No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The genus Arachnomyces
Abstract
The genus Arachnomyces is redescribed and placed in the family Onygenaceae. Four species are described and illustrated. A. nitidus Massee & Salmon, the type of the genus, was collected on a hay-dung compost in Ontario and compared with the type specimen. The type of A. sulphureus Massee & Salmon was examined. A. peruvianus is a new combination for Anixiopsis peruviana Cain. A. minimus is a new species isolated in pure culture from decayed wood collected in Ontario. The peridium of the cleistothecial ascocarps of Arachnomyces consists of an outer dark layer and an inner hyaline layer and has long appendages (except in A. peruvianus). The asci are globose to subglobose and irregularly disposed. The ascospores are one-celled, oblate, reddish brown, smooth or roughened, without germ pores.
... Based on morphological observations, they transferred Anixiopsis peruviana Cain to Arachnomyces (as A. peruvianus), and listed A. flavidulus as a doubtful species because it produced ascospores that differ from other Arachnomyces members. Arachnomyces was placed in the family Onygenaceae (Onygenales) which was originally established for the stipitate cleistothecial ascomycetes (Malloch and Cain 1970). Phylogenetic analysis using nuclear SSU rDNA gene sequences showed that Arachnomyces was monophyletic and it was placed in a new family Arachnomycetaceae in Arachnomycetales, as a sister group of Eurotiales (Gibas et al. 2002a). ...
... Macromorphology and anamorphic features were neglected or regarded as nonsignificant characteristics. For example, the aleurioconidia of A. minimus were described as "mycelium with ampulliform swellings" (Malloch and Cain 1970). In 1994, mating experiments revealed the presence of a sexual state in Onychocola canadensis. ...
... When the genus was first described, Massee and Salmon (1902) included it in the Perisporiaceae. Malloch and Cain (1970) and Arx (1981) considered it as a member of Onygenaceae sensu lato. Based on the smooth oblate ascospores and an inability to degrade keratin, Abbott et al. (1996) considered the genus to be placed appropriately within the Gymnoascaceae (Onygenales). ...
A slow growing, asexual fungus that produces numerous arthroconidia was isolated during a mycobiota survey of pig farm soil in China. Phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences showed that it is a new species in the genus Arachnomyces, and the name Arachnomyces jinanicus was introduced. A. pilosus and A. scleroticus are new combinations for Chrysosporium pilosum and Onychocola sclerotica (=Malbranchia scleroticus) respectively. Currently, 11 species are accepted in Arachnomyces and an overview with type information and reference sequence data is given. The phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus are discussed, and a dichotomous key for distinguishing all reported Arachnomyces species is provided.
... Malbranchea-like asexual morphs are also present in other taxa of ascomycetes. The genus Arachnomyces (family Arachnomycetaceae, order Arachnomycetales; Malloch andCain 1970, Guarro et al. 1993), characterized by the production of brightly coloured cleistothecial ascomata bearing setae, and by the production of an onychocola-like (Sigler et al. 1994) or a malbranchea-like (Udagawa and Uchiyama 1999) asexual morph, have been also implicated in animal and human infections. Specifically, Arachnomyces nodosetosus and Arachnomyces kanei have been reported as causing nail and skin infections in humans (Sigler and Congly 1990;Sigler et al. 1994;Campbell et al. 1997;Contet-Audonneau et al. 1997;Kane et al. 1997;Koenig et al. 1997;Gupta et al. 1998;Erbagci et al. 2002;Gibas et al. 2002;Llovo et al. 2002;O'Donoghue et al. 2003;Gibas et al. 2004;Stuchlík et al. 2011;Järv 2015;Gupta et al. 2016). ...
... Malbranchea-like asexual morphs are also present in other taxa of ascomycetes. The genus Arachnomyces (family Arachnomycetaceae, order Arachnomycetales; Malloch andCain 1970, Guarro et al. 1993), characterized by the production of brightly coloured cleistothecial ascomata bearing setae, and by the production of an onychocola-like (Sigler et al. 1994) or a malbranchea-like (Udagawa and Uchiyama 1999) asexual morph, have been also implicated in animal and human infections. Specifically, Arachnomyces nodosetosus and Arachnomyces kanei have been reported as causing nail and skin infections in humans (Sigler and Congly 1990;Sigler et al. 1994;Campbell et al. 1997;Contet-Audonneau et al. 1997;Kane et al. 1997;Koenig et al. 1997;Gupta et al. 1998;Erbagci et al. 2002;Gibas et al. 2002;Llovo et al. 2002;O'Donoghue et al. 2003;Gibas et al. 2004;Stuchlík et al. 2011;Järv 2015;Gupta et al. 2016). ...
The fungi of the order Onygenales can cause important human infections; however, their taxonomy and worldwide occurrence is still little known. We have studied and identified a representative number of clinical fungi belonging to that order from a reference laboratory in the USA. A total of 22 strains isolated from respiratory tract (40%) and human skin and nails (27.2%) showed a malbranchea-like morphology. Six genera were phenotypically and molecularly identified, i.e. Auxarthron/Malbranchea (68.2%), Arachnomyces (9.1%), Spiromastigoides (9.1%), and Currahmyces (4.5%), and two newly proposed genera (4.5% each). Based on the results of the phylogenetic study, we synonymized Auxarthron with Malbranchea , and erected two new genera: Pseudoarthropsis and Pseudomalbranchea . New species proposed are: Arachnomyces bostrychodes , A. graciliformis , Currahmyces sparsispora , Malbranchea gymnoascoides , M. multiseptata , M. stricta , Pseudoarthropsis crassispora , Pseudomalbranchea gemmata, and Spiromastigoides geomycoides , along with a new combination for Malbranchea gypsea . The echinocandins showed the highest in vitro antifungal activity against the studied isolates, followed by terbinafine and posaconazole; in contrast, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine were less active or lacked in vitro activity against these fungi.
The fungi of the order Onygenales can cause important human infections; however, their taxonomy and worldwide occurrence is still little known. We have studied and identified a representative number of clinical fungi belonging to that order from a reference laboratory in the USA. A total of twenty-two strains isolated from respiratory tract (40 %) and human skin and nails (27.2 %) showed a malbranchea-like morphology. Six genera were phenotypically and molecularly identified, i.e. Auxarthron/Malbranchea (68.2 %), Arachnomyces (9.1 %), Spiromastigoides (9.1 %), and Currahmyces (4.5 %), and two newly proposed genera (4.5 % each). Based on the results of the phylogenetic study, we synonymysed Auxarthron to Malbranchea , and erected two new genera: Pseudoarthropsis and Pseudomalbranchea . New species are proposed: Arachnomyces bostrychodes , A. graciliformis , Currahmyces sparsispora , Malbranchea gymnoascoidea , M. multiseptata , M. stricta , Pseudoarthropsis crassispora , Pseudomalbranchea gemmata and Spiromastigoides geomyces , along with a new combination for Malbranchea gypsea . The echinocandins showed the highest in vitro antifungal activity against the studied isolates, followed by terbinafine and posaconazole; in contrast, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine were less active or lacked in vitro activity against these fungi.
From stratum corneum samples of a palmar eczema, a fungus was isolated that developed white colonies with a yellowish dark reverse, suggestive of dermatophytes. The isolate produced numerous chlamydospores and sparse aleuroconidia, was resistant to cycloheximide, grew well on human stratum corneum samples and was positive in tests for urease production and hair perforation, but no dermatophyte could be identified. After several weeks, cleistothecia with delicate asci and disc-shaped ascospores were formed, suggesting Arachnomyces spp. The analyses of the ribosomal ITS and LSU (D1/D2 domains) nucleotide sequences proved a good match with the ex-type strain of Xanthothecium peruvianum (family Onygenaceae, order Onygenales), and LSU sequence showed 99% similarity with Arachnomyces glareosus. This is the first report of X. peruvianum isolated from human skin. The description of our isolate provides new information about this species and proposes its transfer to the genus Arachnomyces with the subsequent emendation of the description of Arachnomyces peruvianus. Morphologically and physiologically it mimics dermatophytes and other species of the genus Arachnomyces. Although the clinical situation did not suggest any relevance for A. peruvianus as a primary pathogen, this fungus may act as a secondary pathogen under suitable conditions due to its keratinolytic capacity.
Soil fungi play a major role in terrestrial ecosystem functioning through interactions with soil structure, plants, micro- and mesofauna and nutrient cycling through predation, pathogenesis, mutualistic and saprotrophic roles. The diversity of soil fungi was assessed by sequencing their 28S rRNA gene in Alaskan permafrost and Oklahoma tallgrass prairie soils at experimental sites where the effect of climate warming is under investigation. A total of 226,695 reads were classified into 1063 genera, covering 62% of the reference dataset. Using the Bayesian Classifier offered by RDP with 50% bootstrapping classification confidence, approximately 70% of sequences were returned as "unclassified" at the genus level, although the majority (∼65%) were classified at the class level, which provided insight into these lesser-known fungal lineages. Those "unclassified" at genus level were subjected to BLAST analysis against the ARB-SILVA database where ∼50% most closely matched non-fungal taxa. Compared to the more abundant sequences, a higher proportion of rare OTUs were successfully classified to genera at 50% bootstrap, indicating that the fungal rare biosphere in these sites is not composed of sequencing artifacts. There was no significant effect after 1 year of warming on the fungal community structure at both sites, except perhaps for a few minor members, but there was a significant effect of sample depth in the permafrost soils. Despite overall significant community structure differences driven by variations in OTU dominance, the prairie and permafrost soils shared 90% and 63% of all fungal sequences, respectively, indicating a fungal "seed bank" common between both sites.
An emended description of the family Onygenaceae (Ascomycota) is presented and a key to the seven genera given. Two new monotypic genera are described: Ascocalvatia gen. nov., with the type species A. alveolata sp. nov., has white puffball-like ascocarps and cylindrical ascospores; Xynophila gen. nov., with the type species X. mephitalis sp. nov., has ascocarps clustered within a common tomentose layer. The remaining five genera of Onygenaceae, Aphanoascus Zukal, Arachnomyces Massee & Salmon, Dichotomomyces Scott, Onygena Fr., and Thermoascus Miehe are briefly discussed.
Aphonoascus fulvescens was isolated from lesions resembling a dermatophyte infection in a 45-year-old woman who had used steroid cream for several months to treat a dermatosis of the neck. Treatment with griseofulvin and tolnaftate cured the lesions in 6 weeks. The microscopic characteristics of the isolate and its size differed slightly from those described by several other authors, and bore a closer resemblance to isolates previously described from Australia and New Guinea. © 1984 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
Skin scrapings, hairs, and nail fragments from 58,000 dermatological patients were studied for non-pathogenic species of Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae by culture on Sabouraud's chloramphenicol cycloheximide agar.Eleven species from 95 isolates were demonstrated, and five of these fungi were new to Denmark. The keratinophilic species occurred as contaminants in 0.1 % of the patients.Zusammenfassung: Hautschuppen, Haare und Nagelspne von 58 000 dermatologischen Patienten wurden mit Hinblick auf nichtpathogene Arten von Gymnoascaceae und Onygenaceae auf Sabourauds Chloramphenicol Cycloheximid Agar inkubiert.In 95 Kulturen wurden 11 verschiedene Arten dieser Familien isoliert, 5 davon zum ersten Mai in Dnemark. Die keratinophilen Arten, 80 der obengenannten Kulturen, reprsentierten 0,1% der untersuchten Patienten.
Arachnomyces is a genus of cleistothecial ascomycetes that has morphological similarities to the Onygenaceae and the Gymnoascaceae but is not accommodated well in either taxon. The phylogeny of the genus and its related anamorphs was studied using nuclear SSU rDNA gene sequences. Partial sequences were determined from ex-type cultures representing A. minimus, A. nodosetosus (anamorph Onychocola canadensis), A. kanei (anamorph O. kanei) and A. gracilis (anamorph Malbranchea sp.) and aligned together with published sequences of onygenalean and other ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum parsimony showed that Arachnomyces is monophyletic, that it includes the hyphomycete Malbranchea sclerotica, and it forms a distinct lineage within the Eurotiomycetes. Based on molecular and morphological data, we propose the new order Arachnomycetales and a new family Arachnomycetaceae. All known anamorphs in this lineage are arthroconidial and have been placed either in Onychocola (A. nodosetosus, A. kanei) or in Malbranchea (A. gracilis). Onychocola is considered appropriate for disposition of the arthroconidial states of Arachnomyces and thus Malbranchea sclerotica and the unnamed anamorph of A. gracilis are redisposed as Onychocola sclerotica comb. nov. and O. gracilis sp. nov.
From recent isolates of microfungi on soil materials collected at several localities in the world, five new taxa of the Onygenales
are described and illustrated. A new monotypic genus,Kraurogymnocarpa lenticulospora, is proposed. New species are described inAmauroascus, Aphanoascus, andArachnomyces. A new variety ofPseudogymnoascus roseus is also proposed.
Non-dermatophytic fungi are increasingly being recognized as agents of onychomycosis. In 1990, three cases of chronic infection
of the great toenail in adult female residents of Canada were attributed to Onychocola canadensis, a previously unknown hyphomycete. Three additional cases were suspicious but unconfirmed. This report documents seven new
records, including six of toenail infection in elderly individuals and one case of glabrous skin infection. Three isolations
from New Zealand represent the first report of O. canadensis outside Canada. Treatment with griseofulvin in one New Zealand hallux infection case was found to improve the appearance
of the nail, but specimens were culture positive after 6 months. The development in culture of broad, brown, nodose, thick-walled
hyphase suggested an affinity to the ascomycete genus Arachnomyces. Although mating experiments were attempted on several different media, ascocarps were produced in six mated pairs on sterilized
rice grains or rice extract agar after 7–12 months incubation. Arachnomyces nodosetosus Sigler & Abbott sp. nov. is described and compared with Arachnomyces minimus Malloch & Cain, also rarely isolated from cutaneous specimens. The genus Arachnomyces is placed in the Gymnoascaceae (Onygenales).
This survey of ascomycetes colonizing various substrata in coastal grasslands suggests that their distribution is related to ecological factors of the habitat as well as to the character of each substratum. Of 141 species recorded, 17 were marine, confined to coastal salt marshes, 50 were strictly graminicolous, 69 were widely distributed on diverse substrata including rabbit dung, and a few were strictly terrestrial.
The pattern of occurrence in a particular phytocoenosis is characteristic for a large number of species and there appears to be a line of biological discontinuity at the fermentation layer between the upright and prostrate fitter debris and the Aj soil horizon.
Dactylomyces crustaceus and Micronectriella agropyri are described as new species. Var. maritima of Pleurage vemiculosis and var. maritima of Rhyparobius cookei are new. Leptosphaeria discors Sacc. & Ellis is transferred to Passeriniella and Pleospora vagans Niessl var. spartinae Webster & Lucas is raised to specific rank.
Agar media containing oatmeal with and without tomato paste served as non-keratinous, soil-free substrates for the abundant production of fertile cleistothecia by several Nannizzia and Arthroderma species and by 2 homothallic isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum capable of producing the perfect form.
Se obtuvieron abundantes cleistotecas fértiles en substratos libres de tierra y queratina en varias especies de Nannizzia y Arthroderma y en dos cepas homotálicas del Histoplasma capsulatum utilizando medios a base de agar conteniendo avena con o sin pasta de tomate.
In this paper an account is given of the morphology and the �9 taxonomy of three fungi, belonging to the genera Anixiopsis and Pseudeurotium of the family of the Euroliaceae. Two of them, Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen) Hansen and Pseudeurolium ovalis n. sp., were encountered in the course of an investigation of fungi parasitizing the cysts of the Nematode Heterodera roslochiensis Wollenw. Both fungi were isolated by Dr P. A. VAN DER LAAN at Wageningen and were sent to the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (C.B.S.), Baarn for identification. Related species were studied. Anixiopsis japonica Saito et Minoura proved to he synonymous with Thielavia terricola (Gilman et Abbott) Emmons. Anixiopsis multispora Saito et Minoura has been transferred to the genus Pseudem'olium. The conception of the genus Pseudeurotium was expanded and the genus was compared with related genera. The morphology and the development of the perithecia were described and figured. The perithecial initials of Pseudeurotium ovalis and Anixiopsis stercoraria consist of coiled hyphae, while those of Pseudeurotium multispor.um are intercalary, swollen segments of the vegetative hyphae. Living cultures of the studied species are maintained at the C.B.S. Dried cultures will be deposited in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands, in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and in the Herbarium of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England.
Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by UNIV WINDSOR on 11/12/14 For personal use only. philic Plectascales
- Can J Bot
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by UNIV WINDSOR on 11/12/14 For personal use only. philic Plectascales. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 35: 97-104.