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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves ( Anacardium occidentale L.)
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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.) Abstract Cashew tree (family Anacardiaceae) grows widely in many areas of the Southeast Asia countries including Indonesia. Its fruit and nut are used for food, whereas its leaf is one of the traditional antihypertensive medicine in Indonesia. Hypertension affects many people around the world especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antihypertension effect of purified extract of cashew leaves (PECL) using an isolated organ technique, and determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results showed that PECL at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL was obviously able to inhibit the contraction of isolated rat aorta induced by cumulative addition of phenylephrine. The inhibitory effect of PECL were 25.72±8.19% and 39.60±3.50% (p<0.05), respectively. PECL (1.0 mg/mL) also changed the pD 2 value of phenylephrine from 6.71±0.37 to 5.93±0.33 (p<0.05), and relaxed the isolated-organ mildly by 13.11±0.72%. In addition, PECL contained the total phenolic of 19.78±0.62% and the total flavonoids of 1.97±0.04% which are equivalent to gallic acid and rutin, respectively.
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... To determine the total phenolic content of the extract of A. maurorum, which was described in terms of gallic acid [32], the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent technique was employed, while the total flavonoid content was determined as rutin [33]. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the plant was determined by employing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay (RPA). ...
Background
One of the Iranian medicinal plants is Alhagi maurorum, which belongs to the Fabaceae family. The plant is used to treat different conditions, such as aphthous ulcers, cardiac pains, hemorrhoids, kidney stones, dysuria, etc. Given that A. maurorum is characterized by its richness in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and it is used to treat urinary tract disorders, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of its hydroethanolic extract in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Methods
After preparing the hydroethanolic extract, phytochemical analysis, including GC–MS, was conducted. Adult male Wistar rats (n:35) were randomly divided into five groups (n:7): A sham surgery was conducted on the first group, while the other four groups underwent castration through the scrotal route. Seven days after the surgery, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was induced in all groups except the first one, using a subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day. The treatment duration lasted 28 days, during which the animals received oral treatments as follows: 1. Sham control: normal saline, 2. Positive control (BPH group): normal saline, 3. Comparative control: finasteride at 5 mg/kg/day, 4. T1 group: A. maurorum extract at 200 mg/kg/day, and 5. T2 group: A. maurorum extract at 400 mg/kg/day. At the end of the experiment, following an overnight fast and after administering anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, blood was collected through cardiac puncture, and sera were harvested for hormone assay. Finally after euthanizing the rats, the ventral prostatic lobes were dissected for biochemical, histopathological, and gene expression analyses.
Results
GC–MS analysis showed the presence of nine components. A. maurorum extract and/or Finasteride led to a significant reduction of the prostate weight and prostatic index, serum, and prostatic levels of testosterone. These compounds led to the downregulation of 5-α reductase and androgen receptor genes expression, boosted total antioxidant capacity, and declined prostatic malondialdehyde levels. Intervention using the extract, comparable to Finasteride, led to BPH-induced histopathological enhancements in the prostate.
Conclusion
Treatment using A. maurorum extract resulted in significant protection of the prostate against BPH, which is attributable to its antioxidant and androgen-modulating characteristics.
Graphical Abstract
... Metode deklorofilasi merupakan langkah pertama dalam produksi ekstrak tanaman ashitaba. Dengan menggunakan pelarut nonpolar untuk menghilangkan molekul pengganggu dan memaksimalkan aktivitas senyawa dalam ekstrak, deklorofilasi merupakan teknik untuk memurnikan ekstrak dari senyawa ballast termasuk lemak, klorofil, dan pewarna (Nugroho et al., 2013). Sebanyak 500 g serbuk simplisia dideklorofilasi dengan 5 L pelarut n-heksana (1:10) menggunakan metode sonikasi selama 30 menit pada suhu 40 o C. Simplisia herba ashitaba terdeklorofilasi direekstraksi sebanyak 3 kali hingga pelarut n-heksana tidak dapat lagi menarik klorofil. ...
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammation of the skin’s pilosebaceous unit, caused by oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Oxidative stress conditions can be treated using natural antioxidants, namely ashitaba (Angelica keiskei). In contrast to previous studies that tested column chromatography fraction of the macerated ethanol extract, this study examined the liquid-liquid partition fraction of 80% methanol sonicated extract of Ashitaba herb. This study aims to determine the antiradical activity of various fractions of Ashitaba herb extract against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. 80% methanol extract of the Ashitaba herb was fractionated using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water solvents. Each ashitaba herb fraction was identified for the content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds and the antiradical DPPH activity was tested with ascorbic acid standard using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The IC50 value of each fraction was statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Posthoc Tukey. The results of phytochemical identification showed that ashitaba herb fractions positively contain flavonoids and phenolics. Antiradical activity of the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water fractions against DPPH was indicated by IC50 values of 164.22±5.68 ppm (moderate); 8.70±0.12 ppm (very strong); and 243.60±8.14 ppm (weak). Statistically, each ashitaba herb fraction differed significantly from ascorbic acid (IC50 2.37±0.05 ppm). The ethyl acetate fraction has the strongest antioxidant activity and is in the same category of antioxidant strength as the ascorbic acid standard.
... Total phenolic content values were ranked as: flower (260.8 ± 5.543 mg/g) > young leaves (213.76 ± 5.43 mg/g) > shoot (122.9 ± 3.874 mg/g) > callus (48.6 ± 6.71mg/g) > cotyledon (16.2 ± 3.284 mg/g) (Fig. 3). Presence of total phenolic content was reported in cashew nut [24] , cashew apple [25] , leaves [26][27] and stem bark. [28][29] The present study also confirmed that in vitro developed callus had the potential to form phenolic compounds. ...
Anacardium occidentale L. is much known for its commercially valuable kernals and also bioactive compounds like polyphenols which serve as natural antioxidant having an ability to quench cytotoxic free radicals that may prevent many diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the presence of anacardic acid, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity in methanolic extract of callus and various plant parts such as flower, young leaves, shoot and cotyledon. Total phenolic contents were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method using gallic acid as standard compound. The maximum phenolic content was found in the methanol extract of flower (260.8 ± 5.543 mg/g) whereas the methanol extract of cotyledon (16.2 ± 3.284 mg/g) showed the lowest total phenolic content. The action of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on radical scavenging effect of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using ascorbic acid as standard compound. All extracts exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity and among the extracts, A. occidentale flower demonstrated greater antioxidant potential with a low IC50 (206.312 ± 0.38µg/ml) in comparison with those of the other extracts. Total phenolic contents showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity (r = 0.979; p<0.01) and negative correlations with IC50 (r = -0.984; p<0.01). The antibacterial capabilities of various extracts were also investigated against two common human pathogens of clinical importance, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Presence of anacardic acid in various extracts was also estimated by using HPTLC method. Pre-coated aluminum silica gel plate 60F254 was used as stationary phase and chloroform: ethyl acetate (9:1) was used as mobile phase.
... The experimental study was a simple random sampling design as performed according to a previous study (Nugroho et al., 2013;Harwoko et al., 2014). Wistar rats were divided into two major groups, namely the normotensive and hypertensive animal groups, consisting of 18 and 24 animals, respectively. ...
The ingredients of rice analogue used in this research are corn (Zea mays), lebui or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), mocaf (fermented cassava) and seaweed (Euchema cottonii) which was formulated in different compositions of amylose and amylopectin namely formula F30 (contain 30% amylose) and F31 (contain 31% amylose) (F30 and F31 Formula). Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the ingredients are supposed to have a role in the activity of blood pressure reduction. Therefore, this research aimed to determine whether the rice analogue in the two formulas can reduce blood pressure in Wistar rats, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The rice analogue was prepared with a composition as the formula, followed by chemical content analysis and in vivo experiment. In the in vivo experiment, rats were divided into two major groups. One was the normotensive group, and the other was the hypertensive group (induced by dexamethasone). Blood pressure measurements were carried out using the CODA® NonInvasive Blood Pressure tool. Blood pressure measurement data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and the Kruskall Wallis Test statistical tests, followed by the Mann-Whitney Test using a 95% confidence level. The results showed that changes in blood pressure, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions treated with the rice analogue diet, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) when compared to standard feeding. The percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the normotensive group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were -0.29±1.5% and 1.14±1.8%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -0.43±1.8% and 8.3±8.0%. Whereas in the hypertensive group, the percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were 3±0.09% and 6±0.08%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -2±0.15% and 6±0.15%. Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the rice analogue might have a role in the regulation of blood pressure, however, the amount of the ingredients in the rice analogue with F30 and F31 treated in the rats might not be able to reduce blood pressure both in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
... The total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract was analyzed by a colorimetric method using aluminium chloride reagent 14 . By diluting rutin with methanol (0-100 g/mL), a standard curve was created. ...
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a tropical plant that grows widely in South East Asian region, including on Sulawesi Island. The plant is important in the food sector and for medicinal purposes. The fruits of the Passion plant are made as a popular syrup beverage in Makassar produced by several companies. The production process results in an unusable seed containing potential natural oil. Passion Seed Oil (PSO) has several benefits in health and cosmetics. The oil contains chemically active compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids with antioxidant activities. This study was performed by comparison of several solvents acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of all extracts were then examined by the researchers. The potential antioxidant activity of PSO was shown by a methanol extract of 71.67 µg/mL. The highest flavonoid content was ethyl acetate extract of 35.40 mg RE/g crude extract, and phenolic was acetone extract of 193.80 mg GAE/g crude extract.
Anacardium occidentale is a known Nigerian indigenous plant used in folklore medicine in the management of various ailments. The antioxidant properties of A.occidentale was investigated via the evaluation of the radical scavenging activity of the various fractions of the extracts using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,4,6-tri[2-pyridyl]-5-triazine assays. Phytochemical screening was conducted on the extract to ascertain the presenceof vital phytoconstituents, and the phenol and flavonoid contents of the various fractions of the extracts were quantified spectrophotometrically. The results obtained revealed that A.occidentale contains vital phytoconstituents with the highest total phenol contents of 130.630.89 GAE/mg of extract in the crude sample, while the lowest value of 11.190.21 GAE/mg of extract was obtained in 50:50 n-hexane/ethylacetate fraction respectively. The total flavonoid content was highest in the crude sample (62.29 ± 3.81 mg QE/g extract dry weight) and least in the methanol fraction 0.31 ± 0.07 mg QE/g of dry extract. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay shows that the extract and fractions showed a considerable antioxidant effect from the absorbance of 0.208nm to 1.276 nm with 100% methanol having the highest value. Similarly, the DPPH assay result of the extracts and fractions was concentration-dependent. DPPH radical scavenging activity revealed that the highest radical scavenging was observed in 90% Methanol-10% Water fraction with an IC50 value of 0.43μg/mL. These findings validate A.occidentale as a rich source of antioxidant and could be recommended for therapeutic use in the management of oxidative related ailments.
Introduction and Aim: The buildup of free radicals is linked to oxidative stress-related disease such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The presence of natural antioxidants able to scavenge free radicals, thus, minimize their side effects. Anacardium occidentale and Barringtonia racemosa are medicinal plants that have been discovered to have many pharmacological benefits and have a potential as natural antioxidant agents. Thus, the purpose of this research was to identify the phytochemical components, antioxidant qualities, and toxicity effects of leaf extracts from A. occidentale and B. racemosa. Materials and Methods: The experimental research was performed by using total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) analysis, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and followed by in vitro toxicity effects by using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Results: The findings showed the presence of several phytochemical constituents in both plant extracts. Meanwhile, the phytochemical quantification presented that the methanolic extracts of A. occidentale and B. racemosa contained high TPC and TFC values. Besides, the results of DPPH scavenging assay showed high antioxidant effects of both plants extracts. Lastly, both plant extracts showed low toxicity effects when compared to potassium dichromate, which is an oxidizing agent known for its toxic properties that served as positive control for BSLA. Conclusion: The methanolic extracts of A. occidentale and B. racemosa are potential source of antioxidant which may be because the extracts contained flavonoid and phenolic compounds and suggested their potential as future antioxidant agents.
An increase in free radicals can cause damage to cells and tissues in the body. This is caused by a lack of antioxidant ability in the body, so it requires antioxidants outside the body. One of the plants that can be used as a source of antioxidants is the yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava), which has a class of polyphenolic compounds. The crude extract of this plant still has other components that are not included in the polyphenol compound. This study aimed to measure the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant activity of the yellow velvetleaf plant (L. flava) before and after purification. The purification process is carried out using the solid-phase extraction method. The antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increase after the purification process. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of purified extract is also increased when compared to crude extract. These results show that the purification process successfully increased the levels of polyphenol compounds from the yellow velvetleaf plant and its antioxidant activity. Thus, the purified extract can be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants and can be developed as a food supplement ingredient.
Obesity is a metabolic disorder disease and excessive fat accumulation. Synthetic antiobesity (antihyperlipidemic) drugs are considered to cause some side effects. Therefore, the investigation of novel antiobesity agents, with less adverse effects, is a major challenge in the future research, such as from plant extracts. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic of purified polyphenol from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) extract. The research was conducted using crude and purified extracts of water lettuce. The purification process was performed by solid-phase extraction by using a HyperSep Retain PEP cartridge. The qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds (flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, tannin) and quantitative analysis of lipase inhibition were conducted in the laboratory. The results showed that flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin were increased after the purification process, whereas triterpenoid was reduced. The stretching of a polymeric hydroxyl group (O–H) and H-bonded stretching at 3382.36 cm-1 (crude extract) and 3399.25 cm-1 (purified extract) indicate present of phenol in the extracts. The inhibition of lipase enzyme also increased from 37.50% (crude extract) to 72.50% (purified extract). Therefore, purified polyphenol compound from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) extract is the potential agent as antihyperlipidemic agent.
The antioxidant properties and the effect on nitric oxide (NO) production of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale were investigated. Radical-scavenging potential was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Griess assay was used to assess NO-inhibitory activity of the extracts. The antioxidant activity of aqueous, ethanol, and petroleum ether (60-80°C) extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale was estimated. The order of the antioxidant potency of the plant extract is ethanol > aqueous > petroleum ether. The results suggest that the leaves of A. occidentale are a potent source of natural antioxidants.
Sea buckthorn is a natural source of vitamins and several other bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and flavonoids, which have been claimed to lower cholesterol, platelet aggregation, blood pressure and blood sugar. In addition, sea buckthorn is considered to be useful in treating tumours, stomach ulcers, skin diseases and arsenic poisoning. Accumulating evidence suggests that sea buckthorn is a promising plant that could serve as a natural remedy for the reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and other health related problems such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, thrombosis and cancer. However, double blind clinical trials need to be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sea buckthorn products in the prevention and therapy of CVD as well as other medical conditions. This mini review is focused on the beneficial effects of sea buckthorn with particular emphasis on the preventive and therapeutic aspects of CVD.
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has high demand in the world market due to wide range of applications. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has various range of biological properties. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify the phytochemicals present in the CNSL using solvent extract method. Antifungal activity of acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on A. flavus , A. fumigatus , A. niger , Curvalaria sp and Fusarium sp. were studied. Distinct range of antifungal spectrum observed was compared with the phytochemicals present. It is concluded that ethanol extracts were found to have broad spectrum and higher percentage of antifungal activity.
Terminalia bellerica has been used as a folk medicine in a variety of ailments including hypertension. Our aim was to investigate the possible mechanism of its blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect. The crude extract of Terminalia bellerica fruit (Tb.Cr) which tested positive for flavonoids, sterols and tannins induced a dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg) fall in the arterial BP of rats under anaesthesia. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Tb.Cr inhibited the force and rate of atrial contractions. In rabbit thoracic aorta, Tb.Cr relaxed the phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions as well as suppressed the PE (1 μM) control peaks in the Ca++-free medium, similar to that caused by verapamil. The vasodilator effect of Tb.Cr was endothelium-independent as it was not opposed by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in endothelium-intact rat aortic preparations and it occurred at the similar concentration in the endothelium-denuded tissues. These results indicate that Terminalia bellerica lowers BP through Ca++ antagonist mechanism and thus provides a sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in hypertension.
Flavonoids, with various biological activities, are considered as key compounds in propolis. In this study, quantitative determinations of flavonoids in propolis were conducted by two complementary colorimetric methods, aluminum chloride method and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. Results suggested that the sum of flavonoid contents determined by the above two individual methods may represent the real content of total flavonoids. In this work, six raw propolis samples were investigated and the total contents of flavonoids ranged from 10.38 ± 0.14% to 24.91 ± 0.53%. As for the 12 commercial propolis products examined, the levels of total flavonoids in tinctures were all below 7% and those in powdery products varied from 2.97 ± 0.05% to 22.73 ± 0.72%.
Thirty-seven raw vegetables were extracted using four solvent systems: 70% acetone, 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and distilled water. The extracts were tested for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities (using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The results revealed the effect of different extracting solvents in altering the quantitative analyses of all vegetables and 70% acetone was identified as the most efficient solvent for extracting polyphenolic antioxidants from the vegetables. The highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained from 70% acetone extract of Portulaca oleracea (138.2 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g dw basis) and 70% methanol extract of Cosmos caudatus (27.7 ± 1.0 mg QE/g dw basis), respectively. The 70% acetone extract of Etlingera elatior with moderate amount of total phenolic content exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The correlation analyses within 37 different extracts of each solvent extraction demonstrated weak to moderate relationships between all the studied parameters. The highest r value of 0.7139 (p < 0.001) was determined between total phenolic contents and FRAP values of the 70% methanol extracts. Meanwhile, a wide range of correlation coefficients was derived from correlation analyses within four different extracts of each vegetable, with the highest relationship between total phenolic contents and FRAP values for the extracts of Coriandrum sativum (r = 0.9998, p < 0.001).
The polyphenols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and protein were determined in 24 underutilized medicinal vegetables from Indonesia. Anacardium occidentale, Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., and Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. leaves were rich sources of flavonoids, with 118–144 mg/100 g fresh weight. Quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid were the predominant polyphenols among those measured in vegetables. Polyscias pinnata leaves and Solanum torvum Swartz fruits had the most phenolic acids, with 53 and 36 mg/100 g, respectively. Moringa pterygosperma had the most carotenoids among vegetables, with 14 mg β-carotene equivalents (βCE)/100 g. Ascorbic acid content of fresh vegetables was 12.03–494.43 mg/100 g. A. occidentale, S. androgynus, Ocimum americanum L., Cosmos caudatus H.B.K., and Carica papaya L. (papaya) leaves had more than 100 mg ascorbic acid/100 g. Thus, a number of underutilized vegetables from Indonesia may be rich sources of functional components including polyphenols and ascorbic acid.