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Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga Bhastrika Pranayama on physical efficiency index

May 2013
Archives of Budo 8(2)

DOI:10.12659/AOB.883235

Authors:

Dr Rajeev Choudhary

Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University

Lesław Kulmatycki

Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

Dr Tilak Raj Meena

Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya

Background and Study Aim: The objective of the study was to find out the Trend of the effects of four varieties of dynamic yogic breathing call as Bhastrika Pranayama on physical efficiency measured by Harward Step Test. The study was design to find out significant difference between measures of performance (Physical Efficiency Index) for four treatments (four verities of Bhastrika pranayama). Also to find out interaction between particular trials and treatments (linear, quadratic & cubic component for overall trend). Material/Methods: Total of 40 students were selected as subjects. Age of the Subjects was ranged from 17 to 25 years. All the subjects were divided randomly in to four groups i.e. 10 in each group. Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama was considered as Independent variables and Physical Efficiency Index was considered as dependent variables. To find out the trend of the effects of four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama on Physical Efficiency Index, trend analysis with multiple treatments was used at 0.05 level of Significance. Results: Insignificant difference was found between measures of performance for treatments (significant trend for treatments), between trials and treatments interaction and between cubic component for overall trends (all p>0.05). Significant difference (p<0.05) was found between measures of performance for treatments (significant trend for trials), also between linear component for overall trends (p<0.05) and between quadratic component for overall trends. Conclusions: Study revealed that all the four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama practices proved to be equal in bringing out change in Physical Efficiency Index.

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Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga bhastrika

pranayama on physical efﬁciency index

Rajeev Choudhary1ABCD, Leslaw Kulmatycki2DE, Tilak Raj Meena1BC

1 Department of Physical Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

2 Department of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland

Source of support: Departmental sources

Received: 21 November 2012; Accepted: 14 May 2012; Published online: 30 June 2012

Abstract

Background

The objective of the study was to find out the Trend of the effects of four varieties of dynamic yogic breathing call

as Bhastrika Pranayama on physical efficiency measured by Harward Step Test. The study was design to find out

significant difference between measures of performance (Physical Efficiency Index) for four treatments (four ver-

ities of Bhastrika pranayama). Also to find out interaction between particular trials and treatments (linear, qua-

dratic & cubic component for overall trend).

Material/Methods:

Total of 40 students were selected as subjects. Age of the Subjects was ranged from 17 to 25 years. All the subjects

were divided randomly in to four groups i.e. 10 in each group. Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama was considered as

Independent variables and Physical Efficiency Index was considered as dependent variables. To find out the trend

of the effects of four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama on Physical Efficiency Index, trend analysis with multiple

treatments was used at 0.05 level of Significance.

Results:

Insignificant difference was found between measures of performance for treatments (significant trend for treat-

ments), between trials and treatments interaction and between cubic component for overall trends (all p>0.05).

Significant difference (p<0.05) was found between measures of performance for treatments (significant trend for

trials), also between linear component for overall trends (p<0.05) and between quadratic component for overall

trends.

Conclusions:

Study revealed that all the four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama practices proved to be equal in bringing out change

in Physical Efficiency Index.

Key words:

yoga practices • Bhastrika Pranayama • Physical Efficiency Index

Author’s address:

Leslaw Kulmatycki, Department of Physical Education, Wroclaw’s University School of Physical Education,

Rzezbiarska 4 Str., 51-629 Wroclaw, Poland; e-mail: leslaw.kulmatycki@awf.wroc.pl

Background

Classical Indian yoga provides the earliest, compre-

hensive account of relaxation and its broader connec-

tion to mind-body states. It is a set of practical meth-

ods based on the experience of individual practitioners.

These practices may be directed to various parts of the

human body, or they may involve the muscles, breath,

energies, emotions, or the mind in general. In practice,

yoga relies on a specific, step-by-step approach [1].

There have been many studies on physical yoga and

its effects on physical function but only few related to

pranayama, the breathing exercises [2–7]. According

to Hathapradipika of Svatmarama [8], there are eight

Varieties of Pranayama, of which Bhastrika is one. In

Sanskrit, Bhastrika means bellows. This Pranayama is

called Bhastrika because it is characterized by inces-

sant and quick expulsions of breath in all its varieties,

imitating the actively hissing belloes of a village smith.

Whether in these expulsions both the nostrils are used

and Study Aim:

Authors’ Contribution:

A Study Design

B Data Collection

C Statistical Analysis

D Manuscript Preparation

E Funds Collection

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as in the first two varieties, or only one nostril is used as

in the last two varieties, is all immaterial, quick succes-

sion of forceful expirations is the most prominent fea-

ture of every type of Bhastrika. Hence, the name. Swami

Kuvalayananda [1] described four varieties of Bhastrika

Pranayama. These are as follows: First variety – The first

part of this variety is identical with Kapalabhati. After

a number of exhalations, this number being determind

by the strength of the individual. The second part of

this variety, deepest possible Puraka is made as air is

inhaled through both the nostril. It is desirable that

the process of Puraka should cover at least eight sec-

onds. Puraka is followed by Kumbhaka. Rechaka is be

done through left nostril. Second variety – This variety

is considered in its two parts separately. Starting with

the first part which corresponds to Kapalbhati. In sec-

ond part of this variety, Puraka is done through always

from the right nostril, Puraka is followed by Kumbhaka,

whereas that to be used for exhalation is invariably the

opposite one. Third variety – It is desirable to consid-

er the variety in two parts, the first part correspond-

ing to Kapalabhati.In this variety Kapalabhati is done

from one nostril only (right nostril). In second part the

deep inhalation is to be done through the right nostril

in every odd round and through the left nostril in every

even round, Puraka is followed by Kumbhaka, the deep

exhalation being effected invariably through the oppo-

site nostril. Fourth variety- In this variety, the first part

differs from others. The technique may be as; quick in-

spiration through the right nostril is immediately fol-

lowed by quick expiration through the left nostril. This

is followed by the deepest possible inspiration through

the right nostril, the necessary retention of breath and

the final expiration through the left nostril, which com-

pletes the second part of that round and also the round

itself. Then the second round commences with quick

inspiration through left nostril and expiration through

the right nostril.

Significance of the study

The present study has been undertaken to examine the

effects of bhastrika pranayama on the Physical Efficiency

Objectives

1. To find out significant difference between measures

of performance (Physical Efficiency Index) for four

treatments (Four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama).

2. To find out significant difference between four tri-

als resulting from four treatments (four verities of

Bhastrika Pranayama).

3. To find out interaction between trials and treatments.

4. To find out Linear, Quadratic and Cubic components

for overall trend.

5. To find out Linear, Quadratic and Cubic components

of the group X trial interaction.

Hypothesis

1. There shall not be any significant difference be-

tween measures of performance (Physical Efficiency

Index) for four treatments (Four varieties of Bhastrika

Pranayama).

2. There shall not be any significant difference between

four trials resulting from four treatments (four vari-

eties of Bhastrika Pranayama).

3. There shall not be any significant interaction between

trials and treatments.

4. There shall not be any significant Linear, Quadratic

and Cubic components for overall trend.

5. There shall not be any significant Linear, Quadratic

and Cubic components of the group X trial interaction.

Material and Methods

Forty students were selected as subjects. Age of the

Subjects was ranged from 17 to 25 years. All the sub-

jects were divided randomly in to four groups i.e. 10 in

each group. Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama was con-

sidered as Independent variable and Physical Efficiency

Index was considered as dependent variable. Physical

Efficiency Index was measured by Harward Step Test.

Subjects stepped up and down 30 times per minute on

the bench of 20 inches height. The stepping exercise

continued for 5 minutes. After the completion of step-

ping, pulse rate was counted between 1–1.5, 2–2.5, 3–3.5

minutes after the exercise. Score of Physical Efficiency

Index was computed using the formula:

PEI = Duration of Exercise in seconds ×100

2 × Sum of Pulse Counts in Recovery

Experimental design

The randomized block design (special case of random-

ized block design i.e. repeated measures design) was used

for the study. Bhastrika Pranayama was treated as inde-

pendent variable. Physical Efficiency Index was treated

as dependent variable. Varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama

were treated as blocking variable. For the purpose of

the study four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama were

included. The experiment treatment was conducted for

56 Days (8 weeks). Observations were taken after ev-

ery two weeks treatment. Study was done according

the Department of Physical Education, Benares Hindu

University ethical rules. The students-volunteers were

informed about the study.

Classical Indian yoga –

yoga is the name of one of

the six hindu traditional

orthodox philosophical

schools, but in our article

we refer to Yoga Sutras of

Patanjali – widely regarded

as the compiler of the formal

Yoga.

Pranayama – the specific

yogic breathing exercises

meaning extension of the life

force. The word is composed

of two Sanskrit words, prāna

means life force, or vital

energy or the breath, and

ayāma, means to extend or

draw out.

Bhastrika – a kind of yogic

pranayama, a breathing

technique through the nose,

where breathing is forcible

and with equal time for

inhalation and exhalation.

Kapalabhati – the yogic

system of body cleansing

techniques, the technique

of Kapalabhati involves

short and strong forceful

exhalations and inhalation

happens automatically.

Harvard Step Test – a

type of cardiac stress test

developed by Brouha et al.

(1943) in the for detecting

and/or diagnosing fitness,

and ability to recover after

a strenuous exercise after

steps for 5 minutes or until

exhaustion.

Dynamic suryanamaskar

– Surya Namaskara is an

ancient system of Indian

exercise and depends of level

of practice it includes the

regular routine of twelve

physical yogic poses or

prayer of twelve yogic poses

known as Sun Salutation.

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Experimental treatment (Bhastrika Pranayama)

Statistical analysis

In our study we have applied statistics and we especial-

ly intended to find out significant difference between: –

measures of performance (Physical Efficiency Index), –

four treatments (four varieties of Bhastrika Pranayama),

– four trials resulting from four treatments, – trials and

treatments interactions (Tables 1, 2). Also to find out

linear component for overall trend, quadratic compo-

nent for overall trend and cubic component for over-

all trend, to find out linear components of the group

X trial interaction, quadratic components of the group

X trial interaction and cubic components of the group

X trial interaction [9–11]. Trend analysis with multi-

ple treatments was applied at 0.05 level (Figures 1, 2).

Day

Schedule

Time

Experimental

Group-1

(1st Variety of Bhastrika)

Experimental

Group-2

(2nd Variety of Bhastrika)

Experimental

Group-3

(3rd Variety of Bhastrika)

Experimental

Group-4

(4th Variety of Bhastrika)

1st day Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 1st Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(3 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 2nd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(3 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 3rd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(3 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 4th Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(3 rounds × 3sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

5 minutes

-----

10 minutes

-----

5 minutes

Same schedule was repeated for two weeks

(FIRST OBSERVATION WAS TAKEN)

15th day Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 1st Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 2nd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 3rd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 4th Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 3 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

5 minutes

-----

15 minutes

-----

5 minutes

Same schedule was repeated for two weeks

(SECOND OBSERVATION WAS TAKEN)

29th day Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 1st Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 2nd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 3rd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 4th Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(4 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

5 minutes

-----

20 minutes

-----

5 minutes

Same schedule was repeated for two weeks

(THIRD OBSERVATION WAS TAKEN)

43th day Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 1st Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(5 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 2nd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(5 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 3rd Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(5 rounds × 4 sets)

----

Relaxation Posture

Preliminary Yogic Exercises

-----

Practice of 4th Variety of

Bhastrika Pranayama

(5 rounds × 4 sets)

-----

Relaxation Posture

5 minutes

-----

25 minutes

-----

5 minutes

Same schedule was repeated for two weeks

(FOURTH OBSERVATION WAS TAKEN)

Choudhary R et al – Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga…

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results

Trend analysis (Trial means with different

treatments)

It is evident from Table 3 that the four treatment means

(Bhastrika 1, Bhastrika 2, Bhastrika 3, Bhastrika 4) did

not differ significantly since F value of.161 was found

lower than the required value with 3, 36 df at 0.05 lev-

el of significance.

Table 4 revealed that the four trials means (T1, T2, T3,

T4) was found significant since F value of 192.135 was

found higher than the required value with 3, 108 df at

0.05 level of significance.

It is revealed from Table 5 that interaction between tri-

als and treatments was found insignificant since F val-

ue of.416 was found lower than the required value with

9, 108 df at 0.05 level of significance.

Linear component for overall trend

Table 6 revealed that linear component for overall trend

was found significant since F value 275.791 was found

higher than the required value with 1, 36 df at 0.05 lev-

el of significance.

Quadratic component for overall trend

Table 6 revealed that quadratic component for over-

all trend was found significant since F value 5.824 was

found higher than the required value with 1, 36 df at

0.05 level of significance.

Cubic component for overall trend

Table 6 also revealed that cubic component for over-

all trend was found insignificant since F value.724 was

found lower than the required value with 1, 36 df at

0.05 level of significance.

Linear components of the trends for the treatment

groups

Table 7 revealed that linear components of the trends for

the four treatment groups was found insignificant since

the F value of.559 was found lower than the required val-

ue with 3,36 df at 0.05 level of significance (No linear

component of the group X trial interaction was found).

Trials Treatments N Mean Std. deviation Minimum Maximum

Trial One

Bhastrika Variety One 10 85.8000 4.93964 80.00 93.00

Bhastrika Variety Two 10 86.2000 5.22388 76.00 93.00

Bhastrika Variety Three 10 86.1000 7.06242 76.00 97.00

Bhastrika Variety Four 10 86.7000 4.32178 79.00 92.00

Total 40 86.2000 5.27792 76.00 97.00

Trial Two

Bhastrika Variety One 10 87.5000 4.64878 81.00 95.00

Bhastrika Variety Two 10 88.2000 4.87169 79.00 95.00

Bhastrika Variety Three 10 87.8000 6.84430 78.00 99.00

Bhastrika Variety Four 10 88.8000 3.99444 82.00 94.00

Total 40 88.0750 5.01990 78.00 99.00

Trial Three

Bhastrika Variety One 10 89.3000 4.47338 83.00 96.00

Bhastrika Variety Two 10 90.4000 5.37897 80.00 97.00

Bhastrika Variety Three 10 89.9000 6.29727 79.00 100.00

Bhastrika Variety Four 10 90.9000 3.81372 87.00 97.00

Total 40 90.1250 4.91563 79.00 100.00

Trial Four

Bhastrika Variety One 10 91.8000 4.91709 87.00 99.00

Bhastrika Variety Two 10 93.2000 4.58984 84.00 99.00

Bhastrika Variety Three 10 92.2000 5.97774 83.00 104.00

Bhastrika Variety Four 10 93.9000 3.47851 89.00 99.00

Total 40 92.7750 4.70944 83.00 104.00

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of Physical Eciency Index (in seconds) in relation to four dierent trials and four dierent

treatments.

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Trial 1

Measures BP-V1 BP-V2 BP-V3 BP-V4

Skewness .454 –.937 .077 –.519

Std. Error of Skewness .687 .687 .687 .687

Kurtosis –1.461 .443 –.983 –.395

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.334 1.334 1.334 1.334

Trial 2

Measures BP-V1 BP-V2 BP-V3 BP-V4

Skewness .415 –.469 –.110 –.143

Std. Error of Skewness .687 .687 .687 .687

Kurtosis –.941 .029 –.546 –1.050

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.334 1.334 1.334 1.334

Trial 3

Measures BP-V1 BP-V2 BP-V3 BP-V4

Skewness .144 –.720 –.215 .517

Std. Error of Skewness .687 .687 .687 .687

Kurtosis –1.189 –.129 –.297 –1.354

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.334 1.334 1.334 1.334

Trial 4

Measures BP-V1 BP-V2 BP-V3 BP-V4

Skewness .494 –.824 .504 .105

Std. Error of Skewness .687 .687 .687 .687

Kurtosis –1.512 .177 .649 –1.413

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.334 1.334 1.334 1.334

Table 2. Statistics Showing Normality of Data [Physical Eciency Index (PEI)] in Four Varieties (V1, V2,V3, V4) of Bhastrika

Pranayama(BP) in Relation to Four Trials.

Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig

factor1 954.669 3 318.223 192.135* .000

Error (factor1) 178.875 108 1.656

Table 4. Signicant dierence between four Trials (Signicant trend for trials)

* Signicant at 0.05 level; F-Value required to be signicant at 3, 108 df=2.69.

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Treatment Fac tor 48.819 3 16.273 .161* .922

Error 3642.625 36 101.184

Table 3. Signicant dierence between measures of performance for four treatments (signicant trend for treatments).

* Insignicant at 0.05 level; F-Value required to be signicant at 3, 36 df=2.87.

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PEI

Scores Scores Scores Scores

80.0084.00 88.0092.00

Scores Scores Scores

85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 84.00 91.00 98.00 105.00

80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

Scores Scores Scores Scores

80.0085.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

87.50 90.00 92.50 95.00 97.50

80.0085.00 90.0095.00 100.00

Scores

90.00 95.00 100.00

80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00100.00

75.00 80.00 85.0090.00 95.00

75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

75.00 80.00 85.00 90.0095.00 100.00 105.00

75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00

BPV1 - T1 BPV2 - T1 BPV3 - T1 BPV4 - T1

BPV1 - T2 BPV2 - T2 BPV3 - T2 BPV4 - T2

BPV1 - T3 BPV2 - T3 BPV3 - T3 BPV4 - T3

BPV1 - T4 BPV2 - T4 BPV3 - T4 BPV4

PEI

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

PEI

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

PEI

Figure 1. Graphical Representations of Normality of Data [Physical Eciency Index (PEI)] in Four Varieties of Bhastrika

Pranayama (BPV1, BPV2, BPV3, BPV4) in Relation to Four Trials (T1, T2, T3, T4).

Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean S quare F Sig.

Factor1 * Treatments 6.206 9 .690 .416* .924

Error (factor1) 178.875 108 1.656

* Insignicant at 0.05 level; F-Value required to be signicant at 9, 108 df=2.69.

Table 5. Interaction between Trials and treatments.

Source factor1 Type III Sum of

Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.

factor1

Linear 948.301 1 948.301 275.791* .000

Quadratic 6.006 1 6.006 5.824* .021

Cubic .361 1 .361 .724 .400

Linear 123.785 36 3.438

Error (factor1) Quadratic 37.125 36 1.031

Cubic 17.965 36 .499

Table 6. Linear, quadratic and cubic component for overall trend.

* Signicant at 0.05 level; F-Value required to be signicant at 1, 36 df=2.87.

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Quadratic components of the trends for the

treatment groups

Table 7 also revealed that quadratic components of the

trends for the four treatment groups was found insig-

nificant since the F value of.038 was found lower than

the required value with 3,36 df at 0.05 level of signifi-

cance (No quadratic component of the group X trial in-

teraction was found).

Cubic components of the trends for the treatment

groups

Table 7 also revealed that cubic components of the

trends for the four treatment groups was found insig-

nificant since the F value of.216 was found lower than

the required value with 3,36 df at 0.05 level of signifi-

cance (No cubic component of the group X trial inter-

action was found).

discussions

Makwana K et al. [12] conducted a study with the ob-

jective to find out the effect of short term yoga prac-

tice on ventilator function tests. Physiological changes

associated with yoga training caused improvements in

ventilator functions of the lungs including a prolonga-

tion of breath holding times. Joshi LN et al. [13] con-

ducted a study with the objective to find out the effect

of short term ‘Pranayama’ practice on breathing rate

and ventilatory functions of lungs. Changes in cardio-

respiratory and metabolic intensity by the practice of

pranayamas and meditation were reported. Choudhary R

and Stec K [14] conducted a study to find out the effect

of dynamic suryanamaskar on vital capacity. Dynamic

Suryanamaskar practice proved to be effective in the

improvement of vital capcity. Stec K and Choudhary R

[15,16] conducted a study to find out the effect of dy-

namic suryanamaskar on negative breath holding capac-

ity. The results indicate that in the beginning, at least

two intervals (two weeks each) together are sufficient

to bring change in Negative Breath Holding Capacity.

Stec K & Choudhary R [16] conducted a study to find

out the effect of dynamic suryanamaskar on physical

efficiency index. Experimental treatment found effec-

tive for the improvement of PEI. Choudhary R & Saggu

GSS [17] conducted a study on the trend of effect of

pracchardana and vidharna on Positive Breath Holding

Capacity. Significant trend of the effect of experimen-

tal treatment was found on positive breath holding ca-

pacity. Stec K, Choudhary R & Kulmatycki [18] con-

ducted a study with the objective to determine the

85 Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4

Bhastrika Variaty One

Bhastrika Variaty Two

Bhastrika Variaty Three

Bhastrika Variaty Four

Physical eciency index

Figure 2. Trend of the Eects of Four Experimental Treatments (Four Varities of Bhastrika Pranayama) in Relation to

Physical Ecienty Index.

Source factor1 Type III Sum of

Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.

factor1 * Treatments

Linear 5.764 3 1.921 .559 .646

Quadratic .119 3 .040 .038 .990

Cubic .324 3 .108 .216 .884

Linear 123.785 36 3.438

Error(factor1) Quadratic 37.125 36 1.031

Cubic 17.965 36 .499

Table 7. Linear, quadratic and cubic components of the group X trial interaction (dierences among the linear, quadratic

and cubic components of the trends for the treatment groups).

Choudhary R et al – Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga…

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effects of Dynamic Surya Namaskar (sun salutations)

on Differential Chest Circumference. the study shows

that the effect of dynamic Surya Namaskar remains

for two weeks even after a pause in treatment but the

achieved performance decreases significantly after four

weeks of rest (mean difference =1.525). Choudhary R,

Mehrotra A, Narayan S [19] conducted a study with

the objective to study the trend of effect of pracchar-

dana and vidharna on Negative breath holding capacity.

Significant trend of the effect of experimental treatment

was found on negative breath holding capacity. Present

study revealed that all the four varieties of Bhastrika

Pranayama practices proved to be equal in bringing out

change in Physical Efficiency Index (Insignificant dif-

ference was found between measures of performance,

p>0.05). Linear component was found significant in

bringing out change in Physical Efficiency Index (linear

trend was found significant, p<0.05). Quadratic compo-

nent also proved to be effective in bringing out change

in Physical Efficiency Index (Quadratic trend was found

significant, p<0.05). Cubic trend was found insignifi-

cant (p>0.05). Present study also supports the earlier

conducted studies.

conclusions

Insignificant difference (p>0.05) was found between

measures of performance for treatments (significant

trend for treatments).

Significant difference (p<0.05) was found between

measures of performance for treatments (significant

trend for trials).

Insignificant (p>0.05) Interaction between Trials and

treatments was found.

Significant difference (p<0.05) was found between lin-

ear component for overall trends.

Significant difference (p<0.05) was found between qua-

dratic component for overall trends.

Insignificant difference (p>0.05) was found between

cubic component for overall trends.

Insignificant difference (p>0.05) was found between

linear components of the trends for treatment groups.

Insignificant difference (p>0.05) was found between

quadratic components of all the trends for the four

treatments groups.

Insignificant difference (p>0.05) was found between

cubic components of the trends for treatment groups.

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Effects of Bhastrika Pranayama (yoga bellows‑type breathing) on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychological variables: A systematic review

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Pranayama is one of the most essential components of yoga which has been found to be effective to physiology of the mankind in many ways. Among the Pranayamas, Bhastrika Pranayama is one of the popular breathing techniques widely practiced in yoga, which is believed to improve pulmonary, cardiac, and psychological functions. This present systematic review was planned to explore the available scientific studies on Bhastrika Pranayama individually on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychological variables. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were the basis for our review of the literature. The final review included 19 trials on Bhastrika Pranayama between 2005 and 2021 based on eligibility criteria, including four randomized controlled trials and another 15 clinically controlled trials. The quality assessment of each individual trial was performed using the Jadad Scale and the assessment showed ten trails as high quality studies (score 4–8) and nine trials as low quality studies (score 0–3). The results were discussed based on ten high‑quality trials and the findings showed that Bhastrika Pranayama significantly improves pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychological variables, although there were some limitations related to sample size, study quality, follow‑up duration, and practice guidelines. Future studies should address those limitations to reach better conclusions.

Yoga Practice and Vagal Toning: A Conceptual Study

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Yogic Science is a word made of yoga and science where yoga means to ‘unite’ and ‘Science’ means systematic and logical way to prove any things. Yogic Science is a systematic and logical discipline to unite with the universe using Asana, Pranayama, Mantra and behavioural modification. Asanas are performed to correct the posture, pranayama to regulate breath, concentration to control the unstable mind and mantras to connect with the inner soul. When all the above are performed as a single unit, the biological body is connected with cosmic energy ‘Paramattma'. Fig.1 show that ‘Yoga’ in totality is a means to connect oneself with the cosmic energy by activating the potential energy (Kundalini) which is present at different point of body (Chakra). Passive Chakras are awakened by practicing Yama, Niyam, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharna, Dhyan as mentioned by the practitioner of Hath Yoga. https://www.jnu.ac.in/sites/default/files/Yogaday/YogaMagazine2021_EkatmaJNU.pdf

Different types of bhastrika pranayama: repeated measures trials with different treatments to study the trend of the effects on static balance ability

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Purpose The objective of the study was to find out the trend of the effects of 4 varieties of bhastrika pranayama on static balance ability. Methods The total of 75 male students were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged 17–25 years. The participants were divided randomly into 5 groups, 15 students each. They practiced 4 varieties of bhastrika pranayama. Results Quadratic components for overall trends were found significant in static balance ability. A significant difference was observed between linear components of the trends for the treatment groups and the control group in static balance ability. Also, a significant difference was noted between quadratic components of the trends for the treatment groups and the control group as for static balance ability. Conclusions There was a significant difference among the adjusted post-test means of 4 experimental groups and the control group in static balance ability.

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: A bibliometric analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2014
BMC Compl Alternative Med

Background A growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the therapeutic value of yoga interventions. This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the totality of available randomized yoga trials. Methods All RCTs of yoga were eligible. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, IndMED, and the tables of content of yoga specialty journals not listed in medical databases were screened through February 2014. Bibliometric data, data on participants, and intervention were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Results Published between 1975 and 2014, a total of 366 papers were included, reporting 312 RCTs from 23 different countries with 22,548 participants. The median study sample size was 59 (range 8–410, interquartile range = 31, 93). Two hundred sixty-four RCTs (84.6%) were conducted with adults, 105 (33.7%) with older adults and 31 (9.9%) with children. Eighty-four RCTs (26.9%) were conducted with healthy participants. Other trials enrolled patients with one of 63 varied medical conditions; the most common being breast cancer (17 RCTs, 5.4%), depression (14 RCTs, 4.5%), asthma (14 RCTs, 4.5%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (13 RCTs, 4.2%). Whilst 119 RCTs (38.1%) did not define the style of yoga used, 35 RCTs (11.2%) used Hatha yoga and 30 RCTs (9.6%) yoga breathing. The remaining 128 RCTs (41.0%) used 46 varied yoga styles, with a median intervention length of 9 weeks (range 1 day to 1 year; interquartile range = 5, 12). Two hundred and forty-four RCTs (78.2%) used yoga postures, 232 RCTs (74.4%) used breath control, 153 RCTs (49.0%) used meditation and 32 RCTs (10.3%) used philosophy lectures. One hundred and seventy-four RCTs (55.6%) compared yoga with no specific treatment; 21 varied control interventions were used in the remaining RCTs. Conclusions This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date overview on published randomized yoga trials. While the available research evidence is sparse for most conditions, there was a marked increase in published RCTs in recent years.

Effect of dynamic suryanamaskar on vital capacity of physical education students

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008

Effect of dynamic suryanamaskar on physical efficiency index of physical education students

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Effect of dynamic suryanamaskar on negative breath holding capacity of physical education students

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Effect of Pracchardana and Vidharna on Negative Breath Holding Capacity

Data

Full-text available

May 2013

The purpose of the study was to study the comparative trend of pracchardana and vidharna effect on negative breath holding capacity of school going children before and after experimentation. A total of 30 subjects with age ranging from 13 to 17 years were selected. Practice of pracchardana and vidharna were considered as independent variables and negative breath holding capacity was considered as dependent variables. Time series research design was adapted for the purpose of the study in which observations were taken on eight occasions before and after activation of independent variables. Practice was given 5 days a week, 45 minutes for each day. Three sets of practice were performed in each session. Trend analysis (trial means: one standard condition) was performed. It was concluded that: (1) insignificant trend (1.418, p >0.05) was found before experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children; (2) linear (2.919, p >0.05) and quadratic (0.113, p > .05) trend before experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children were found insignificant; (3) significant trend (248.066, p <0.05) of the effect of experimental treatment was found on negative breath holding capacity of school going children; (4) linear trend (455.431, p <0.05) during experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children was found significant; (5) quadratic (0.856, p >0.05) trend during experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children was found insignificant; (6) cubic (4.380, p <0.05) trend during experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children was found significant; (7) significant trend (65.072, p <0.05) was found after experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children; (8) linear (111.9, p <0.05) trend after experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children was found significant; (9) quadratic (0.227, p>0.05) trend after experimental treatment on negative breath holding capacity of school going children was found significant.

Effect of dynamic suryanamaskar on differential chest circumference of physical education students

Article

Full-text available

May 2013

Purpose. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dynamic Surya Namaskar (sun salutations) on the differential chest circumference of selected physical education students at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Basic procedures. The subjects for this study were selected from the Department of Physical Education at Banaras Hindu University. A total of 20 male subjects were selected and used as one practicing group. Dynamic Surya Namaskar was considered the independent variable and differential chest circumference was considered the dependent variable. The test was for differential chest circumference. The Repeated Measures Design was used for this study. Only one group of 20 participants was created. Tests were administered at regular intervals of two weeks. The tests started four weeks prior to the dynamic Surya Namaskar (DSN) treatment and took place every two weeks, three times. Thereafter, tests took place every two weeks during the treatment and after the completion of the treatment, they were continued for the following four-week period. Main findings. To determine the effect of dynamic Surya Namaskar on physiological and anthropometric variables of selected physical education students at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, one way ANOVA was used at .05 level of significance. Conclusions. In relation to differential chest circumference, a significant (p < 0.05) effect of dynamic Surya Namaskar was found.

Effect of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2008

Pranayama (breathing exercise), one of the yogic techniques can produce different physiological responses in healthy individuals. The responses of Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) the Nadisudhi Pranayama on some cardio-respiratory functions were investigated in healthy young adults. The subjects performed ANB exercise (15 minutes everyday in the morning) for four weeks. Cardio-respiratory parameters were recorded before and after 4-weeks training period. A significant increment in Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR L/min) and Pulse pressure (PP) was noted. Although Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was decreased insignificantly, the decrease in pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significant. Results indicate that regular practice of ANB (Nadisudhi) increases parasympathetic activity.

Test and Measurement in Sport and Physical Education

Book

Jan 1996

Devinder Kumar Kansal

Statistics In Psychology and Education

Article

Dec 1953

Henry E. Garrett

This edition is 176 pages longer than the former one. "The treatment of percentiles, of comparable scores, of reliability and validity of tests has been expanded; and new material has been added to the chapters dealing with the normal probability curve, sampling and reliability of measures, and correlational methods. Breaking down the chapters of the old book into smaller and more comprehensible units should improve the teachability of the new book." The various chapters are concluded with problems for the student (plus answers), and at the close of the volume numerous reference tables are to be found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Effect of anulom vilom and bhastrika pranayama on the vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume

Article

Aug 2010

Baljinder Singh Bal

thirty (N = 30) randomly selected male students aged 18 -26 years volunteered to participate in the study from D.A.V. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab), India. They were randomly assigned into two groups: A (experimental) and B (control). The subjects were subjected to the eight week pranayama training programme that includes "Anulom Vilom Pranayam" and "Bhastrika Pranayam". The between-group differences were assessed using the Student's t-test for dependent data. The level of p ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume significantly improved in group A compared with the control one. Pranayama training programme may be recommended to improve vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume.

Immediate Effect of Slow Pace Bhastrika Pranayama on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

Article

Mar 2009
J ALTERN COMPLEM MED

The objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of slow pace bhastrika pranayama (respiratory rate 6/min) for 5 minutes on heart rate and blood pressure and the effect of the same breathing exercise for the same duration of time (5 minutes) following oral intake of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan), a parasympathetic blocker drug. Heart rate and blood pressure of volunteers (n = 39, age = 25-40 years) was recorded following standard procedure. First, subjects had to sit comfortably in an easy and steady posture (sukhasana) on a fairly soft seat placed on the floor keeping head, neck, and trunk erect, eyes closed, and the other muscles reasonably loose. The subject is directed to inhale through both nostrils slowly up to the maximum for about 4 seconds and then exhale slowly up to the maximum through both nostrils for about 6 seconds. The breathing must not be abdominal. These steps complete one cycle of slow pace bhastrika pranayama (respiratory rate 6/min). During the practice the subject is asked not to think much about the inhalation and exhalation time, but rather was requested to imagine the open blue sky. The pranayama was conducted in a cool, well-ventilated room (18-20 degrees C). After 5 minutes of this breathing practice, the blood pressure and heart rate again were recorded in the aforesaid manner using the same instrument. The other group (n = 10) took part in another study where their blood pressure and heart rate were recorded following half an hour of oral intake of hyoscine-N-butylbromide 20 mg. Then they practiced the breathing exercise as stated above, and the abovementioned parameters were recorded again to study the effect of parasympathetic blockade on the same pranayama. It was noted that after slow bhastrika pranayamic breathing (respiratory rate 6/min) for 5 minutes, both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly with a slight fall in heart rate. No significant alteration in both blood pressure and heart rate was observed in volunteers who performed the same breathing exercise for the same duration following oral intake of hyoscine-N-butylbromide. Pranayama increases frequency and duration of inhibitory neural impulses by activating pulmonary stretch receptors during above tidal volume inhalation as in Hering Bruer reflex, which bring about withdrawal of sympathetic tone in the skeletal muscle blood vessels, leading to widespread vasodilatation, thus causing decrease in peripheral resistance and thus decreasing the diastolic blood pressure. After hyoscine-N-butylbromide, the parasympathetic blocker, it was observed that blood pressure was not decreased significantly as a result of pranayama, as it was observed when no drug was administered. Vagal cardiac and pulmonary mechanisms are linked, and improvement in one vagal limb might spill over into the other. Baroreceptor sensitivity can be enhanced significantly by slow breathing (supported by a small reduction in the heart rate observed during slow breathing and by reduction in both systolic and diastolic pressure). Slow pace bhastrika pranayama (respiratory rate 6/min) exercise thus shows a strong tendency to improving the autonomic nervous system through enhanced activation of the parasympathetic system.

Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga Bhastrika Pranayama on physical efficiency index

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