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Characterizing Occupations with Data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles

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Abstract

In this paper we use available data for the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) reconciled to the 1970 U.S. Census detailed occupational classification to create measures of DOT variables for the 1960 U.S. Census detailed occupational classification. Such measures are needed for cohort or other temporal comparisons employing data coded according to the 1960, 1970, and 1980 detailed occupational classifications and to merge DOT variables with micro-level data sets where occupation is coded using the 1960 detailed classification. We describe procedures used to reconcile the 1960 and 1970 detailed occupational classifications from information currently available and to compute measures of DOT variables for the 1960 classification from measures of DOT variables available for the 1970 classification. We then use confirmatory factor analysis to create summary indices of occupational characteristics for the 1960, 1970, and 1980 Census detailed occupational classification.We hypothesize a factor structure based on substantive conceptual criteria and test this hypothesized structure by estimating a series of modified and nested models. Our analysis produces measures of six occupational characteristics: substantive complexity, motor skill, physical perception, social skill, physical demands, and working conditions.

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... Hartog (1980Hartog ( , 1981 links the third edition DOT to the 1960 Census codes by matching identical job titles; he relates the DOT information to median occupational earnings in the 1950 and 1960 Census. Shu et al (1996) use a link between the 1970 Census and the fourth edition of the DOT to make the Census 1960 classification compatible with the Census 1960 classification. England et al. (1994) used the average fourth edition DOT scores for each 1970 Census code, merge this information into a data file with over 50,000 individuals from the 1970 Census whose occupation had also been coded according to the 1980 Census scheme, and then compute average (fourth edition) DOT scores for the 1980 Census scheme. ...
... They are interested in applying the segmentation view of the labour market and base their clusters not only on DOT variables, but also on hourly earnings, annual earnings and institutional features like union coverage. Shu, Fan, Li and Marini (1996) link the fourth edition DOT (1977) scores to the jobs in the 1960, 1970 and 1980 Censuses and stress that the underlying factor structure is highly stable over time. Gittleman and Howell discuss a few other applications of factor analysis; none of these uses the DOT 1992 edition. conditions (such as repetitive work or working alone). ...
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We analyse the information in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to characterize the structure of labour demand. Two dimensions, an intellectual factor and a dexterity factor capture most variation in job requirements. Job complexity in relation to Things correlates highly with the dexterity factor. Complexity in relation to Data is intricately interwoven with most other dimensions of jobs. Remarkably, while complexity in relation to Data and to Things associates with extensive training, this does not hold for complexity in relation to People. There is no dichotomy between mathematical and verbal required skills. Poor working conditions are not the exclusive prerogative for workers in low level jobs. This independence provides a good setting for testing the theory of compensating wage differentials and indeed we find a good deal of support.
... Both DOT and O*NET data have also been subjected to dimension reduction techniques in order to extract components accounting for fundamental occupational traits, such as occupational complexity, people versus things, and physical demands (Clark, 2002;Hadden et al., 2004;Hanson et al., 1999;Levine, 2003;Shu et al., 1996). Similarly, clustering approaches have been applied to reduce the complexity of O*NET data (e.g., Nolan et al., 2011;Slaper, 2014). ...
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Science, technology, engineering and mathematical (STEM) occupations are crucial for economic growth and individual financial stability, yet there is a STEM labour shortage, particularly among women. We examined how individual differences in visual imagery relate to characteristics of STEM occupations — specifically those requiring computational abilities. In a discovery cohort of 2357 online participants, we found that — consistent with prior research — spatial thinking was positively associated with STEM occupations for both males and females. Object imagery (mnemonic vividness), however, was negatively associated with STEM occupations that require computational thinking, possibly because efficient analytical reasoning abilities associate with low object imagery. This negative association was present for males, but not for females. We extended these findings to a sample of 1891 individuals with aphantasia (congenitally low imagery) and a sample of 186 university undergraduates. These results suggest that the well-known influence of spatial imagery is evident across genders, whereas an independent influence of non-spatial and non-visual abstract analytic abilities on computational STEM professions is confined to males. These findings have implications for policy in fostering careers in STEM, particularly for females.
... Natural science and engineering jobs involve much interaction with data and things (Ballesteros et al., 2021). On the other hand, social science and humanities jobs involve much interaction with data and people (Shu et al., 1996). Based on the difference in interacting with people, data, and things, there are differences in relation to students' studying field (Smeby, 2000). ...
Article
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Influenced by Confucianism, the social role is postponed from school to work in Taiwan, most young adults enter the job market after completing a higher education degree. However, in recent years, delayed graduation by postgraduate students has become a problem. To understand this phenomenon, this study recruited a mix of participants who had already graduated and participants who were about to graduate (individuals who had completed their courses and thesis). The aim of the study was to explore (1) how individuals' academic self-efficacy affects their active learning strategies and academic self-confidence and (2) how this is reflected in the duration of their studies. A total of 245 valid questionnaires were collected, comprising the responses of 91 men and 154 women. Among the participants, 34.3% graduated on time, whereas 51% did not graduate on time because of incomplete theses. A confirmatory factor analysis approach was adopted in this study. The results demonstrated that academic self-efficacy was positively related to active learning strategies (higher-order, integrative, and reflective strategies) and active learning strategies were positively related to academic self-confidence, whereas academic self-confidence was negatively related to an extended duration for completing a master's degree.
... We denote these measures as cog o , rou o , and man o . Following Shu et al. (1996), we measure communication task intensity in the DOT using the variable "talk," which indicates demands for listening and speaking on the job; we denote it as com o . 27 ...
... 6 In most empirical studies, Census classification categories are the building blocks of occupationbased measures. 7 4 DOT provides detailed descriptions of occupations with respect to the complexity of work functions, education and training time, aptitudes, temperaments, interests appropriate for the occupation, physical demands, and working conditions (Cain and Treiman 1981;Shu et al. 1996). 5 For example, the SOC scheme is used in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH), which provides details on hundreds of occupations and is used by career counselors, students, parents, teachers, jobseekers, career changers, education and training officials, and researchers. ...
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In this paper, we propose a method for constructing an occupation-based socioeconomic index that can easily incorporate occupational structure changes. The resulting index is the education percentile rank of an occupation for a given cohort, based on contemporaneous information pertaining to education composition and the number of workers at the occupation level. An occupation may experience an increase or decrease in its ranking when either education or size of relevant occupations change. The method is flexible in dealing with changes in occupation and education measurements over time. Applying the method to U.S. history from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, we derive the index using the IPUMS U.S. Census microdata from 1850 to 2000 and the American Community Surveys (ACS) from 2001 to 2018. Compared to previous occupational measures, this new measure takes into account occupational status evolvement caused by long-term secular changes in occupational distributions and education composition. The resulting percentile rank measure can be easily merged with social surveys and administrative data that include occupational measures based on the U.S. Census occupation codes and crosswalks.
... Occupational complexity was then classified as high (e.g., professional, managerial) or low (e.g., clerical sales, factory worker), based on descriptors of the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) (U.S. Department of Labor/Employment and Training Administration, 2010) and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) (Shu, Fan, Li, & Marini, 1996;U.S. Department of Labor, 1991). ...
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This study examined the relationship between cognitive reserve and physicalfunction in older African-Americans. The concept of cognitive reserve postulates that aspects of life experience (e.g., education, occupational complexity, leisure activity, and socioeconomic status) may provide cognitive reserve, in theform of a set of skills or repertoires, that allow some people to cope better than others with illness and alter the clinical expression of decline in functional status. This study used a descriptive correlational design. Physicalfunction was assessed with the SF-36 (physicalfunction subscale). The mean scorefor the SF-36 PF subscale was 47 (SD = 10), indicating that the participants had good physical functioning. Physical function was associated with occupational complexity, educational attainment, and income. The study provides baseline data about the relationship between cognitive reserve and physicalfunction.
... 3 We code measure of occupational aspiration in 293 categories using the 1960 U.S. Census detailed occupational classification. Measures of prestige, educational requirement, earning potential, and sex type of occupations were merged from other data sources with the microlevel data on occupational aspirations (Shu, Fan, Li, & Marini, 1996). We used the 1960 Census characteristics to measure occupational aspirations for all the years without allowing for the average earnings, education, prestige, and sex composition of a three-digit Census occupational category to vary over time. ...
Article
Young people in the United States are driven by an ideology of high achievement and hold ambitious occupational aspirations, yet little is known about the process by which they negotiate social conditions to come to terms with life's limitations. We use a life-course perspective to examine change in prestige, education, earning potential, and sex type dimensions in occupational aspirations in the U.S., using longitudinal data on cohorts of young people ages 14–29 during the period between 1966 and 1980. After their initial formation in childhood and adolescence, occupational aspirations are regulated by experiences in the educational system, the labor market, and for women, the adult family. The Civil Rights and the Women's Movements contributed to age-, cohort-, and period-related increases in women and black men's occupational aspirations. The economic downturn after 1973 also played a role, reducing young men's occupational aspirations and reverting black men's aspirations to the same level as that prior to the 1970s, negating the positive influences of the Civil Rights Movement. There is no evidence that the Vietnam War produced a net change in young people's aspirations. These findings show that after their initial formation under ascriptive influences, occupational aspirations continue to evolve as new life experiences associated with changed societal values and opportunity structure provide impetus for change. Despite these perturbations, socioeconomic background, race, and gender retain a pervasive impact on the regulation of young people's aspirations in adolescent and young adulthood in the United States.
... 25 A contextualized historical view of our study within the tradition of psychosocial work environment measures will help us gain a better understanding of the importance of the O*NET. In the last three decades, the DOT 26 has been used to generate measures of the psychosocial characteristics of occupations [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] These measures, such as "substantive complexity," "perceptual and motor skills," and "physical demands and hazards," 34 have not only been useful in the sociology of work, occupations, and organizations [35][36][37] but in social epidemiology as well. 34,38 -40 Moreover, the DOT measures have inspired the design of other direct measures (eg, job demands and control over work scales 41 ) that have become standard instruments in social epidemiology 42 . ...
Article
To determine whether the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database can be used to identify job dimensions to serve as proxy measures for psychosocial factors and select environmental factors, and to determine whether these factors could be linked to national health surveys to examine associations with health risk behaviors and outcomes. Job characteristics were obtained from O*NET 98. Health outcomes were obtained from two national surveys. Data were linked using Bureau of Census codes. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between O*NET factors and cardiovascular disease, depression, and health risk factors. Seven of nine work organization or psychosocial factors were significantly associated with health risk behaviors in both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and National Health Interview Survey. This study demonstrates a method for linking independently obtained health and job characteristic data based on occupational code.
... Occupational groups are based on U.S. Census codes for occupation, which we divide into broad groups of professional/managerial/technical workers, clerical/sales/service, and farm and physical labor jobs. Substantive complexity and physical demands are defined by information from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles that has been mapped onto 1960 U.S. Census Occupation codes (Shu et al. 1996). Other measures of job demands include the woman's work hours, whether she is working at a second job, and whether she usually works a day shift. ...
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