to examine in detail biogas contributions in strengthening energy sustainability of cities in developing countries.
Executive Summary
Bioenergy has a significant greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential, provided that the resources are developed sustainably and that efficient bioenergy systems are used. Certain current systems and key future options including perennial cropping systems, use of biomass residues and wastes and advanced conversion systems are able to deliver 80 to 90% emission reductions compared to the fossil energy baseline. However, land use conversion and forest management that lead to a loss of carbon stocks (direct) in addition to indirect land use change (d+iLUC) effects can lessen, and in some cases more than neutralize, the net positive GHG mitigation impacts. Impacts of climate change through temperature increases, rainfall pattern changes and increased frequency of extreme events will influence and interact with biomass resource potential. This interaction is still poorly understood, but it is likely to exhibit strong regional differences. Climate change impacts on biomass feedstock production exist but if global temperature rise is limited to less than 2°C compared with the pre-industrial record, it may pose few constraints. Combining adaptation measures with biomass resource production can offer more sustainable opportunities for bioenergy and perennial cropping systems.
Biomass is a primary source of food, fodder and fibre and as a renewable energy (RE) source provided about 10.2% (50.3 EJ) of global total primary energy supply (TPES) in 2008. Traditional use of wood, straws, charcoal, dung and other manures for cooking, space heating and lighting by generally poorer populations in developing countries accounts for about 30.7 EJ, and another 20 to 40% occurs in unaccounted informal sectors including charcoal production and distribution.
Reduce, recycle, reuse and recover are the most important component of solid waste management. In the absence of these components, over a span of time there will be nothing left in the world for further use.
Anaerobic digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) is investigated in continuous operation. During the reactor's start-up period (first phase), the process is stable and there is no inhibition occurred as methane composition increased and leveled off at 66% with higher rate of biogas production. In the second phase, the reactor was fed in continuous mode and the effect of mass retention time (MRT) on the digestion process was investigated. The highest VS degradation of 51%, with biogas production rate of 401 L/kg VSremoved was achieved with a retention time of 25 days. However, the methane content of the biogas produced was in the range of 30-40%. The drop of methane concentration was traced from the technical problems on reactor configuration and not on the process. Thus, designing a single stage reactor in dry-continuous anaerobic digestion system is a challenge for further investigation.
Anaerobic digestion of animal waste in biogas plants for energy, manure and sanitation has made a significant impact in quality of rural life wherever it has been deployed. Insufficiency of animal dung resources limits the use of this technology to only an eighth of the overall Indian rural population. Yet the convenience of a biogas plant in rural households has led R&D efforts to extend the use of biogas plants to other non-animal dung biomass feedstock and rural residues. Fermenting typical biomass residues in conventional slurry-based biogas plants has been far from successful. Most attempts to convert rural biomass residues into 'flowable' slurries like animal dung have rarely been successful. Alternative concepts were required. Achieving successful quasi-continuous fermentation of biomass residues has come through a break away from the 'slurry' fixation and animal dung digester designs of the past. A better understanding of the underlying processes has greatly helped evolve new fermentation concepts. Success has emerged only through use of multi-stage processes, where key fermentation properties of biomass feedstock have been acknowledged and digesters designed accordingly. Here, a 25-year effort in understanding the processes of biogas and biomass fermentation, developing new techniques and technologies to ferment biomass feedstock and efforts at simplifying the technology to enable sustainability carried out at the Centre for Sustainable Technologies, IISc, Bangalore is described. Finally, integration of the two or three fermentation steps into a single reactor configuration has enabled evolving simple-to-use digester designs for biomass feedstock, namely the plug-flow and the solid-state stratified bed digesters.
Biogas and more -Systems and Market Overview of Anaeribic Digestion
- I Bioenergy
Bioenergy, I. (2001). Biogas and more -Systems and Market Overview of Anaeribic Digestion, AEA
Technology Environment, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK.
Emerging trends in small scale biogas plants for agro-residues and biomass feedstock -a case study from India
- H N Chanakya
Chanakya H. N. and M. R. (year unknown (after 2004)). "Emerging trends in small scale biogas plants
for agro-residues and biomass feedstock -a case study from India."
Current state of ecosan Pilot Projects in India supported by GTZ and Seecon International
- G A S Ecosan
Ecosan, G. a. S. (2005). "Current state of ecosan Pilot Projects in India supported by GTZ and
Seecon International." from http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/download/en-iesn-overviewIndia-2005.pdf.
Biogas from Excreta -Treatment of Feacal Sludge in Developing Countries
- G Giudotti
Giudotti G. (2002). "Biogas from Excreta -Treatment of Feacal Sludge in Developing Countries."
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Batch-Verfahrens
- A Gronauer
Gronauer A. (2004). Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Batch-Verfahrens "Bioferm". Gülzower
Fachgespräche. Band 23.
Wissenschaftliche Begleitung einer Pilotanlage zur Feststofvergärung von landwirtschaftlichen Gütern
- A Gronauer
- V Aschmann
Gronauer A. and Aschmann V. (2004). Wissenschaftliche Begleitung einer Pilotanlage zur
Feststofvergärung von landwirtschaftlichen Gütern, Landtechnischer Verein in Bayern e. V (LTV),
Auftraggeber: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten.
Assessment of technical efficiency and economic viability of existsing composting ventures and survey of the legal, policy and institutional framework regarding biowaste reuse
- S Hadsoi
Hadsoi S. (2006). Assessment of technical efficiency and economic viability of existsing composting
ventures and survey of the legal, policy and institutional framework regarding biowaste reuse, Asian
Institute of Technology.
Small-scale anaerobic digestion of urban and rural solid wastes -emerging trends in India. Anaerobic digestion of solid waste
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- H N Chanakya
Hoynell N., Chanakya H. N., et al. (2005). Small-scale anaerobic digestion of urban and rural solid
wastes -emerging trends in India. Anaerobic digestion of solid waste, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bioenery and Organic Manure Generation from Biodegradable Waste in Nisarguna Biogas Plant
- S P Kale
Kale S. P. (2005). "Bioenery and Organic Manure Generation from Biodegradable Waste in Nisarguna
Biogas Plant." IANCAS Bulletin.
Emerging Private Sector Participation Arrangements for Solid Waste Management in India, Indo-Us Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion Project -Dept Market Component FIRE(D)
- D Kirti
Kirti, D. (2001). Emerging Private Sector Participation Arrangements for Solid Waste Management in
India, Indo-Us Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion Project -Dept Market Component
FIRE(D).
Environmental Impact Assessment of Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Processing Facility, Okhla, Dehli
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Limited, N. D. W. P. C. P. (2006). Environmental Impact Assessment of Integrated Municipal Solid
Waste Processing Facility, Okhla, Dehli.
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Material Balance Process Studies of Kitchen and Agricultural Waste based Biogas Plant. Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
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- S P Kale
Mehetre S. T. and Kale S. P. (year unknown (after 2002)). Material Balance Process Studies of
Kitchen and Agricultural Waste based Biogas Plant. Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division.
Household Waste Composting & MSw Recycling in Sri Lanka
- H S Premachandra
Premachandra H.S. (2006). Household Waste Composting & MSw Recycling in Sri Lanka. Asia 3R
Conference, Tokyo.
Feasibility of Generating Green Power through Anaerobic Digestion of Garden Refuge from the Sacramento Area
RIS International Ldt. and MacViro Consultants Inc. (2005). Feasibility of Generating Green Power
through Anaerobic Digestion of Garden Refuge from the Sacramento Area.
Anaerobic Digesetion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Waste
- V Shefali
Shefali, V. (2002). Anaerobic Digesetion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Waste,
Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering
Fu Foundation School of Enineering & Applied Science
Columbia University.
Digestion and composting of domestic and market biodegradable waste in Kotte MC (Greater Colombo, Sri Lanka)
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Veeken A. (2005). Digestion and composting of domestic and market biodegradable waste in Kotte
MC (Greater Colombo, Sri Lanka). Kotte, Sri Lanka, Wageningen University.
Solid Waste Conversion -A review and database of current and emerging technologies
- R B Williams
- B M Jenkins
Williams R. B., Jenkins B. M., et al. (2003). Solid Waste Conversion -A review and database of
current and emerging technologies. Davis, University of California Davis
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering.
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