International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment
... The scale was calibrated to zero reading before each weighing session by the researcher and assistants. A standard and known weight of 5kg was used to standardize the weighing scale 19,20,21,22 ii) Height measurement: Height was measured in meters (m). The respondents were required to stand barefooted with feet together and toes apart, as tall and straight as possible against the vertical rod with the head in Frankfort horizontal plane position. ...
... An improvised headpiece was lowered to rest firmly on the head, with sufficient pressure to compress the hair and the subject was instructed to take a deep breath. Readings were taken with the respondent looking ahead 19,20,22 . ...
... Using WHO BMI Classification given as: < 18.5 -Underweight; 18.5-24.9 -Healthy/normal weight; 25 -29.9 -Pre-obese (Overweight); 30 -34.9 -Obesity Class I; 35 -39.9 -Obesity Class II; > 40 -Obesity Class III 20,21,22,23 . ...
... Prior to carrying out the intervention, students' sex and age information were obtained from school reports. Additionally, the students' anthropometric measures were taken following the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (Stewart et al., 2011). Moreover, students' previous experience with activity wristbands and current use of them were collected. ...
... For the body height assessment, participants stood with their feet together with the heels, buttocks, and upper part of the back touching the stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Crymmych, Pembs, United Kingdom; accuracy = 0.1 cm), and with the head placed in the Frankfort plane. Two measurements of both body mass and height were performed and the average of each was calculated (Stewart et al., 2011). Then, the body mass index was calculated as body mass divided by body height squared (kg/m 2 ). ...
Objective
The main objective of the present study was to examine the effects of an intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and behavior modification strategies on high school studentsʼ perceptions of autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation toward Physical Education and physical activity, intention to be physically active, and habitual physical activity levels.Materials and methodsAn initial sample of 353 high school students (final sample = 175; 45.7% females; mean age = 13.3 ± 1.2 years) from two public high schools were cluster-randomly assigned into the intermittent (IG, n = 100) and control (CG, n = 75) groups. The IG performed an intermittent teaching unit twice a week for eight weeks. Specifically, the last 15 min of each lesson were used. As the main strategy to promote the practice of regular physical activity, students wore an activity wristband the whole day during the intervention period. Additionally, other behavior modification strategies were also applied (e.g., educational counseling, physical activity goals or reminders). Regarding the CG, during the intervention period (i.e,, the eight weeks that took place the intermittent teaching unit) they also performed two Physical Education sessions, but without using activity wristbands or other behavior modification strategies. Before and after the intervention, as well as at the end of the follow-up period (six weeks), students’ physical activity practice mediators and physical activity levels were measured by validated questionnaires.ResultsThe Multilevel Linear Model results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved cognitive and procedural autonomy support from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05). They also statistically significantly improved autonomy and relatedness basic psychological needs, and autonomous motivation toward physical activity scores from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved habitual physical activity scores from pre- to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05).Conclusion
The intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and other behavior modification strategies was effective for improving studentsʼ autonomy support and habitual physical activity levels, but not the rest of physical activity practice mediators.Clinical trial registrationhttps://register.clinicaltrials.gov/, ID: NCT05949463.
... Schoolchildren's body mass (kg) and height (cm) were first measured following the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (38). Schoolchildren's body mass and height were measured in shorts, T-shirts, and barefoot. ...
... For the body height assessment, schoolchildren stood with their feet together with the heels, buttocks and upper part of the back touching the stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Crymmych, Pembs, United Kingdom; accuracy = 0.1 cm), and with the head placed in the Frankfort plane. Each measurement was performed twice and the mean was recorded (38). Then, the body mass index was calculated as body mass divided by body height squared (kg/m 2 ). ...
Introduction
The use of activity wristbands to monitor and promote schoolchildren's physical activity (PA) is increasingly widespread. However, their validity has not been sufficiently studied, especially among primary schoolchildren. Consequently, the main purpose was to examine the validity of the daily steps and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) scores estimated by the activity wristbands Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, and the Xiaomi Mi Band 5 in primary schoolchildren under free-living conditions.
Materials and methods
An initial sample of 67 schoolchildren (final sample = 62; 50% females), aged 9–12 years old (mean = 10.4 ± 1.0 years), participated in the present study. Each participant wore three activity wristbands (Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, and Xiaomi Mi Band 5) on his/her non-dominant wrist and a research-grade accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) on his/her hip as the reference standard (number of steps and time in MVPA) during the waking time of one day.
Results
Results showed that the validity of the daily step scores estimated by the Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 and Xiaomi Mi Band 5 were good and acceptable (e.g., MAPE = 9.6/11.3%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.87/0.73), respectively, as well as correctly classified schoolchildren as meeting or not meeting the daily 10,000/12,000-step-based recommendations, obtaining excellent/good and good/acceptable results (e.g., Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 , k = 0.75/0.62; Xiaomi Mi Band 5, k = 0.73/0.53), respectively. However, the Fitbit Ace 2 did not show an acceptable validity (e.g., daily steps: MAPE = 21.1%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.00; step-based recommendations: k = 0.48/0.36). None of the three activity wristbands showed an adequate validity for estimating daily MVPA (e.g., MAPE = 36.6–90.3%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.00–0.41) and the validity for the MVPA-based recommendation tended to be considerably lower (e.g., k = −0.03–0.54).
Conclusions
The activity wristband Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 obtained the best validity for monitoring primary schoolchildren's daily steps, offering a feasible alternative to the research-grade accelerometers. Furthermore, this activity wristband could be used during PA promotion programs to provide accurate feedback to primary schoolchildren to ensure their accomplishment with the PA recommendations.
... Prior to the anthropometric survey, informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians and assent from the minors. Between 2013 and 2015, measurements of weight (W), height (H), waist circumference (WC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), tricipital (T), and subscapular (S) skinfolds were collected following the standards of the International Society for the advancement of Kinanthropometry [13]. Prior to the beginning of the measurements, the intra and interobserver error was calculated, resulting in an error of less than 5% [13]. ...
... Between 2013 and 2015, measurements of weight (W), height (H), waist circumference (WC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), tricipital (T), and subscapular (S) skinfolds were collected following the standards of the International Society for the advancement of Kinanthropometry [13]. Prior to the beginning of the measurements, the intra and interobserver error was calculated, resulting in an error of less than 5% [13]. ...
The growth and development of children are profoundly influenced by dietary habits, lifestyles, and environmental factors, which begin to shape early in ontogeny. In high-altitude populations, geographical stressors, such as permanent hypoxia, add further complexity and cannot be modified by human intervention. This study aimed to describe the nutritional status of preschoolers in a high-altitude area of northwestern Argentina. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in 59 children aged 4 and 5 years from the towns of El Peñón and Antofagasta de la Sierra (3320 masl), Antofagasta de la Sierra department, Catamarca, Argentina. Anthropometric measurements, including weight (W), height (H), waist circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, and tricipital (T) and subscapular (S) skinfolds. Various indices and indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), subscapular tricipital index (STI), and upper arm fat (UFA) and muscle area (UMA), were calculated. Additionally, the ratios of W/H, H/A (H for age), and BMI/A (BMI for age) were determined. Abdominal obesity was assessed using WHtR, and fat distribution was analyzed using STI. Protein and caloric reserves were estimated based on UMA and UFA, respectively. The study revealed a low prevalence of low weight (3.7%) but a high prevalence of overweight (20.3%) and obesity (3.4%) among the evaluated preschool children. Notably, 30.0% of overweight children and 16.0% of normal weight children exhibited centralized fat distribution. Abdominal obesity was observed in 90.0% of overweight children and 42.2% of normal weight children. Stunting was also observed in 8.5% of the individuals. Additionally, a considerable prevalence of low caloric and protein reserves was identified. These findings confirm the coexistence of deficit and excess malnutrition states, indicating a double burden of malnutrition, among the preschoolers of Antofagasta de la Sierra. Moreover, the study highlights the accumulation and distribution of abdominal and centralized fat as significant concerns in this population.
... After the observation, the participant was informed that this step of assessment had been completed, and they were accompanied to a separate room, where he/she was objectively evaluated by a third trained researcher, who performed direct anthropometric measurements using standard procedures [20,21] (detailed in Section 2.3.2), also collecting data on gender and age. There was no communication between these three researchers throughout the evaluations. ...
... Anthropometric measurements were carried out in accordance with the Portuguese Guideline "Procedimentos Antropométricos na Pessoa Adulta" [Anthropometric Procedures in the Adult Person] issued by the Directorate-General of Health [20] and the "International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment" [21]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm, using a SECA ® Portable Stadiometer HR001. ...
The assessment of weight status is important in many epidemiological studies, but its direct measurement is not always possible. Self-reported weight and height are often used, although previous research reported low accuracy. This study aimed to test the ability of trained observers to accurately estimate weight status in adults using structured observation. A cross-sectional study was conducted. For each participant, height and weight were estimated in categories, and weight status was recorded using Stunkard’s body figures, by two trained observers. Height and weight were also measured, using standardized procedures. Subjects were classified according to World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) cut-offs from objective measurements and from the BMI assigned to each body figure. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated to assess the accuracy of estimating weight status by observation. Kappa was used to test inter-observer reliability. A total of 127 participants were assessed, 70 women and 57 men, aged between 19 and 89 years (mean ± standard deviation: 50.3 ± 16.3 years). Most participants were overweight or obese (64.3% women; 78.9% men). The sensitivity and specificity of overweight/obesity status identification were 72.8% and 78.4%, respectively. Observers’ gender, participants’ gender, and participants’ age were significantly associated with the estimation of overweight/obesity. The agreement between observers was moderate for BMI estimates (κ = 0.52) but substantial when distinguishing normal weight from overweight/obesity (κ = 0.67). Trained observers were able to distinguish normal weight from overweight/obesity with high sensitivity and specificity, and substantial interrater reliability. This innovative methodology showed potential for improvement through enhanced training techniques. The use of structured observation may be a useful and accurate alternative to self-reported weight status assessment, whenever anthropometric measurement is not achievable.
... Moreover, the consequence of diet on plasma lipid levels is well known, exclusively, the fact that cardiovascular safety relies on the saturated or unsaturated nature, and also on the number of carbon atoms in the chain of the fatty acids consumed [15]. Hence, the synergistic effect of practicing healthy and balanced nutrition along with progressive development in the methods of training and technology is beneficial for enhancing physical condition and performance of sportspersons [16]. ...
... It was remarkable to note that the changes in the body composition profile were significantly favorable among the NCG whereas ALG showed insignificant alterations. Thus, it might be proposed that modification in the body composition can be substantially brought about by coupling exercise training with dietary modification, as the same has been documented by many researchers in their studies depicting positive effects of the combined interventions [2,4,[16][17][18]. ...
Present study contributed to a body of evidence stating enhanced body composition profile, lipid levels and on-field performances contributed by the implementation of systematic intense training protocol along with controlled energy balance inducing proportional macronutrient intake.
... It was carried out pre-and post-intervention anthropometric assessments in all study groups, before and four months after the intervention. In both measurements, the anthropometric method followed was the protocol established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and accepted by the Spanish Group of Kinanthropometry (GREC) (36). Measurements were taken by an ISAK level III certified anthropometrist. ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes the death of motor neurons and alters patients’ body composition. Supplementation with the antioxidants nicotinamide riboside (NR) and pterostilbene (PTER) can combat associated oxidative stress. Additionally, coconut oil is an alternative energy substrate that can address mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a Mediterranean Diet supplemented with NR and PTER and/or with coconut oil on the anthropometric variables of patients with ALS. A prospective, mixed, randomized, analytical and experimental pilot study in humans was performed through a clinical trial (registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under number NCT03489200) with pre- and post-intervention assessments. The sample was made up of 40 subjects categorized into four study groups (Control, Antioxidants, Coconut oil, and Antioxidants + Coconut oil). Pre- and post-intervention anthropometric assessments were carried out to determine the following data: weight, percentage of fat and muscle mass, skinfolds, body perimeters, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waste-to-Hip Index (WHI) and Waist-Height Ratio (WHR). Compared to the Control group, GAx significantly increased muscle mass percentage and decreased fat mass percentage, triceps, iliac crest, and abdominal skinfolds. GCoco significantly increased muscle mass percentage and decreased fat mass percentage, subscapular skinfolds, and abdominal skinfolds. GAx + coco significantly increased muscle mass percentage and decreased abdominal skinfolds. Therefore, our results suggest that the Mediterranean Diet supplemented with NR and PTER and the Mediterranean Diet supplemented with coconut oil (ketogenic diet) are the two nutritional interventions that have reported the greatest benefits, at anthropometric level.
... Las mediciones fueron realizadas por un evaluador nivel II con certificación de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), registrando los parámetros antropométricos necesarios para la determinación de la composición corporal según el protocolo vigente de perfil restringido avalado por dicha institución. Se debe tener en cuenta que un medidor acreditado ISAK de nivel II presenta un error técnico de medición (ETM) intraobservador de 5.0% para pliegues y el 1.0% para perímetros y diámetros (Stewart et al., 2011). Después de verificar la calibración de los instrumentos, se tomó la talla, peso, ocho pliegues cutáneos (tricipital, subescapular, bicipital, cresta iliaca, supraespinal, abdominal, muslo, pierna), siete perímetros corporales (brazo relajado, brazo contraído, cintura, cadera, antebrazo, muslo medio y pierna) y tres diámetros óseos (húmero, fémur y biestiloideo). ...
Resumen La composición corporal hoy en día permite dar a conocer las características de un atleta de acuerdo a las exigencias competitivas, por ende resulta importante analizar las asociaciones entre la composición corporal con otros parámetros de rendimiento en el triatlón, donde la fuerza explosiva (FE) cobra gran relevancia en los deportes resistencia, dado que puede mejorar la economía de carrera, la potencia máxima, como también el VO2máx. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la composición corporal y la FE en triatletas aficionados de media distancia. La muestra fue de 17 triatletas aficionados (edad 35.9 ± 7.8 años, peso de 70.2 ±7.9 kg, talla 170.9 ±7.3 cm, masa muscular 39.4 ±6.4 kg, masa ósea 10.9 ±1.6 kg, porcentaje de grasa 11.5±1.3%), en los cuales se evaluó la composición corporal y la FE a través de la altura y la potencia del salto squat jump (SJ), como también del salto en contra movimiento (CMJ). Se encontró relación significativa entre el IMC con la potencia del CMJ (r=0,516; p=0,03) de igual forma, entre la masa muscular y potencia del SJ (r = .0,545; p= 0,024), y la masa ósea con la potencia del SJ (r = .0,692; p= 0,002). Se concluye que sí se presentan correlaciones significativas y de gran relevancia entre la composición corporal y la FE en la población estudiada.
... Similarly, skinfolds (mm) will be measured in the bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac regions using a plicometer (Harpenden-FG1056, England; accuracy of 0.2 mm) that exerts a constant pressure of 10 g/mm 2 . These variables will be assessed by an anthropometrist, level II, certified by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) [33]. Measurements will be taken during the morning of a fasting day in a conditioned room. ...
This study protocol aims to analyze and compare the effects of combined movement and storytelling intervention (CMSI) on fundamental motor skills (locomotor skills and object control), language development (language comprehension, language expression, vocabulary and language description), and physical activity levels (light intensity, moderate-to-vigorous intensity and sedentary time) in children aged 3 to 6 years. The sample will consist of 144 children from 12 class groups, randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups (n = 72 children) and 3 control groups (n = 72 children), belonging to 4 class groups of upper-middle-level classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 3 to 4 years), 4 transition level 1 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 4 to 5 years) and 4 transition level 2 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 5 to 6 years). The experimental groups will perform CMSI for 3 sessions per week (40 min per session) over 12 weeks (using one motor story per week), while the control groups will not receive any treatment. The main outcome will provide information about fundamental motor skills, language development, and physical activity levels. Our hypothesis indicates that CMSI has the potential to generate significant increases in selected assessments. If this intervention proves to be beneficial, it could contribute to preschool and school curricula.
... Also, each participant was familiarised with the laboratory facilities and measurement instruments for the sEMG, kinematics, and RPE data collection. The anthropometrical data of the sample were registered starting this session by a skilled III-Level ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry) specialist, using instruments and procedures accordingly to the ISAK standards [47]. ...
This study aimed to investigate the influence of cranio-cervical position on the electromyographical activity of the core muscles during the prone plank exercise. Twenty healthy participants were enrolled in this study. Muscle activation was registered using surface electromyography (sEMG) in the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO) and lumbar portion of erector spinae (LES). Three prone plank conditions were randomly evaluated, varying the position of the cranio-cervical segment during the prone plank performance (NEUTRAL, FLEXION and EXTENSION). sEMG signals of each individual muscle, Total Intensity (TI) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were analysed with statistical significance set at P<0.05. FLEXION revealed significantly higher TI values compared to NEUTRAL and EXTENSION (p = 0.000; effect size (ES) > 0.90). The RA presented larger activation in FLEXION compared to the other variations (p < 0.05; ES >0.70). FLEXION elicited a greater response compared to NEUTRAL for both sides of EO when compared to EXTENSION, and also for both sides of IO compared to the other conditions. Both FLEXION and EXTENSION reported higher RPE values compared to NEUTRAL. Cranio-cervical segment position influenced the electromyographical activation of core musculature, showing highest values when performing prone plank in a cranio-cervical flexion.
... Anthropometric evaluations were individually conducted based on guidelines from the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) (21). For body measurements, a TANITA® BC-418MA body composition analyzer ( West Drayton, UK) was utilized. ...
Modulation of microglial response could be a target to reduce neuroinflammation associated to Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we propose that lipophilic biomolecules present in pomace olive oil (POO), transported...
... Anthropometric measurements were performed using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) technique (12). Restricted profile was measured, using a Rosscraft equipment. ...
The aim of this study is to determine the concordance between the insulin resistance indicators, HOMA and TyG, because of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise session in sedentary young women. Methods. A total of 22 sedentary women between 18 and 35 years of age participated in this research. HOMA and TyG indices were determined before and after a moderate intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE), based on Heart Rate reserve. Spearman and Kendall's Tau-b were used to evaluate the association between those variables. Values were compared using the Bland & Altman graphs. Kappa Coefficient was used to estimate the proportion of concordance observed between both indicators. Significant differences were considered at a p≤0.01. Results. Spearman's Rho correlation and Kendall's Tau-b before MIAE were significant and direct (r=0.634, p<0.001 and r=0.480, p<0.01; respectively) with a Cohen's Kappa index of k=0.585. After MIAE, Spearman's Rho correlation and Kendall's Tau-b were also significant and direct r=0.650, p<0.001 and r=0.504, p<0.001, respectively, with a lower Cohen's Kappa index (k=0.390). Conclusions. TyG index is a good indicator to evaluate insulin resistance at baseline situations. However, this index doesn't properly determine insulin resistance after a MIAE. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License La revista no cobra tasas por el envío de trabajos, ni tampoco cuotas por la publicación de sus artículos.
... The body fat percentage and fat-free mass were calculated using tetrapolar bioimpedance (InBody 570 ® , Seoul, Republic of Korea) with eight tactile point electrodes. The International Society for the Advances in Kinanthropometry (ISAK) recommendations were followed for each measurement [27]. These characteristics are reported in Table 1. ...
This study aimed to associate physical activity habits with cardiometabolic variables (blood pressure, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), body composition (body fat percentage and fat-free mass), and physical performance (handgrip strength (HGS), timed up-and-go (TUG), and walking speed) in Chilean older women. An analytical cross-sectional study analyzed 179 older women with a mean age of 75.4 years distributed into physically inactive (PI) older women (n = 74) and physically active (PA) older women (n = 105). A logistic regression showed that PI older women presented an increased risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 4.70; p = 0.000), high blood pressure (OR = 3.83; p = 0.000), low HDL cholesterol levels (OR = 2.13; p = 0.03), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.54; p = 0.01), excess body fat percentage (OR = 4.33; p = 0.000), low fat-free mass (OR = 2.22; p = 0.02), low HGS in their dominant hand (OR = 3.37; p = 0.001) and non-dominant hand (OR = 3.60; p = 0.0001), and poor performance in TUG (OR = 5.60; p = 0.000) and walking speed (OR = 5.52; p = 0.000). In conclusion, physical inactivity was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, excess body fat percentage, lower fat-free mass, and poorer physical performance in Chilean older women. At the same time, PA older women showed a lower cardiometabolic risk, better body composition, and better physical performance than PI older women.
... Body weight and height were measured in triplicate using similar scales and stadiometers in each country. Instruments were calibrated daily before measuring weight and height, following the ISAK protocol (Marfell-Jones et al., 2012). The average of the three measurements was used for all statistical analyses. ...
Background:
The body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 is the universally accepted cut-off point for defining obesity; however, its accuracy in classifying obesity in older adults is poorly understood.
Objectives:
To assess the performance of the BMI cut-off point ≥30 kg/m2 in classifying obesity in older adults, using the fat mass index (FMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) as reference criteria; and to establish region- and sex-specific BMI-based cut-off points to classify obesity in older adults.
Methods:
The present study is a secondary analysis derived from a cross-sectional project that included a sample of 1463 older adults from ten Latin American and Caribbean countries. Volunteers underwent total body water measurements using the deuterium dilution technique to determine FMI and FM%. Accuracy of the BMI and derived cutoff points was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
Results:
The BMI cut-off point ≥30 kg/m2 had low sensitivity for classifying obesity in these older adults compared to the FMI and FM%. The AUC values for the optimal BMI-derived cut-off points showed an acceptable-to-outstanding discriminatory capacity in diagnosing obesity defined by the FMI. There was also a better balance between sensitivity and specificity than with the values obtained by a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 in older subjects in both regions.
Conclusion:
The BMI cut-off point ≥30 kg/m2 had poor sensitivity for accurately diagnosing obesity in older adults from two regions. The region- and sex-specific BMI-derived cut-off points for defining obesity using the FMI are more accurate in classifying obesity in older men and women subjects from both regions.
... Blood pressure and resting heart rate will be measured using an automated digital sphygmomanometer according to the American Heart Association guidance, using the mean of two measured values (33). Body measures collected from patients will include body mass (kg), height, waist, and hip girth (cm), using International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) procedures (34). ...
Background
Approximately three million people in the UK are currently living with or beyond cancer. People undergoing treatment for cancer, particularly those lacking sufficient physiological reserve, are at risk of complications following treatment. Increasing evidence supports the role of rehabilitation (including prehabilitation) for enhancing psychological and physical wellbeing in cancer patients, reducing the negative impact of treatment side-effects and improving outcomes. Active Together is an evidence-based multi-modal rehabilitation service for patients with a cancer diagnosis, embedded within the cancer care pathway. It provides support to patients, helping them prepare for and recover from treatment. This paper presents the protocol for a pragmatic, real-world evaluation of the Active Together service. The primary aim is to determine the impact of the service on patient outcomes, patient-reported outcomes and clinical endpoints, as well as understand processes that influence its delivery and mechanisms that drive observed outcomes.
Methods
The Active Together service evaluation adopts a mixed-methods design, comprising an outcome and process evaluation. Combining both an outcome and process evaluation will ensure that data relating to service implementation is integrated into the analysis of outcome measures. The outcome evaluation will use a single group, longitudinal design to determine changes in outcomes of patients that attend the service, and comparative analysis of healthcare resource use against historical patient data. The process evaluation uses service performance indicators, semi-structured interviews and focus groups to explore mechanisms of action and understand contextual factors influencing delivery and outcomes. Integrating measures of psychological change mechanisms with outcome data might help to clarify complex causal pathways within the service.
Discussion
Evidence to support the role of multi-modal rehabilitation for patients at all stages of their cancer treatment is increasing. The translation of that evidence into practice is less advanced. Findings from this evaluation will contribute to our understanding of the real-world effectiveness of cancer rehabilitation (including prehabilitation) and strengthen the case for widespread uptake and adoption of rehabilitation for people with a cancer diagnosis.
Trial registration
This service evaluation was registered with the Clinical Effectiveness Unit at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals (Reference number 11115).
... Bipedal height was measured using the Frankfort plane in a horizontal position, using a stadiometer (Bodymeter 206, SECA, Germany; with accuracy: 0.1 cm) fixed to the wall. Body weight and body composition were measured using a bioimpedance meter (InBody120, tetrapolar 8-point tactile electrodes system, model BPM040S12F07, Biospace, Inc., USA; with accuracy: 0.1 kg), with which SMM and body fat were determined according to previous recommendations (Marfell -Jones et al., 2012). This measurement was carried out in the morning with the participants fasting, without metallic objects and light clothing. ...
This study aimed to describe and compare the body composition (SMM and body fat), handgrip
strength, and countermovement jump (CMJ) between young and older females. A descriptive�comparative study, which evaluated 101 females distributed in: older physically active females
(Old-PA; n = 26); older physically inactive females (Old-PI; n = 25); young physically active
females (You-PA; n = 25) and; young physically inactive females (You-PI; n = 25).
Anthropometry, body composition, handgrip strength, relative strength, and CMJ were assessed
following previous recommendations. The main results indicate that the Old-PA have greater
SMM and body fat compared to Old-PI (p <0.01), and You-PA vs. You-PI and Old-PA (p
<0.01). The You-PA had a higher handgrip strength (p <0.01) than the Old-PA, You-PI, and
Old-PI. The Old-PA showed a higher handgrip strength vs Old-PI (p <0.01). The Old-PA
presented a higher relative strength vs Old-PI (p <0.01), the You-PA vs You-PI (p <0.01), and
the You-PA vs Old-PI (p <0.01). The Old-PA have a higher height in CMJ compared to the
Old-PI (p <0.01), You-PA vs. You-PI (p <0.01), and Old-PA vs. You-PI (p <0.01). The
physically inactive condition is related to decreases in SMM, handgrip strength and CMJ in
young and older females.
... Marfell-Jones et al., 2012). Para tomar el peso en kilogramos se empleó una báscula Tanita RD-545 (Tanita Corporation, Tokio, Japón). ...
Adolescence is a key life stage in relation to health habits due to the convergence of two main aspects. On the one hand, is common to observe a decrease in different indirect and direct health indicators throughout adolescence. On the other hand, it seems to be a critical period for the establishment of lifestyle behaviors in later years. Under these premises, there is a need to understand in depth the complex variables network that surrounds health during adolescence in order to provide useful information for prevention and/or improvement policies.
As part of such a broad undertaking, the present doctoral research included the following four objectives: 1) To know the link between body dissatisfaction and other health, psychology and sociology variables. 2) To evaluate the bidirectional/temporal associations between wakefulness movement and sleep. 3) To investigate the longitudinal relationship between wakefulness movement and mental health. 4) To observe the evolution of wakefulness movement and sleep throughout adolescence.
In order to achieve these goals, a longitudinal cohort study was carried out with three repeated measurements over 3 consecutive years. A convenience sample technique was used with voluntary participation in the city of Avilés (Asturias, Spain). In total, 246 students in the 2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education were initially involved (x̄ = 13 years, 46% girls). In each annual measurement, adolescents wore an Actigraph GT3x+ triaxial accelerometer for a full week and completed several validated questionnaires.
Taking into account the results: first, body dissatisfaction seems to be a highly prevalent phenomenon, especially among girls. Moreover, it appears to be related to BMI, psychological well-being, physical self-concept, and sleep efficiency. Second, the bidirectional and temporal relationships between wakefulness movement and night sleep are partial, depending on the constructs and the number of days analyzed. It is possible that physical activity exerts benefits in night sleep, whereas sedentary behavior could harm it. On the other hand, night sleep could help to be more physically active. Lastly, the relationships between wakefulness movement and nocturnal sleep could be highly influenced by factors such as school schedules and other diary routines.
Third, it seems changes in physical activity levels at all three measured intensities (light, moderate, vigorous) are positively associated with psychological well-being, at least in girls. Finally, except for the small increase in vigorous physical activity, adolescence appears to be a period marked by a progressive impairment of wakefulness movement and sleep. In addition, cross sectional results showed in all measurements a low compliance with the official physical activity and sleep guidelines.
The present research provides new useful information for the necessary subsequent studies in each of the topics explored, as well as for the development of intervention policies by the health competent authorities.
... Anthropometric data were measured following the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. 24 We decided to use the World Health Organization definition of 'childhood overweight' and 'childhood obesity', given the absence of consensus on the either definition or the criterium that establish them based on body mass index (BMI). The definition according to the World Health Organization is: ...
Background and objectives:
Research on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and strain values in children and adolescents is limited. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between BMI and strain values of both ventricles and left atrium in children and adolescents.
Methods:
Both ventricles and left atrial strain values were compared among different BMI categories in children and adolescents from a town in the South of Spain.
Results:
Of the 198 subjects, aged 6-17 years, 53% were of normal weight, 26% were overweight and 21% had obesity. Lower absolute values of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (25.9 ± 2.0% vs. 26.9 ± 2.2%, p = 0.002) and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (29.5 ± 4.2% vs. 30.8 ± 4.5%, p = 0.04) were found in subjects with obesity and overweight versus subjects with normal weight. A lower right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain was also observed in males with obesity and overweight (24.8 ± 3.3% vs. 26.4 ± 3.6%, p = 0.03). Statistically significant negative correlations of BMI were found for all ventricular, but not atrial, strain values in univariate analysis. This association turned non-significant for right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain in multivariate analysis.
Conclusions:
Utilizing this new strain software, children and adolescents with high BMI were associated with significantly lower values for left and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, without impact in left atrial strain.
... The anthropometric measures were executed according to the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (ISAK). 15 Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the body height in meters (Kg/m 2 ), and classified as underweight (<18.5 Kg/m 2 ), normal (18.5-24.9 Kg/m 2 ), over-weight (25-29.9 ...
... Body locations will be selected according to anatomical landmarks using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry standards for anthropometric assessment. 39 Data will be analysed using spectrophotometer software (Spec-traMagic NX). ...
Introduction
Traditional dietary assessment methods such as 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires rely on self-reported data and are prone to error, bias and inaccuracy. Identification of dietary metabolites associated with different dietary patterns can provide objective markers of whole diet patterns that account for metabolism and individual responses to dietary interventions. Additionally, few studies have investigated country-specific healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns using metabolomics. Therefore, the current study aims to identify urinary and plasma metabolites that characterise a ‘healthy’ (aligned with current national dietary guidelines) and an ‘unhealthy’ dietary pattern (Typical Australian Diet) in Australian adults.
Methods and analysis
The Diet Quality Feeding Study (DQFS) is an 8-week cross-over feeding study that will recruit 40 healthy adults from the Hunter region (NSW, Australia). Data collected includes biospecimens (whole blood, urine, stool) for quantification of dietary metabolite biomarkers; questionnaires (medical history/demographic, physical activity, quality of life); physical measures (anthropometry, body composition, waist circumference, blood pressure, arterial pressure); skin carotenoids and dietary intake (24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaire). Participants will attend the research facility every 2 weeks (end of the run-in, each diet intervention and washout period) for collection of physical measures. All food will be provided to participants for each dietary intervention period, and participants will return to their usual diet during the run-in and washout periods. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and/or proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy will be used to identify metabolites in biospecimens associated with dietary intake.
Ethics and dissemination
This study is approved by the Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee (HNEHREC; 2022/ETH01649) and the University of Newcastle’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC; H-2022-0330). Findings will be disseminated to study participants, funding bodies supporting the DQFS, peer-review publications and presented at scientific conferences within the field of research.
Trial registration number
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12622001321730).
... Access to the main skinfold measurement protocols is limited, especially in Latin American countries, as such protocols are described in book chapters that have not been revised in the 21st century 7,9 or that require participation in an accreditation course technical for-profit 6,19 . The most relevant information from the reference literature 6,7,9,25 was compiled to facilitate reproduction by researchers and health professionals who use surface anthropometry in different fields of application. These technical procedures have been revised, improved and operationally categorized into two steps: marking and measurement. ...
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of pinch size on skinfold thickness measurement and the consequent interference in the estimation and classification of body adiposity components. Cross-sectional and quantitative study carried out with a sample of 29 subjects recruited from a university in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Four measurement steps were performed at each site of the eight chosen skinfolds. The first step was performed with a subjective-landmark and the three subsequent steps with fixed-landmarks defined with an expanding secondary line at 2 cm intervals. Body adiposity components were determined from the skinfold thickness measured at each landmark. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bland-Altman agreement analysis were applied. The subjective-landmark was chosen as the dependent variable. The 6 cm-landmark showed similarity and statistical agreement with the subjective-landmark for all skinfolds except the thigh, and with the sums of five and eight skinfolds. All fixed-landmarks showed agreement below the cut-off point for the percentile classification of subcutaneous adiposity and normative relative body fat. Variation in pinch size is an important source of TEM that can affect the reproducibility of skinfold thickness measurements and interfere in the estimation and classification of the molecular and tissue component of body adiposity.
... Consequentemente, para obter uma avaliação adequada e precisa, é necessário validar os métodos desses modelos e realizar análises com base em procedimentos estatísticos apropriados (SILVA et al., 2013). Dentre os métodos duplamente indiretos, a espessura do tecido subcutâneo determinado pelos adipômetros são os mais utilizados na prática, pois é considerada uma técnica de campo, de menor custo e não invasiva para determinar a composição corporal DE RIDDER, 2012). O método de dobras cutâneas em relação ao DEXA, é considerado um método com bom custo-benefício, além de ser portátil e acessível para determinar a composição corporal, por isso, são mais frequentemente utilizados na prática (SMITH-RYAN et al., 2014). ...
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e correlacionar o adipômetro CESCORF com o ultrassom modo A BodyMetrix ™ BX2000 na espessura das dobras cutâneas e determinação da composição corporal. Um grupo de 132 participantes, 89 homens e 43 mulheres participou do estudo, eles passaram por uma anamnese, preencheram o PAR-Q e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e realizaram o protocolo experimental que consistiu em dois momentos: 1- realização das medidas realizadas pelo adipômetro e; 2 – medidas de ultrassom. Em todos os pontos anatômicos foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as duas técnicas, em relação ao percentual de gordura, com correlações significativas entre os métodos (p<0,0001). A análise de Bland-Altman demostrou que a diferença média entre os equipamentos foi de -4,88 ± 2,91 (0,83:-10,59) para os homens e -4,28 ± 4,12 (3,79:-12,35) para as mulheres. Conclusão: As técnicas demonstram correlações fortes, porém, o intervalo de confiança foi amplo entre os métodos. Sendo assim, as medidas do adipômetro CESCORF foram consistentemente mais altas do que o ultrassom BodyMetrix.
... Anthropometric measurements comprised body mass and height, the former of which was measured with a digital scale (ADE Electronic Column Scales, Hamburg, Germany, measurement accuracy ±0.1 kg) and the latter with a fixed stadiometer, which meets the standards of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK, Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK, measurement accuracy ±0.1 cm). All measurements were performed by trained test supervisors in accordance with the ISAK guidelines [31]. ...
This study examined the effects of combined change of direction (CoD) and plyometric training on sand in basketball players’ jump, sprint, and CoD performances. In total, twenty-five male professional basketball players (age, 24.1 ± 4.2 years; height, 192.5 ± 8.0 cm; body mass, 92.6 ± 11.6 kg) participated in a pre-season intervention study over seven weeks, where two teams completed an identical speed training protocol, either on sand or on a hard surface, while a third team served as the control. All participants followed their regular pre-season training, while the intervention groups additionally performed the training protocol twice weekly. A repeated-measures ANOVA (rANOVA) showed significant interaction effects on the countermovement jump (F = 14.90, p < 0.001), pivot–step–jump test (F = 8.09, p = 0.002), 10 m sprint time (ST) (F = 4.18, p = 0.050), and 20 m ST (F = 8.49, p = 0.002). Moreover, an rANOVA showed significant interaction effects for the CoD performance regarding total time (F = 5.70, p = 0.010) and average velocity prior to the CoD (F = 8.40, p = 0.002) and after the CoD (F = 3.89, p = 0.036). As such, the findings suggest that sand-based training elicits kinematic adaptations, increased muscle activation, and a shift towards concentric force development that all contribute to enhanced athletic capabilities.
... The anthropometric assessment was carried out using weight and height measurements, with the calculation of the BMI by the ratio of weight to height squared. Data were collected according to the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment protocol [24]. ...
This study compared mirtazapine with megestrol in the management of cancer-related anorexia–cachexia syndrome in patients with advanced cancer. A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial involving patients with advanced cancer and anorexia–cachexia syndrome was performed. Participants received mirtazapine 30 mg/day or megestrol 320 mg/day for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was the effect of mirtazapine on weight gain and the secondary endpoints were its effect on appetite, muscle strength, physical performance, body composition, adverse events, and medication adherence. Linear regression model with mixed effects was applied and a significance level of 5% was adopted. Fifty-two patients were randomized. Mean age was 65.8 ± 8.4 years. There was weight gain in 52% of the participants in the megestrol group and in 38% in the mirtazapine group after four weeks (p = 0.040). Appetite improved in 92% of the participants in the megestrol group and in 56% in the mirtazapine group after eight weeks (p = 0.007). In the sub-analysis by sex, women showed improvement in appetite (p < 0.001) and weight gain (p < 0.005) in the mirtazapine group, which was not observed in men. Mirtazapine appears to be inferior to megestrol in weight and appetite improvement. However, there may be a difference in the therapeutic response between sexes.
... Body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) was calculated using weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m). An International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) level 1 accredited anthropometrist (technical error of measurement (TEM) of 2.5% for skinfolds) performed all skinfold measurements in line with standardised ISAK procedures [42]. 8-site skinfold thickness according to ISAK; (biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh, and medial calf) were measured with a caliper (Slimguide, Health Products, Plymouth, USA). ...
This study investigated the relationship between psychological skills and fitness levels among elite taekwondo athletes. A total of ten Iranian male elite taekwondo athletes (mean age of 20.6±2 years, BMI 18.78±0.62 kg/m2, and fat percentage of 8.87±1.46%) participated in the study. The Sports Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Sports Success Scale, Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire, and Mindfulness Inventory for Sport were used to assess psychological factors. The Wingate test was used to determine anaerobic power, and the Bruce test to determine aerobic fitness. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were utilised to examine any relationships between subscales. Statistically significant correlations were recorded between the evaluation of feelings (EI scale) and VO2peak (ml/kg/min) (r = -0.70, p = 0.0235) and between social skills (EI scale) and relative peak power (W/kg) (r = 0.84, p = 0.0026). Also, between optimism (EI scale) and VO2peak (ml/kg/min) (r = -0.70, p = 0.0252) and between optimism (EI scale) and HR-MAX (r = -0.75, p = 0.0123); and, finally, between control (mental toughness scale) and relative peak power (W/kg) (r = 0.67, p = 0.0360). These findings demonstrate relationships between psychological factors and the advantages of good anaerobic and aerobic capabilities. Finally, the study also demonstrated that elite taekwondo athletes have high mental performance abilities that are interrelated with anaerobic and aerobic performance.
... Neck circumference was measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the neck using an inextensible metallic tape running over the thyroid cartilage (Stewart et al., 2011). The participants were in anatomical position, standing or sitting with the head in the Frankfurt plane and the shoulders relaxed. ...
Neck adipose tissue (NAT) accumulation and neck circumference are independent predictors of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and low-grade chronic inflammation in young adults. The present study examines whether a 24-week concurrent exercise intervention can reduce NAT volume and neck circumference in young adults, and whether any changes in these variables are related to changes in body composition, CMR, and the inflammatory profile. Seventy-four participants (51 women, age 22 ± 2 years) were included in the main analyses, after being randomly assigned to either a (a) control ( n = 34), (b) moderate-intensity exercise ( n = 19), or (c) vigorous-intensity exercise ( n = 21) group. Participants in the exercise groups trained 3–4 days/week (endurance + resistance exercise training). NAT volume and NAT distribution across different depots were estimated using computed tomography before and after the intervention. Anthropometric variables, body composition (determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and CMR/inflammatory markers were also recorded. The exercise intervention did not reduce the total NAT volume, nor was NAT distribution affected ( p > .05). However, it did reduce neck circumference in the vigorous-intensity exercise group compared with the moderate-intensity exercise and control groups (by 0.8 and 1 cm, respectively, p ≤ .05). Changes in total NAT and neck circumference were positively, albeit weakly, related (adj. R ² : .05–.21, all p ≤ .05) to changes in body weight and adiposity, leptin (only total NAT), and CMR (only neck circumference). Altogether 24 weeks of concurrent exercise does not appear to reduce NAT accumulation in young adults, but may slightly reduce neck circumference in those who partake in vigorous exercise.
... Anthropometric indicators. Weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured according to protocol [14]. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.5 kg, using a Secca body scale (Vogel & Halke, Hamburg, Germany), and height was measured to the nearest mm (0.1 cm) using a Siber-Hegner anthropometric kit (DKSH Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland). ...
We aim to examine the changes in health-related physical fitness components, before and after COVID-19 social restrictions, in Police Academy cadets by age, sex, and physical activity (PA) level. A longitudinal analysis of 156 cadets (29.5% women) aged 25.4 ± 5.3 years old was conducted. All variables were collected before and after the lockdown period (13 weeks). PA levels were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire. Health-related physical fitness components were assessed based on the standardized protocols of morphological evaluation, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity tests. Despite the high correlations between pre-and post-pandemic social restrictions, we found significantly higher values for anthropometric indicators and lower physical fitness levels in post-pandemic restrictions, except for lower-body strength. When stratifying the sample by sex, age, and PA categories, the results indicate that the COVID-19 lockdown tends to differently impact anthropometric indicators and the physical fitness of the cadets, according to their sex, age, and PA categories. Our findings show that our sample reduces several health-related physical fitness components due to the social lockdown, with emphasis on cardiorespiratory fitness in men and upper-limb strength in women, highlighting the need to create effective strategies to keep police officers active during situations of less physical work.
... Weight and height measurements were performed at school by trained researchers following standard techniques [33] and taken in lightly dressed barefoot children. Researchers were trained according to the protocol proposed by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) [34]. Weight was measured with a portable digital scale (Marte, model LS200P, 200kg maximum capacity, 50g precision). ...
Sleep timing is one of the dimensions of sleep that refers to the time of day when sleep occurs. It was included in sleep-related research because of the potential associations between overweight and consumption of meals and snacks. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate associations between sleep timing, meal and snack consumption, and weight status in 1333 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. The midpoint of sleep was used as a sleep timing measure obtained by the midpoint between bedtime and wake-up time and classify as Early, intermediate, and Late. Schoolchildren in the Early group were less likely to be overweight (OR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.69; 0.99), had higher odds of mid-morning snack consumption (OR: 1.95, 95%CI 1.56; 2.44) and lower probability to consume the evening snack (OR: 0.75, 95%CI 0.59; 0.94) compared with the Intermediate group. The Late group had lower odds of mid-morning snack consumption (OR: 0.67, 95%CI 0.55, 0.80) than the Intermediate group. The consumption of mid-morning and evening snacks was associated with the Early and the Late midpoint of sleep. These results suggest that bedtime and wake-up time are relevant to consuming meals and snacks and may also be related to a greater probability of being overweight in children and adolescents.
... Examination of body composition in the field is typically also done by measuring skinfold thickness. Despite the concurrent validity between measurements of skinfolds and densitometry or potassium spectrometry being moderate to high (Going, 1988), the main threat of this method is that should be undertaken only by practitioners with the necessary experience following international recommendations (Marfell-Jones et al., 2012). ...
Physical fitness is a key marker of health, not only in adulthood but also in childhood and adolescence. Ensuring and monitoring physical fitness during the first years of life should be regarded as one aspect of primary prevention and health promotion. It is considered one of the foundations of an active lifestyle later in life and its levels will have direct and indirect effects on health status and the prevention of disease in adulthood. This chapter is designed to provide an updated understanding of (1) the components of health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition); (2) how measures of health-related fitness are influenced by growth and maturation; (3) the available laboratory and field-based health-related fitness tests from a health perspective, mainly centered on cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness; (4) the tracking of health-related fitness from childhood and adolescence to adulthood; (5) the secular trends of health-related fitness components; (6) the health-related fitness components and their relationship with physical and mental health; and (7) the effects of physical training on health-related fitness.KeywordsBody compositionCardiorespiratory enduranceFlexibilityHealthMaximal oxygen intakeMotor fitnessMuscular enduranceMuscular strengthMuscular powerTraining
... Anthropometric measurements were taken according to the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment [33], using a metallic anthropometric tape on the right side of the participants. Furthermore, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed to estimate body composition with 800 µA current, 50 kHz sinusoidal wave (Akern BIA 101, Akern SRL). ...
The gluten-free diet [GFD] has been linked to an increased risk of weight gain and the development of metabolic disorders. Most of the studies have focused on the effect of GFD on the Body Mass Index [BMI]. We aimed to evaluate the nutritional status using specific nutritional parameters in patients with celiac disease [CeD] at diagnosis and on a GFD compared to healthy controls. We recruited subjects at our outpatient clinic at the University of Padua. We collected demographic and clinical data and values obtained with bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 24 CeD patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled. CeD patients at diagnosis had a lower body cell mass index [BCMI, p = 0.006], fat-free mass index [FFMI, p = 0.02], appendicular skeletal muscle index [ASMI, p = 0.02], and phase angle [PA] [p < 0.001] compared to controls. Their percentage of extracellular water [ECW] was also higher [p < 0.001]. Considering CeD patients after GFD, nutritional status significantly improved after 6 months of GFD. We did not observe differences in BMI among groups [p = ns]. CeD patients at diagnosis were found to have a poorer nutritional status than healthy controls, with a positive effect of the GFD on their nutritional status, underlining the inefficacy of evaluating this aspect through only BMI evaluation.
... Firstly, calf skinfold was measured using a caliper (Innovare-Cescorf, Cescorf, Porto Alegre, Brazil) following the ISAK protocol (Stewart et al., 2011). After a 10-min acclimation period (Moreira et al., 2017), while sitting on the ergometer, each participant performed a submaximal cycling bout of 30 min. ...
This study aimed to examine the skin temperature (Tsk) variations in five regions of interest (ROI) to assess whether possible disparities between the ROI's Tsk could be associated with specific acute physiological responses during cycling. Seventeen participants performed a pyramidal load protocol on a cycling ergometer. We synchronously measured Tsk in five ROI with three infrared cameras. We assessed internal load, sweat rate, and core temperature. Reported perceived exertion and calves' Tsk showed the highest correlation (r = -0.588; p < 0.01). Mixed regression models revealed that the heart rate and reported perceived exertion were inversely related to calves' Tsk. The exercise duration was directly associated with the nose tip and calf Tsk but inversely related to the forehead and forearm Tsk. The sweat rate was directly related to forehead and forearm Tsk. The association of Tsk with thermoregulatory or exercise load parameters depends on the ROI. The parallel observation of the face and calf Tsk could indicate simultaneously the observation of acute thermoregulatory needs and individual internal load. The separate Tsk analyses of individual ROI appear more suitable to examine specific physiological response than a mean Tsk of several ROI during cycling.
... All participants gave written consent. The measurements were taken according to the anthropometric protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry -ISAK (Stewart, Marfell-Jones, Olds & De Ridder, 2011). The somatotypes were calculated and categorized by using the Heath-Carter method for assessing somatotypes. ...
Situational efficiency of volleyball players depends on many factors, including specific ones in the area of morphology. The specialization of playing roles implies the performance of specific motor tasks, and therefore a specific combination of morphological factors necessary for the player's efficiency. This study aimed to determine the somatotypes of groups of top-level volleyball players divided according to their playing role. The research was conducted on 40 (body height 192.22±8.58, body weight 86.93±11.22, age 24.18±4.97) male volleyball players from the Croatian A1 volleyball league. According to the playing role, 10 setters (body height 191.21±6.39 cm, body weight 84.12±8.76 kg, age 24.12±6.77 years), 10 middle blockers (body height 199.97±4.41 cm, body weight 94.82±6.67 kg, age 26.05±26.05 years), 10 liberos (body height 181.71±5.71 cm, body weight 74.97.21±5.59 kg, age 22.67±2.88 years) and 10 outside hitters (body height 196.06±4.34 cm, body weight 93.80±10.29 kg, age 23.89±5.53 years). Heath-Carter method was used for the somatotype determination. A statistically significant difference between the groups was detected in Body height, Body weight, Flexed arm girth circumference, Flexed calf girth circumference and Calf skinfold. The determined somatotypes for setters (2.8-3.8-3.4) and middle blockers (2.3-3.8-3.6) are mesomorph-ectomorph, and liberos (2.4-4.6-3.0) and outside hitters (2.5-4.3-3.1) are ecto-mesomorph. The results are in line with previous research. This confirms the importance of the longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton in volleyball. In the future, we can expect the growth of the ectomorph component, with a stagnation or slight increase in the mesomorph component of the somatotype in top level volleyball.
... Data on anthropometrics, training conditions, and sports experience, as well as the history of sports lesions, were assessed by the same trained researcher via questionnaires that were personally distributed to the players prior to training sessions. Determination of height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), hand length, and shoe size were described elsewhere [14]. In terms of training regime, training hours per day and training units per week were assessed to determine the number of training hours per week. ...
Genetic variants are recognized to affect athletic performance, partially by modulating competition-facilitating behavior. In this study, the role of three genetic variants previously linked to athlete status was investigated among elite volleyball players. A total of 228 players (26.7 ± 8.1 years old) participating in the Portuguese championship and with multiple medalists in national and international competitions were evaluated in terms of anthropometrics, training regime, sports experience, and a history of sports lesions. SNP genotyping was conducted by means of TaqMan® Allelic Discrimination Methodology. Volleyball players showed significantly different anthropometric indicators and training habits according to sex (p < 0.05). The A allele of the genetic variant Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) rs324420 (C385A) was shown to be significantly associated with superior athletic achievements under a dominant genetic model (AA/AC vs. CC, odds ratio (OR) = 1.70; 95% Cl, 0.93–3.13; p = 0.026; p < 0.001 after Bootstrap), which was corroborated by a multivariable analysis (AA/AC vs. CC adjusted OR = 2.00; 95% Cl, 1.04–3.82; p = 0.037). Age and hand length were also found to be independently associated with high-level performance (p < 0.05). Our results confirm the role of FAAH in athletic performance. More investigation into this polymorphism’s potential impact on stress coping, pain, and inflammation regulation in sport, particularly in the scope of lesions prevention and treatment, is required.
... Durante la primera sesión se realizó antropometría completa, que fue realizada por un profesional certificado (nivel II ISAK). Se aplicó el protocolo de medición estandarizado por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry) (Stewart et al., 2011). En él, se evaluó la MC mediante una balanza electrónica de precisión, marca Jadever Modelo JWI 3000, con capacidad de 150 kg y una sensibilidad de 20 g. ...
The aim of this study was 1) to compare anthropometric characteristics, jumping ability, and running endurance according to age and 2) to determine the relationship between age and physical performance parameters in Chilean adult firefighters in active service from the Valparaíso region. Sixty-eight healthy male firefighters, in active service, were divided into two groups according to age; < 30 years (n = 36; 22.9 ± 3.2 years) and > 30 years (n = 32; 40.6 ± 8.5 years) participated. The anthropometric variables of body mass (BM), height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI = weight/height2 [m]) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were evaluated. Vertical jumping ability was assessed with the Squat Jump, Countermovement Jump and Abalakov Jump protocols. Running endurance was estimated with the Course Navette test and oxygen consumption (VO2) was calculated indirectly. Anthropometric variables for the > 30 years group were higher compared to the younger age group in BM (p = 0.027), BMI (p = 0.015), WC (p < 0.01), and WHR (p < 0.01). Both groups found no significant differences between running endurance tests and verti- cal jumping ability (p > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between age and the variables of BM (r = 0.252), BMI (r = 0.307), WHR (r = 0.431) y WC (r= 0.401). When comparing both age groups, there were anthropometric differences, but not in physical condition. It is suggested to reinforce training programs to optimize the body composition and physical capacity of firefighters in active service in order to respond to the demanding tasks demanded by this work environment.
https://cloud.uoradea.ro/index.php/s/5dRyx4sAkP88fqe
The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between physical activity level and anthropometric parameters, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and screen time in a representative sample of schoolchildren in Santiago. The girls showed spend fewer hours in front of the screen than boys (2.12 ± 0.93 vs 2.64 ± 0.93) and greater adherence to the DM (6.56 ± 1, 97 vs 5.55 ± 2.87). The students less active showed a higher BMI, triceps and subscapular skindfolds, waist circumference and fat percentage than the students more active. Likewise, the students less active spent more time in front of the screen. The most active students showed greater adherence to the MD (7.35 ± 1.39 in the highest tercile vs 4.60 ± 3.20 in the lowest tercile). It was observed as the level of physical activity was inversely associated with all anthropometric parameters, percentage of fat (r = -0.863) and subscapular skinfold (r = -0.875) showed the strongest correlations. We also found an inverse association between physical activity level and hours of screen (r = -0.875) and positive with adherence to the MD (r = -0.421). The hours of screen associated with higher values in all anthropometric parameters, percentage of fat (r = 0.793) and triceps skinfold (r = 0.791) those with the strongest correlations. In addition, more screen time showed lower values of adherence to the MD (r = 0.238). Greater adherence to the MD is inversely associated with all anthropometric parameters, with the subscapular skinfold (r = -0.397) and BMI (r = -0.380) those with the strongest correlations. Lower levels of physical activity are reported by students who spend more time in front of the screen and those further away from the MD, these students being those with a less healthy body composition. These results show the need to promote physical activity in this age group, with the aim of improving future health. They should be promoted policies of intervention to focus on promoting physical activity for the reduction of sedentary habits, as well as creating programs to improve the adherence to the MD.
Background: Age differences between athletes born in the same year, as well as an over-representation of older players, are known as the Relative Age Effect (RAE). It is one of the best indicators for choosing players at academy level. Players born at the beginning of the selection year have a physical and anthropometric advantage over their younger peers. Due to sport performance and economic importance, experts keep looking for new prediction variables for talent identification goals in elite soccer academies.
Purpose: To correlate anthropometric, strength and power variables with the relative age (RA) of players in an elite academy of a Spanish soccer club.
Methods: All players (n= 366) from an elite soccer academy volunteered to participate in the study. The players were grouped into age categories from U10 to U23. A set of anthropometric, strength and power variables were analyzed in order to find correlations with players’ RA and the level of the teams in which players played in each age category.
Results. There was a significant correlation between the RA of the players and the level of the team in which they played in each age category (p< 0.001; r> 0.41) but no correlation between trimester of birth and level of the team (p> 0.062; CC> 0.28). We found significant correlations between the players’ physical capacities, anthropometry, RA and the level of the team in which they played for the same age category, mainly from U16 to U10. U23 did not show any correlation between RA and physical or anthropometric variables (p> 0.093; r> 0.21.).
Conclusion: coaches should be cautious of choosing players based only on anthropometric or physical attributes as they mature and loose this advantage, making technical ability the most important aspect in success.
Obesity is known to be one of the most significant risk factors for essential hypertension in
childhood. However, whether obesity cut-offs may predict hypertension screening in adolescents
remains controversial. This study investigated the performance of obesity cut-off values for the
screening of hypertension in a South African adolescent population. In this cross-sectional study,
1144 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years were recruited from the Eastern Cape Province
of South Africa. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) parameters including diastolic blood
pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. Assessment
of the sensitivity and specific of obesity cut-off values in predicting hypertension was performed
using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Obesity was positively associated (p < 0.01)
with hypertension. Obese individuals, based on the predicted obesity using BMI percentile cut-off
(pBMI85.2%), were more likely to develop hypertension (odds ratio: 2.070; p < 0.001) than their
counterparts based on the observed obesity cut-off (pBMI95%) (Odd ratio: 1.748 p = 0.004). The
area under the curve (AUC) of BMI percentile and WHtR for screening SBP percentile, and DBP
percentile and HR as per ROC analysis, was low (<0.65). Equally, the sensitivity and specificity
were low (<0.6) for all BP measures (SBP, DBP, and HR). Furthermore, the cut-off values for blood
pressure measures, as established by ROC analysis using anthropometric measures, were far below
the recommended cut-off values for hypertension screening. The obesity cut-offs for BMI percentile
and WHtR established in this populations showed poor performance in diagnosing hypertension
even though they were strong predictors of hypertension.
Studies report that increased body fat can lead to health risks for individuals. However, some methods used for analyzing adiposity did not identify its distribution in the human body because they are typically measured using bioimpedance scales. This study aims to associate the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in sedentary and active adult populations through anthropometric methods based on skinfold thickness measurements. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 946 adults aged between 18 and 79 years with prior informed consent. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters, as well as some cardiometabolic risk factors, were evaluated. Almost half of the population (45.1%; n = 427) is sedentary. A significant association was found between the sum of the skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, and suprailiac) and the cardiometabolic risk factors evaluated, highlighting the cardiovascular risk associated with abdominal obesity, risk of insulin resistance, as well as the development of hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. The bicipital fold was thicker (19.67 mm) in the population with a sedentary lifestyle than in the physically active population (18.30 mm). Furthermore, the skinfolds that predict higher metabolic risks were suprailiac and subscapular in sedentary and active populations. Thus, these skinfold measurements could be considered in assessing the adult population for early cardiometabolic risk detection, even in healthy and physically active people.
Elite kayakers are characterized by robust somatotypes and a high degree of technical skills acquired from early ages along the biological maturity process. This study aimed to analyze the interdependence of anthropometric attributes, maturity status, and new stroke kinematics variables such as long- and short-term stroke steadiness in young sprint paddlers. Twenty-two elite young male canoeists, aged 13.5 ± 0.4 years, volunteered for the investigation. A battery of anthropometric measurements was obtained for each individual while stroke kinematics were determined by lateral recordings in an all-out 200 m test. Frame-to-frame analysis of consecutive strokes allowed the determination of short-term and long-term steadiness. Significant and positive correlations (p < 0.05) between maturity status, canoeing experience, and stroke steadiness were identified, especially in long-term steadiness (r = 0.60–0.83). In addition, upper-body dimensions in the chest and arms exhibited strong associations with both short- and long-term steadiness (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that biological maturity, but particularly experience, are key factors for a higher stroke efficiency. Therefore, early identification of morphological characteristics and maturity status along with specific practice in canoeing should be taken into consideration for ideal talent development in young canoeists.
BACKGROUND: Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a modification of the positioning and movement of the scapula and is associated with shoulder pain. Exercises to strengthen the shoulder and scapular muscles have been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to reduce pain and improve function. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the electromyographic activity of the periscapular and trunk muscles in individuals with shoulder pain and SD in different multi-joint exercises. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects with subacromial pain, of both sexes, with the presence or absence of SD, participated in this study. Volunteers performed five repetitions in five exercises (Closed Row; Pronated Row; Push-up; Scapular Push-up; T-push-up). The activity of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles was recorded using electromyography. RESULTS: Our results showed a decrease in the electromyographic activity of the serratus anterior and external oblique during the T-push-up exercise in individuals with shoulder pain and SD. No differences were observed between groups for the trapezius and the rectus abdominis. CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation programs may initially prioritize rowing and push-up exercises to strengthen periscapular muscles. More complex exercises with greater mechanical demand on the kinetic chain, such as the T-push-up, may have to be implemented in later phases.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate young male and female handball players' perceptions to the bio-banding concept. The estimated biological maturity status was assessed in a sample of 46 male and 40 female handball players (aged 14.06 ± 1.40 years) who competed in both an annual age-group and bio-banded tournament. To test the players' perception, a post-competition questionnaire was conducted. A series of ANOVA and one-sample t-tests were used in order to examine the differences in perception between the different maturity groups. An inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data recorded in the open-ended questions was also carried out. The results showed that early-maturing boys enjoyed the bio-banding tournament more than late-maturing (p < 0.05). Conversely, no differences were found in girls (p > 0.05). Interesting conclusions could be drawn from the qualitative analysis of the players' written comments. Furthermore, a greater influence on play and leadership in male late and female early maturers, a greater physical challenge in male early maturers and an opportunity to express themselves technically and tactically in male late and female on-time maturers were observed. Thus, stakeholders must consider the different consequences of bio-banding in order to maximise the athlete's sport development process.
Introduction and aim. This study compared the efficacy of core stabilization (CSE) and trunk balance exercises (TBE) with flexibility training on pain-related disability (PRD), psychological status (PS) and fear avoidance belief (FAB) in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). Material and methods. Twenty-eight (28) participants diagnosed of NSCLBP were randomly assigned into CSE, TBE, and control groups (CG). Participants in CSE (n=10); TBE (n=8) and CG groups (n=10) received core stabilization exercise, trunk balance exercise and back care advice respectively. All participants received flexibility training in addition to treatment in their respective groups. Assessment of outcomes were done at baseline, end of 4 th and 8 th week. Results. There was significant improvement in all outcomes in the CSE, TBE and CG at 8 weeks; PRD (p=0.005, p=0.008, p=0.005), PS: depression (p=0.005, p=0.008, p=0.007); anxiety (p=0.005, p=0.007) and FAB about work (p=0.005, p=0.007, p=0.005); about physical activity (p=0.005, p=0.018, p=0.006). Comparison of outcomes between CSE and TBE groups showed no significant difference (p>0.05) Conclusion. Both CSE and TBE with flexibility training are effective in improving PRD, PS and FAB of patients with NSCLBP.
Background:
The recovery interval (RI) seems to be a variable closely related to the training volume since it can determine the performance after this rest time. This study investigated the influence of different recovery intervals on time under tension (TUT), total training volume (TTV), and Fatigue Index (FI) in the horizontal bench press exercise.
Methods:
Eighteen male wrestling athletes underwent three visits: 1st) performed the 10-repetition maximum (10RM) test; 2nd and 3rd) performed 5 sets of up to 10 repetitions with 1 minute (RI1) and 3 minutes (RI3) of passive RI with randomized entry. TUT, number of repetitions, TTV and FI data were collected or calculated.
Results:
TUT was lower in sets 5 (P<0.001) for RI1 when compared to RI3, with no significant difference for the other 4 sets. The number of repetitions for RI1 was lower when compared to RI3 in sets 3 (P=0.018), 4 (P=0.023), and 5 (P<0.001), with no significant difference in sets 1 and 2. The FI was significantly higher for RI1 (P<0.001); however, TTV was significantly higher for RI3 (P=0.007).
Conclusions:
Different RI influenced the TUT and the number of repetitions along 5 sets in the horizontal bench press exercise. Moreover, these two variables showed different behavior when compared under the same condition (RI1 or RI3), especially after the third set. Using longer RI demonstrated a greater ability to maintain TTV and less negative effect of fatigue in young male wrestling athletes.
Some individuals are susceptible to accelerated biological ageing, resulting in premature alterations in arterial structure and function. Identifying early-onset vascular ageing characterised by arterial stiffening is vital for intervention and preventive strategies. We stratified and phenotyped healthy children (5-9 yrs) and young adults (20-30 yrs) into their vascular ageing extremes established by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) percentiles (i.e., healthy vascular ageing (HVA) and early vascular ageing (EVA)). We compared anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolomic profiles and explored associations between cfPWV and urinary metabolites. Children and adults in the EVA groups displayed higher levels of adiposity, cardiovascular, and lifestyle risk factors (adults only) (all p ≤ 0.018). In adults, several urinary metabolites were lower in the EVA group (all q ≤ 0.039) when compared to the HVA group, with no differences observed in children. In multiple regression analysis (adults only), we found inverse associations between cfPWV with histidine (adj. R2 = 0.038; β = -0.192; p = 0.013) and beta-alanine (adj. R2 = 0.034; β = -0.181; p = 0.019) in the EVA group, but with arginine (adj. R2 = 0.021; β = -0.160; p = 0.024) in the HVA group. The inverse associations of beta-alanine and histidine with cfPWV in the EVA group is suggestive that asymptomatic young adults who present with an altered metabolomic and less desired cardiovascular profile in combination with unfavourable lifestyle behaviours may be predisposed to early-onset vascular ageing. Taken together, screening on both a phenotypic and metabolic level may prove important in the early detection, prevention, and intervention of advanced biological ageing.
Background:
Early detection tools for eating disorders play an essential role in their prevention. The aim of this study was to analyze different variables associated with the risk of eating disorders and their relation to anthropometric parameters, nutritional status and body self-image.
Methods:
The Eating Disorder Invetory-3 Referral Form (EDI-3 RF) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were administered to 809 adolescents (413 boys and 396 girls), aged 11 to 17 years, from three randomly chosen schools in a big Mediterranean city. Anthropometric measurements were taken following standardized methods. Overweight and obesity were determined according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF).
Results:
Overweight (23%) prevailed over obesity (9.37%). Girls registered a higher score in the Obsession for Thinness EDI-3 RF subscale and in the body dissatisfaction section of the BSQ. The only statistically significant differences in the Obsession for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction levels among the different ages were seen in boys. In this series, body dissatisfaction assessed by the EDI-3 RF was not correlated with BSQ body dissatisfaction. Sex and age in adolescence determine the relationship between eating disorder attitudes and body shape dissatisfaction.
Conclusions:
It is necessary to look for other parameters to investigate to determine body dissatisfaction.
We assessed the importance of accurate site location for skinfold measurement in ten healthy males in a cross-sectional quantitative study. Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of eight ISAK-specified skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of two ISAK Level 4 practitioners using Harpenden skinfold callipers. The presence of significant systematic discrepancy between reliability measures of different skinfold sites and grid points for each of the two testers was determined using P-values. Effect sizes were calculated to show the magnitude of effects. Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different from the skinfolds taken at a central ISAK grid point and there was an effect by direction away from the central ISAK point (anterior, posterior, superior or inferior). The subscapular skinfold had the least number of differences (three) and the abdominal had the most (eight). All other skinfold sites showed some variation with most care needed in marking the biceps and triceps skinfold sites. Adherence to identifying, marking, and measuring at the defined site is essential.
While athletes are routinely assessed for changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue with skinfold calipers, absolute dynamic calibration of caliper jaw compression is currently not possible. The first part of this study describes how dynamic compression of foam rubber blocks can be used to monitor the relative calibration of a single pair of calipers as springs fatigue, or to alert an investigator to variations in measurement values between different calipers. The second part of the study, carried out on 10 female athletes, demonstrated that the significant differences established by the foam block method of calibration also translated into a significant difference for the sum of seven subcutaneous skinfolds. Foam blocks can be used as a simple, inexpensive method to establish a calibration range and can also be used to recheck calipers periodically, depending upon their use.
Skeletal muscle (SM) is a large body compartment of biological importance, but it remains difficult to quantify SM with affordable and practical methods that can be applied in clinical and field settings.
The objective of this study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometric SM mass prediction models in healthy adults.
SM mass, measured by using whole-body multislice magnetic resonance imaging, was set as the dependent variable in prediction models. Independent variables were organized into 2 separate formulas. One formula included mainly limb circumferences and skinfold thicknesses [model 1: height (in m) and skinfold-corrected upperarm, thigh, and calf girths (CAG, CTG, and CCG, respectively; in cm)]. The other formula included mainly body weight (in kg) and height (model 2). The models were developed and cross-validated in nonobese adults [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 30].
Two SM (in kg) models for nonobese subjects (n = 244) were developed as follows: SM = Ht x (0.00744 x CAG(2) + 0.00088 x CTG(2) + 0.00441 x CCG(2)) + 2.4 x sex - 0.048 x age + race + 7.8, where R:(2) = 0.91, P: < 0.0001, and SEE = 2.2 kg; sex = 0 for female and 1 for male, race = -2.0 for Asian, 1.1 for African American, and 0 for white and Hispanic, and SM = 0.244 x BW + 7.80 x Ht + 6.6 x sex - 0.098 x age + race - 3.3, where R:(2) = 0.86, P: < 0.0001, and SEE = 2.8 kg; sex = 0 for female and 1 for male, race = -1.2 for Asian, 1.4 for African American, and 0 for white and Hispanic.
These 2 anthropometric prediction models, the first developed in vivo by using state-of-the-art body-composition methods, are likely to prove useful in clinical evaluations and field studies of SM mass in nonobese adults.
Despite the fact that skinfold calipers are widely used to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue, the current methods of calibration are quite crude. Methods such as hanging masses from the caliper jaws until they remain open, lack validity and reliability because the caliper jaws are stationary instead of dynamic, and the opening jaws give an upscale reading of the jaw gap not a downscale reading that occurs when the calipers are being used to measure skinfolds. This report describes how to build an apparatus capable of measuring static and dynamic, upscale and downscale jaw pressures of a variety of caliper types and also provides guidelines specifically for calibration and servicing of Harpenden calipers. The key areas to maintain are the caliper springs (which should have spring coefficients ranging 1.104–1.153 N.mm−1), the pivot joint (which should operate smoothly), the indicator mechanism (which should require only 0.78–0.88 N for full movement), and the jaw alignment which should be square to ensure that the full effective jaw surface area of 90 mm2 is applied to the skinfold. While there are insufficient data at this time to prescribe rigid calibration criteria, assessment of approximately 100 new and used Harpenden calipers indicates that, after servicing, the important dynamic downscale jaw pressure will range 7.7–8.4 g.mm−2 at 5 mm of jaw gap and 7.3–8.0 g.mm−2 at 40 mm of jaw gap. Dynamic upscale jaw pressure should be within 1.0–1.5 g.mm−2 of the corresponding dynamic downscale jaw pressure. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:689–697, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Twelve male cadavers (aged 50-94 yr) were subjected to comprehensive anthropometry, dissection, and weighing of all skeletal muscle. Correlation coefficients of limb girths with total skeletal muscle mass (MM) were high: forearm r = 0.96, mid-thigh r = 0.94, calf r = 0.84, and midarm r = 0.82. These increased when limb girths were corrected (by subtracting pi times the skinfold thickness) to estimate muscle girth. For dimensional consistency, variables in the regression analyses included the product of stature and the square of each corrected girth. For the six unembalmed cadavers, this yielded a three-girth equation for MM (r2 = 0.93; SEE = 1.56 kg), which was then validated using data from the embalmed cadavers. It predicted MM with an SEE of 1.58 kg and r2 = 0.93. Because the values of these SEEs were similar, we pooled the subjects from the two groups to generate the final estimation equation: MM = STAT (0.0553CTG2 + 0.0987FG2 + 0.0331CCG2) - 2445 (SEE = 1.53 kg, r2 = 0.97), where STAT is stature (cm), CTG is thigh circumference corrected for the front thigh skinfold thickness (cm), FG is the uncorrected forearm circumference (cm), and CCG is the calf circumference corrected for the medial calf skinfold thickness (cm). Despite the limitations of the cadaver sample, the proposed equation appears to provide the best estimate of skeletal muscle mass to date, in that it is the only cadaver-validated equation and it gives values that are consistent with all known dissection data.
Compressive loading of the spine leads to spinal shrinkage and a loss of stature. The aim of this study was to measure the circadian variation in the stature of females and to examine differential effects of spinal loading with the time of day. Ten females aged 20–30 years were studied in nine measurements on a 24-hour period. Between rising and retiring to bed, the mean peak-to-trough variation was 15·4 mm (0·92% of stature). Subjects underwent two sequences of 20 min circuit-training with weights, followed by 20 min reclining in Fowler's position and 20 min standing erect, these being first thing in the morning after 7 hours of sleep and before retiring at midnight. Mean loss of height from circuit-training was 5·4 mm in the morning and 4·3 mm in the evening (P < 0·001): mean height regained in Fowler's position was 4·5 mm and 3·4 mm respectively (P
A series of assumptions required for use of skinfold calipers for the estimation of human body composition is examined in terms of direct evidence from the measurement and dissection of 6 male and 7 female cadavers. Skinfold compressibility showed significant inter-subject and inter-site differences with the highest values (64.7 percent and 63.8 percent) at the spinale and biceps sites and the lowest (33.6 percent and 34.4 percent) at the front thigh and medial calf. Skin thickness as a percentage of skinfold thickness was highest at the subscapular site (28.1 percent). Adipose tissue patterning showed great variability, indicating the importance of using skinfold caliper readings from a variety of different sites including upper limb, lower limb and trunk. Further sources of error include variability in fat content of adipose tissue (estimated at 20 percent in our sample) and in the internal and subcutaneous fat deposition. Recommendations for the use of skinfold calipers to assess adiposity and monitor change are made in the light of these findings.
The aim of this study was to monitor the creep in stature due to compression and its recovery over 24 hr in eight adult males. Measurements of stature were made at nine times during the 24-hr cycle using a purpose built metal frame tilted 5 degrees to the vertical. Accessories for standardization of posture and prevention of unwanted muscular tension included a series of microswitches on the frame, cross-beams for controlling spinal curvatures, slit spectacles used in conjunction with a mirror for proper head alignment. A dead load BAYE micrometer recorded stature to 0.01 mm. A significant circadian rhythm was established, the trough to peak variation being 19.3 mm or 1.1% of overall stature. Peak stature was measured at 0730 on awakening and the trough occurred at midnight before assuming a recumbent posture for sleep. Altogether 71% of the height gained during the night was achieved in the first half of the night's sleep. Over 50% of the height loss in a day was lost within the first hour of rising, 80% being lost within 3 hr of arising: the rate of creep decelerated throughout the remainder of the waking day. It is concluded that the rate of change in creep throughout the day varies, being greatest in the morning whilst distension is most pronounced in the early hours of sleep.
Bilateral symmetry and reliability of upper limb measurements
- J A P Day
Day, J.A.P. (1986). Bilateral symmetry and reliability of upper limb measurements. In J.A.P. Day (Ed.). Perspectives in
kinanthropometry (pp. 257-261). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.