Article

The use of green tea extract in cosmetic formulations: Not only an antioxidant active ingredient

Wiley
Dermatologic Therapy
Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Green tea (GT) extracts contain polyphenols, known to be effective free radical scavengers, and other ingredients that could also provide benefits to the skin. This is a report on clinical studies using objective, noninvasive methods to evaluate the effects of cosmetic formulations containing GT. Experimental formulations were supplemented or not (vehicle) with 6% Camellia sinensis glycolic leaf extracts (GT). These formulations were applied to the forearm skin of 24 volunteers, and their effects were evaluated before and after 2 hours, 15 and 30 days according to the following parameters: stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss, skin viscoelastic-to-elastic ratio (Uv/Ue), and microrelief. The volunteers were instructed not to apply any formulation in an area of the forearm (control area). Experimental formulations (GT) increased skin moisture in the long-term study, indicating that GT has a prolonged moisturizing effect. The Uv/Ue was significantly enhanced after 30 days of topical application of the experimental formulation when compared with vehicle and control. After 15-30 days, skin microrelief was significantly improved due to a reduction in skin roughness. The results suggest that GT-containing cosmetic formulations have pronounced moisturizing effects and improve skin microrelief.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... To substantiate the efficacy of cosmetic products, non-invasive biophysical techniques such as measuring skin hydration along with the average characteristics of the skin surface have been introduced into cosmetology. These will help to evaluate products under real time conditions of use (Gianeti, Mercurio, Maia Campos, 2013). ...
... More knowledge about the mechanisms of the effect of different ingredients on the skin is required, because the actives and the excipients may both have unexpected influences on the structure and function of the skin (Kligman, 2011). To authenticate the efficacy of cosmetic products, non-invasive biophysical techniques have been used in cosmetology to evaluate products under real time conditions of use (Gianeti, Mercurio, Maia Campos, 2013). The skin hydration was measured by using a Corneometer® CM 825 which measures the capacitance, one of the basic measurements for all dermatological and cosmetic applications. ...
... We observed that with our formulations, despite using a freeze-dried extract, change in TEWL was observed when compared with the vehicle. Gianeti, Mercurio and Maia Campos (2013) evaluated the moisturizer efficacy of formulations containing green tea extracts and found significant skin moisturizing effects, but the TEWL was not statistically significant. In this sense, we hypothesize that formulations containing K. brasiliensis extract act through a humectant and occlusion mechanism. ...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of Kalanchoe brasiliensis extract, followed by the development of an oil in water emulsion containing the K. brasiliensis leaves extract and evaluating its clinical moisturizing efficacy. The formulations containing sodium acrylates/ Beheneth-25 methacrylate Crosspolymer (and) hydrogenated polydecene (and) lauryl glucoside and 0.5% of extract were prepared. The extract was considered as non-irritating through skin irritant tests. The stability testing was carried out in different conditions for 90 days. The skin hydration was measured by capacitance measurement and transepidermal water loss using biophysical techniques. The results indicate that the formulation containing 0.5% of extract increased the hydration of the stratum corneum up to 5 h after application on the forearm. The transepidermal water loss was reduced when compared to the untreated area and placebo area. Therefore, we can conclude that the increased skin hydration and protection of barrier function can be attributed to the K. brasiliensis extract. This research presents a new raw material from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and shows its possible application in the development of cosmetic products.
... Sifat antioksidan dari ekstrak dapat mentralkan stress oksidatif sehingga mencegah kerusakan sel. Ekstrak yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antioksidan sering digunakan sebagai kosmetik (17) . ...
... Evaluasi Sampo. Untuk mengetahui keefektifan ekstrak sebagai kosmetik perlu dilakukan evaluasi pada kondisi yang sebenarnya (17) . Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini dilakukan aplikasi penggunaan sampo dengan bahan ekstrak sampel pada kulit kepala untuk mengetahui efek yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaa sampo ekstrak tersebut (22) . ...
Article
Full-text available
Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant commonly used in Asian countries such as China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. G. procumbens content flavonoids and glycosides and have bacteria activity and anti-fungal activity such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data about the effect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract on reducing dandruff on the scalp. The extract was obtained by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The phytochemical compound content is determined with spectrophotometry ultraviolet. Two observers observe the scalp by using observation sheets and grating instruments assisted by a skin and hair analyzer. The reduction of scalp dandruff was the difference between the initial the results and the final test (after treatment). The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique totaling ten people and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The results showed that the calculation of hypothesis testing after analyzing the data obtained a value of t count (5.817)>t table (1.86). This showed an effect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract as a shampoo for reducing dandruff on the scalp. The use of G. procumbens leaves extract as shampoo can reduce dandruff.
... Formulations for the left and right sides of cheeks were handed over to 11 volunteers for regular use for the study period after taking written consent. For this, Multi Skin Test Center MC 1000 (Courage + Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) with software Complete Skin Investigation (CSI) was used for the investigation of skin erythema, moisture, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, pH, elasticity, pores size, wrinkles and skin pigmentation [41,42]. Ethical Standard Biosafety Committee COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan (reference CIIT/ATD/BSC/17-07) approved this study. ...
... Rheograms in Figure 10 show average viscosity 0.163 Pa·s with 0.026 standard deviation, which shows shear-thinning behavior reflecting pseudoplastic tendency. In rheology, deformation and flow of materials under force are studied [42], and formulations with the pseudoplastic flow make a film easily that covers the skin; that is why this is required for ideal topical preparations [62]. The presented rheological behavior of M-NLC-E showed smooth flow after applying tension that indicates high dispersion capacity during application. ...
Article
Full-text available
Although Mangifera indica L. extract (M-Ext) of the peel and kernel possesses potent antioxidant and excellent antiaging qualities, the effects are only partially seen because of the skin’s limited ability to absorb it. M-Ext was loaded into nanolipid carriers (M-NLCs) in this work to create a green topical formulation that would boost antiaging efficacy and address penetration deficit. Compound identification was done using GCMS and atomic absorption spectroscopy for heavy metals in M-Ext. M-Ext was also evaluated against oxidative stress antioxidant enzymes. The M-NLCs were fabricated and evaluated for their physicochemical characterizations. Cytotoxicity and cell permeation analysis of M-Ext and M-NLCs were carried out in fibroblasts and HaCaT cell lines. An ex vivo permeation study of M-Ext and M-NLC-loaded emulsion was performed through rat skin and the kinetic parameters were determined. Kinetic data showed that the ex vivo permeation of M-NLC-loaded emulsion through rat skin followed the Higuchi model. The safety profile was evaluated in human volunteers after written consent. Three months’ in vivo investigations were conducted using the optimized M-NLC-loaded emulsion and vehicle (B-NLC-loaded emulsion) on human cheeks for comparison. The volunteers’ skin erythema level, melanin contents, TEWL index, moisture contents, sebum level, elasticity, pH, and pore size were examined after the first, second, and third month via noninvasive techniques. There were significant findings for physicochemical characterizations and in vitro and ex vivo studies. The findings demonstrate that the green nanolipid carriers amplified the overall antioxidant effectiveness and may represent an emerging treatment strategy for oxidative stresses and aging.
... Sifat antioksidan dari ekstrak dapat mentralkan stress oksidatif sehingga mencegah kerusakan sel. Ekstrak yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antioksidan sering digunakan sebagai kosmetik (17) . ...
... Evaluasi Sampo. Untuk mengetahui keefektifan ekstrak sebagai kosmetik perlu dilakukan evaluasi pada kondisi yang sebenarnya (17) . Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini dilakukan aplikasi penggunaan sampo dengan bahan ekstrak sampel pada kulit kepala untuk mengetahui efek yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaa sampo ekstrak tersebut (22) . ...
Article
Full-text available
Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant commonly used in Asian countries such as China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. G. procumbens content fl avonoids and glycosides and have bacteria activity and anti-fungal activity such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data about the eff ect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract on reducing dandruff on the scalp. The extract was obtained by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The phytochemical compound content is determined with spectrophotometry ultraviolet. Two observers observe the scalp by using observation sheets and grating instruments assisted by a skin and hair analyzer. The reduction of scalp dandruff was the diff erence between the initial the results and the fi nal test (after treatment). The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique totaling ten people and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The results showed that the calculation of hypothesis testing after analyzing the data obtained a value of t count (5.817)>t table (1.86). This showed an eff ect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract as a shampoo for reducing dandruff on the scalp. The use of G. procumbens leaves extract as shampoo can reduce dandruff. Abstrak: Gynura procumbens merupakan tanaman obat yang umum digunakan di negara-negara Asia seperti China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Vietnam. G. procumbens mengandung fl avonoid dan glikosida serta memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti jamur seperti Candida albicans dan Aspergillus niger. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh data empiris tentang pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak daun G. procumbens terhadap pengurangan ketombe pada kulit kepala. Proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Penetapan kadar senyawa fi tokimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri ultraviolet. Pengamatan kulit kepala dilakukan oleh dua ahli dengan menggunakan lembar observasi dengan menggunakan alat analisa kulit dan rambut. Kondisi ketombe kulit kepala diamati pada saat sebelum perawatan dan setelah perawatan setiap perlakuan. Sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yang berjumlah 10 orang dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok (kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol). Hasil perhitungan pengujian hipotesis setelah dilakukan analisis data diperoleh nilai t hitung (5,817)>t tabel (1,86). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak daun G. procumbens sebagai sampo untuk mengurangi ketombe pada kulit kepala. Penggunaan ekstrak daun G. procumbens sebagai sampo dapat mengurangi ketombe. Kata kunci: ekstrak daun Gynura procumbens, ketombe, kulit kepala.
... For the moment only a few review publications undertake the topic, however, the majority of them were published more than a decade ago. Due to this fact the authors found it necessary to prepare a more up-to-date manuscript that includes the information that have been spread in recent years, in the times of a constant and significant growth of the cosmetic industry [2][3][4]. Some of the above mentioned previously published references were also focused on the treatment of specific skin diseases only and represent rather dermatology than cosmetic applications [5,6], or they described the activity of specific tea ingredients, e.g., caffeine [7] than the extracts per se. Therefore the aim of the present review is to collect the reports on the properties of the tea plant, its extracts and preparations in cosmetology: for skin care products and for the treatment of selected dermatological diseases. ...
... Different types of tea, including black, white and green, have been used to produce skin care formulations, however, the latter one due to the highest concentration of polyphenols (EGCG and EGC) can be found the most often in cosmetics formulations. Other ingredients of tea plant, like previously described vitamins, lipids and pigments could also provide additional benefits to the skin, like moisturizing and protective effects [4,[58][59][60]. Some selected trials on the antioxidant properties of tea plant leaf extracts have been collected in the Table 2. ...
Article
Full-text available
Studies on the cosmetic applications of plant extracts are increasingly appearing in the scientific literature, which is due to the growing popularity of skincare products around the world. In the light of the observed changes, a return to natural treatment and skincare with cosmetics free of harmful substances or toxic preservatives is visible. Currently, tea extracts, due to their rich composition and various biological actions, play an important role among the dietary supplements and cosmetics. This review is intended to collect the reports on the properties of the tea plant, its extracts and preparations in cosmetology: for skin care products and for the treatment of selected dermatological diseases. Particular attention is paid to its antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-inflammatory, slimming, hair-strengthening, photoprotective and sealing blood vessels properties.
... Used as potential photo-protective agent [53] S. No. Name of the herbal Applications Reference ...
... He is serving as editorial board member of some national and international journals and life member of several scientific organizations. D dermal inflammation, 36 dibenzoylmethane, 159, 160, 186, 226 distribution of carotenoid in human, 40 diversification,120 DOPA,234,285,290,291 drometrizole trisiloxane,165 E ecosystem,106,117,196,226,226 edema,36,115,153 elastase,68 enzymes,v,viii,14,15,16,33,34,40,53,58,59,60,61,62,63,67,68,70,71,72,73,75,78,87,95,115,119,133,139,140,155,179,212,213,214,227,237,245,246,247,252,254,284,301 epidermal hyperplasia,163,165 equol,176,194,199,247,305 erythema,36,37,40,114,115,119,123,153,155,174,188,253,255,256,260,264,265,293,298,299,303 ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate,160,182,205 euhalothece,4,27,102,134,135,147,150,4,27,102,135,150,232 eumelanin,234,283,284,286,290,291 Index 313 exfoliants, 53, 63 F flavonoids, viii, 11, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 192, 193, 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 264, 280, 281, 295, 297, 299, 301, 307 fluorescence, 3, 22, 80, 91, 92, 94 formulation, 55, 59, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 94, 114, 118, 155, 167, 168, 170, 173, 174, 179, 182, 186, 187, 188, 192, 258, 265, 270, 302, 305, 306, 307 free radicals, 8, 19, 31, 60, 114, 157, 165, 169, 173, 174, 176, 179, 234, 245, 246, 248, 252, 256, 260, 264, 266, 271, 273, 294, 297, 299, 301 G gadusol, 111 genes, 5,6,7,9,11,14,16,27,37,45,59,84,86,116,133,135,136,137,140,147,150,179,210,211,212,213,215,216,218,220,233,271,289 genotoxicity,191,226 gloeocapsa,18,20,134,135,143,146,148,219 gloeosapsin,18 glycoside,2,15,18,23,70,141,173,176,263 glycosylated MAAs,4,134,142,207 glyoxalase 1,33 green sunscreens,171 H helioguard,115,117,118,178,179,201,208 helionori,117,118,201,208 helioplex,161 herbal cosmeceuticals,191,298,302 hesperetin,172,176,193 homogentisic acid,234,285 homosalate,159,162,189,205 hydrophobic interactions,89 I inflammation, 18,36,38,50,116,128,172,188,196,209,226,247,248,252,257,263,266,298,302,303 inorganic UV filters,156,157,158,166,168,169,181,191,195,249 irradiance,11,105,125,150,180,209,214,233,288 J jojoba oil, 172, 177 K keratinocytes, 38,115,118,122,175,190,198,199,218,226,242,250,260,263,294,300,305,306 L leptolyngbya, 37, 91, 134, 137 lipases, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 lyngbya, 11, 25, 42, 49, 51, 82, 98, 134, 138, 143, 148, 193, 213, 281, 292 M Index 317 W wrinkling, 36,42,202,300 Z zinc oxide, 32,157,160,166,167,169,183,186,191,192,193,195,204,225,226,242,267,299,304 ...
Chapter
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for different skin diseases and allergic reactions. Synthetic sunscreens are widely used to protect the skin in the intense UV environments. Different synthetic molecules are being used as active ingredients in the commercial sunscreens, however, few of them are reported to cause toxicity to humans and ecosystems. Regulatory bodies like USFDA and European Commission have issued a guideline for the safe use of active chemical ingredients in the commercial sunscreens. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the screening of safe and efficacious natural molecules having potential photoprotective properties. This chapter presents a scientific summary to emphasize the possible use of certain microbial metabolites as active ingredients in the commercial sunscreens.
... Topical administration of antioxidants has proven to be effective in protecting the skin against oxidative damage (3), and it provides the most straightforward way to strengthen the endogenous protection system (1). In addition, topical use of botanical extracts results in clinical improvement of skin conditions due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (4,5). Besides antioxidant activities, botanical extracts have attracted great interest in the cosmetic and skin care area due to their rich composition and medicinal properties. ...
... A aplicação tópica de antioxidantes, tem provado ser eficaz em proteger a pele contra danos oxidativos (3), e fornece a maneira mais simples para reforçar o sistema de protecção endógena (1). Além disso, o uso tópico de extractos botânicos resulta em melhoria clínica das condições da pele, devido às suas propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias (4,5). Além das aticvidades antioxidantes, os extractos botânicos têm atraído grande interesse na área de cosméticos e cuidados da pele devido à sua rica composição e às suas propriedades medicinais. ...
Article
Full-text available
Topical application of antioxidants has proven to be effective in protecting the skin against oxidative damage. Matricaria chamomilla L. extract has been used in cosmetic formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of chamomile extract as well as the clinical efficacy on skin hydration and mechanical properties of skin. The antioxidant activity of chamomile extract was evaluated by chemiluminescence (IC50 = 0.14 μg/mL). Stable formulations were supplemented with 0,5 cg/g α-bisabolol or cg/gwith 5,0 of Matricaria chamomile glycolic extract or with 0,01 cg/g of apigenin and applied on the volar forearm and face of 25 female subjects. Skin physiology was assessed before and after 2 hours (single application) and after a 2- and 4-week period of daily application. After a single application, all formulations increased the stratum corneum water content but only α-bisabolol and chamomile extract formulations reduced TEWL. The formulation with chamomile extract has shown the most pronounced result in the reduction of TEWL (27%). However, after 2- and 4-week application, only the extract formulation increased stratum corneum water content compared with the vehicle. Chamomile extract was effective in neutralizing free radicals and therefore presents an interesting potential in cosmetic formulations for this purpose.
... Currently, natural products are used increasingly often for the prevention and treatment of many diseases-cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, cancer, digestive system diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders [1][2][3]. They are also used in the treatment of various dermatological diseases and are an important ingredient in cosmetics [4][5][6]. Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites, among which phenolics are the most abundant [7,8]. In terms of pharmacological activity and nutritional significance, these are some of the most important compounds present in plants [9]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites, among which phenolics are the most abundant. To date, over 8000 various polyphenolic compounds have been identified in plant species, among which phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, stilbenes and lignans are the most important ones. Acne is one of the most commonly treated dermatological diseases, among which acne vulgaris and rosacea are the most frequently diagnosed. In the scientific literature, there is a lack of a detailed scientific presentation and discussion on the importance of plant phenolics in the treatment of the most common specific skin diseases, e.g., acne. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, present and discuss the current state of knowledge on the activity of various plant phenolics towards the prevention and treatment of acne, including in vitro, in vivo and human studies. It was revealed that because of their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds may be used in the treatment of various types of acne, individually as well as in combination with commonly used drugs like clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. Among the various phenolics that have been tested, EGCG, quercetin and nobiletin seem to be the most promising ones; however, more studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to fully evaluate their efficacy in treating acne.
... [7][8][9] Essential fatty acids in green tea extract, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid and tocopherol have the potential to help increasing skin hydration, skin elasticity, and antioxidant. 10 This study aimed to find the efficacy of green tea extract in striae distensae. ...
Article
Background Striae distensae (SD) is a skin condition that frequently causes dermatological consultations and although asymptomatic, it may can cause itch and burning sensation. Green tea extract contains polyphenol, including flavanol, flavandiol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, amino acids and minerals which play a role in the repair of stretch marks through anti-inflammatory mechanism, increase collagen production, fibroblast proliferation, and skin hydration. Objective To determine the efficacy of green tea extract cream on striae distensae. Methods This is a pre-experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design on 36 subjects with striae distensae. Diagnosis establishes through history taking and clinical evaluation. Imam Nelva Alviera (INA) score was used as SD severity before and after the application of the 3% green tea extract cream carried out at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Side effects and subjects’ satisfaction were also recorded. Cochran test was carried out to see the difference before and after treatment, with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results Majority of study subjects were 18–25 years (77.8%), had history of pregnancy (75%), had a history of menarche at the age of 12 years (27.8%) and all subjects had striae alba. There was significant decrement in INA score for striae distensae (p<0.001) after eight weeks administration of 3% green tea extract cream. Clinical improvement and no side effects were also noted. All subjects were satisfied. Conclusions The use of 3% green tea extract cream can improve the appearance of SD.
... Disruptions in the redox balance have been associated with common diseases such as enteritis and mastitis in pigs and cattle, and recurrent airway obstruction in horses (3). However, the currently used chemically synthesized antioxidants have been under suspicion for their association with organic damage (4,5). The efficient production of foods at a low cost is of great importance for good health. ...
Article
Full-text available
Dark tea, rich in nutricines including tea polyphenols and free amino acids, is a kind of post-fermented tea. The potential application of nutricines against oxidative damage and senescence, which drives animal health maintenance and disease prevention, has attracted considerable interest. In this study, the effect of dark tea and its effects on longevity and defense against oxidative stress was investigated in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Under normal conditions, dark tea extended the lifespan without significant impairment of propagation. It also improved the motility, alleviated the fat accumulation and apoptosis. Additionally, orally administered dark tea could significantly decrease the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulted in a superior lifespan in H2O2-induced oxidative stressed C. elegans. In antioxidant assays in vitro, dark tea was found to be rich in strong hydroxyl, DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging capacity. Interestingly, mRNA sequence analyses further revealed that dark tea may catalyze intracellular relevant oxidative substrates and synthesize antioxidants through synthetic and metabolic pathways. These results suggest that dark tea is worth further exploration as a potential dietary supplement for the maintenance of animal health and the prevention of related diseases.
... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be neutralized by the antioxidant qualities of green tea extract catechins, preventing lipid peroxidation and photoaging. The most common source of the powerful antioxidant EGCG is green tea extract [2][3][4]. ...
Article
Background Green tea extract is a hydrophilic antioxidant. The challenge associated with its cutaneous administration is its poor penetration. A system of solid-liquid lipids formulated in the form of a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), can improve the penetration. In addition, Vitamin E oil used as a liquid lipid will aid in skin hydration, reduce particle size, and enhance penetration. Objective The objective of this study was to formulate the NLC-based sunscreen gel of green tea extract. Methods Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared by melt emulsion ultrafiltration technique and were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficacy (EE), and in vitro drug release. The optimised formula was incorporated into a suitable gel base and an in-vitro sun protection factor (SPF) was determined. Beeswax and Vitamin E oil were chosen as solid and liquid lipids for NLC formulation. Results The particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release of optimised formulation (NLC4) were found to be 139.4 nm, 0.236, -11.0 mV, 84.20%, and 85% respectively. The SPF value of green tea extract-NLC-loaded gel was found to be 20.035. Conclusion The result of the current investigation depicted that lipid nanoparticles are suitable carriers for green tea extract to be delivered as sunscreen gel.
... The polyphenols in green tea extracts exhibit excellent transdermal penetration and moisturizing properties in cosmetics. Additionally, green tea extracts can inhibit acute skin inflammation caused by UV radiation, reduce skin redness, and improve rough skin texture [212]. ...
... After receiving written agreement, preparations for left and right cheeks were given to the 11 volunteers for consistent usage until the end of the research period. Complete Skin Investigation (CSI) was utilized to examine skin melanin level, erythema, TEWL, moisture contents, sebum level, and wrinkles [44,45]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The peel from Citrus-sinensis L. is a medicinally significant food waste, and its extract (O-Ext) could be significant against oxidative stresses and skin aging, However, the penetration barriers, instability in formulation, undefined toxicities, and enzymatic activities make the O-Ext difficult to formulate and commercialize. The goal of this study was to evaluate O-Ext against oxidative stress, prepare O-Ext-loaded nano-lipid carriers (O-NLCs), and load them into topical O/W-emulsion (O-NLC-E) to improve O-Ext permeation and its in vivo antiaging effects. TPC, TFC, DPPH activity, and mineral/metal contents of O-Ext were determined via atomic-absorption spectroscopy. For bioactive compounds profiling, GC-MS analysis was carried out. O-NLCs were prepared and tested for physicochemical attributes, while HaCaT and fibroblast cells were used to study permeation and cytotoxicity. The kinetic characteristics of ex vivo permeation through rat skin were established, following the Higuchi model. Following written consent, safety investigations were conducted on human volunteers for three months, where optimized O-NLC-E and B-NLC-E were regularly applied on cheeks. Non-invasive procedures were used to assess the volunteer’s skin erythema, TEWL, sebum level, melanin, hydration, pH, elasticity, and pore sizes after specified intervals. The results demonstrated that applying O-NLC-E formulation to the skin of volunteers directed significant antiaging benefits. The study offers nanotechnology-based sustainability approach against skin ageing.
... The extract prepared with 50% ethanol solvent is the one with the best activity, which coincides with the highest presence of phenolic compounds; thus, verifying an activity superior to green tea (C. sinensis), which is already a validated raw material in antioxidant and antiaging cosmetic products (Koch et al., 2019;Gianeti et al., 2013;Kaur and Saraf, 2011). Regarding the lipophilic formulation, the antioxidant capacity is very interesting and is surely enhanced by the presence of Plukenetia volubilis oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and with high antioxidant capacity (Cisneros et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2018;Mosquera et al., 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
Ilex guayusa Loes. is a medicinal plant used by people of the Ecuadorian Amazon for treating various diseases and for its stimulating properties. In recent years, several studies have shown this plant to possess a high concentration of phenolic compounds and a high antioxidant potential, allowing it to be used as an ingredient for cosmetic formulations. This research confirms the presence of phenolic compounds between 20.18 and 22.44 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL of total phenols and between 7.50 and 3.80 mg hyperoxide equivalents/Ml of total flavonoids, depending on the solvent used (hydroalcoholic or hydroglyceric) to prepare the extract. The evaluation by GC/MS after silylation reveals the presence of 3-hydroxyflavone, techtochrysin, kaempferol and quercetin. The spectrophotometric method of DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) verifies high antioxidant activity in the extracts evaluated and in two cosmetic formulations: Hydrophilic (gel) and lipophilic (cream), with activities similar to ascorbic acid and the natural extract of reference from Camellia sinensis. Clinical evaluation of the lipophilic form shows positive results in increasing skin elasticity and firmness in all volunteers. This study verifies the cosmetic potential of I. guayusa, as well as the abundant concentration of phenolic compounds and its influence on antioxidant activity, with an industrial use in cosmetics, which could become a source of income for the communities where this plant is grown.
... The extract prepared with 50% ethanol solvent is the one with the best activity, which coincides with the highest presence of phenolic compounds; thus, verifying an activity superior to green tea (C. sinensis), which is already a validated raw material in antioxidant and antiaging cosmetic products (Koch et al., 2019;Gianeti et al., 2013;Kaur and Saraf, 2011). Regarding the lipophilic formulation, the antioxidant capacity is very interesting and is surely enhanced by the presence of Plukenetia volubilis oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and with high antioxidant capacity (Cisneros et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2018;Mosquera et al., 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
Ilex guayusa Loes. is a medicinal plant used by people of the Ecuadorian Amazon for treating various diseases and for its stimulating properties. In recent years, several studies have shown this plant to possess a high concentration of phenolic compounds and a high antioxidant potential, allowing it to be used as an ingredient for cosmetic formulations. This research confirms the presence of phenolic compounds between 20.18 and 22.44 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL of total phenols and between 7.50 and 3.80 mg hyperoxide equivalents/Ml of total flavonoids, depending on the solvent used (hydroalcoholic or hydroglyceric) to prepare the extract. The evaluation by GC/MS after silylation reveals the presence of 3-hydroxyflavone, techtochrysin, kaempferol and quercetin. The spectrophotometric method of DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) verifies high antioxidant activity in the extracts evaluated and in two cosmetic formulations: Hydrophilic (gel) and lipophilic (cream), with activities similar to ascorbic acid and the natural extract of reference from Camellia sinensis. Clinical evaluation of the lipophilic form shows positive results in increasing skin elasticity and firmness in all volunteers. This study verifies the cosmetic potential of I. guayusa, as well as the abundant concentration of phenolic compounds and its influence on antioxidant activity, with an industrial use in cosmetics, which could become a source of income for the communities where this plant is grown.
... Cosmetic formulations generally incorporate a variety of plant extracts, such as green tea, rosemary, or grape seed [5]. The tea plant constitutes a centuries-old tradition for medicinal uses and the use of its extracts plays an important role in the cosmetics market [6], mainly due to its antioxidant properties and phenolic compound content [7]. Another group recognised as a source of natural ingredients is algae (both microalgae and seaweeds), which have been used in formulations for medicinal and cosmetic purposes [8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Seaweeds represent a diverse and valuable source of cosmetic compounds such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements, amino acids, antioxidants, etc., with moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects. The so-called “blue cosmetics” represent a line of products related to the use of natural active ingredients and an important market share in major international cosmetic brands. To be recognised as environmentally sustainable, it is essential to ensure that algae-derived products comply with environmentally sound harvesting, production, and extraction practices. In this work, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the processing of the brown algae extract from Fucus vesiculosus and its comparative profile with the most used antioxidants in cosmetics: vitamin C and green tea extracts. Considering an equivalent formulation in antioxidant content, the results showed that seaweed has the lowest environmental load while green tea extracts have the highest environmental impact. Furthermore, to further reduce emissions from seaweed processing, the use of renewable energy sources and the valorisation of biomass residues as fertilisers in a circular economy approach are proposed.
... Green tea extract is also an essential functional component of active food-packaging materials, with a high capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species, extending the shelf-life of packaged foods (Angoy et al., 2018). Green tea extract is also used in skin-care products, with skin-moisturizing (Gianeti et al., 2013), UV protection (Koch et al., 2019) and scalp sebum-reduction effects (Nualsri and Kanlayavattanakul, 2016). ...
Article
Green tea and its food-grade extracts are widely used in food technology because of their rich chemical composition. Our previous study found that dynamic extraction tea extract exhibited higher quality than conventional extraction methods. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a high-efficiency, dynamic extraction method to improve extraction efficiency and the sensory quality of green tea. The effects of dynamic extraction conditions on the chemical composition and sensory quality of green tea extract were investigated with sensory and physicochemical analysis. Extraction temperature and flow rate strongly affected the taste of green tea extract. The tea extracts were obtained with high-umami or high yield by optimized extraction conditions. The triphasic dynamic (column) extraction yield was improved by 11.22% compared with the static extraction. The results can help to understand the influences of dynamic extraction conditions on the quality of tea extract and to optimize the extraction method of tea extract.
... Green tea catechin derivatives have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The antioxidant properties of green tea extract catechins can neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing lipid peroxidation and photoaging (Gianeti et al., 2013). EGCG is an effective antioxidant is most commonly found in green tea (Avadhani et al., 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Green tea extract is a hydrophilic antioxidant that is difficult to penetrate. A nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) delivers a system consisting of solid-liquid lipids that can improve penetration. Argan oil is a vegetable oil that can be used as a liquid lipid in NLC, reducing particle size and increasing penetration by hydrating the skin. Objective: To determine the formula of NLC green tea extract (NLC-GTE) with liquid lipid argan oil, which has good characteristics and is stable. Methods: Preparation of NLC-GTE used the High Shear Homogenization with solid lipids (cetyl palmitate-glyceryl stearate) - liquid lipids (argan oil) NLC-GTE1 (50:50), NLC-GTE2 (70:30), and NLC-GTE3 (90:10). Characteristic tests included organoleptic, pH, particle size (PS), and polydispersity index (PI). The physical stability test (organoleptic, pH, PS, and PI) used the thermal cycling method (3 cycles six days). Result: NLC-GTE1 – NLC-GTE2 has an odor of argan oil. NLC-GTE3 has odorless. NLC-GTE1 – NLC-GTE3 has a pH scale from 5.782-5.784; PS ranges from 359.73–432.56 nm; PI ranges from 0.175-0.257. The statistical analysis results showed no significant difference between NLC-GTE1 – NLC-GTE3 in pH and PI, there was a significant difference in PS NLC-GTE1; NLC-GTE2 against NLC-GTE3. Physical stability test NLC-GTE2 – NLC-GTE3 phase separation occurs. The statistical analysis results showed no significant difference in pH values NLC-GTE1 – NLC-GTE3 before and after storage; there was a significant difference in NLC-GTE3 before and after storage. Conclusion: NLC-GTE1 was a formula with good characteristics and stability.
... catechin candy, green tea ice cream, and catechin tea bar), herbal teas and tea wine. [233,236,237] ...
Article
Full-text available
Nutraceuticals and natural health products globally represent one of the fastest growing sectors of research and development leading to novel products intended for disease risk reduction and human health promotion. The global nutraceutical market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 8.3% from 2020 to 2027 to reach USD 722.5 billion by 2027. There is a need to respond to this sector by exploring the local resources to target the production of innovative products from plant/marine biofactors with high prospects for commercial ventures. This paper explores the nutraceutical potentials enshrined in biodiversity values in a small island state in view to promote sustainable agricultural development to facilitate available resources for the development of regimen for the management of health and disease and in essence, pharmacotherapy. The reported phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities, of the terrestrial flora and marine organisms with high propensity for development and production of nutraceutical products will be discussed. Bioactive phytochemicals encompassing the immensely diverse groups of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, possess therapeutic virtues including anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory attributes, all of which are highly relevant to the budding nutraceutical industry.
... As the result of mixed interests of social actors, a crop might also be used in multiple and flexible ways, which can recast its political economy in several ways subject to how such flexing is real, anticipated and/or imagined, as Borras et al. (2016) highlighted. Tea features a flexible-ness in that it can be used for people to consume directly as well as for the extraction of polyphenols for the manufacturing of cosmetics and personal care products (Gianeti, Mercurio, and Maia Campos 2013). Therefore, following the conceptual guide of flex crops, our analysis is also sensitive to emerging forms of agricultural production and local labour regimes, the role of the state, and the dynamics of local livelihoods, for broader implications. ...
Article
China's central government has long signalled its desire for scaled-up agriculture. This study scrutinises the place-specific dynamics of this government-led restructuring by examining the networks of socioeconomic relations that produce tea as a commodity in Shangnan County, Shaanxi. We identify a core production-circulation network comprised of relations between agribusinesses, cooperatives and smallholders. This network is historically contingent, deeply embedded in the logics of scaling-up and poverty reduction, and is composed not just of people and institutions, but of flows of policies, capital, and value. While larger operators have accumulated great capital and political resources, outcomes for small farmers remain ambiguous.
... It boosts collagen production. [44]. it as a healing and lightening agent for its natural anti-inflammatory and infection resistance. ...
Article
Cosmetics with biologically active chemicals that claim to provide medical or drug-like advantages are referred to as cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals are used to improve and nourish the appearance of the skin and treat various dermatological conditions. In recent days, a number of cosmeceutical products have been placed on the market with greater effectiveness. Moisturizers, sunscreens, pigment brighteners and other formulations have been revamped into makeshift forms with the addition of drug-like ingredients for better results. Although the effects may be small, these products still improve the feel and appearance of the skin with continued use over a period time; so there is a great opportunity to explore this avenue. This review aims to highlight current scenario of cosmeceutical industries and describes existing compound classes like retinoids, botanicals, hydroxy Acids used in cosmeceutical industries.
... They observed good skin penetration and retention properties of flavonoids along with protection against the UV-radiation. Likewise, Gianeti et al. (2013) applied a topical formulation enriched with 6% of tea extract on human skin and reported an increment in the visoelastic-to-elastic ratio of skin, retention of skin moisture (moisturizing effect), and improvement in skin roughness. The available bioactive compounds of tea were responsible to provide these dermal benefits. ...
Article
Spent tea leaves (STL) are generated after the extraction of liquor from processed tea leaves and are regarded as an underutilized waste. STL are rich in essential amino acids, ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids, alkaloids (theobromine and caffeine), polyphenols (catechin, theaflavins and rutin) and minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn) that could be utilized for the production of industrially important products. Vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, silage preparation and fermentation are currently used as low cost methods for the bioconversion of STL to a usable form. Structural, morphological and chemical modification of STL after suitable bioconversion enables its application in the development of biopolymers, biofuels, catechin derivatives, biochar, absorbents for dye, and for removal of Cd, Hg, Cr(IV), As(V) and aspirin. This review discusses the composition, characterization, bioconversion and value added product generation from STL while highlighting prospective applications of STL in developing battery electrodes, nanocatalysts, insulation materials and edible bioactive peptides.
... catechin candy, green tea ice cream, and catechin tea bar), herbal teas and tea wine. [233,236,237] ...
Article
Full-text available
Nutraceuticals and natural health products globally represent one of the fastest growing sectors of research and development leading to novel products intended for disease risk reduction and human health promotion. The global nutraceutical market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 8.3% from 2020 to 2027 to reach USD 722.5 billion by 2027. There is a need to respond to this sector by exploring the local resources to target the production of innovative products from plant/marine biofactors with high prospects for commercial ventures. This paper explores the nutraceutical potentials enshrined in biodiversity values in a small island state in view to promote sustainable agricultural development to facilitate available resources for the development of regimen for the management of health and disease and in essence, pharmacotherapy. The reported phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities, of the terrestrial flora and marine organisms with high propensity for development and production of nutraceutical products will be discussed. Bioactive phytochemicals encompassing the immensely diverse groups of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, possess therapeutic virtues including anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory attributes, all of which are highly relevant to the budding nutraceutical industry.
... (C. sinensis, C. japonica) polyphenols, catechins [176] antioxidant capacity, reduces the sebum production, improves skin hydration, skin smoothing and softening, photoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effect [176,[183][184][185][186][187] contact dermatitis [172] Chamomila recutita polysaccharides, flavonoids (α-bisabolol, apigenin), sesquiterpene lactones [169,176] anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant capacity [188] repairs the SC, wound healing, anti-ageing activity skin smoothing and softening, also being used in the treatment of eczema [176,188,189] skin sensitization, contact dermatitis [169,189,190] [191,192] antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing effect stimulates the fibroblast proliferation, increasing the collagen synthesis increases the SC hydration and the epidermal barrier function anti-cellulite effect [191,192] local allergic reactions, burning, eczemas, vesicles, pruritus [192] Ceratonia siliqua flavonoids, phytosterols, acids, esters, terpenoids, fenolic compounds [193][194][195] anti-cellulite effect (increasing the aquaglyceroporines activity, stimulating lipolysis, reducing the localized fat overload), antioxidant capacity, depigmentation effect (anti-tyrosinase activity), skin lightening effect [193,194,196] non-irritation potential [193] Citrus sp. (C. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study proposes a review on hyaluronic acid (HA) known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate and its derivates and their application in cosmetic formulations. HA is a glycosaminoglycan constituted from two disaccharides (N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid), isolated initially from the vitreous humour of the eye, and subsequently discovered in different tissues or fluids (especially in the articular cartilage and the synovial fluid). It is ubiquitous in vertebrates, including humans, and it is involved in diverse biological processes, such as cell differentiation, embryological development, inflammation, wound healing, etc. HA has many qualities that recommend it over other substances used in skin regeneration, with moisturizing and anti-ageing effects. HA molecular weight influences its penetration into the skin and its biological activity. Considering that, nowadays, hyaluronic acid has a wide use and a multitude of applications (in ophthalmology, arthrology, pneumology, rhinology, aesthetic medicine, oncology, nutrition, and cosmetics), the present study describes the main aspects related to its use in cosmetology. The biological effect of HA on the skin level and its potential adverse effects are discussed. Some available cosmetic products containing HA have been identified from the brand portfolio of most known manufacturers and their composition was evaluated. Further, additional biological effects due to the other active ingredients (plant extracts, vitamins, amino acids, peptides, proteins, saccharides, probiotics, etc.) are presented, as well as a description of their possible toxic effects.
... In SPE, supercritical carbon dioxide with water, methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol is used as a solvent [147]. The most common method for analyzing methylxanthines is RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) using a C18 column (stationary phase) and mass spectrometry detector [149]. Paradkar and Irudayaraj (2006) described a method based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic as fast (5-10 minutes), nondestructive, and reliable for the routine dosage of the methylxanthines in foods. ...
Article
Full-text available
Nowadays, much attention is paid to issues such as ecology and sustainability. Many consumers choose "green cosmetics", which are environmentally friendly creams, makeup, and beauty products, hoping that they are not harmful to health and reduce pollution. Moreover, the repeated mini-lock downs during the COVID-19 pandemic have fueled the awareness that body beauty is linked to well-being, both external and internal. As a result, consumer preferences for makeup have declined, while those for skincare products have increased. Nutricosmetics, which combines the benefits derived from food supplementation with the advantages of cosmetic treatments to improve the beauty of our body, respond to the new market demands. Food chemistry and cosmetic chemistry come together to promote both inside and outside well-being. A nutricosmetic optimizes the intake of nutritional microelements to meet the needs of the skin and skin appendages, improving their conditions and delaying aging, thus helping to protect the skin from the aging action of environmental factors. Numerous studies in the literature show a significant correlation between the adequate intake of these supplements, improved skin quality (both aesthetic and histological), and the acceleration of wound-healing. This review revised the main foods and bioactive molecules used in nutricosmetic formulations, their cosmetic effects, and the analytical techniques that allow the dosage of the active ingredients in the food.
... This finding emphasizes the importance of topical vehicles being used in formulation studies. It could also be concluded that when systemic activity of EGCG is unattainable, its topical formulations could reveal an excellent potential for moisturizing skin [33]. Many efforts have been made to increase the systemic bioavailability of EGCG through topical applications. ...
Article
Full-text available
Green tea extract (GTE) is one of the most popular beverages globally, traditionally prepared from Camelia sinensis leaves. Therefore, it is beneficial to define the impact of GTE and its ingredients on the human organism. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea leaves, belonging to the group of tannins and flavonoids, demonstrating pharmacological activity, but so far, it has not been applied as a drug. This is because EGCG does not present sufficient stability and quickly decomposes through epimerization or autooxidation mechanisms under the influence of light, temperature, changes in pH, or the presence of oxygen. Another limiting factor is EGCG’s low bioavailability after oral administration. Nevertheless, the growing market of dietary supplements together with increasing growing consumption of green tea extracts should prompt us to pay more attention to the safety of both EGCG itself, as well as its influence on other simultaneously used drugs. Previously published data confirm the relationship between healthcare professionals’ access to professional knowledge and their willingness to engage in patient education. For this reason, in this review article, we report the formulations of EGCG and GTE, discuss the data on the safety of EGCG and its possible interactions with drugs, as well as gather various recommendations from medical specialists. Particular attention should be paid to the consumption of green tea during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in the elderly. Patients taking clozapine, digoxin, and warfarin should avoid consuming GTE extracts and dietary supplements containing EGCG. Professional consultation seems especially important for patients treated with statins, calcium channel blockers, or sildenafil.
... The Uv/Ue was significantly enhanced after 30days of topical application of the experimental formulation when compared with vehicle and control. After 15-30days, skin microrelief was significantly improved due to a reduction in skin roughness 62 . ...
Article
Full-text available
Cosmetics are applied on skin to enhance the personality, beauty, colour, complexity, tone, texture etc. Maintaining a healthy skin is important for a healthy body. Skin is a protective covering and an attractive feature of the body for both men and women. It forms an important part of personal appearance. There are various cosmetic preparations available in the market like creams, lotions, oils, soaps, gels, moisturizers, etc. These cosmetic can be applied on the skin to enhance beauty and protect the skin from different skin disorders like acne, blackheads, age spots, skin rashes, skin allergy etc. There are also other preparations which include anti-ageing creams, skin whitening agents, gels etc. for protecting the skin from UV radiations, sunscreen lotions and moisturizing creams to protect the skin from different climatic conditions. In the present scenario most of the cosmetics products are adulterated. There are various other cosmetic preparations in the market which are of spurious quality which may produce some side effects like skin rashes, skin allergic reactions and may lead to skin diseases. In this paper we have reviewed different medicinal plants used as cosmetics and these preparations can be used safely without side effects on the skin. In this article a special emphasis has been given to herbal cosmetics because herbals are a part of our life and their uses are increasing day by day all over the world. Scientists are still working on the evaluation of new methods that could increase our knowledge and enable to find new applications for it.
... 32 Moreover, several clinical studies support the skin protective effects of polyphenols and their dermatological applications. [33][34][35] The skin protective effects of dietary polyphenols as well as their therapeutic potential for the treatment of skin disorders have been reviewed in several articles. 32,[36][37][38] For instance, the skin protective effects of honey, a natural sweetener, has been supported by empirical evidence and modern scientific studies. ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Reactive carbonyl species including methylglyoxal (MGO) are oxidation metabolites of glucose and precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). They are important mediators of cellular oxidative stress and exacerbate skin complications. Published data supports that certain phenolic compounds can exert cellular protective effects by their antioxidant activity. A phenolic‐enriched maple syrup extract (MSX) was previously reported to show protective effects against AGEs‐ and MGO‐induced cytotoxicity in human colon cells but its skin protective effects remain unknown. Objective The protective effects of MSX were evaluated against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐ and MGO‐induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Methods Cellular viability and antioxidant activity were evaluated by the luminescent cell viability CellTiter‐Glo® assay and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, respectively. A single‐cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) was used to measure the strand breaks in the DNA of HaCaT cells. Results MSX (at 50 μg/mL) ameliorated H2O2‐ and MGO‐induced cytotoxicity by increasing cell viability by 21.5 and 25.9%, respectively. MSX reduced H2O2‐ and MGO‐induced ROS production by 69.4 and 56.6%, respectively. MSX also reduced MGO‐induced DNA damage by 47.5%. Conclusion MSX showed protective effects against H2O2‐ and MGO‐induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells supporting its potential for dermatological and/or cosmeceutical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... This is due to the content of many active ingredients in the cosmetic products (vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, peptides, growth factors), which exert numerous positive, direct or indirect (by reducing the concentration of free radicals) effects on the skin (Baumann, 2007;Bosch et al., 2015;Campos et al., 2014;Gianeti, Mercurio, & Campos, 2013;Lintner, Mas-Chamberlin, Mondon, Peschard, & Lamy, 2009;Petruk, Del Giudice, Rigano, & Monti, 2018;Ribeiro et al., 2015;Zillich, Schweiggert-Weisz, Eisner, & Kerscher, 2015) and collagen synthesis (Galicka & Nazaruk, 2007;. However, all these cosmetic products consist not only of the active care ingredients, but also many chemical additives, among which synthetic preservatives belong to an important group. ...
Article
Cosmetics are a source of lifetime exposure to various substances including parabens, being the most popular synthetic preservatives. Because the use of cosmetics shows an increasing trend and some adverse health outcomes of parabens present in these products have been reported, the present review focused on the safety of dermal application of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to the absorption of parabens and their retention in the human body in the intact form, as well as to their toxicological characteristics. Particular emphasis has been placed on the estrogenic potential of parabens. Based on the available published data of the concentrations of parabens in various kinds of cosmetics, the average ranges of systemic exposure dose (SED) for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben have been calculated. Safety evaluations [margin of safety (MoS)] for these compounds, based on their aggregate exposure, have also been performed. Moreover, evidence for the negative impact of methylparaben on skin cells has been provided, and the main factors that may intensify dermal absorption of parabens and their impact on the skin have been described. Summarizing, the use of single cosmetics containing parabens should not pose a hazard for human health; however, using excessive quantities of cosmetic preparations containing these compounds may lead to the development of unfavorable health outcomes. Due to the real risk of estrogenic effects, as a result of exposure to parabens in cosmetics, simultaneous use of many cosmetic products containing these preservatives should be avoided.
... Aloe vera extract, with its polysaccharide-rich composition is often used in cosmetic products and has been shown to improve skin hydration (Casetti, Wolfle, Gehring, & Schempp, 2011;Dal'Belo, Gaspar, & Maia Campos, 2006;Feily & Namazi, 2009). Topical formulations containing green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) had skin smoothing and moisturizing effects (Gianeti, Mercurio, & Campos, 2013;Mahmood, Akhtar, Khan, Shoaib Khan, & Saeed, 2011). Isatis tinctoria (woad, Brassicaceae) is an ancient European dye and medicinal plant used mainly as astringent, or to treat ulcers and skin inflammations (Hurry, 1930;Recio, Cerda-Nicolas, Potterat, Hamburger, & Rios, 2006). ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective of this open, non‐interventional, non‐controlled study was to investigate the tolerability and performance of a woad extract containing cream in subjects with dry, pruritic skin after twice daily application over two weeks. Assessments included sensorial characteristics, skin condition, pruritus [numeric rating scale (NRS), dynamic pruritus score (DPS)], skin dryness [itch‐controlled days (ItchCD), overall dry skin (ODS)], transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and quality of life (5PLQ, DLQI). All sensorial characteristics were well perceived (>4), with tolerability (4.77 ± 0.47) and no negative skin feelings (4.73 ± 0.74) achieving the highest scores (0‐5 scale). Dry skin and symptoms improved significantly (p < 0.001) for all variables: NRS (from 4.8 ± 1.74 to 1.83 ± 2.18), ItchCD (from 8.23 ± 4.40 to 4.81 ± 4.07), ODS (from 1.80 ± 0.85 to 0.65 ± 0.65), hydration (23.33 ± 1.33 to 40.70 ± 1.86), and quality of life (5PLQ: from 7.12 ± 4.25 to 4.24 ± 3.67; DLQI: from 5.29 ± 4.79 to 3.00 ± 3.98). The DPS revealed a moderate antipruritic effect. The TEWL decreased slightly (p=0.511). No side effects were reported. The study suggests, that the cream is effective, and well tolerated in treating dry, irritated, and pruritic skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Used as potential photo-protective agent [53] S. No. Name of the herbal Applications Reference ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Herbs are being used in skin care and therapeutics from centuries. Their ingredients including bioactive phytochemicals have been widely used in sunscreens, moisturizers, and anti-aging lotions. Sunscreens have enhanced photo-protection activity when they contain bioactive components including vitamins such as A, C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenols, hydroxy and phenolic acids. Herbal formulations in sunscreens or skin care products are used to repair or hide skin imperfections such as wrinkles and dark circles, and also for soothing and cooling of the skin. Their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities help to treat acne. Some herbal constituents with strong antioxidant properties inhibit the formation of free radicals and counterbalance reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regular exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause sunburns, rashes, premature aging of the skin, oxidative stress, DNA damage and cancer. In order to avoid these undesired effects, the protection from UV ray exposure and prevention from its harmful effects are desired. The chemical-based products may cause allergy and contact dermatitis, while natural or herbal products are generally non-toxic and biodegradable. Also, nanoformulation of herbal components may effectively be absorbed to layers of skin cells to sustained and prolonged effects. Herein, different types of herbs with active components that could serve as a photoprotectant against harmful UV rays are discussed.
... This methodology is frequently used to obtain phenolic compounds that are used in cosmetic products (Fernández-Ponce et al., 2012;Rivera et al., 2015;Rodrigues et al., 2015a). The combined control of temperature and pressure in the extraction cycle allows the establishment of the physicochemical properties of the supercritical fluid (density, viscosity, dielectric constant, show antioxidant, antiaging, antiwrinkle, antiacne, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anti-UVB-induced oxidation, and skin-lightening properties, which are beneficial for dermal tissue (Epstein, 2009;Gianeti et al., 2013;Rajbhar et al., 2015;Sandeep et al., 2012;Vayalil et al., 2003). In addition to tea, grape (V. ...
... (9)(10)(11) A study showed that green teacontaining cosmetic formulations have pronounced moisturizing effects and skin microrelief improvement. (12) Catechins are the major antioxidants in green tea (Camellia sinensis or Camellia assamica), but since they do not penetrate the skin well, the application of green tea in cosmetic products has so far been limited. (13) A review of numerous studies with green tea (Camellia sinensis) has concluded that both oral consumption and topical application of green tea protect against inflammation, and chemical and UV-induced carcinogenesis. ...
Article
Full-text available
BACKGROUND Dry skin is a major skin health problem in elderly. Green tea, which has an antioxidant effect, has recently been used as an active ingredient in moisturizing creams; yet the effect has not been well studied. This study compares the skin hydration effect of green tea and vitamin E moisturizer among elderly. METHODS This quasi-experimental study involved 60 elderly living in Tresna Werda Budi Mulia 4 Social Institution, Jakarta. Using the Runve HL 611 skin analyzer, skin capacitance was measured prior to experiment and every following week during the 5-week application of green tea and vitamin E skin moisturizer on both forearms. The consecutive measurement data was analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation to compare the relative changes in skin hydration between the two moisturizer groups over 5 weeks of intervention. RESULTS The green tea moisturizer showed more significant increases in skin hydration level than the vitamin E moisturizer at all measurement sites on right arm and proximal left arm (p= 0.021), and medial and distal left arm (p= 0.034). Skin hydration levels significantly changed over time at proximal (p=0.021), medial (p=0.006) and distal (p=0.006) right arm, and medial left arm (p=0.021). A parallel trend of skin hydration improvements for both moisturizer groups indicated no correlation between the moisturizer type and the duration of usage (p >0.05) in all measurement locations. No side effects were observed during application period in both groups. CONCLUSION Routine use of moisturizer containing green tea may improve skin hydration in elderly.
Article
Full-text available
The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was optimized for the simultaneous determination of 11 compounds, belonging to polyphenols (gallic acid and seven catechins) and methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline). The results obtained for all the validation parameters of the HPLC-DAD method showed that the method is sensitive enough for routine analysis with basic chromatographic equipment, thus it has a significant potential to be highly applicable in common laboratory practice. The method was used in the analysis of 60 green tea infusions originating from four tea-producing countries. The dataset contributes to enhancing current data on green tea. The analysis of green tea extracts revealed significant differences depending on the origin of the samples. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was applied to test the accuracy of identification of the origin of the tea samples, based on the chemical composition of tea with a focus on polyphenolic compounds and methylxanthines analysed in this study. Based on cross-validation results, the model showed 93.75 % accuracy in the classification of green tea originating from Japan, China (Mainland), China (Taiwan) and South Korea.
Article
Full-text available
Catechins are a type of flavonoid known for their beneficial functions as antioxidants and antibacterials. Recent research indicates the antioxidant potential of catechins on the skin. Catechin and epigallocatechin are reported to have significant potential in preventing ageing. Epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin can inhibit hyperpigmentation processes. Additionally, catechins exhibit potential in UV protection and inflammation inhibition in acne. Consequently, catechins are now being used in the cosmetics industry, with formulations containing catechins as the active ingredient developed to produce various products such as soap, sunscreen, creams, etc. Herein, this paper reviews the antioxidant potential of catechins for use in cosmetic formulations and the current status of clinical trials of catechins in cosmetics.
Article
Full-text available
Tea ( Camellia spp.) is an important medicinal herb. C. sinensis var. sinensis is the most studied tea variety due to its more preferred flavor than C. sinensis var. assamica (Assam tea), the less economic importance with more bitter variety. A bitter taste highlights its potential as a candidate source for tea catechins, the health beneficial actives applicable for ageing treatment. Nonetheless, indicative data for tea on UV-induced and senescent ageing remain unclarified. Assam tea extract (ATE) was prepared and standardized in terms of TPC, TFC and TTC. EGCG was HPLC quantified as the prime ATE catechin. In vitro antioxidant activity of ATE was exhibited with ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. ATE’s cellular antioxidant activity was indicated in HDFs at a stronger degree than ascorbic acid. The photoaging protection of ATE was evidenced in a coculture of HaCaT cells and HDFs. ATE markedly suppressed UV-induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-9 expressions. The proficiency of ATE targeting on senescent ageing was demonstrated in an ex vivo human skin model, where IL-6 and MMP-1 expressions were suppressed, whilst hyaluronic acid and collagen syntheses were promoted. ATE was chemically stabled as indicated by the catechin contents and color parameters following 6 months storage under conditions recommended for topical product. ATE enriched in catechins warrants its applicability as a new generation of photoaging protectant agent promising for the prevention and treatment for senescent ageing. The findings indicate the proficiency of ATE for innovative anti-ageing agent.
Article
The cosmetics industry has a worrying impact on the environment, including the plastics used in products and packaging and environmentally unfriendly additives. In this study, we present an environment-friendly triode-like facial mask (TFM) that utilizes only green and degradable raw materials, nontoxic and harmless solvents, and electric energy to achieve distinct switchable directional water transport properties, avoids a wet storage environment, and reduces excessive packaging. The TFM demonstrates droplet stability when not in contact with the skin while facilitating rapid liquid transfer (15 μL) within durations of 2.8 s (dry skin) and 1.9 s (moist skin) upon contact. We elucidate the underlying mechanism behind this triode-like behavior, emphasizing the synergistic interaction of the wettability gradient, Gibbs pinning, and additional circumferential capillary force. Moreover, the TFM exhibits a reduction in the proportion of aging cells, decreasing from 44.33 to 13.75%, while simultaneously providing antibacterial and skin-beautifying effects. The TFM brings a novel experience while also holding the potential to reduce environmental pollution in the production, packaging, use, and recycling of cosmetics products.
Chapter
The term cosmeceutical refers to a category of skincare products that are purported to have active ingredients whose physiological or pharmacological actions are capable of inducing cosmetic enhancements to the skin. Given a demand for brighter, healthier, younger‐appearing skin, and relatively limited regulatory control, thousands of different cosmeceutical formulations have found their way onto store shelves and onto the skin of hopeful consumers, despite a lack of scientific evidence. This chapter summarizes new and old, common and rare cosmeceutical ingredients; their uses and side effects; and the science, where available, behind the claims.
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Dietary medicinal plants are among the most sought-after topics in alternative medicine today due to their preventive and healing properties against many diseases. Aim This study aimed to extract and determine the polyphenols from indigenous plants extracts, i.e., Mentha longifolia, M. arvensis, Tinospora cordifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgare, Cassia absus, Camellia sinensis, Trachyspermum ammi, C. sinensis and M. arvensis, then evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial properties, besides enzyme inhibition of isolated polyphenols. Methods The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, Superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical (OH.), and Nitric oxide (NO.) scavenging activity; the antidiabetic activity was evaluated by enzymatic methods, and anticancer activity using MTT assay, while the antibacterial activity. Results The results showed that tested medicinal plants’ polyphenolic extracts (MPPE) exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radical scavenging methods because of the considerable amounts of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. UHPLC profile showed twenty-five polyphenol complexes in eight medicinal plant extracts, categorized into phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The main polyphenol was 3-Feroylquinic acid (1,302 mg/L), also found in M. longifolia, C. absus, and C. sinensis, has a higher phenolic content, i.e., rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, catechin, luteolin, 7-O-neohesperideside, quercetin 3,7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, and caffeine in the range of (560–780 mg/L). At the same time, other compounds are of medium content (99–312 mg/L). The phenolics in C. sinensis were 20–116% more abundant than those in M. longifolia, C. absus, and other medicinal plants. While T. cordifolia is rich in alkaloids, T. ammi has a lower content. The MTT assay against Caco-2 cells showed that polyphenolic extracts of T. ammi and C. citratus had maximum cytotoxicity. While M. arvensis, C. sinensis, and F. vulgare extracts showed significant enzyme inhibition activity, C. sinensis showed minor inhibition activity against α-amylase. Furthermore, F. vulgare and C. sinensis polyphenolic extracts showed considerable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. enterica. Discussion The principal component analysis demonstrated clear separation among medicinal plants’ extracts based on their functional properties. These findings prove the therapeutic effectiveness of indigenous plants and highlight their importance as natural reserves of phytogenic compounds with untapped potential that needs to be discovered through advanced analytical methods.
Article
Radikal bebas dapat meningkat dengan bertambahnya usia serta sinar UV mengakibatkan kerusakan progresif struktur seluler yang menghasilkan penuaan yang dipercepat. Antioksidan yang terkandung dalam daun teh mampu menangkap radikal bebas mampu meredam efek negatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formula sabun badan cair variasi ekstrak daun teh hijau yang memiliki antioksidan terbaik dengan mutu dan stabilitas sediaan yang baik. Pembuatan formula sabun cair badan antioksidan menggunakan tiga seri kosentrasi ekstrak etanol daun teh hijau (Camellia sinensi L.) yaitu 2,4, dan 6%. maserasi pelarut etanol 70%. Sediian sabun diuji mutu fisik dan stabilitasnya dengan uji organopleptis, uji pH, uji viskositas, uji tinggi busa, homogenitas, dan cycling test, alkali bebas, bobot jenit. Pengujian daya antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-Dipheny1-2-Picrylhydrazyl) secara spektrometri UV-Vis pada ring panjang gelombang 290-700 nm. Hasil penelitian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan metode one-way ANOVA dan Tukey. Hasil penelitian keempat formula sabun cair badan ekstrak etanol daun teh hijau memiliki mutu fisik dan stabilitas yang baik yang telah ditetapkan oleh SNI, nilai IC50 menunjukan bahwa semakin tinggi kosentrasi ekstrak dalam formula semakin kecil IC50, IC50 Formulasi 0(basis) (208.3223±12,4350) kemudian untuk formula I dan formula II memiliki IC50 (124,6437 ±1,0582) ppm dan (112,6157±0,807) ppm dan formula III (98,60679 ± 2,4906) ppm.
Article
Green-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal approach using green tea leaf powder (GLP) as a single precursor. The stability and effectiveness of the synthesized GLP-CDs were verified by zeta potential, optical, and luminescence analyses. The prepared CD has excellent pH-responsive properties, providing exciting possibilities for pH-induced intelligent monitoring of packaged foods. GLP-CD was useful for determining liquid ammonia in the linear range of 1–100 μM with the lowest detection limit of 0.4 μM. Additionally, the paper indicator coated with GLP-CDs exhibits a sharp color change from yellow to brown, indicating its ability to detect ammonia vapor. The efficacy of the GLP-CDs-based paper indicator was evaluated as a real-time freshness indicator of shrimp packaging by determining total volatile basic nitrogen. The paper indicator based on GLP-CD has proven to be a simple and cost-effective system for visually monitoring shrimp freshness in the field for suppliers and consumers.
Article
Skin is the largest non – parenchymal organ of the human body. It constitutes a natural barrier against pathogens and harmful environmental exposures and contributes to the human body's homeostasis. Conditions affecting the skin range from infections and injury to autoimmune diseases and cancer. Herbs have been used in the treatment of dermatological conditions for a long time. Traditional approaches to delivering herbs to the skin include ointments, gels, creams, and lotions. However, poor lipophilicity or hydrophilicity in most herbal preparations results in limited bioavailability and poor penetration, restricting their effectiveness. Nanotechnology-based approaches have a major potential to this end, showing promising results in enhancing transdermal penetration compared to traditional approaches. This review article summarizes such advances and sheds light on future directions on the use of nanotechnology-based strategies.
Article
Full-text available
In recent years, developments in the field of cosmetic ingredients especially use of natural sources and carriers systems and the manufacturing methods resulted as an improvement in the effect and stability of cosmetics, and thus the performance and component-based multi-functionalities of cosmetic products. Those have partially contributed to the condition-dependent functionality, developments in the field of marketing, monitoring of expectations and their reflection on marketing and the creation of new ideas in the field of claim-driven multi-functionality. Multi-functionality in cosmetic products can be evaluated in four groups. These are performance-based multi-functionality, component-based multi-functionality, conditional multi-functionality and claim-driven multi-functionality. In the first two groups, performance related to formulation and manufacturing comes to the fore, while in the last two, safety becomes important and those are briefly given in this review. Peer Review History: Received: 19 April 2021; Revised: 25 May; Accepted: 30 June, Available online: 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, govindvyas03@gmail.com Dr. Mohammad Bayan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, mbayan01@qub.ac Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com
Article
Tea, a worldwide popular beverage rich in polyphenols, contributes to the prevention of many diseases and thus is beneficial to human health. Tea is a product through processing the fresh leaves picked from the plant Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis, genus Camellia section Thea). To date, systematic studies have been conducted on the phytochemicals from more than 20 tea varieties and related tea products, resulting in the structural determination of over 400 constituents viz. different types of polyphenols, purines, and their derivatives, mono to tetra-terpenoids, and minor other phytomolecules. These various tea phytochemicals contribute to the anti-oxidative effects, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, blood lipid reduction, neuroprotection, anti-Alzheimer's disease, hepatoprotection, and anti-microbial activities, etc. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the significant human pathogens, could cause nosocomial and community-acquired infections, which is also responsible for various infectious diseases from mild to severe life-threatening conditions, such as bacteremia (bloodstream infection), endocarditis (heart valves infection), pneumonia, and meningitis (brain infection), leading to 2% clinical disease in of all patient admissions. The multidrug resistance (MDR) and antibiotics losing efficacy, esp. in methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) urge for novel antimicrobial agents. The MRSA strains are resistant to the entire class of β-lactam antibiotics and limit effective treatment, leading to still spread of staphylococcal infections. MRSA also exhibits resistance to cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and glycopeptides (teicoplanine and vancomycin), leading to resistant strains-glycopeptide resistant strain (GRSA) and glycopeptide intermediate (GISA) S. aureus. In this review, chemical constituents responsible for the anti-MRSA activity of tea are explored.
Article
Introduction Skin aging is a multifactorial process caused by chronological changes and environmental factors. Green tea, a processed tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze), possesses health benefits and has been used in traditional medicines and natural products. However, the anti-skin aging effect of green tea in clinical trials has been a controversial issue. To clarify this without the interference of systemic involvement, the objectives of study were to investigate the activities of green tea against skin aging in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts. Methods Green tea leaves were extracted to standardise the phenolic profile. The cytotoxicity and the anti-skin aging activities, including melanogenesis assay, antioxidant activity, collagen content analysis, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitory assay, were evaluated in cell culture. Results Green tea in this study composed mainly of epigallocatechin gallate (1,903.77 ± 33.59 μg/mL), epigallocatechin (930.24 ± 27.04 μg/mL), and epicatechin gallate (607.84 ± 22.65 μg/mL). The cell viabilities of 0.5 % (0.0875 mg/mL) green tea, the noncytotoxic concentration, were 96.04 ± 6.76 and 93.44 ± 0.95 % in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts, respectively. Green tea exhibited the activities against skin aging, including the significant suppression of melanin production via inhibition of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activities, the potent antioxidant, and the significant matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition (p < 0.001). Conclusions The study results have shown that green tea may be a functional processed plant which could be used as an anti-skin aging agent in natural remedies, including food, health, and cosmetic products.
Article
Full-text available
Skin is the largest external organ of the human body. It acts as a barrier to protect the human body from environmental pollution, mechanical stress, and excessive water loss. The defensive function resides primarily on top of the epidermis layer commonly known as stratum corneum (SC). Human SC consists of three major lipids, namely ceramide, free fatty acid, and cholesterol that comprise approximately 50%, 25%, and 25% of the total lipid mass, respectively. The optimal composition of SC lipids is the vital epidermal barrier function of the skin. On the other hand, skin barrier serves to limit passive water loss from the body, reduces chemical absorption from the environment, and prevents microbial infection. In contrast, epidermal lipids are important to maintain the cell structure, growth and differentiation, cohesion and desquamation as well as formation of a permeability barrier. Multiple non-invasive in vivo approaches were implemented on a regular basis to monitor skin physiological and intercellular lipid properties. The measurement of different parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration level, skin elasticity, collagen intensity, melanin content, sebum, pH, and tape stripping is essential to evaluate the epidermal barrier function. Novel non-invasive techniques such as tape stripping, ultrasound imaging, and laser confocal microscopy offer higher possibility of accurate and detailed characterisation of skin barrier. To date, these techniques have also been widely used to determine the effects of herbal plants in dermatology. Herbal plants have been traditionally used for ages to treat a variety of skin diseases, as reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Their availability, lower cost, and minimal or no side effects have created awareness among society, thus increase the demand for natural sources as the remedy to treat various skin diseases. This paper reviews several non-invasive techniques and evaluations of herbal-based product in dermatology.
Article
Full-text available
Considering the importance of an adequate composition of the formulation in the development of stable, safe and effective cosmetic products, experimental design techniques are tools that can optimize the formulation development process. The objective of this study was to develop topical formulations using the Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology and evaluate its physical, sensory and moisturizing properties. The experimental design used in the first step allowed to identify and to quantify the influence of raw materials, as well as the interaction between them. In the second step, the analysis identified the influence of soy lecithin, the phytantriol and capric acid triglyceride and caprylic on the consistency index, stickiness and greasiness and skin hydration. Cetearyl alcohol, dicetyl phosphate and cetyl phosphate 10EO and acrylates/C10-30 alkylacrylate crosspolymer showed effects in rheological parameters. The addition of soy lecithin had significant effects in terms of consistency index, stickiness, oiliness and immediate moisturizing effects. Phytantriol showed effects on increasing consistency index and oiliness sensation. Thus, the experimental design was shown to be an effective tool for research and development of cosmetics, since it allowed the assessment of the individual and interaction effects of raw materials in the responses: rheological parameters, sensory and clinical efficacy.
Article
Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Green tea is the least processed and thus contain rich antioxidant level, and believed to have most of the health benefits. Methods: We commenced to search bibliographic collection of peer reviewed research articles and review articles to meet the objective of this study. Results: From this study, we found that the tea beverage contains catechins are believed to have a wide range of health benefits which includes neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic effects. The four major catechin compounds of green tea are epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin gallate (ECG), of which EGCG is the major constituent and representing 50-80% of the total catechin content. And also contain xanthine derivatives such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and the glutamide derivative theanine. It also contains many nutritional components, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, fluoride, and potassium. We sum up the various green tea phytoconstituents, extraction methods, and its medicinal applications. Conclusion: In this review article, we have summarized the pharmacological importance of green tea catechin which includes antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and cosmetic application.
Article
Full-text available
In this study, for the first time, a novel organic–inorganic nanobio-antimicrobial agent called " nanoflowers " (Nfs) from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts and its main components were produced and the increase in the antimicrobial activity of the Nfs was elucidated. While the green tea (GT) extract (obtained in ethanol and water) and its main components (caffeine, catechin) were involved as organic components in the formation of the Nfs, copper(II) ions (Cu 2+) were the inorganic component. The structures of the Nfs were examined with several techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The structural examination demonstrated that the presence of Cu–O and Cu–N bonds in Nfs can be an indication of the Nfs formation. Antimicrobial activities of the free GT extracts, caffeine (cf), catechin (ct) and their Nfs were systematically studied against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) with broth microdilution and short time-kill assay. The peroxidase-mimicking activity depending on a Fenton-like reaction mechanism of the Nfs was measured against guaiacol in the presence of H 2 O 2. In addition, total phenol contents of free GT extracts and their Nfs were calculated by Folin Ciocalteu method. Our results demonstrated that plant extract based Nfs technology is promising and may find potential applications in various scientific and technical fields.
Article
Full-text available
Tea is the most consumed drink in the world after water. Green tea is a 'non-fermented' tea, and contains more catechins, than black tea or oolong tea. Catechins are in vitro and in vivo strong antioxidants. In addition, its content of certain minerals and vitamins increases the antioxidant potential of this type of tea. Since ancient times, green tea has been considered by the traditional Chinese medicine as a healthful beverage. Recent human studies suggest that green tea may contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer, as well as to the promotion of oral health and other physiological functions such as anti-hypertensive effect, body weight control, antibacterial and antivirasic activity, solar ultraviolet protection, bone mineral density increase, anti-fibrotic properties, and neuroprotective power. Increasing interest in its health benefits has led to the inclusion of green tea in the group of beverages with functional properties. However, although all the evidence from research on green tea is very promising, future studies are necessary to fully understand its contributions to human health, and advise its regular consumption in Western diets, in which green tea consumption is nowadays limited and sporadic.
Article
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and Ginkgo biloba extracts in cosmetic formulations have been suggested to protect the skin against UV-induced damage and skin ageing. Thus, it is very important to assess the human skin penetration of their major flavonoids to verify if they penetrate and remain in the skin to exert their proposed effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the human skin penetration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and quercetin from green tea and G. biloba extracts vehiculated in cosmetic formulations. This study was conducted with fresh dermatomed human Caucasian skin from abdominal surgery mounted on static Franz diffusion cells. Skin samples were mounted between two diffusion half-cells and 10 mg/cm(2) of formulations supplemented with 6% of green tea or G. biloba extract were applied on the skin surface. The receptor fluid was removed after 6 and 24 h and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of the flavonoids. The stratum corneum was removed by tape stripping and immersed in methanol and the epidermis was mechanically separated from the dermis and triturated in methanol to extract EGCG and quercetin. The results showed that the flavonoids under study penetrated into the skin, without reaching the receptor fluid. The majority of EGCG was quantified in the stratum corneum (0.87 microg/cm(2)), which was statistically higher than the EGCG concentrations found in viable epidermis (0.54 microg/cm(2)) and in the dermis (0.38 microg/cm(2)). The majority of quercetin was quantified in the viable epidermis (0.23 microg/cm(2)), which was statistically higher than the EGCG concentration found in the stratum corneum layer (0.17 microg/cm(2)). Finally, it can be concluded that EGCG and quercetin from green tea and G. biloba extracts vehiculated in cosmetic formulations presented good skin penetration and retention, which can favor their skin effects.
Article
Background/purpose: Vitamins C and its derivatives, mainly due to their antioxidant properties, are being used in cosmetic products to protect and to reduce the signs of ageing. However, there are no studies comparing the effects of vitamin C [ascorbic acid (AA)] and its derivatives, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) and ascorbyl tetra‐isopalmitate (ATIP), when vehiculated in topical formulations, mainly using objective measurements, which are an important tool in clinical efficacy studies. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of AA and its derivatives, MAP and ATIP, as well as their in vivo efficacy on human skin, when vehiculated in topical formulations. Methods: The study of antioxidant activity in vitro was performed with an aqueous and a lipid system. The in vivo methodology consisted of the application of these formulations on human volunteers' forearm skin and the analysis of the skin conditions after 4‐week period daily applications in terms of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum moisture content and viscoelasticity using a Tewameter ® , Corneometer ® and Cutometer ® , respectively. Results: In vitro experiments demonstrated that in an aqueous system, AA had the best antioxidant potential, and MAP was more effective than ATIP, whereas in the lipid system ATIP was more effective than MAP. In in vivo studies, all formulations enhanced stratum corneum moisture content after a 4‐week period daily applications when compared with baseline values; however, only the formulation containing AA caused alterations in TEWL values. The formulations containing MAP caused alterations in the viscoelastic‐to‐elastic ratio, which suggested its action in the deeper layers of the skin. Conclusion: AA and its derivates presented an in vitro antioxidant activity but AA had the best antioxidant effect. In in vivo efficacy studies, only the formulation containing AA caused alterations in TEWL values and the formulation containing MAP caused alterations in the viscoelastic‐to‐elastic ratio. This way, vitamin C derivatives did not present the same effects of AA on human skin; however, MAP showed other significant effect‐improving skin hydration, which is very important for the normal cutaneous metabolism and also to prevent skin alterations and early ageing.
Article
Moisturizers have been adapted to perform many important roles on the skin surface. Simple moisturizers combine occlusives and humectants to enhance the water-holding capacity of the skin. The addition of carefully selected emollients can influence the esthetic properties of the moisturizer and the stability of the active ingredients. The addition of sunscreens to moisturizers has created a new product category with an added skin function. Further diversity in moisturizer formulation is created through the addition of specialty ingredients, designed to enhance the functioning of the skin. Moisturizers are an important part of the dermatologist's armamentarium.
Article
Topical indomethacin has been reported to inhibit ultraviolet light-induced erythema. The objective of this study was to verify this assertion and to compare indomethacin 10% ointment to beta-methasone valerate 0.1% ointment, water-in-oil emulsion and oil-in-water emulsion by means of non-invasive skin elasticity measurements. Products were applied on the back skin 60 min and 5 min before and 5 min after UVL irradiation. Untreated test sites served as controls. Clinical evaluation, measurements of epidermal hydration (Corneometer) and mechanical properties of the skin (Cutometer) were made 1 h before and 24 h after exposure. Test areas treated with indomethacin 60 min and 5 min before irradiation showed the significantly lowest visual erythema scores and no significant changes in skin mechanical parameters. At all other test sites, a significant decrease in elasticity parameters (Ue, Ur, Ua/Uf, Ur/Uf) and an increase in viscoelasticity parameters (Uv, Uv/Ue) of the skin were observed. No significant changes of epidermal hydration were found at any of the test sites. The inhibitory action of topical indomethacin on UVL-induced inflammation is superior to beta-methasone valerate and emollients. Non-invasive measurement of skin elasticity could be used as a supplementary tool for objective evaluation and comparison of the photoprotective activity of different topical agents.
Article
Green tea is a popular beverage consumed worldwide. The epicatechin derivatives, which are commonly called 'polyphenols', are the active ingredients in green tea and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Studies conducted by our group on human skin have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols (GTP) prevent ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), which are considered to be mediators of UVB-induced immune suppression and skin cancer induction. GTP treated human skin prevented penetration of UV radiation, which was demonstrated by the absence of immunostaining for CPD in the reticular dermis. The topical application of GTP or its most potent chemopreventive constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prior to exposure to UVB protects against UVB-induced local as well as systemic immune suppression in laboratory animals. Additionally, studies have shown that EGCG treatment of mouse skin inhibits UVB-induced infiltration of CD11b+ cells. CD11b is a cell surface marker for activated macrophages and neutrophils, which are associated with induction of UVB-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. EGCG treatment also results in reduction of the UVB-induced immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in skin as well as in draining lymph nodes, and an elevated amount of IL-12 in draining lymph nodes. These in vivo observations suggest that GTPs are photoprotective, and can be used as pharmacological agents for the prevention of solar UVB light-induced skin disorders associated with immune suppression and DNA damage.
Article
Green tea extracts have gained popularity as ingredients in topical skin care preparations to treat aging skin. Green tea polyphenolic compounds have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and studies suggest that these extracts help mediate ultraviolet radiation damage. To evaluate the effects of a combination regimen of topical and oral green tea supplementation on the clinical and histologic characteristics of photoaging. Forty women with moderate photoaging were randomized to either a combination regimen of 10% green tea cream and 300 mg twice-daily green tea oral supplementation or a placebo regimen for 8 weeks. No significant differences in clinical grading were found between the green tea-treated and placebo groups, other than higher subjective scores of irritation in the green tea-treated group. Histologic grading of skin biopsies did show significant improvement in the elastic tissue content of treated specimens (p<.05). Participants treated with a combination regimen of topical and oral green tea showed histologic improvement in elastic tissue content. Green tea polyphenols have been postulated to protect human skin from the cutaneous signs of photoaging, but clinically significant changes could not be detected. Longer supplementation may be required for clinically observable improvements.
Article
Moisturizers combine occlusives and humectants to enhance the water-holding capacity of the skin. Further diversity in moisturizer formulation is created through the addition of special ingredients, designed to enhance the functions of the skin. These agents mimic natural ingredients. Application of moisturizers can serve as important adjunctive therapy for patients with various dermatologic disorders.
Article
The polysaccharide-rich composition of Aloe vera extracts (Aloe barbadensis Miller), often used in cosmetic formulations, may impart moisturizing properties to the product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cosmetic formulations containing different concentrations of freeze-dried Aloe vera extract on skin hydration, after a single and a 1- and 2-week period of application, by using skin bioengineering techniques. Stable formulations containing 5% (w/w) of a trilaureth-4 phosphate-based blend were supplemented with 0.10%, 0.25% or 0.50% (w/w) of freeze-dried Aloe vera extract and applied to the volar forearm of 20 female subjects. Skin conditions in terms of the water content of the stratum corneum and of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Corneometer CM 825 and Tewameter TM 210) were analysed before and after a single and 1- and 2-week period of daily application. After a single application, only formulations supplemented with 0.25% and 0.50% (w/w) of Aloe vera extract increased the water content of the stratum corneum, while after the 2-week period application, all formulations containing the extract (0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%) had the same effect, in both cases as compared with the vehicle. TEWL was not modified after a single and after 1- and 2-week period of application, when compared with the vehicle. Our results show that freeze-dried Aloe vera extract is a natural effective ingredient for improving skin hydration, possibly through a humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin.