Cancer incidence in five continents, Vols I to VIII
... Environmental factors play an important part in the etiology of sporadic breast cancer [1]. Geographic variation in human breast cancer incidence is well-recognized, and the country of residence accounts for~80% of the lifetime risk [2]. Moreover, for individuals who migrate from lands where the incidence is low to where the incidence is high, their breast cancer incidence gradually increases up to 2-3-fold over several decades after immigration [3][4][5]. ...
... Our hypothesis for MMTV zoonosis to account for geographic differences in breast cancer incidence made several assumptions: (1) Different species of house mice inhabit and are established in different regions and this distribution has remained constant over time. (2) Different species of house mice shed different strains or different viral loads of exogenous MMTV. (3) Susceptibility to MMTV infection would be similar among different human populations, explaining the migrant effect. ...
... Horizontal lines show a 3-year span after an outbreak. (C) Canada age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 (normalized to 1991 population) from 1972 to 2001 [2,40]. The sole vertical spike corresponds to a deer mouse population spike in the forests of Ontario [39]. ...
Human breast cancer incidence varies by geographic location. More than 20 years ago, we proposed that zoonotic transmission of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) from the western European house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, might account for the regional differences in breast cancer incidence. In the intervening years, several developments provide additional support for this hypothesis, including the limited impact of genetic factors for breast cancer susceptibility revealed by genome-wide association studies and the strong effect of antiretroviral therapy to reduce breast cancer incidence. At the same time, economic globalization has further expanded the distribution of M. m. domesticus to Asia, leading to a significant increase in breast cancer incidence in this region. Here, we revisit this evidence and provide an update to the MMTV zoonotic hypothesis for human breast cancer at a time when the world is recovering from the global COVID-19 zoonotic pandemic. We present evidence that mouse population outbreaks are correlated with spikes in breast cancer incidence in Australia and New Zealand and that globalization has increased the range of M. m. domesticus and MMTV. Given the success of global vaccination campaigns for HPV to eradicate cervical cancer, a similar strategy for MMTV may be warranted. Until breast cancer incidence is reduced by such an approach, zoonotic transmission of MMTV from mice to humans as an etiologic factor for breast cancer will remain controversial.
... Globally, approximately 465,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed yearly, and about 200,000 patients are reportedly dying [1]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 60-75% of women who live in rural areas developed cervical cancer [8,9]. Furthermore, studies conducted in Africa (29.3 per 100,000) demonstrated a higher standard age of cancer development compared with the lower rate of 11.9 in Europe and a much lesser rate of 7.7 in North America [9 -11]. ...
... The use of Papanicolaou test in the screening of cervical lesions has played a vital role in the early diagnosis and the reduction of the mortality rate of cervical cancer in women [12]. It is the most common, inexpensive and safest method applied in the screening of cervical cancer, which was reported to reduce the prevalence of cervical cancer by 70% between 1955 and 1992 [9,13]. ...
... Studies have focused on many forms of cancer, most especially breast cancer in other parts of the world, neglecting the prevalence of cervical cancer in Sub-Saharan Nigeria, where this form of cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women [1,8,9,11]. It is consequently imperative to carry out a retrospective study of the prevalence of cervical lesions in Nigeria. ...
Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant cause of death among women in developing countries. It is considered as the second most common cancer occurring in women and the third leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. We determined the patterns of cervical lesions as well as their prevalence at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital for the period of five preceding years in Nigeria. Material and Methods: This was a 5-year retrospective study conducted at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), a tertiary health facility in Benin City, Nigeria. Data were obtained from records of all patients, who were screened for cervical cancer in the Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Benin. Permission was obtained from the UBTH Ethics Committee. The Bethesda Standardized System was used to classify patients' pap smears. Results: Among the 2115 pap smears that were considered appropriate, 76.7%, 9.2%, 3.4%, 3.2%, 0.7%, 0.5% and 0.14% respectively were Normal, Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) with acute cervicitis (NAC), Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy with moderately severe acute cervicitis (NMSAC), Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) respectively. Our study recorded a 20% prevalence of cervical cancer with 94% of the precancerous cervical lesion occurring between 30-39 years. Conclusion: This study on the patterns of cervical lesion in UBTH, indicated that pap diagnosed as Negative for epithelial lesion or malignancy with acute cervicitis (NAC) was predominant compared to other precancerous lesions.
... Le cancer du col de l'utérus reste pour les pays africains et notamment ceux d'Afrique Sub saharienne, le cancer chez la femme le plus fréquent et le plus meurtrier avec un taux d'incidence plus élevé chez la femme âgée de moins de 40 ans (1,(6)(7)12). Pour les pays industrialisés, il a été constaté une diminution de l'incidence du carcinome épidermoïde ces dernières années grâce à la mise en place des campagnes de dépistage organisé mais il n'en est pas de même pour l'adénocarcinome dont la fréquence augmente (1,4,7,9). Quelques études ont expliqué ce fait par un screening en cytologie moins efficace, les lésions précurseurs pour l'adénocarcinome étant plus difficiles à définir (4,7,9). ...
... Dans notre série la moyenne d'âge au diagnostic était de 57 ans. Cette moyenne d'âge est un peu plus élevée que celle retrouvée dans d'autres séries (4,(18)(19) (10,12,21). Ainsi un schéma thérapeutique selon le pattern est aujourd'hui admis : pour les cas de pattern A, un traitement chirurgical conservateur par conisation ou hystérectomie simple est préconisé ; la chirurgie radicale étant recommandée pour des stades plus avancés (7,16,(21)(22) avec pour le pattern B une analyse du ganglion sentinelle et pour le pattern C une lymphadenectomie (23). ...
Contexte et objectifs. L’adénocarcinome du col utérin a fait l’objet de peu de publications notamment en Afrique. L’objectif de la présente étude était de décrire les aspects cliniques, pathologiques et évolutifs de ce cancer au Gabon puis d’évaluer la reproductibilité du pattern d’invasion (PI) afin d’améliorer le choix thérapeutique. Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une série des cas d’adénocarcinomes du col utérin confirmés histologiquement en 8 ans. Les données clinico-pathologiques et le suivi ont été enregistrés à partir des dossiers médicaux. 3 pathologistes ont évalué le PI de chaque cas puis, la reproductibilité a été réalisée. Résultats. Sur les 378 cas recensés, 16 ont été retenus. Leur âge moyen était de 57 ans. Les femmes étaient de grandes multipares (68,7 %) et ayant consulté pour des métrorragies (87,5 %). Elles étaient récués à un stade clinique avancé (62,5 %) et l’évolution était défavorable dans 81,25 % des cas. Le type endocervical et le grade intermédiaire étaient les plus fréquents. Le niveau de concordance du PI était faible (28,6 %). Conclusion. L’adénocarcinome du col utérin au Gabon survient chez la femme d’âge jeune, grande multipare, est de diagnostic tardif et d’évolution péjorative d’où l’intérêt d’assurer un dépistage précoce et une prévention. Par ailleurs, la reproductibilité du PI devrait être réévaluée par des études supplémentaires. English title: Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in Gabon: clinico-pathological characteristics of serial cases Context and objective. Little has been published on cervical adenocarcinoma, especially in Africa. The objective of the present study was to describe the clinical, pathological and follow-up aspects of this cancer in Gabon, then to evaluate the reproducibility of the invasion pattern (IP) in order to improve the therapeutic choice. Methods. It was a series of histologically confirmed cases of cervical adenocarcinoma over 8 years. Clinicopathological data and follow-up information were collected from medical records. 3 pathologists evaluated the IP of each case and then the reproducibility was carried out. Results. Of the 378 cases identified, 16 were selected. The average age was 57 years. The women were large multiparous (68.7 %), consulted for metrorrhagia (87.5%), had an advanced clinical stage (62.5 %) and evolution was often unfavourable (81.25%). Endocervical type and intermediate grade were the most frequent. The level of concordance of the IP was low (28.6 %). Conclusion. Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in Gabon occurs in young, multiparous women, is diagnosed late and has a poor outcome, hence the interest of prevention. In addition, the reproducibility of the IP should be reevaluated by additional studies. Keywords : adénocarcinoma- clinico pathological aspects- uterine cervix Gabon
... The Singapore Cancer Registry has collected comprehensive information on cancer diagnoses since 1968. [13] To date, 56 participants (<0.1%) have been cumulatively lost to follow-up. HCC cases were defined by the International Classification of Diseases-Oncology, 2nd Edition code C22.0. ...
... HCC cases were defined by the International Classification of Diseases-Oncology, 2nd Edition code C22.0. [13] The present analysis includes 208 incident cases of HCC in the genotyped subcohort. ...
It is difficult to identify people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who are at high risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A polygenic risk score (PRS) for hepatic fat (HFC-PRS) derived from non-Asians has been reported to be associated with HCC risk in European populations. However, population-level data of this risk in Asian populations are lacking. Utilizing resources from 24,333 participants of the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS), we examined the relationship between the HFC-PRS and HCC risk. In addition, we constructed and evaluated a NAFLD-related PRS (NAFLD-PRS) with HCC risk in the SCHS. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HCC incidence with both HFC-PRS and NAFLD-PRS. The HFC-PRS and NAFLD-PRS were highly correlated (Spearman r = 0.79, p < 0.001). The highest quartiles of both the HFC-PRS and the NAFLD-PRS were associated with significantly increased risk of HCC with HR of 2.39 (95% CI 1.51, 3.78) and 1.77 (95% CI 1.15, 2.73), respectively, compared with their respective lowest quartile. Conclusion: The PRS for hepatic fat content or NAFLD may be useful for assessing HCC risk in both Asian and European populations. The findings of this and prior studies support a potential causal role of genetically determined NAFLD in HCC development.
... Colorectal cancer cases were defined by the International Classification of Disease-Oncology 2nd Edition (ICD-O-2) C18-C20. Code C18 was used for colon cancer and C19-C20 was for rectal cancer (23). The follow-up for cancer incidence and vital status of the cohort participants has been virtually complete because only 56 original participants (<0.1%) were lost to follow-up, likely due to their emigration out of Singapore. ...
Background:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common cancer with a high mortality rate. Low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score holistically evaluates the LCD pattern from carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. Epidemiologic data of LCD-CRC association are sparse.
Methods:
We evaluated the associations between LCD (i.e., total, animal- and plant-based) and CRC risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort study including 61,321 Chinese in Singapore who were 45-74 years old at baseline. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC associated with LCD after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, BMI, physical activity, family history of CRC, etc. Results: After an average of 19.5 years of follow-up, 2,520 participants developed CRC (1,608 colon cancer and 912 rectal cancer). Overall, the association between total or plant-based LCD scores with the risk of colorectal, colon, or rectal cancer was null (all Ptrend ≥ 0.28). The animal-based LCD was modestly associated with colon cancer risk (P¬trend = 0.02), but not with rectal cancer. Compared with the lowest quartile, HRs (95% CIs) of colon cancer for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 of animal-based LCD were 1.12 (0.98, 1.29), 1.27 (1.10, 1.46), and 1.14 (0.99-1.31), respectively.
Conclusions:
A low-level carbohydrate diet with a high level of animal protein and fat was associated with a moderate increase in the risk of colon cancer among Chinese Singaporeans.
Impact:
High consumption of animal protein/fat and low consumption of carbohydrates may increase colon cancer risk.
... Recently, the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Cancer Research Institute (AICR) have concluded in their extensive reports on the scientific literature on diet, physical activity, and cancer prevention that colorectal cancer is mostly preventable with appropriate diets and associated factors (13).cers. Colon and rectal cancers are the third most common type worldwide (11)(12). Recently, it has been considered that long-term laxative use may be an important risk factor for healthy colon fibroblast (CCD-18Co), with a large increase in the risk of constipation, colon and rectal cancer. ...
Objective: It is estimated that the use of wrong laxatives will increase the probability of developing an eating disorder by affecting the disorder in eating behavior and the physiological disorder of digestion. Long-term use of laxatives is known by many to impair normal colonic function and producing laxative dependence. In our study, it was aimed to determine the effect of the Folliculj sennae plant, which is used for laxative and slimming purposes, on the CCD-18Co (normal colon epithelium) cell line. Materials and Methods: The effect of Folliculj sennae plant. Its antiproliferative effect on CCD-18Co cell line was determined by MTT test. Results: According to the concentrations used in the CCD-18Co cell line, the % viability activities were determined between 73 and 54 and the 50% inhibitory concentration value (IC50) was calculated as 47 ppm. Conclusion: It is thought that the Folliculj sennae plant, which is used as a laxative and has a negative effect on the CCD18-Co cell line, will make an important contribution by health professionals to raise the awareness of their patients about laxatives.
... The cumulative incidence in India is 0.01-0.06% [3]. Among the history of toothache, dentoalveolar infection, discharge, paraesthesia or any other associated symptom. ...
Palatal swellings are a commonly encountered diagnostic entity. They can be infectious, neoplastic, odontogenic, vascular, congenital or secondary manifestation of a systemic disease. While individual palatal lesions are well documented in the literature, there is lack of a comprehensive classification of such entities. Proper classification helps in prompt and accurate diagnosis, facilitating proper management. This article proposes a comprehensive classification of palatal swellings based on their location, clinical findings and aetiology, and describes a case report of pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary gland of the palate.
... The term "gastrointestinal cancer" refers to malignant conditions affecting the digestive organs, including the esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Other digestive organs affected by gastrointestinal cancer include the gallbladder and intestines [1,2]. Esophageal cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal cancer. ...
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Although surgery is the primary treatment, serious maladies that dissipate to other parts of the body may require chemotherapy. As there is no effective procedure to treat stomach cancer, natural small molecules are a current focus of research interest for the development of better therapeutics. Chemo-therapy is usually used as a last resort for people with advanced stomach cancer. Anti-colon cancer chemotherapy has become increasingly effective due to drug resistance and sensitivity across a wide spectrum of drugs. Naturally-occurring substances have been widely acknowledged as an important project for discovering innovative medications, and many therapeutic pharmaceuticals are made from natural small molecules. Although the beneficial effects of natural products are as yet unknown, emerging data suggest that several natural small molecules could suppress the progression of stomach cancer. Therefore, the underlying mechanism of natural small molecules for pathways that are directly involved in the pathogenesis of cancerous diseases is reviewed in this article. Chemotherapy and molecularly-targeted drugs can provide hope to colon cancer patients. New discoveries could help in the fight against cancer, and future stomach cancer therapies will probably include molecularly formulated drugs.
... It is observed that there is a wide difference in the prevalence of thyroid malignancies based on geographical location. Low rates are observed in certain European countries (Denmark, Netherlands) and high rates in Hawaii [6]. Along similar lines, the incidence of this disease varies uniquely with age, sex and ethnicity [7]. ...
Background: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. The incidence of which is on the rise in the last 2 decades. The incidence of this disease varies uniquely with age, sex and ethnicity. This epidemiological study was conducted to study the frequencies and patterns of thyroid neoplasm for last 10 years in East Indian population. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center of Eastern India from January 2011 to December 2020 on all patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer. The clinical profile of all patients were analysed in the study Result: Out of the total 2007 thyroid cases, 310 (15.4%) were diagnosed as thyroid malignancy. Of which 83.5% were papillary carcinoma, 10% follicular carcinoma, 2.5% medullary variety, 3.5% anaplastic type and 0.3% lymphoma. There was female preponderance with the approximate female to male sex ratio of 3:1. There was also a distinct age distribution, with papillary and follicular carcinoma being common in younger age, medullary in middle age group and anaplastic in the elderly. A total of 295 patients underwent thyroidectomy for malignancy in the last 10 years. The incidence of postoperative complication of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is 2.4% and hypocalcemia is 4.1%. Conclusion: Understanding the clinical profile of thyroid malignancies aides in preoperative suspicion of various types of malignancy. Papillary carcinoma thyroid is the most common malignancy, with each subtype having a unique age of presentation.
... Онкологическая выживаемость на популяционном уровне и факторы риска в мировом масштабе также описаны в серии монографий «Рак на пяти континентах» [5,6]. Американским противораковым обществом издан Атлас рака [7]. ...
Background. Survival rates play an important role in improving the organization of oncological care and individualization of treatment methods. The presence of databases of patients with bladder cancer in the Samara region makes it possible to study survival at the population level, taking into account the place of residence, gender, stage of the disease, the histological structure of the tumor, and allows you to participate in the further formation of the federal cancer registry as part of the digitalization of healthcare.
Aim. To study of survival rates for bladder cancer in the Samara region for the period 2010–2012 with the calculation of 5-year survival for 2017.
Materials and methods . The study included data on 1138 patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer. Calculation and analysis of relapse-free, overall and tumor-specific survival of 1059 patients with bladder cancer was carried out, taking into account the place of residence and gender differences. Of these, 846 (79.9 %) people are urban residents, 213 (20.1 %) are from rural areas (4:1). A comparative analysis of the survival of patients with bladder cancer for 2000–2002 and 2010–2012 was performed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival rates.
Results. An analysis of the survival of patients with bladder cancer found lower overall survival compared to tumor-specific survival, which indicates the presence of intercurrent causes of death. In the population of the region as a whole, 1-year relapse-free, overall and tumor-specific survival in this disease was 75.9, 77.9 and 81.1 %, 5-year – 55.7, 53.8 and 66.6 %, respectively. An assessment of the dynamics of the probability of living each year showed that the majority of patients (18.9 %) die during the first year of observation, in subsequent years the probability of survival is much higher. Life expectancy in urban areas is longer than in rural areas. Comparison of gender differences in survival revealed lower survival rates in the male population. Indicators of 1-year and 5-year tumor-specific survival of patients for 2010–2012 increased by 5.7 % and 13.6 %, respectively, as compared to 2000–2002.
Conclusion. Comparative analysis of 1-year and 5-year survival of patients with bladder cancer in the Samara region for 2010–2012 determined the low survival rates of rural men compared to urban ones. Higher survival rate for this disease for 2010–2012 compared to 2000–2002 may indicate an increase in the availability of specialist care to the population and careful monitoring of patients in the last decade of the study.
... Rak jądra stanowi 1-3% nowotworów złośliwych u mężczyzn w krajach zachodnich, jednak w grupie młodych mężczyzn, w wieku 15-34 lat, jest najczęstszym nowotworem złośliwym w wielu krajach europejskich [1]. Nowotwory germinalne jądra wiążą się z dobrym rokowaniem -odsetek wyleczeń sięga od niemal 100% u chorych w I stopniu zaawansowania, do około 80% w przypadku choroby uogólnionej [2]. ...
... The increasing trends in thyroid cancer in the Golestan province were more considerable when compared to the results of previous reports from this region. 6,20 Previous reports from Iran also suggested similar increasing trends in Iran. 21 A previous study in Italy showed that the thyroid cancer trend has been increasing over the years, and they concluded that according to the world thyroid cancer statistics, this trend seems to be global and not related to a specific region. ...
Background: Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer. We aimed to determine the incidence rates of thyroid cancer across a 10-year period (2004-2013) in Golestan, Iran. Methods: We obtained the thyroid cancer data from Golestan Population-Based Cancer Registry (GPCR). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated and reported per 100 000 person-years. The Joinpoint software was used to assess time trends, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results: Of 326 registered patients, 83 (25.5%) were men and 243 (74.5%) were women. The mean age was 51.3 and 42.6 years for males and females, respectively. Overall, the ASR of thyroid cancer was 2.2 per 100 000 person-year (AAPC = 2.76; 95% CI:-3.68 to 9.64). The test of coincidence showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of thyroid cancer between men (1.3) and women (3.2) (P < 0.001). According to our results, the ASR of thyroid cancer in western parts of Golestan is higher, including Gorgan and Aliabad cities. Conclusion: Increasing trends in incidence rates of thyroid cancer were found in the Golestan province during the study period, especially in women. We found significantly higher rates of thyroid cancer in women. Geographical diversities were seen in incidence rates of thyroid cancer in the Golestan province. Our results may be helpful for designing further researches to investigate the epidemiological aspects of thyroid cancer in the Golestan province.
... Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of tumour worldwide, with a higher incidence of colon cancer compared to rectum cancer [1,2]. The incidence rate is steadily increasing in industrialised countries whilst the age of disease onset is decreasing. ...
Background:
The cancer cell fusion theory could be one of the best explanations for the metastasis from primary tumours.
Methods:
Herein, we co-cultured colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells with human monocytes and analysed the properties of the generated tumour hybrid cells (THCs). The presence of THCs in the bloodstream together with samples from primary and metastatic lesions and their clinical correlations were evaluated in CRC patients and were detected by both FACS and immunofluorescence methods. Additionally, the role of SIGLEC5 as an immune evasion molecule in colorectal cancer was evaluated.
Results:
Our data demonstrated the generation of THCs after the in vitro co-culture of CRC stem cells and monocytes. These cells, defined as CD45+CD14+EpCAM+, showed enhanced migratory and proliferative abilities. The THC-specific cell surface signature allows identification in matched primary tumour tissues and metastases as well as in the bloodstream from patients with CRC, thus functioning as a biomarker. Moreover, SIG-LEC5 expression on in vitro generated THCs has shown to be involved in the mechanism for immune evasion. Additionally, sSIGLEC5 levels correlated with THC numbers in the prospective cohort of patients.
Conclusions:
Our results indicate the generation of a hybrid entity after the in vitro co-culture between CRC stem cells and human monocytes. Moreover, THC numbers present in patients are related to both prognosis and the later spread of metastases in CRC patients.
... Ovarian cancer is the fifth most frequent cause of death from cancer in women in U.K. and ranks second among the gynaecological cancers, following uterine cancer. 1 According to Shaukat Khanum Collective Cancer Registry Report (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011), ovarian cancer ranks second among malignancies in adult females (>18 yrs) in Pakistan, accounting for 5.7% of the total cancers in females. 2 According to the Karachi Cancer Registry, ovarian cancer found to be third most common malignancy diagnosed in women; moreover Karachi south and all urban population falls into a high risk region for ovarian cancer, which accounts to second highest incidence in Asia after urban Delhi. 3,4 Surface epithelial tumors originate from the surface epithelium of the ovary and classified as benign, borderline and malignant under the recommendation of WHO 5 ; accounts for approximately 60% of all ovarian tumors and 90% of malignant ovarian ovarian tumors. 6 It is important to separate borderline ovarian tumors from the invasive tumors because of their superior prognosis. ...
... encompasses mechanism variations due to life style changes,food habits (obesity) and genetic factors. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Recently, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have been reported to play a major role in the radiosensitization of PCa. 17 Similarly, B-cell receptor(BCR) pathways were also reported to be involved in the implication of multiple signal transduction pathways, which include modifiable, survival, activation, proliferation, and segregation of B lymphocytes (hematopoietic cells). [18][19][20][21][22] Ibrutinib (Ibr), a BTK inhibitor, involves inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinase receptors, which is proven by in vitro cell line and in vivo xenograft studies in various cancer models likeLnCaP and DU145. ...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading diseases in men all over the world caused due to over-expression of PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen). Currently, the detection and targeting of PCa is one of the major challenges in prostate gland. Therefore, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor molecules like Ibrutinib (Ibr) loaded with nanomaterials like Multi walled Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which has good physico-chemical properties may be a best regimen to treat PCa. In this strategy, the chemically modified MWCNTs which have excellent ‘Biosensing’ properties therefore makes easy for detecting PCa without fluorescent agent and thus targets particular site of PCa. In the present study, Ibr/MWCNTs conjugated with T30 oligonucleotide may target and inhibit PSMA thereby reduce the over-expression in PCa. Hence, the proposed formulation design can extensively reduce the dosage regimen without any toxic effect. Additionally, the present hypothesis also revealed the binding mode of Ibr in catalytic pocket of PSMA by in silico method. Therefore, we presume that if this hypothesis proves correct, it becomes an additional novel tool and one of the conceivable therapeutic options in treating PCa.
... The increasing trends in thyroid cancer in the Golestan province were more considerable when compared to the results of previous reports from this region. 6,20 Previous reports from Iran also suggested similar increasing trends in Iran. 21 A previous study in Italy showed that the thyroid cancer trend has been increasing over the years, and they concluded that according to the world thyroid cancer statistics, this trend seems to be global and not related to a specific region. ...
Background:
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer. We aimed to determine the incidence rates of thyroid cancer across a 10-year period (2004-2013) in Golestan, Iran.
Methods:
We obtained the thyroid cancer data from Golestan Population-Based Cancer Registry (GPCR). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated and reported per 100000 person-years. The Joinpoint software was used to assess time trends, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
Results:
Of 326 registered patients, 83 (25.5%) were men and 243 (74.5%) were women. The mean age was 51.3 and 42.6 years for males and females, respectively. Overall, the ASR of thyroid cancer was 2.2 per 100000 person-year (AAPC = 2.76; 95% CI: -3.68 to 9.64). The test of co-incidence showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of thyroid cancer between men (1.3) and women (3.2) (P < 0.001). According to our results, the ASR of thyroid cancer in western parts of Golestan is higher, including Gorgan and Aliabad cities.
Conclusion:
Increasing trends in incidence rates of thyroid cancer were found in the Golestan province during the study period, especially in women. We found significantly higher rates of thyroid cancer in women. Geographical diversities were seen in incidence rates of thyroid cancer in the Golestan province. Our results may be helpful for designing further researches to investigate the epidemiological aspects of thyroid cancer in the Golestan province.
... Estimates range from 0.05 to 2 per 100,000 individuals. 1 They lead to the deaths of more than 2000 people annually in the United States and appear to be increasing in incidence. 2 Current tumor classification is primarily based on tumor morphology and is often performed in conjunction with supportive ancillary studies, such as immunohistochemistry. ...
Salivary gland cancer is a heterogenous group of tumors that presents challenges with both diagnosis and therapy. Recent advances in the classification of salivary gland cancers have led to distinct histologic and genomic criteria that successfully differentiate between cancers with similar clinical behavior and appearance. Genomic abnormalities have led to the emergence of targeted therapies being used in their therapy with drastic improvements in outcomes as well as reductions in treatment-related toxicity. Dramatic results seen with molecular targets, such as HER2, TRK, and others, indicate that this approach has the potential to yield even better treatments for the future.
... 4 The incidence of malignant lymphoma has a marked geographic variations, much higher in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe and lower throughout Asia and Africa except at endemic areas of Burkitt lymphoma (BL). 4,5,6 The variation suggests the influence of ethnicity, environmental influence, higher socio -economic status including dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, increased life span and exposure to carcinogens. 7 The incidence is strongly dependant on the infectious aetiology, for example Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic leads to increased Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in The United States. ...
This work represents a clinical-population study of the state of oncological care in Russia, focused on malignant skin neoplasms (C44). The study analyzes data on the prevalence of this disease, the quality of case accounting, age characteristics, and the localization and histological structure of tumors. The aim of this research is to continue the investigation into the patterns of prevalence of skin neoplasms (C44), assess the quality of primary accounting, and evaluate the impact of the coronavirus infection epidemic on analytical indicators of prevalence and patient survival. The conducted study confirmed the trend of increasing morbidity and decreasing mortality from skin neoplasms (C44) among the population of Russia and the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation. A clear positive dynamics in the quality of accounting is observed. Special attention is given to the specifics of morbidity changes in neoplasms (C44) considering each age group of the population of Russia. At the population level, the age-specific mortality of patients is presented for each year of observation, analyzed in the context of five-year cohort groups. For the first time, a trend has been identified showing an increase in annual mortality from skin neoplasms (C44) after the sixth year of observation following the treatment of patients.
One of the major causes of death in the globe is cancer. According to estimates, the number of people affected by cancer worldwide will continue to rise, reaching 21.4 million new cases and 13.2 million deaths by 2030.This study was carried out in the Sudanese state of East Darfur and it is a retrospective in nature. Clinical and Public Health Laboratory provided results, were collected, gathered then analyzed. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 was used evaluate demographic data and tumor cases. show that 87.3% of patients who were affected by were females, while only 12.7% of patients were males show that 15.87% of patients whom affected were 33 years old, followed by 9.52% their age were 34 and 45 years old endometritis accounted for (19.05%) of the abnormalities that affected the patients, followed by ovaries (14.29%), endometrial polyps (12.70%), Breast masses (7.94%), chronic endometritis, prostatic hyperplasia The data on the present status of the most common benign and malignant tumors in Sudan and the neighboring areas is scarce. There is a complex interaction between the impact of infectious agents, genetics and environmental risk factors on the risk of development of most of these tumors.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a rare blood disorder marked by excessive immature lymphocyte proliferation in the bone marrow, primarily affects children but poses a more challenging prognosis in adults due to late detection. Pathologists employ bone marrow morphology and immunophenotyping to establish cell lineage based on antigens to diagnose acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These manual approaches are time-consuming and need specialized expertise. It is critical for the decision support system to train an accurate classification model to discriminate between mature and immature white blood cells along with the stratification of its phases which is a crucial component in diagnostic accuracy. Another major challenge in ALL classification arises from the morphological resemblance between leukemic B-lymphoblast cells and normal B-lymphoid progenitors. To improve the detection of leukemia, this work integrates an ensemble model of Vision transformer with attention-based pre-trained architectures that use high-resolution blood smear images, to accelerate the prompt detection of this insidious illness and its stages. The ensemble model, which combines ViT with attention-based CNNs, uses dual feature extraction methods from cell images to improve classification results. Our suggested model demonstrates promising performance with an accuracy of 99.96% on a test dataset with 1600 images. The suggested model provides a promising methodology that could be extremely useful in medical settings, allowing for the accurate classification and diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Evaluation of the low dose effect on population health is still a relevant issue. It requires further studies to improve our understanding of these effects. To solve this problem, it is important to conduct studies of the late effects of radiation exposure with direct risk estimation in the population that combines all strata of the society: people of different sex, age, initial health status, social and economic status. Moreover, this population should be sizeable and has been followed up for a long-term period. This manuscript is the first to present the findings of the analysis of the incidence risk of cancer of all the digestive organs, excluding intestines, and stomach cancer taken separately in members of the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort depending on the dose accumulated in the stomach over the period from 1956 through 2018. This cohort is comprised of individuals exposed in the Southern Urals in two radiation accidents (on the Techa River and in the East-Urals Radioactive Trace) over the period from 01.01.1950 through 31.12.1960. The cohort also includes those who were born during this period; they could have additional in utero exposure or have exposed parents. The population was affected by long-term combined exposure (external and internal) at the low-to-medium soft tissue dose range (up to 1.1 Gy). The size of the incidence cohort was 47,282 people. Over the follow-up period 01.01.1956-31.12.2018, the number of person-years made up 1 292 930; mean dose to the stomach was 47 mGy, maximum – 1,132 mGy. Excess relative risk of the cancer incidence of the digestive organs was assessed using the Poisson regression analysis. Calculations were performed using the EPICURE Statistical software package. Excess relative risk for stomach cancer with a 2-year minimal, was 0.98/Gy (р=0.026), for all cancers of the digestive organs, excluding intestines, – 0.58/Gy, р=0.06. There was no significant modification of the effect by non-radiation factors. These values of excess relative risk do not disagree with the results of similar studies in the Japanese cohort of the atomic bomb survivors who were compatible in terms of age but had acute exposure at higher doses. No significant dose dependence of the cancer incidence of the oral cavity, esophagus, liver, or pancreas was detected at this stage.
Limited data are reported on the association between low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score, a comprehensive measure of dietary pattern according to sources of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated this score with HCC risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,275 middle-aged and elderly Chinese living in Singapore and recruited during 1993–1998 period. LCD scores were derived from the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. A nested case–control study involved 197 HCC cases and 465 controls was also constructed among 28,346 participants who provided blood samples. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to calculate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for HCC with different levels of LCD scores. Conditional logistic regression was performed for the case–control study analysis. After 17.6 years of follow-up with 819,573 person-years, 561 participants developed primary HCC. Although there was a null association between total LCD score and HCC risk (HRper-SD increment = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.98–1.16; Ptrend = 0.06), there was a positive association between animal-based LCD and the risk of HCC (HRper-SD increment = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02–1.21; Ptrend = 0.01). Furthermore, this association was present in both HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive individuals in the case–control study. In stratified analysis for the entire cohort, this positive association was only present in those who consumed alcoholic beverages monthly or less frequent but not in weekly or daily drinker (Pinteraction = 0.79). In summary, a diet with lower carbohydrate, higher animal fat and protein was significantly associated with higher risk of HCC among Chinese Singaporeans.
Prevention Relevance
In a large cohort study of more than 63,000 Chinese Singaporeans, we found that a diet with lower carbohydrate and higher animal fat and protein was associated with increased risk of HCC, suggesting that dietary modification could be an effective strategy in primary prevention to reduce the HCC burden.
Эпидемиологические исследования динамики заболеваемости и смертности населения от ЗНО в нашей стране и в мире активно проводятся с 60-х годов XX столетия, параллельно шло формирование методологии учета, накопления и анализа данных, создание комплекса классификаторов. Построение динамических рядов распространенности ЗНО в России и за рубежом возможно только с 70-х годов XX века, до этого шла отработка методологии. На оценку риска возникновения ЗНО оказывают огромное влияние различие возрастного состава сравниваемых групп населения, неблагоприятные условия окружающей, производственной и экологической среды и другие факторы. Созданный в феврале 2019 года ПРР СЗФО РФ объемом более 1,5 млн. наблюдений, охвативший 13,9 млн. населения (больше чем население Белоруссии, Латвии и Эстонии вместе взятых), позволил нам изучить распространенность ЗНО и эффективность лечения больных не только по основным, но и по редким локализациям ЗНО (таким как сердце, вилочковая железа, глаз, молочная железа у мужчин, рак тонкой кишки и др.). Вспышка пандемии в декабре 2019 года, вызванная седьмым, вновь обнаруженным вирусом SARS-CoV-2-бетакоронавирус, очень быстро охватила все континенты. На первом этапе пандемии наблюдалась паника, закрывались амбулаторно-поликлинические учреждения и даже специализированные стационары. Особое внимание нами обращено на изучение закономерностей локализационной структуры заболеваемости ЗНО мужского и женского населения России, включая расчеты повозрастных показателей наблюдаемой и относительной однолетней и пятилетней выживаемости больных ЗНО на основе созданной базы данных популяционного ракового регистра на уровне федерального округа.
Background:
The objective of this research is to consider the incidence of brain cancers in Iran during the years 2004-2008 to improve reporting, distribution of the disease.
Methods:
In this cross-section study, the study population was all brain cancer cases diagnosed in Iran between 2004 and 2008. Age-standardized rate (ASR) per 100,000 persons and crude rate were calculated using direct standardization. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 16) and Microsoft Office Excel 2010.
Results:
During the period 2004-2008, the ASR and crude rate of brain cancers among males were 2.37, 2.46, 2.77, 2.84, 4.16 and 2.13, 2.11, 2.40, 2.49, 3.61, respectively, and among females the ASR and crude rates were (1.64, 1.67, 2.04, 2.17, 3.09) and (1.45, 1.45, 1.76, 1.84, 2.62), respectively.
Conclusions:
According to the study results, a significant increase in the incidence of brain cancer was observed over a 4-year period in Iran. Hence, screening and early detection programs for this type of cancer are highly recommended.
Purpose:
The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and anomalies in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy or those who have completed chemotherapy.
Methods:
A total of 250 pediatric patients within the age group of 6 months to 17 years, either admitted to hospitals for chemotherapy or on follow-up, were included as a part of the study. Complete oral examination inclusive of the diet history, oral hygiene methods, past dental history, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), def score, and any dental anomaly was diagnosed clinically and radiographically using an orthopantomogram. The samples were further categorized under type of malignancies and duration of chemotherapeutic drug usage groups (from 6 months to 10 years and more than 10 years) to establish a correlation of these variables with the prevalence of dental caries and dental anomalies.
Results:
Among all patients, 108 (43.2%) had completed the treatment (chemotherapy), while 142 (56.8%) were undergoing the treatment. Forty-three (17.2%) patients showed positive findings for dental anomalies.
Conclusion:
The present study confirms the strong positive correlation between long-term exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and the prevalence of dental anomalies and dental caries in children.
How to cite this article:
Talekar AL, Musale PK, Kothare SS. Dental Caries and Dental Anomalies in Children Undergoing Chemotherapy for Malignant Diseases. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):428-432.
Cervical cancer affects many women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases diagnosed and approximately 300,000 deaths each year. Resveratrol is a natural substance of the class of phytoalexins with a basic structure of stilbenes and has recently drawn scientific attention due to its anticancer properties. The purpose of this review is to examine the effectiveness of resveratrol against cervical cancer. All available in vitro and in vivo studies on cervical cancer were critically reviewed. Many studies utilizing cervical cancer cells in culture reported a reduction in proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis. Apart from apoptosis, induction of autophagy was seen in some studies. Importantly, many studies have shown a reduction in the HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and increased levels of the tumor suppressor p53 with resveratrol treatment. A few studies examined the effects of resveratrol administration in mice ectopic-xenografted with cervical cancer cells showing reduced tumor volume and weight. Overall, the scientific data show that resveratrol has the ability to target/inhibit certain signaling molecules (EGFR, VEGFR, PKC, JNK, ERK, NF-kB, and STAT3) involved in cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Further in vivo experiments and clinical studies are required to better understand the potential of resveratrol against cervical cancer.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) incidence is rising worldwide, especially in France. The evolution of known risk factors such as tobacco smoking, obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, or constitutional mutations is not sufficient to explain this trend. Pesticides are known risk factors in other malignancies. Previous studies have outlined pesticides' influence in PA, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane as plausible risk factors. The general population is directly or indirectly exposed to pesticides through air, food or water. Some of these chemicals may accumulate in the body all along lifetime and may harm carriers. The toxic mixing effects of these chemicals are not well documented. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain how pesticides can induce indirect (fatty pancreas, induced diabetes) or direct (oxidative stress, cell damage) carcinogenesis in pancreatic cells through inflammation. A strong corpus exists acknowledging pesticides as a PA risk factor. However, published studies do not provide a sufficient level of evidence to prove causality and current prospective case-control studies are still ongoing.
Objective
The association between a lower incidence of breast cancer within the Asian population and the consumption of a diet high in soy has recently been the subject of much attention. To examine whether soy foods really have protective effects against breast cancer and how their influence on breast cancer is modified according to menopausal status, we conducted a population-based, prospective cohort study in Japan.Methods
We analyzed the data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. From 1988 to 1990, 30,454 women aged 40–79 years, completed a questionnaire on diet and other lifestyle features. Hazard ratios (HRs) were computed to examine the association between soy intake and the risk of breast cancer.ResultsDuring the mean follow-up of 7.6 years, 145 cases of breast cancer were documented. We found no significant association between the risk of breast cancer and consumption of tofu, boiled beans, and miso soup; the multivariate HRs (95% CI) in the highest category of consumption were 1.14 (0.74–1.77), 0.77 (0.47–1.27) and 1.01 (0.65–1.56), respectively. Only among postmenopausal women, we found no significant associations between soy foods and the risk of breast cancer.Conclusions
This prospective study suggests that consumption of soy food has no protective effects against breast cancer. Further large-scale investigations eliciting genetic factors may clarify different roles of various soybean-ingredient foods on the risk of breast cancer.
Background
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer, has a high incidence in Western Siberia, Russian Federation. In addition, Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus), a bile duct dwelling trematode liver fluke is highly endemic. Closely related species have been shown cancerogenic agents in Asia. We therefore examined the association between O. felineus infection and CCA in Western Siberia.
Methods
We conducted a hospital-based, individually matched case-control study between January 2017 and August 2020 in Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Yugra, Russian Federation. Histologically confirmed CCA patients (cases) were compared to age, sex and place of residence matched hospital controls. The examination of study participants included the diagnosis of current and past O. felineus infection, abdominal ultrasonographical assessment, physical examination, and interview on exposures to potential risk factors.
Results
We identified 40 patients with CCA and 160 controls. Exposures to O. felineus infection was strongly associated with CCA (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4-10.8, p = 0.008). Also, cases reported more often that they were currently or in the past infected by O. felineus compared to controls (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.7 - 9.5, p = 0.001). Furthermore, cases reported river fish consumption and fishing habits significantly more often than controls (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.5 - 19.8, p = 0.009; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4 - 7.7, p = 0.005).
Conclusions
The study results revealed a strong significantly increased risk for CCA development in O. felineus-infected individuals. Elaboration of the guidelines on screening programs for early CCA diagnosis, prevention and treatment is socially important in endemic regions.
Egypt is a young nation with a growing oncology health sector. It is faced with many challenges, such as the endemicity of HCV and schistosomiasis causing the high prevalence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer respectively. In recognition of their tremendous health and economic burden, the Egyptian government established the “100 Million Healthy Lives” campaign in September 2018 for the screening of HBV, HCV, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus patients. MoH also founded the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis to implement an integrated national strategy to contain the situation. More oncology-specialized hospitals and units are built every year to cope with the increased demand, such as the New National Cancer Institute, Shefaa El-Orman hospital, and Baheya hospital. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), especially neoplasms, are the twenty-first century’s biggest challenge after significant control of communicable ones with the advancement of antimicrobial and progression of community health and epidemiology knowledge. Hence, we believe more light should be shed on their burden in society to increase public awareness and encourage investment in the health care sector.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major contributor to cancer death globally. Several studies showed some protections by certain individual dietary antioxidants against CRC development. Epidemiologic data on the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) in relation to CRC risk are sparse. Using the Singapore Chinese Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort consisting of 61 321 cancer‐free participants aged 45 to 74 years at baseline, a food‐based CDAI was calculated according to a previously established and validated method that included six food‐sourced antioxidants including vitamins A, C and E, manganese, selenium and zinc. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC associated with various levels of CDAI with adjustment for multiple potential confounders. After an average of 17.5 years of follow‐up, 2140 participants developed CRC. HRs (95% CIs) of CRC for quartiles 2, 3 and 4 of CDAI were 0.94 (0.83‐1.07), 0.86 (0.75‐1.00) and 0.80 (0.66‐0.98), respectively, compared to the lowest quartile (Ptrend = .02). This inverse association between CDAI and CRC risk was more apparent in women or those without a history of diabetes, without family history of CRC, never smokers or overweight/obese individuals. However, none of the heterogeneity tests for the CDAI‐CRC risk association reached statistical significance. Our findings suggest that food‐based antioxidants may be beneficial for reducing the risk of CRC in the general population.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common hematological malignancy in adults. In the last decade, internationally approved AML treatment guidelines, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are widely used in Kazakhstan. The categorization of acute myeloid leukemia was done according to the French-American British classification. The prognosis of patients at the time of diagnosis was determined by cytogenetic tests following the guidelines of the European LeukemiaNet. The overall survival and event-free survival were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratios were defined with Cox regression. In total, 398 patients with AML were treated in the National Research Oncology Center between 2010 and 2020. The mean age was 38.3 years. We found a correlation between ethnicity, cytogenetic group, white blood cell count, and treatment approaches with overall and event-free survival. There was a significantly longer OS in a cytogenetic group with a good prognosis compared with intermediate and poor prognosis. The median survival time in the group with a good prognosis was 43 months, 23 months in the intermediate group (p = 0.7), and 12 months in the poor prognosis group (p = 0.016). There was a significantly longer OS for the group of patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 52 months versus 10 months in the group who received chemotherapy only, p-value < 0.0001. Prognostic factors, such as cytogenetic group, initial WBC count, and treatment approaches are significantly associated with patient survival. Our study data were consistent with the most recent studies, available in the literature adjusted for the population in question.
Background:
Leukemia is a major concern for children worldwide. Around 30% of malignancies in children (ages 0-14) are caused by leukemia.
Objective:
This study aims to explore the time trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia (aged 0-14 years) in Iraq between 2000 and 2019.
Methods:
Poisson regression with a log link function was used to analyze the long-term trends of incidence related to childhood leukemia cancer based on published data from the Iraqi cancer registry between 2000 and 2019. Annual estimates of the population, by 5-year age groups and by gender obtained from the United Nations, population Division.
Results:
A total of 8,570 cases of leukemia children in Iraq between 2000 and 2019 were recorded, the boys to girl ratio were 1.32 to 1. The most diagnosed type of leukemia was Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, accounting for about 33.56%, followed by Leukemia Not specify (NOS) (17.3%) with a relatively equal proportion of stated instances between boys and girls in these subsets. The age-standardized incidence rates, aged 0-14 years, from 2000-2019 were 3.45/100,000 for both genders. The Joinpoint regression ASRs analysis of childhood leukemia from 2000-2019 among 0 -14 age group for both genders indicate that there was an overall significant increasing trend at 1.23% per year, while no one joinpoint was identified during the entire study period. Among boys, there was an overall insignificant increasing trend at 0.77% per year. Among girls, there was an overall significant increasing trend at 1.93% per year, while one joinpoint was identified during the entire study period. Conclusions: The overall (both genders) incidence rate of childhood leukemia has been increasing significantly in Iraq. The test for trends was insignificant among boys, while it was significant among girls. The increasing trend of leukemia requires further epidemiological studies to describe incidence by geography in Iraq.
The majority of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors (GCTs) which, although rare, frequently present in young adults. In exceptional circumstances, spontaneous regression of the primary tumor occurs. The appellation 'burned-out' is applied to situations in which a metastatic GCT is found to be present, accompanied by histological regression of the primary testicular lesion. It is of crucial importance that a clinical examination of the testis is performed, and scrotal sonography is essential in the preliminary diagnosis of such neoplasms. In the present case report, a burned-out, non-seminomatous testicular GCT case is described. A CT scan revealed that a 29-year-old male patient who was experiencing loss of weight and appetite had retroperitoneal and mediastinal masses. A testicular examination did not reveal the presence of any palpable lesion, and an ultrasound examination of the scrotum disclosed a normal left testis and an atrophic right testicle with heterogeneous architecture, but with no evidence of a tumor. Chemotherapy was administered to the patient following surgical intervention into the retroperitoneal and mediastinal mass. It is evident that it remains problematic to accurately differentiate between a primary retroperitoneal tumor and a metastatic testicular tumor with an occult testicular primary or a 'burned-out' testicular cancer. The burned-out phenomenon is a rare occurrence, and further research into its pathogenesis is required. Both the rarity of this phenomenon and the difficulties encountered in diagnosis prompted the writing of the present case report, especially considering that teratomas are categorized as belonging to the histology group that shows the least likelihood of regressing.
Aims
We describe the absolute and per capita numbers of megavoltage radiotherapy machines (MVMs) in Western Africa from 1969 to 2019.
Materials and methods
Western Africa was defined in accordance with the United Nations' delineation and inclusive of 16 countries. A literature search for publications detailing the number of cobalt-60 machines (COs) and linear accelerators (LINACs) in radiotherapy centres was carried out. Population data from the World Bank Group and crude cancer rates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer were used to calculate ratios of million persons per MVM and MVMs per 1000 cancer cases.
Results
The numbers of MVMs in Western Africa in 1969, 1979, 1989, 1999 and 2009 were zero, two, three, six and nine, respectively. In 2019 there were 22 MVMs distributed across Ghana (five), Côte d’Ivoire (two), Mali (one), Mauritania (two), Nigeria (nine) and Senegal (three). Nine countries (56.3%) had no history of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The largest increase in absolute EBRT capacity occurred from 2017 to 2019, during which 13 MVMs were commissioned. The largest decrease in EBRT capacity occurred from 2015 to 2017, during which four LINACs and three COs were rendered non-operational. The ratio of million persons per MVM improved from 67.0 in 1979 to 17.8 in 2019. As of 2019, there was 0.09 MVM per 1000 cancer cases.
Conclusions
Western African nations have experienced an increase in the absolute number of MVMs and per capita radiotherapy capacity during the last 50 years, especially in the last decade. As non-functional LINACs contributed to a temporary decline in the EBRT infrastructure, dual use of CO/LINAC technologies may act to promote the availability of EBRT treatment in centres with capacity for multiple MVMs.
Background
Ultrasound is the main requested technique for the assessment of traumatic, vascular, neoplastic, and inflammatory testicular pathology. Moreover, the role of ultrasound has broadened over the years along with the introduction of new techniques, such as contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and US-elastography.
Objective
An updated representation of the pre-existing Literature evidence for multiparametric ultrasound imaging with particular regard to elastography, in the evaluation of focal and diffuse testicular pathologies, has been presented.
Methods
The search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases from the earliest available article (1977) until January 2021. Based on the evidence of the Literature, the current role of US imaging for focal and diffuse testicular pathologies has been reported and illustrated, with emphasis on examination technique, classification, and pitfalls. Results: Multiparametric Ultrasound has a recognized role for testicle focal and diffuse disease. Elastography is nowadays recognized as an essential part of the multiparametric ultrasound examination. However, in the setting of testicular pathology this method showed some promising results in the setting of varicocele and for focal lesions characterization. In the remaining field its role is still under debate.
Discussion
B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) have been for a long time the diagnostic gold standard for testicular pathologies. The introduction of both CEUS and elastography in the last two decades has brought to the emergence of the Multiparametric Ultrasound concept. These methods are currently able to increase diagnostic confidence especially for testicular lesions characterization, with different relevance depending on the pathology under consideration.
Conclusion
Multiparametric ultrasound testis assessment, with specific regard to elastography is nowadays recommended for focal and diffuse disease evaluation. Further and larger studies are however needed to validate these results and to understand if the role of elastography in testicular pathology may be broaden.
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Background:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the toxicity and outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated using 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique.
Materials and methods:
68 patients treated between 2006 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed. Since 2009 patients received 3DCRT with 50/70 Gy to the elective/boost volumes in 35 fractions; from then, VMAT with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) with 54.45/69.96 Gy in 33, or 54/66 Gy in 30 fractions. Induction chemotherapy was administered in 74% of the patients, concomitant cisplatinum in 87%. Acute and late toxicity data, progression-free survival PSF and overall survival OS, and toxicity correlations with dose metrics were reported.
Results:
With a median follow-up of 64 months, complete remission at the last evaluation was in 68% of the patients, while 28% and 9% had locoregional relapse and distant disease, respectively. The 5- and 10-year progression free survival (PFS) rates were 62.7 ± 6.5% and 53.2 ± 8.7%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 78.9 ± 5.5% and 61.4 ± 9.2%, respectively. At the multivariate Cox analysis TNM stage (p = 0.02) and concomitant chemotherapy (p = 0.01) resulted significant for PFS, concomitant chemotherapy (p = 0.04) for OS.Improvements in acute toxicity were presented for VMAT patients due to its ability to spare OARs. Odds ratio (OR) for acute salivary toxicity, between VMAT and 3DCRT, was 4.67 (p = 0.02). Dosimetrically, salivary toxicity correlated with mean parotid dose (p = 0.05), dysphagia with laryngeal (p = 0.04) and mean oral cavity (p = 0.06) doses, when dose-volume histograms (DVHs) are corrected for fractionation.
Conclusion:
This study is a proof of a significant benefit of the VMAT technique compared with 3DCRT in terms of side effects in nasopharynx patients, and adds dosimetric correlations.
Background
Factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of cervical cancer include poor attitude to screening and health intervention, late presentation, among others. Mutations in p53 gene have been attributed to several cancer cases. The present study was designed to find relationships between the mutation patterns in p53 gene and cervical carcinoma staging. Such knowledge could contribute to early diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Results
From the sequence analysis of p53 gene fragment isolated by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), nineteen (19) polymorphic variants were identified. Missense mutations occurred in 47% of the samples, 32% were silent mutations, 16% were frameshift mutations and 5% nonsense mutations. Socio-biological characteristics of the study participants revealed that 60% have husbands with multiple sexual partners and that only 23.3% of the participants have ever had the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test prior to diagnosis, whilst 20% were unaware of the screening test.
Conclusions
Increased severity of cervical carcinoma staging as revealed from the histopathological analysis was found to be associated with accumulation of higher levels of mutations in the p53 gene. Molecular analysis of p53 gene mutations may prove useful as a screening biomarker for cervical cancer.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy afflicting modern Australian society. The most influential response to rising BCC incidence rates has been through public health primary prevention campaigns (PPC) which have persevered since the 1980s. These campaigns are widely heralded a success but clinical data quantifying these benefits are limited due to an absence of legislation around BCC reporting. A non‐systematic search of the literature was conducted identifying articles investigating the incidence and clinical characteristics of BCC over the past 40 years, as well as the economic viability of the PPC. There is robust evidence supporting stabilizing rates of BCC incidence in Australia. Similarly, multiple studies have shown the economic benefits of PPC through cost analysis. Anatomical and histological data are reported inconsistently, consequently limiting analysis of changes in BCC clinical characteristics. The consensus throughout the literature is that BCC is a significant public health issue that requires legislative reform. This narrative literature review serves to highlight the need for statutory changes around non‐melanocytic skin cancer data collection to enable appropriate analysis and evaluation of current management strategies.
Cancer is a disorder wherein normal cells get transformed and lose control over cell division potential leading to tumor formation. Various factors are responsible for causing cancer. Out of all known cancers, almost 12% of them caused because of viruses. Seven viruses, namely Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) are associated with various types of cancers. This chapter provides an overview of types of cancer vaccines along with brief history, cancer causing viruses, and gives an idea regarding current research approaches towards oncoviral vaccine development. Currently, highly focused immunotherapeutic approaches against various cancers are monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, cytokine therapy, and vaccines. Other therapeutic approaches like engineered T-cells, adoptive cell therapy are at the initial stage. As of now, the FDA has approved vaccines against HBV and HPV which causes hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical carcinoma, respectively. Extensive research is in the process of developing innovative vaccine strategies for cancer caused by EBV, KSHV, and MCV.
Even 30 years after the accident, an association between breast cancer incidence and ionizing radiation exposure from Chernobyl fallout remains uncertain. We studied breast cancer incidence in the most contaminated regions of Belarus (Gomel and Mogilev) and Ukraine (Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv) before (1978‐1986) and after (1987‐2016) the accident. Breast cancer cases and female population size data were received from the national cancer registries and the state departments of statistics. The study included 85 132 breast cancers with 150 million person‐years at risk. We estimated annual rayon (district)‐average absorbed doses to the breast from external and internal irradiation of the adult female population over the period of 1986‐2016. We studied an association between rayon‐average cumulative absorbed breast dose with 5‐year lag, that is, excluding the exposure in 5 years prior to breast cancer diagnosis, and breast cancer incidence using negative binomial regression models. Mean (median) cumulative breast dose in 2016 was 12.3 (5.0) milligray (mGy) in Belarus and 5.7 (2.3) mGy in Ukraine, with the maximum dose of 55 mGy and 54 mGy, respectively. Breast cancer incidence rates statistically significantly increased with calendar year and attained age, and were higher in urban than in rural residents. Adjusting for time, age and urbanicity effects, we found no evidence of increasing incidence with rayon‐average 5‐year lagged cumulative breast dose. Owing to ecological study design limitations, a case‐control study covering this area with individually reconstructed absorbed breast doses is needed testing for association between low‐dose protracted radiation exposure and breast cancer risk after Chernobyl.
We examined the risk of subsequent neoplasms (SNs) and late mortality in children and adolescents undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for nonmalignant diseases (NMDs). We included 6028 patients (median age, 6 years; interquartile range, 1-11; range, <1 to 20) from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (1995-2012) registry. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in 2-year survivors and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare mortality and SN rates with expected rates in the general population. Median follow-up of survivors was 7.8 years. Diagnoses included severe aplastic anemia (SAA; 24%), Fanconi anemia (FA; 10%), other marrow failure (6%), hemoglobinopathy (15%), immunodeficiency (23%), and metabolic/leukodystrophy syndrome (22%). Ten-year survival was 93% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 92% to 94%; SMR, 4.2; 95% CI, 3.7-4.8). Seventy-one patients developed SNs (1.2%). Incidence was highest in FA (5.5%), SAA (1.1%), and other marrow failure syndromes (1.7%); for other NMDs, incidence was <1%. Hematologic (27%), oropharyngeal (25%), and skin cancers (13%) were most common. Leukemia risk was highest in the first 5 years posttransplantation; oropharyngeal, skin, liver, and thyroid tumors primarily occurred after 5 years. Despite a low number of SNs, patients had an 11-fold increased SN risk (SIR, 11; 95% CI, 8.9-13.9) compared with the general population. We report excellent long-term survival and low SN incidence in an international cohort of children undergoing HCT for NMDs. The risk of SN development was highest in patients with FA and marrow failure syndromes, highlighting the need for long-term posttransplantation surveillance in this population.
Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. Combination treatment with specific agents has been widely used as a targeted therapy for cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of varying concentrations of perifosine and vitamin D on the human endometrial cancer cell line (HEC-1A). HEC-1A cells were exposed to perifosine (10 μM, 30 μM), vitamin D (50 nM, 200 nM) and combinations of both for 48 h and 72 h. Monitoring of cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner was performed with the xCELLigence RTCA DP system. The levels of BCL2, BAX and P53 mRNA expression were examined using RT-qPCR. Apoptosis was determined using Annexin V, which were followed by flow cytometry analysis. Ultra-structural morphology of cells was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for 72 h. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of the perifosine+vitamin D combination (30 μM + 200 nM at 48 h and 10 μM + 200 nM at 72 h) on HEC-1A cells were higher than in perifosine and vitamin D alone. It was observed that perifosine has increased the expression of BAX mRNA in HEC-1A cells in a dose-dependent manner. While perifosine+vitamin D combinations increased P53 mRNA expression in HEC-1A cells we did not find any significant change in BCL2, BAX mRNA expression levels. In TEM examinations of HEC-1A cells, perifosine appeared to lead autophagic cell death, whereas vitamin D caused paraptosis-like cell death and combination of perifosine+vitamin D caused apoptotic and non-apoptotic (paraptotic, autophagic and necrotic) cell death. Therefore, it is considered that the combination of both drugs in the treatment of endometrial cancer might be an alternative and effective treatment option through activating the apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms in cancer cells.
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