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International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
Available online at http:// www.ijappjournal.com
ISSN 2051-1914 ©2013 VictorQuest Publications
Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Folk Communities: An
approach to Vegetable Production in Flood Prone Areas
Muha. Abdullah-Al-Pavel1, Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan2, Syed Ajijur Rahman3, and Md.
Abdullah-Al-Mamun4*
1- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences,
Shahajalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh
2- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, D-5440, Bayreuth, Germany
3- Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Bolowsvej 17, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
4- Department of Folklore, Faculty of Social Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author: Md. Abdullah-Al-Mamun
Abstract
In Bangladesh, impacts on agriculture from extreme climate are increasingly vulnerable.
On the other hand, folk communities are intensely depending on agriculture for their
livelihoods. Climate change has already negatively affected the vegetable production by
annual recurrent flood in Bangladesh. This study is an assessment of the new vegetable
production system that could adopt in a changing climatic condition. With the popular
eight vegetable species, the field experiment consisted of four treatments which were
conducted in the bags. However, treatment (TD) which consisted of Coriander (Coriander
sativum), Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), Bitter melon (Momordica charantea), Tomato
(Lycopersicon esculeatum),Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) is more beneficial than our other
treatments. The average benefit ratio of this treatment is 9.75 followed by 6.52 (TA), 5.45
(TB) and 5.17 (TC). Moreover, the findings of this study might be helpful for the flood
affected folk communities produce vegetables for their own consumption and income.
Likewise, new experiments with altered technique and vegetable species are
recommended to conclusively develop climate change adaptation strategies for flood
prone areas.
Keywords: adaptation, climate change, cost benefit, farming system, and local people.
Introduction
Climate change is now a reality across the globe. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable to climate
change now a day. The impact of climate change on agriculture is alarming. In recent year's flooding has
compounded and lasted longer and submerged for far longer than the traditional (Ali, 1996; Chowdhury et
al., 1993; Haque, 1997; Dasgupta et al., 2010). Consequently, climate change can be minimized by the
national adaptation strategy.
Climate of Bangladesh is characterized by high temperature, heavy rainfall, often-excessive humidity
and marked seasonal variations (Rahman and Alam, 2003). Moreover, its climate is influenced by monsoon
and pre-monsoon and post-monsoon circulations. (Agrawala et al., 2003). In recent years, the country has
seen higher than normal temperatures, heavier monsoon rains and an increasing number of tropical
cyclones and storms.
The economy of Bangladesh is mostly based on agriculture, which is particularly vulnerable to
climate change impacts e.g. temperature, rainfall patterns, salinity, droughts, floods (Cline, 2007; Easterling
et al., 2007). For example inundation has a positive impact on production, prolonged floods have a
detrimental impact on yields (Rahman and Alam, 2003). Increase of temperature would have a severe
impact on food production as shortening of the winter season is resulting in a decline in yields (Rahman and
Alam, 2003; Easterling et al., 2007; Huq and Ayers, 2008).
Adaptation is adjusted in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected
climatic impacts and take advantage that their climatic environment provides (Burton, 1997; Burton, 1992;
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
746
IPCC, 2001). Advanced adaptation strategies may have the potential to cope adverse impacts, as well as to
create new opportunities posed by climate change. This study is an assessment of some vegetable
production in flood prone areas that local people could adopt in a changing climatic condition.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out in the nursery of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology,
Sylhet, Bangladesh. For this study, the potential vegetables i.e., Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor),
Tomato (Lycoperscion esculeatum), Bitter melon (Momordica charantea), Cowpea (Vigna sinensis),
Coriander (Coriander sativum), Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans),Indian spinach
(Basella alba) was selected through market surveys. Because, the selected vegetables are preferred by the
farmers and consumers as a low cost daily food items.
Considering adaptation strategies for the poor farmers, low cost materials i.e., synthetic bag, aquatic
weeds, cow dung as an organic compost manure, PVC (Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC) pipe
(3 inch), agriculture top soil, small pieces of bricks (about 20-40 mm is the size) ( Figure-2), bamboo were
used on which vegetables seedling can be grown. Most of these planting materials are domestically
available in the affected area. The experimental treatment is specially designed for flood lands that farmers
could adapt in climate change perspective.
Top soil from agricultural fields and cow dung with a ratio of 2:1 were used respectively in the potting
media in a bag which is 45x15 cm in size. Basically, soil and cow dung were collected 3-4 weeks before
filling the bag for reducing their moisture conditions. Soil and cow dung were also air-dried for a few days.
And then, agricultural top soil and cow dung were mixed to prepare potting media for bag treatment (Figure
1). After that, a PVC pipe placed in the middle within a bag, then mixed soil put around the PVC pipe
very carefully without falling the soil inside the PVC pipe until the bag completely filled up. Thereafter, pieces
of brick were placed inside the PVC pipe that extra water easily could drain from the soil through the bricks in
a heavy rainfall condition (Figure-2). After placing the soil and bricks the PVC pipe pulled up from the bag.
Moreover, six holes were created in three layers, with the outside of the bag.
A randomized complete block design with five replicates group was adopted for this study. Each
species were subjected to four different treatments (TA, TB, TC and TD) of field experiment. There were 20
synthetic bags involving four treatments and eight species combinations. Indian spinach, Kangkong, Chinese
amaranth, Coriander was cultured on the first layer of the bag for better yield production in a limited space.
Bitter melon, Tomato, Cowpea and Pumpkin were cultivated in second layers of two opposite directions
with different positions in different treatments of the bag. The experiment has the following treatments- TA:
Indian spinach + Bitter melon+ Tomato + Cowpea + Pumpkin +Bag; TB: Kangkong + Tomato + Cowpea+
Pumpkin + Bitter melon + Bag; TC: Chinese amaranath+ Cowpea + Pumpkin + Bitter melon + Tomato +Bag;
TD: Coriander + Pumpkin + Bitter melon + Tomato +Cowpea+ Bag.
Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is used for the economic viability of this developed farming technique. And the
benefit - cost ratio is calculated by total benefit divided total cost. In addition, Net benefit (NB) is calculated
by the total benefit (benefit) minus total cost (TC). Basically, each value represents the seasonal expenditure
and revenue except bag cost over a rotation length of 6 months. Unit price (/Kg) was collected through
market survey by random sampling over one week of each replicate treatment yield production variable.
Results and Discussion
Modification of adaptation strategy
Bag technique is developed in the folk communities in flood prone areas of Bangladesh. Different
type’s vegetables were cultivated in three layers in the holes of the bags at the same rotation period. Seeds
were sown within holes in three level layers of bags for cultivation of eight selected vegetable crops (Figure-
3, Figure-4, Figure-5). Furthermore, the bags could be fenced by the bamboo sticks to protect from domestic
cattle. In a dry condition, daily approximately 12-13 liter of irrigation water is required on the bag. Then very
little watering is required after one week of the seed sowing. And, every weeks weeding is required with the
pesticide application.
Harvesting of vegetable and crop rotation
One of the important features of bag treatment is that it shortens crop’s life cycle on average two to
three crop cycles are can be managed over one year as well as suitable for summer seasonal (Kharif) and
winter seasonal (Rabi) crops. Vegetables can be harvested one or two times per week during the high price
period that’s why, considering the high economic value. Generally Indian spinach, Kangkong, Chinese
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
747
amaranth, Coriander was collected after 15 days from the seed sowing as they have grown vigorously. And
within 15 days Kangkong rises approximately 12 inches, and Indian spinah 10 inch, and Coriander of 8
inches. Other vegetables i.e., Pumpkin, Tomato, Bitter melon and Cowpea are collected on normal cropping
duration. The bag treatment can be practiced for kharif (summer crops) and Rabi (winter crops). Vegetables
were harvested one or two times a week or when there is particularly high market demand (Figure-6). Two or
more rotations were considered in one session for some species like Coriander, Kangkong, Indian spinach.
Cost benefit analysis
Cost benefit analysis of the experiment was conducted and the net benefit was determined as 74.03
US$
1
(Figure-7). However, if the farmers do not destroy the synthetic bag until decompose and keep it for the
next year application, it would gain benefit initially of 73.06 US$
2
. Moreover, if the farmer contributes own
labor in this farming system, it would save 4.01$. Consequently, the net benefit will be 69.22 US$
3
. In
addition, TD (9.75) is more beneficial among the four treatments. Because of the average benefit cost ratio
of this treatment is 9.75 followed by TA(6.52), TB(5.45) and TC (5.17) (Figure-8). The lowest benefit cost ratio
was found in the treatment TC(5.17) (Table 1).
Discussions
Adaptation strategy would fit best for the folk communities in respect of developing climate change
adaptation strategy with financially suitable crops in the flood prone areas of Bangladesh. The most
important aspect of interim results is developing climate change adaptation strategy for production of
common vegetables in farming system as well as their financial suitability. In our study we found that
developed adaptation strategy and financial suitability of farming system to produce vegetables for their own
consumption and income might be helpful for the flood affected folk people. Similar finding is reported, where
developing an adaptation strategy involved rural community actions such as mini-nurseries which is highly
preferred, as the practice provided substantial income over the year (Baas and Ramasamy, 2008).
Moreover, Homestead gardening is helping farmers reduce their daily expenditures for vegetables and, at
the same time, earned a small amount of cash income. Also, it is observed that most of the work is done by
the women and children, except land preparation and marketing, which has created employment
opportunities for women as well as empowerment which give them a sense of financial satisfaction.
However, they were consuming fresh and nutritious vegetables on a daily basis (Haq et al., 2004).
Furthermore, our finding is strongly supported, where an alternative development approach
prioritized for the endogenous community development based on local concepts on resources, accepting
the exogenous development concept on solutions (Haq et al., 2002). In some cases, as a part of native
community based adaptation to climate change, a number of international NGOs are working with local
communities in some areas to develop ways that farmers can grow food on flooded land, using community
prioritized natural resource management options and technologies (Rahman, 2009). For example, the
innovative technology of floating gardens, which villagers have taken up in many other waterlogged and
flooded areas in the Gaibandha District of Bangladesh (Ahmad, 2010).
Also, this study to poverty alleviation, there are several agricultural, social , economic, ecological
and environmental benefit associated with baira (a flat form of floating garden from water hyacinth) practice
(BCAS, 2006). Some of these are listed as cultivation on Baira platforms facilities employments in the flood
prone areas in rainy season. Moreover, It increases quality food production, which positively influences
the health of the local communities. Furthermore, It provide additional cropping and seedling raising
areas in the flood prone areas especially during rainy season when the cultivation land is scarce. Prime
nutrient elements of plants, namely, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, are available in water
hyacinth (Aktar et al., 1997). When the water recedes from the beels, baira platforms are used as organic
fertilizer. Baira thus cuts down chemical fertilizer expenses considerably. Baira cultivation could help to
continue farming in unusually long post monsoon period. In this way baira enhances eco-friendly
agriculture practice in the following winter to cultivate winter crops.
1
01 US$ = 83.1910 BDT as of 28th April, 2012
2
Ibid
3
Ibid
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
748
Table 1: Cost Benefits Analysis of the bag experiment
Note: R= Replicate, la=Labour, C=Cowdung, P=Pesticide, T=Transports,* Indian spinach =P; Chinese amaranth =S; Cowpea =B;Tomato=T; Bitter melon =K;
Pumpkin =L; Coriander =D; Kangkong =G; An allowance for the unpaid labour of the experimental treatment estimated at the present wage rate (wage rate/ day;
male Tk.200) and every day one labour has prepared 10 bags. Source: Analysis of experimental data 2011.
Expenditure (Tk.)
Revenue (Tk.)
Treat.
R
La
Seed
Bag
C.
Pest.
T
Total
Cost
Production*(Kg)
*Unite Price/(Tk)
Benefit
**Net
Benefit
BCR***
TA1
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=2.0;K=1.0;T=1.5;B=1.0;L=4.5
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
320.52
268.32
6.14
TA2
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=2.5;K=1.0;T=1.5;B=1.0;L=4.0
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
321.70
269.5
6.16
TA3
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=2.0;K=1.0;T=1.0;B=1.5;L=5.0
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
318.13
265.93
6.09
TA4
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=2.5;K=1.0;T=1.5;B=1.5;L=5.5
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
379.20
327
7.26
TA
TA5
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=1.5;K=1.0;T=1.5;B=1.5;L=6.0
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
362.41
310.21
6.94
Ave.
20
14.70
4
10
0.50
3
52.20
P=2.5;K=1.0;T=1.5;B=1.3;L=5.0
P=31.22;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86
340.39
288.19
6.52
TB1
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =1.5;T=1.0;B=1.0;L=6.0;K=1.5
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
322.87
268.07
5.89
TB2
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =2.5;T=1.0;B=1.5;L=5.0;K=1.0
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
310.65
255.85
5.67
TB3
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =2.5;T=1.0;B=1.0;L=4.5;K=1.5
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
298.15
243.35
5.44
TB4
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =2.0;T=1.0;B=1.0;L=4.5;K=1.0
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
272.72
217.92
4.98
TB
TB5
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =2.0;T=1.0;B=1.0;L=4.5;K=1.5
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
288.87
234.07
5.27
Ave.
20
17.30
4
10
0.50
3
54.80
G =2.1;T=1.0;B=1.1;L=4.9;K=1.3
G=18.57;T=45;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29
298.65
243.85
5.45
TC1
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=2.0;B=1.0;L=3.5;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
258.72
208.02
5.10
TC2
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=1.5;B=1.0;L=4.0;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
260.15
209.45
5.13
TC3
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=1.5;B=1.5;L=4.5;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
274.36
223.66
5.41
TC4
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=2.0;B=1.0;L=3.0;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
287.58
236.88
5.67
TC
TC5
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=2.0;B=1.0;L=3.5;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
244.29
193.59
4.82
Ave.
20
13.20
4
10
0.50
3
50.70
S=1.8;B=1.1;L=3.7;K=1.0;T=1.0
S=26.00;B=28.42;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45
262.13
211.43
5.17
TD1
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=1.5;L=1.0;K=3.0;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
440.23
385.93
8.11
TD2
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=1.5;L=4.0;K=1.0;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
526.81
472.51
9.70
TD3
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=2.5;L=4.5;K=1.0;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
622.95
568.65
11.47
TD5
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=2.0;L=3.0;K=1.0;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
513.73
459.43
9.46
TD
TD5
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=2.5;L=3.0;K=1.0;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
594.09
539.79
10.94
Ave.
20
16.80
4
10
0.50
3
54.30
D=2.0;L=3.1;K=1.4;T=1.0;B=1.0
D=160.72;L=28.86;K=32.29;T=45;B=28.42
529.53
475.23
9.75
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
749
Figure-1: Air-dried of potting media
Figure-2: Water filter and support bag
Figure-3:Cultivation on the 1st layer
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
750
Figure-4: Cultivation in 1st and 2nd layer
Figure-5: Creeping vegetable and gather bag
Figure-6: Crop harvesting (Photo credit: Author).
Figure-7: Net benefit of the bag experimental project (US$).
Source: Analysis of experimental data 2011.
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (4), 745-752, 2013
751
Figure-8: Cost benefit ratio (BCR) of the bag experiment project.
Source: Analysis of experimental data 2011.
Besides, our research finding is considered by others researcher that adaptation methods are those
strategies that enable the folk community to cope with the impacts of the climate in the local areas (Nyong et
al., 2007; Ayers and Dodman, 2009). Because the poor are considered the most vulnerable to climate
change impacts, it is often believed that financial capital is the most important indicator of adaptive capacity.
Others research is even showing that community based adaptation takes the approach of adapting as
development (Paul and Routray, 2010; Kates, 2000). Responding to the concept that adaptation is local, it
addresses the locally and contextually specified nature of climate change vulnerability because it takes
place at local levels where people encounter impacts. Consequently, this study confirms the findings of
regarding agricultural cropping patterns and related strategies (Rasid and Mallik, 1995). Indeed, our study
area still prefer their developed climate change adaptation strategy for production of common vegetables in
farming system because it has been developed for their integrated folk community based system and in the
short term it gives relatively stable net cash flow each year.
Conclusion
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated and low lying countries in the world. The wetland
areas of Bangladesh will face more flooding, water logging for a longer duration. Since early signs of climate
change are already observed and may become more prominent over time, it is time to develop and
implement adaptation strategies for the local communities. Otherwise it may be too late to avoid disasters.
Based on our experiment, this paper discussed climate change adaptation strategy for vegetable
production in flood prone areas of Bangladesh while suggesting a new farming system which could provide
high agricultural yields thereby helps flood affected folk people. The cost-benefit analysis of the experiment
reveals that adoption is financially suitable.
Contribution by authors
‘MAAP’ and ‘MASAK’ have conducted experiments and collected data from past year's
applications with the conceptual development of ‘MAAM’. Following that, ‘MAAP’ prepared primary
manuscript and entered these into the computer, and captured photograph of experiments by the supervision
of ‘MASAK’. Subsequently, ‘SAR’ undertook preliminary analysis of the data and drafted sections 1 and 2 of
the article. In fine, ‘MAAM’ completed an analysis of the data, and produced a final draft article.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the Department of Forestry and Environment Science, Shahjalal
University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh who supported this research. Many thanks are also
extended to the farmers at the study site where field experiment was conducted.
Conflicts of interest
No conflicts of interest
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