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Physiology of seed yield in mungbean: Growth and dry matter production
Abstract and Figures
Growth rate of mungbean was very slow during the vegetative phase in all the four genotypes. A relatively smaller portion of total dry matter (TDM) was produced before flower initiation and the bulk of it after anthesis. The maximum crop growth rate (CGR) was observed due to maximum leaf area (LA) development during the pod filling stage in all the genotypes. LA and CGR contributed to the superior TDM production. It appeared that a high yielding mungbean genotype should possess larger LA, high TDM production ability, superior CGR at all the growth stages, high relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at the vegetative stage as superior yield components.
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... A plant with best LAI and NAR may have a greater biological yield. The ability to efficiently partition between vegetative and reproductive parts may result in high yield potential (Mondal et al., 2011c). For optimum yield in mungbean, the LAI should be ranged from 3.5 to 4.5 (Ali et al., 2021). ...
... Initially, the RGR and NAR values were high and decreasing with age until maturity. RGR decreased substantially in the majority of field crops as plant age increased (Mondal et al., 2011c;Malek et al., 2012;Mondal et al., 2015). The genotypes' RGR and NAR values peaked between 20 and 30 DAS and then began to decline, reaching their lowest points at maturity (60-70 DAS). ...
The experiment was conducted during February to May, 2019 at the research farm of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh-2202. The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth, reproductive characteristics, yield and yield components of four similar durated mungbean genotypes, namely BARI Mung-2, Binamoog-2, MB-29, and MB-43. At most of the growth stages, the mutant MB-29 showed superiority in terms of growth parameters such as total dry matter, leaf area index, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate whilst MB-43 showed the inferiority. Furthermore, MB-29 outperformed the other three genotypes in yield attributing features, resulting in a higher seed yield than the other three genotypes. In comparison, the MB-43 mutant showed the lowest value for the yield parameters. The seed yield correlated positively and significantly with leaf area, total dry matter, absolute growth rate, and number of pods plant-1. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 47(1); 101-108: June 2023
... Mungbean is an excellent supplemental protein source for rice diet. Besides providing valuable protein in the diet, mungbean has the remarkable quality of helping the symbiotic root rhizobia to fix atmospheric nitrogen and hence to enrich soil (Mondal et al., 2011a). ...
... Important physiological attributes such as leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) can address various constraints of a variety for increasing its productivity (Mondal et al. 2011a). A plant with optimum LAI and NAR may produce higher biological yield. ...
Experiment was conducted under subtropical condition to investigate the variations in some morphological features, growth, reproductive characters and its impact on seed yield using correlation coefficient in 15 promising mungbean mutants and cultivars. Correlation study revealed that among the traits investigated, leaf area was the most important source that determined total dry mass (TDM) yield, and reproductive characters like number of racemes, flowers and pods/plant were the most important sinks that determined seed yield. Contrarily, reproductive efficiency (RE, % pod set to opened flowers) did not show significant relationship with pod number, pod size and seed yield, indicating that selection of high yield based on RE may be misleading. Generally, high yielding genotypes had capacity to produce higher branches, total dry mass production, leaf area, crop growth rate and number of flowers per plant than the low yielding ones. This information may be used in future plant breeding programme.
... Growth promotion [134] Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) ...
Abiotic stress disrupts vital physiological and biochemical processes in plants, leading to inhibited growth and reduced seed germination. To counter these effects, chitosan and chitosan-derived nanoparticles have emerged as essential priming agents. These biopolymers are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, making them ideal for agricultural use. Chitosan enhances the activity of antioxidants and hydrolytic enzymes, which strengthens plant defences, improves membrane transporters' selective permeability, and increases seed germination rates. Chitosan nanoparticles, produced through methods such as ionic gelation, microemulsion, electrospraying etc. offer additional benefits due to their small size and high surface area. These nanoparticles are non-toxic and biodegradable, with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties, further enhancing their role in stress management. As eco-friendly solid matrix priming agents, chitosan and nano-chitosan significantly improve germination percentages and overall seedling health, making them effective in enhancing seed germination under salinity and other stressful conditions. The efficiency of these priming agents largely depends on optimizing the dosage and treatment time, which promotes the development of healthier seedlings and, consequently, better agricultural yields. The size and stability of nano-chitosan particles are crucial for their bioactivity and influence the seed germination index, directly impacting agricultural productivity under abiotic stress. Current review focuses on the role of chitosan and nano-chitosan as priming agents in mitigating abiotic stress with special reference to salinity stress in crops, highlighting their potential in future crop improvement programs aimed at stress management.
... Published with open access at journalbinet.com EISSN: 2312-7945, © 2024 The Authors, Research paper the harvest index varied greatly between varieties.Mondal et al. (2011) reported that harvest index of blackgram significantly influenced due to varieties. ...
A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from March to June 2021 in Kharif I season to study the response of blackgram varieties and different plant spacing. The experiment consisted of two factors and followed split-plot design with three replications. Factor A: Blackgram varieties (3) viz: V1-BARI Mash 2, V2-BARI Mash 3, V3-BARI Mash 4 and Factor B: Different plant spacing (4) viz: S1 = Broadcasting, S2 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 20 cm × 20 cm, and S4 = 30 cm × 15 cm. Experimental results revealed that different varieties and plant spacing significantly influenced the yield and yield contributing parameters of blackgram. In case of different blackgram varieties, the maximum seed yield (1.49t ha-1) was recorded from BARI Mash-3 (V2) treatment and lowest seed yield (0.96 t ha-1) was obtained from V1 treatment (BARI Mash-2). The highest yield with BARI Mash-3 (V2) was attributed due to the highest pods plant-1 (6.52), pod length (5.22 cm), seeds pod-1 (7.78), 1000-seed weight (42.76 g), biological yield (3.25 t ha-1) and harvest index (45.53 %). However the seed yield ranges between (0.92-1.46 t ha-1) in different plant spacing. The highest seed yield (1.46 t ha-1) was recorded in S4 (30 cm × 15 cm) treatment, which was achieved with maximum pods plant-1 (6.67), pod length (5.36 cm), seeds pod-1 (7.40) and 1000-seed weight (44.11 g). In combination, cultivation of BARI Mash-3 (V2) along with 30 cm × 15 cm spacing (S4) affected plant growth and yield-contributing characteristics, leading to the maximum seed yield (1.80 t ha-1) compared to other treatment combinations. Therefore, it suggested that cultivation of BARI Mash-3 along with 30 cm × 15 cm spacing (V2S4) could be optimum crop management for maximum yield harvest in blackgram.
... However, the cultivar PSL-9 reported the least branches number and pods plant -1 . Significant results among different cultivars of crop for number of pods plant -1 was also reported by Gupta et al. (2006) and Mondal et al. (2011). The number of seeds per pod has shown no significant difference among the mulches and varietal treatments. ...
The experiment was conducted at College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Umiam, Meghalaya during the rabi season (November–April, 2022) to study the effect of organic mulching on growth, yield and water productivity of lentil varieties in mid-hills of Meghalaya. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with four mulch treatment under main plot (M0: Un-mulch/control, M1: Paddy straw mulch, M2: Maize stover mulch, M3: Weed mulch) and four varietal treatments under sub plot (V1: HUL-57, V2: PL-4, V3: PDL-1 and V4: PSL-9) which were replicated thrice. Results indicated that, plant height, number of branches plant-1, water productivity were highest under paddy straw mulch. Paddy straw mulch (43.57) which was on par with weed mulch (41.29) has reported significantly highest number of pods plant-1 over maize stover mulch (38.18) and un-mulch (36.21) treatments. Different mulches have reported economic yield advantage of 21.01% to 10.55% over the control. Water productivity has found significantly higher under paddy straw mulch (3.25 kg ha-1 mm-1) over the control treatment (2.57 kg ha-1 mm-1). Mulches also modified soil thermal regimes and effected plant growth and development. Soil temperature has shown increasing trend towards the end of crop season, since, air temperatures are increasing towards the end of growing season. Paddy straw mulch, weed mulch and maize stover mulch increased 2.31°C, 1.88°C, 0.27°C temperature, respectively, over the control during morning hours.
... However, the variety PSL-9 reported the least branches number and pods per plant. Significant results among different varieties of crop for number of pods per plant was also reported by Gupta et al., 2006;Mondal et al., 2011. The significant results were reported among mulch treatments for economic yield (Fig 5.21). ...
... A plant with optimum LAI may produce higher biological yield (Mondal et al., 2012). The dry matter accumulation may be the highest if the LAI attains its maximum value within the shortest possible time (Mondal et al., 2011). Some authors have reported that in lentil higher performance are achieved by the contribution of various yield components (Anzam et al., 2005;Kakde et al., 2005;Tabu and Sakar, 2008;Younis et al., 2008;Karadavut, 2009). ...
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate some morpho-physiological features and its impact on seed yield of four lentil varieties viz., Binamasur-3, Binamasur-4, Binamasur-5 and BARI Masur-5 during the period from November 2014 to March 2015 at Ishurdi, Bangladesh under subtropical condition (24°8´ N 90°0´ E). The growth rate found very slow during the vegetative phase in all the genotypes due to a relatively smaller portion of dry matter production before flower initiation and bulk of it after anthesis. The maximum growth rate was observed at flowering stage (62-72 days after sowing) in all genotypes. Binamasur-5 showed maximum growth and dry mass accumulation at vegetative stage but minimum at reproductive stage in comparison to other genotypes. Plant height of Binamasur 5 found minimum but seed yield and harvest index and other yield attributes were produced height among the four genotypes. Besides maturity duration of Binamasur-5 is lower (96 days) than Binamasur-4 (97 days), BARI Masur-5 (98 days) and Binamasur-3 (100 days). Results indicate that genotype improvement efforts have achieved higher seed yield by higher growth rate at early growth stages and better assimilate partitioning to economic yield. The bushy plants are unlikely to yield improvement. The variety, Binamasur-5 had short plant stature with increase branches there by produce more pods/plant resulting higher seed yield. This information may be used in future plant breeding programme.
An experiment was conducted at the pot yard of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh during the period from February to May 2017 to investigate the effect of foliar application of nitrogen and micronutrients on crop characters, yield attributes and yield of two mungbean genotypes. The experiment comprised four levels of nutrients foliar application like, i) T1 = Control; ii) T2 = Foliar application of urea at the rate of 1.5% four times from flowering start to pod development stage with an interval of 4 days; iii) T3 = T2 + 0.1% micronutrients (B, Mo, Zn, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu) four times from flowering start to pod development stage with an interval of 4 days and iv); T4 = T3 + side dressing (soil application) of 1.5% N and 0.1% micronutrients solution four times from flowering start to pod development stage with an interval of 4 days. The genotypes were Binamoog-6 and Binamoog-7. Results revealed that morphological (plant height, branch and leaf number, leaf area plant-1), physiological (total dry mass plant-1, specific leaf weight, chlorophyll), yield attributes (number of pods plant-1, pod length, single pod weight, number of seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight) and yield increased in foliar nutrients applied plants over control but the increment was greater in T2 and T3 than the T4 treatment. The highest plant height, branch and leaf number, leaf area, total dry mass, pod number, pod length, 100-seed weight and seed yield were recorded in T2 followed by T3 with same statistical rank (in most cases). The lowest morpho-physiological, yield attributes and yield were recorded in T1 (control) plants. Binamoog-7 was superior in most of plant parameters and yield compared to Binamoog-6.
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mulches on soil nutrients and
microclimate status, growth and bulb yield of onion cv. Taherpuri. The experiment was comprised of six mulches viz., i) Control (no mulch), ii) Black polythene sheet, iii) White polythene sheet, iv) Rice straw, v) Water hyacinth and vi) Saw dust. Application of different mulches improved soil microclimates, increased plant growth and bulb yield over control. Among the mulches, black polythene mulch showed superiority in growth and yield contributing characters compared to other mulches, resulting the highest bulb yield.
An area of plant science that is still unexplored is how leaf area affects crop dry matter production due to
aeration of seed in osmoticum. In view of this, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research
Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan in the summer of 2003 and repeated in 2004.
The seeds of two mung bean cultivars (NM-92 and NM-98) were primed, some for 6 h and others for 12 h
in using either distilled water (0MPa osmotic potential) or Polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG) solution having
-0.2, -0.5 and -1.2 MPa osmotic potential. A control treatment (dried seeds) was also included in the
experiment. The primed seed were dried back, till the weight become constant and were store for sowing
at 25°C. Data was collected on mung bean leaf area, dry matter production and growth parameters at
different growth stages. Seed moisture content at maturity stage was also determined. There was no
significant difference in leaf area for the different cultivars and seed treatment duration also did not lead
to a significant difference in leaf area. However, seed priming techniques significantly affected the
measured parameters. Dried seed had developed lower leaf area and dry matter compared to primed
seeds. An exponential linear model of leaf area and total dry matter revealed that dry matter production
was linearly related to leaf area (r2 = 77.23). The linear relationship between the leaf area and dry matter
hold true our hypothesis and thus we concluded that beside environmental and genetical factors, the dry
matter production is a function of leaf area in aerated seed of mung bean crop in semi-arid areas like
North western Pakistan.
Information on the variability and correlation between agronomic characters of mungbean accessions with their yield are important for supporting breeding program of the plant. A total of 350 mungbean accessions were evaluated at Muara Experimental Farm, Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development, Bogor, during the dry season of 2005. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Each accession was planted in two rows of 5 m long. Plant spacing was 40 cm x 20 cm, two plants per hill. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were used to quantify
the magnitude of the relationship between yield components and grain yield. The variability among the accessions was significant for most of the characters studied, especially for days to maturity, plant height, pods per plant, and seed size. Among the yield components, the number of pods per plant and plant height positively correlated with the grain yield, but the
seed size negatively correlated with grain yield. The direct effects of the number of pods per plant and plant height on seed yield as indicated by path coefficient were the highest, while other causal effects were small or negative. Yield variation (1- R2) attributable to the nine yield component variables was slightly high (61.23%), which means that mungbean accessions with high grain yield should have sufficient plant height and high number of pods per plant. Therefore, these parameters (number of pods per plant and plant height) can be used as the selection criteria in mungbean breeding program. These criteria can be visualized during bulk selection on the early generation stage of F2 to F4, and subsequently on line development of individual plant (pedigree) of F5.
Five cross combinations of mungbean viz., NM 92 x NM 51, NM 92 x Pusa Baisakhi, NM 92 x NM 93, NM 92 x CV. 6601 and CV. 6601 x NM 92 in F3 and F4 generations were studied for genetic parameters and direct and indirect effects of different morphological traits on yield. Based on results of genetic parameters, populations of CV. 6601 x NM 92 and NM 92 x Pusa Baisakhi for pods per plant and NM 92 x CV. 6601 for 100 seed weight in F3 and NM 92 x CV. 6601, NM 92 x NM 93, and CV. 6601 x NM 92 in F4 showed additive type of genes as the said traits in these particular cross combinations contain high heritability values combined with high genetic advance. Population of NM 92 x Pusa Baisakhi, NM 92 x NM 51, NM 92 x NM 93 and NM 92 x CV. 6601 in F3 and NM 92 x CV. 6601, NM 92 x Pusa Baisakhi, CV. 6601 x NM 92 and NM 92 x NM 51 in F4 showed positive direct effects for branches per plant, pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seeds per pod. Present studies revealed that during selection, pods per plant may be used as selection criteria followed by 100 seed weight, seeds per pod and branches per plant, whereas selection of single stem plants should be discouraged and preference must be given to medium tall plants having profused branching habit alongwith more number of pods, seeds per pod and bold seed size.
Eight mungbean cultivars, selected from a cultivar collection on the basis of their grain yield, were grown in a replicated experiment. Morphological and physiological components contributing to grain yield were analysed. The principal yield limiting factor and the desirable yield component of each cultivar have been identified. The rate of dry matter accumulation was low in all cultivars. It is suggested that for a short duration crop like this, selection for rapid rate of dry matter increase would be advantageous. However, it should also be associated with a high partitioning efficiency (Harvest index). The top yielding cultivar had high biological yield and productive racemes.
The number of seeds per unit area is an important yield component in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; however, the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of this yield component are not well understood. Field experiments were conducted at Lexington, KY (3 yr), and at Taian, China (1 yr), to investigate the relationship between net canopy photosynthesis and seeds per unit area using genotypes with differences in individual seed growth rates (SGR). At Lexington, shades (30 and 63% reduction in insolation) were placed over plots from growth stage R1 until maturity to create differences in canopy photosynthesis. Planting date (early and late) and row spacing (wide and narrow) were used at Taian to create differences in canopy photosynthesis
Growth analysis techniques were used to study components of dry matter accumulation in field soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] communities at Lafayette, Ind. in 1968 and 1969. An analysis was made of dry matter accumulation in leaf, supporting, pod wall, and seed fractions, as well as the total aboveground portion of the crop. General approach with the 1968 data was to select mathematical functions which describe the dry weight and leaf area vs. time relationships and then to calculate, for each day during the growing season, instantaneous values of relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and the components of LAR. From the 1969 data, weekly mean RGR's and CGR's were calculated, using traditional growth analysis formulae.
The RGR of each individual plant fraction steadily decreased, at a decreasing rate, as the season progressed, At any given time, the most recently initiated plant fraction had the greatest RGR. The CGR of each fraction rose to a peak and then declined. Growth rate of the leaf component peaked first, followed in sequence by supporting, pod wall, and seed components. Apparently due to late planting in 1968, there was a greater overlap of vegetative and seed growth than in 1969 when planting was earlier.
Total aboveground RGR declined until early August, then rose to a secondary peak in mid‐August. At the same time, there also occurred a peak in total aboveground CGR. The increases in RGR and CGR during August are attributable to a concurrent increase in NAR. The increase in NAR is interpreted as a response of the photosynthetic apparatus to an increased demand for assimilates. The increased demand for assimilates was due to rapid growth of the seed fraction.
Growth analysis in mungbean
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Salam MA, AFM Moniruzzaman and SI Chowdhury 1987. Growth analysis in mungbean. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric. 3: 58-64
Growth analysis of blackgram genotypes
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Pandey RK, MC Saxena and VB Singh 1978. Growth analysis of blackgram genotypes. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 48: 466-473
Evaluation of lentil genotypes in relation to growth characteristics, assimilate distribution and yield potential
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Dutta RK and MMA Mondal 1998. Evaluation of lentil genotypes in relation to growth characteristics, assimilate distribution and yield potential. LENS Newsl. 25: 51-55
Variation in some physiological components of yield in induced mutants of mungbean In: Induced mutations- a tool in plant breeding IAEA-SM-251/5) Results showed that, MB-35 and MB-45 genotypes performed higher grain yield than
- Rg Thakare
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Thakare, RG, SE Pawar, DC Jashua, R Mitra and CR Bhatia 1981. Variation in some physiological components of yield in induced mutants of mungbean. In: Induced mutations- a tool in plant breeding. pp. 213-226. IAEA-SM-251/5. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. (Manuscript received on 11 June, 2011; revised on 19 September, 2011) Results showed that, MB-35 and MB-45 genotypes performed higher grain yield than, MB-16