Technical ReportPDF Available

Participatory Research on the Impact of International Volunteerism in Kenya: Provisional Results

Authors:
PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF
INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTEERISM IN KENYA:
PROVISIONAL RESULTS
By Benjamin J. Lough, PhD
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
International Forum on Development Service
Forum International du Volontariat pour le Développement
www.forum-ids.org
Cover image: VSO Jitolee volunteer and colleagues. Photo: Lowell Traiso / VSO Jitolee
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Table&1:&Demographic&statistics&of&staff&member&interviews&(n&=&24)&
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B&/I)/$*="
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City&
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Table&2:&Demographic&statistics&of&community&member&interviews&(n&=&59)&
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/$414/?/$%"'O";'*1;"8';)$%//&0\"1$("1"?'&/"/$%2)0+10%+*"9'&7+$4"/$8+&'$?/$%,""
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G&'4&1?N"'&"G&'c/*%N?1$14/?/$%";/8/;,"#$"?1$="91=0\";'$4/&N%/&?"8';)$%//&0"9/&/"?'&/"
*'?G1&1E;/"%'"G1+("(/8/;'G?/$%"0%1OO,"[2/$"107/("1E')%"%2/"e+(/1;f";/$4%2"'O"%+?/"O'&"
8';)$%//&0"%'"0/&8/\"%2/"?'0%"*'??'$"&/0G'$0/"O&'?"G&'4&1?"0%1OO"910"'$/"=/1&"'&"?'&/,"
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1(/I)1%/,"B'&"+$0%1$*/\"%2'0/"2'0%+$4"8';)$%//&0"O'&"%2&//"?'$%20"0%1%/("%21%"'$/"=/1&"9');("
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E/"E/0%,"#O"8';)$%//&0"*'?/"%'"%/1*2"'&"G&1*%+*/"1"0G/*+O+*"07+;;\"%'"2';("1"%&1+$+$4"9'&702'G\"'&"
%'"'%2/&9+0/"021&/"%2/+&"/XG/&%+0/\"%2/$"02'&%N%/&?"0/&8+*/"+0"G/&*/+8/("10"I)+%/"2/;GO);,"
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G&/O/&&/(,"
Directionality%%
R2/"%/&?"(+&/*%+'$1;+%="&/O/&0"+$"%2+0"*'$%/X%"%'"%2/"(+OO/&/$*/0"+$"%2/"(+&/*%+'$"'&"O;'9"'O"
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G;1*/?/$%0"+0"1"4&'9+$4"%&/$(\"10"1$"1;%/&$1%+8/"%'"%2/"('?+$1$%"a'&%2N:')%2"O;'9"'O"
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?/?E/&0"O&'?"'$/"'&41$+01%+'$"100/&%/("%21%"%2/="9');("&1%2/&"2'0%"1"8';)$%//&"O&'?"%2/"
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2+42/&N+$*'?/"*')$%&+/0"?1="218/"4&/1%/&"1**/00"%'"&/0')&*/0,"#$"1((+%+'$\"%2/&/"+0"1;0'"1"E/;+/O"
%21%"/X%/&$1;"O)$(+$4"1$("(/8/;'G?/$%"'&41$+01%+'$0"?1="218/"?'&/"&/0G/*%"O'&"8';)$%//&0"
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-M"
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Group!size%%
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'O%/$"$//(0"0G/*+O+*"%1070"1$("100+4$?/$%0"%'"7//G"%2/?"E)0=,"A0"'$/"0%1OO"?/?E/&"100/&%/(Y""
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%2&')42"0'?/"%&1+$+$4"'O"921%"9'&70,"R2/="218/"E//$"100+4$/("%'"*'?/"1$("(',"m')"&/1;+_/"+%"+0"
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9'&7"9/"1&/"/XG'0+$4"%2/?"%'n,"
Continuity%%
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?/?E/&0"9'&7+$4"9+%2";'$4N%/&?"+$%/&$1%+'$1;"8';)$%//&0,"51$="/XG&/00/("9'&&="1E')%"921%"
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*'??)$+%=NE10/("G&'4&1?0,"U'9/8/&\"%2/="1;0'"/XG&/00/("*'$*/&$"1E')%";'0+$4"%2/"
8';)$%//&0b"/XG/&%+0/"&/;1%/("%'"G&'c/*%"?1$14/?/$%,"R2'0/"9'&7+$4"9+%2"02'&%N%/&?"
8';)$%//&0"0//?/("%'"%17/"+%"O'&"4&1$%/("%21%"8';)$%//&0"*'?/"1$("4'\"1$("(+("$'%"/XG&/00"
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8';)$%//&0\"10"%2+0"+00)/"210"E//$"$'%/("+$"G&/8+')0"&/0/1&*2"9+%2"02'&%N%/&?"8';)$%//&0"]C^,"
R2+0"I)/0%+'$"?1="E/"/XG;'&/("+$"4&/1%/&"(/G%2"+$"O)%)&/"&/0/1&*2,"
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"
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G1&%$/&"G&'4&1?0l9');("1OO/*%"')%*'?/0"]>^,"R2+0"1&/1"210"&/*/+8/("%2/"4&/1%/0%"1%%/$%+'$"+$"
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*'8/&/("+$"4&/1%/&"(/%1+;"O';;'9+$4"O)&%2/&"1$1;=0+0"'O"I)1;+%1%+8/"(1%1,"
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"
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-@"
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Skills!and!education%%
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8';)$%//&0"9+%2"0G/*+1;+0/("07+;;0"1$("2+42"/()*1%+'$,"./O/&/$*/0"%'"%2/"$//("O'&"2+42/&N07+;;/("
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8';)$%//&0,"A0"(+0*)00/("/1&;+/&\"%2/"4/$/&1;"G/&*/G%+'$"0//?/("%'"E/"%21%"02'&%N%/&?"
8';)$%//&0"1&/"E/0%"O'&"%/*2$+*1;"'&"07+;;/("G;1*/?/$%0,"a'$N07+;;/("02'&%N%/&?"8';)$%//&0"1&/"
'G/$;="9/;*'?/("1$("1&/"81;)/("O'&"%2/"&/0')&*/0"1$("&/;1%+'$02+G0"%2/="G&'8+(/\"E)%"%2/="1&/"
'O%/$"8+/9/("10"&/*+G+/$%0"'O"0/&8+*/"&1%2/&"%21$"0)E0%1$%+8/"*'$%&+E)%'&0"%'"e21&("')%*'?/0f,"
Language!!
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"
:'?/"G/'G;/"+$"%2/"*'??)$+%="O+$("+%"(+OO+*);%"%'"4/%"%2/"T$4;+02"O&'?"0'?/"'O"%2/0/"8';)$%//&0,"
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"
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9&+%+$4"4&1$%0"1$("O&1?+$4"G&'G'01;0"%'"a'&%2/&$"'&41$+01%+'$0,""
Cultural!competence%%
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1";+?+%1%+'$"%'"%2/+&"/OO/*%+8/$/00,"<'??)$+%="?/?E/&0\"+$"G1&%+*);1&\"/XG&/00/("1"*'$*/&$"
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... From the perspective of host communities, capacity building, international social capital, and other resources emerge as key benefits to host organizations and communities (Devereux 2010;Lough 2012;Perold et al. 2012). Communities also value the less tangible contributions made by volunteers, including trust, accountability, ownership, creativity, optimism, an increased motivation for local volunteers to engage, diversity in project management and administration, a human rights orientation, relative costeffectiveness, and slightly higher sustainability of their work compared to other development professionals (Devereux 2010;Lough 2012). ...
... From the perspective of host communities, capacity building, international social capital, and other resources emerge as key benefits to host organizations and communities (Devereux 2010;Lough 2012;Perold et al. 2012). Communities also value the less tangible contributions made by volunteers, including trust, accountability, ownership, creativity, optimism, an increased motivation for local volunteers to engage, diversity in project management and administration, a human rights orientation, relative costeffectiveness, and slightly higher sustainability of their work compared to other development professionals (Devereux 2010;Lough 2012). A survey conducted of volunteers from northern countries serving in southern countries showed that most of the respondents felt they had made a lasting contribution to their host organization or to the community in which they served, mainly through skills transfer (Perold et al. 2012). ...
... On the other hand, the study also showed that transnational volunteering could be seen as a process embedded within the historic neocolonial relations between the Western world and the African continent (Perold et al. 2012). Stereotyped perceptions held by host organizations or host communities of STV, on the one hand, and perceptions of the host organizations and communities held by the transnational volunteers, on the other, demonstrate that STV occurs within a complex ecology that reflects North-South power dynamics (see also Heron 2007;Lough 2012). Skills transfer and the attainment of social capital may thus be compromised by persistent notions of dependence and perceived exploitation, which explains why transnational volunteers are not always seen as benevolent actors, but are sometimes viewed as instruments of Western imperialism or agents of neo-colonialism. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter explores the ever-evolving forms of stipended transnational volunteering (STV). When transnational volunteering is stipended or mandatory, it can be considered a hybrid between employment, volunteering, and/or compulsory service. This chapter provides a brief historical background, as well as contemporary trends of STV. The section on usable knowledge focuses on the provision of stipends and other financial supports to transnational volunteers, as well as how their rationale has become increasingly affected by the outcomes and priorities of donors or development projects. The section on future trends also discusses the slowly growing movement toward more South-North and South-South transnational volunteer placements. This chapter also explores research needed to better understand the differences between stipended volunteering for development cooperation and volunteering for intercultural understanding and global citizenship.
... Preliminary research suggests that volunteers may be more effective than paid development workers at fostering conditions such as social capital, trust, novel ideas, and valuedriven labor (Lough 2012). These qualities are associated with effective development principles of participation, local accountability, and "ownership over donorship", as highlighted in aid effectiveness documents coming out of the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action (Randel et al. 2005: 3;OECD 2008). ...
... On the other hand, not all forms of international volunteering are equally effective at achieving intended outcomes (Lough 2012). Short-term volunteering may offer more flexible placements, and may allow a more diverse pool of volunteers to participate in service across borders. ...
... While it is possible that programs with multiple objectives may be more likely to receive government funding, some contend that trying to accomplish a dual agenda of diplomacy and development with young people is overly ambitious (Simpson 2004). Although young people certainly have much to offer, it is unknown whether IVCOs can implement robust development programs by engaging youth, often in the short-term, to achieve conventionally defined development goals such as capacity development, economic growth, or progress towards the MDGs (see Lough 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper uses findings from a survey of 19 government-funded international volunteer cooperation organisations (IVCOs) to discuss whether past and future patterns of government funding provide support for assertions of neoliberal adjustments. Findings indicate greater competition between providers, increased accountability for aid effectiveness, more private sector involvement, and an emphasis on domestic priorities with a focus on the skill-development of young volunteers. It provides examples of these changes and discusses the implications of changing patterns of government funding for international volunteering as an approach to development aid.
... Another reason for the perceived preference for shorter-term volunteers could be the toll that volunteers take on the time of local medical staff [53,54]. It takes staff time and organizational resources to host volunteers-often diverting staff responsibilities from service delivery to managing volunteers. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: The demand for international volunteer experiences to promote global health and nutrition is increasing and numerous studies have documented the experiences of the international volunteers who travel abroad; however, little is known about effective practices from the perspective of partner organizations. This study aims to understand how variables such as the skill-level of volunteers, the duration of service, cultural and language training, and other key variables affect partner organizations' perceptions of volunteer effectiveness at promoting healthcare and nutrition. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design to survey a convenience sample of 288 volunteer partner organizations located in 68 countries. Principle components analyses and manual coding of cases resulted in a categorization of five generalized types of international volunteering. Differences among these types were compared by the duration of service, skill-level of volunteers, and the volunteers' perceived fit with organizational needs. In addition, a multivariate ordinary least square regression tested associations between nine different characteristics/activities and the volunteers' perceived effectiveness at promoting healthcare and nutrition. Results: Partner organizations viewed highly-skilled volunteers serving for a short-term abroad as the most effective at promoting healthcare and nutrition in their organizations, followed by slightly less-skilled long-term volunteers. The greatest amount of variance in perceived effectiveness was volunteers' ability to speak the local language, followed by their skill level and the duration of service abroad. In addition, volunteer training in community development principles and practices was significantly related to perceived effectiveness. Conclusion: The perceptions of effective healthcare promotion identified by partner organizations suggest that program and volunteer characteristics need to be carefully considered when deciding on methods of volunteer preparation and engagement. By better integrating evidence-based practices into their program models, international volunteer cooperation organizations can greatly strengthen their efforts to promote more effective and valuable healthcare and nutrition interventions in partner communities.
... Through forming strategic partnerships, INGOs can inexpensively transfer resources and increase involvement of locals (Beske 2014;Islam and Morgan 2012). INGO partnerships between and within communities increase trust and motivation, which corroborates the literature on successful international volunteerism (Beske 2014;Kamat 2003;Lough 2013). Within communities, INGOs must cultivate a spirit of service where a community s assets (rather than needs) and giving (not taking) are the focus. ...
Article
Full-text available
At the time of this exploratory case study, less than 50 percent of primary school teachers in Belize had any pedagogical training. The purpose of this study was to understand teachers' and students' desires, or lack thereof, for international nongovernment organization (INGO) support. In order to respect the autonomy and dignity of the four communities in the case, INGOs should continually ask beneficiaries: Do you want help? And if so, what help is needed? And afterward, what was the impact to your community? This study asked these questions in order to understand teachers' and students' desire for support from INGOs. Specifically, the study looked to understand teachers' and students' attitudes about resources, access, and equity in their public school to see what parallels and disconnects existed between stakeholder perspectives and the current INGO programs operating in their schools. Data sources comprised anonymous teacher questionnaires with seventeen teachers, semi-structured interviews with four teachers and three former students, and four follow-up focus group sessions. The study found participants desired assistance, but only perceived INGOs in a resource delivery role. The findings have implications for future INGO and public school partnerships as INGOs serve as mentors and connectors. © Common Ground Publishing, Georges Ah-Tye, John Derrick, All Rights Reserved.
... Volunteers are still viewed as remarkably useful in rural and underserved areas, where it is often difficult to attract domestic or international experts [5], [91]. Although the relationship components to peace and social development are sometimes undervalued by technical development programs, communities in the Global South consistently validate the importance of international volunteers in development projects and programs [92], [93]. ...
Technical Report
Full-text available
This paper examines the evolution of large government-supported international volunteer cooperation organizations (IVCOs) from the UN First Development Decade to the post-2015 sustainable development era.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
过去几年,特别是从2008年经济衰退以来,诸多捐助国或志愿人员派遣国对国际志愿服务采取了自由经济理念。学者们强调自由经济理念从五个关键方面对当代国际志愿服务合作组织产生影响。第一,许多国家政府不再愿意为国际志愿服务合作组织提供核心资金,并制定了有竞争力的承包制度。第二,随着私营和企业部门的更多参与,国际志愿服务日益商品化。第三,北方国家力推短期国际志愿服务——主要涉及青年人和老年人。第四,政府正在资助国际服务方案,培养志愿人员形成符合市场需求的技能——有时并没有对南半球国家的所在社区做出类似投资 [18]、[34]、[35]。第五,“新管理主义”的审计文化要求各方案证明对志愿人员或所在社区产生了具体影响,以获得持续资金[18]、[36]、[37]。下文将更详细地说明每一种趋势。
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Taking the Korogocho community as its starting point, this article explores the respective roles, dynamics and relationship between formal and informal volunteering. Following an overview of the research's participatory systemic action research (SAR) methodology, the article outlines how the widespread use of stipends and allowances by external development organisations has blurred the distinction between formal volunteerism and low-paid work – something that disincentivises volunteering through local organisations who lack the resources to pay allowances. It examines informal volunteering, such as mutual aid and self-help groups, and highlights how they add significant value when they emerge in response to a directly experienced community need. Finally, it discusses the risks and opportunities associated with formal and informal volunteering. Issues include how volunteering can be used in complementary ways to address community needs, the scales at which they are most effective, and their potential in promoting greater inclusion and more equitable gender roles.
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This article examines how national and local ethno-politics impact on volunteering by taking a cross-country comparative perspective: Kenya and Mozambique. In both countries societal fragmentation along ethno-political lines is mirrored within the volunteer landscape and reduces the positive impacts of volunteering. The role of international volunteers (IVs) from the global North and, in the case of Kenya, national volunteers (NVs), to address these divisions is discussed. The effects of the support of the volunteering for development sector in such ethnically and politically fragmented contexts is also explored. The findings from the current research show that the perceived neutrality of the IV and NV means they may face less risk in attempting to step outside of existing political and ethnic confines than local volunteers or citizens functioning within these environments. Through this neutrality, IVs and NVs may be provided with a unique opportunity to use this position to assuage some of these societal fractions.
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Approximately one million people from the United States perform international volunteer service each year, representing a significant flow of ideas, people, resources, and aid across international borders. This quasi-experimental study assesses the longitudinal impact of international volunteer service on volunteers’ intercultural relations, international social capital, and concern about international affairs. Using linear mixed regression models that control for a counterfactual comparison group of individuals that did not travel abroad, international volunteers are more likely to report significant increases in international social capital and international concern two to three years after returning from service. Results indicate that intercultural relations may also continue to increase years after returning from service. International service may be a useful approach to helping people gain skills and networks that are needed in an increasingly global society.
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This study amplifies voices from the Global South to better understand how International Volunteer Cooperation Organisations may effectively convey the complimentary value of international volunteerism to development. The study reviews 19 published studies that used primary field research with host communities. These findings are compared with qualitative analysis of primary data from field research conducted in Peru and Kenya with 38 partner program staff members and 89 community beneficiaries of volunteers’ projects and programs. Respondents report that international volunteers provide important complimentary contributions. These contributions are associated with intermediary outcomes that contribute to primary outcomes such as UN Millennium Development Goals, peace, governance and well-being. Causal theories that include relationship-based processes are needed to capture a narrative agenda that more persuasively links volunteer engagement to development outcomes. As the differentiated responsibilities of international volunteers are measured and communicated, stakeholders will gain a better understanding of the complimentary attributes and qualities that volunteers bring to development projects.
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Increased prominence and greater influence expose international nongovernmental development and environment organizations (INGOs) to increased demands for accountability from a wide variety of stakeholders, including donors, beneficiaries, staffs, and partners. This article focuses on developing the concept of INGO accountability, first as an abstract concept and then as a strategic idea with very different implications for different INGO strategies. The authors examine implications for INGOs that emphasize service delivery, capacity building, and policy influence. They propose that INGOs committed to service delivery may owe more accountability to donors and service regulators, capacity-building INGOs may be particularly obligated to clients whose capacities are being enhanced, and policy influence INGOs may be especially accountable to political constituencies and influence targets. INGOs that are expanding their activities to include new initiatives may need to reorganize their accountability systems to implement their strategies effectively.
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Previous research suggests that international volunteer service may have both positive and negative effects on host organizations. Applying a capacity-building perspective, this study uses semistructured interviews to ask staff in hosting organizations to identify the main outcomes of short-term volunteer service. These views were compared with perspectives of staff from matched organizations that do not host international volunteers. Findings suggest that international volunteers may increase organizational capacity by supplying extra hands, providing technical and professional skills, contributing tangible resources, and enhancing intercultural understanding. Volunteers may also challenge organizations as they absorb staff time and resources. Staff members from both types of organizations identify individual and institutional variables that may affect the quality of these outcomes, including volunteers' language capacity and the intensity of the service placement.
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This article introduces the special issue of the Journal of Civil Society on ‘volunteering and social activism’. We think research and the scholarly debate on civil society for too long have ignored important research questions that start at the crossroads of the ideal types of the ‘altruistic volunteer’ and the ‘political activist’. Behind the idea of pulling together a special issue was an ambition to open up an avenue for research and dialogue between two research traditions that, in our opinion, have had too little inspiring effect on each other. The special issue includes four articles that all raise important challenges to the impression of volunteering and social activism as separate and disconnected forms of civic engagement.