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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves ( Anacardium occidentale L.)
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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.) Abstract Cashew tree (family Anacardiaceae) grows widely in many areas of the Southeast Asia countries including Indonesia. Its fruit and nut are used for food, whereas its leaf is one of the traditional antihypertensive medicine in Indonesia. Hypertension affects many people around the world especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antihypertension effect of purified extract of cashew leaves (PECL) using an isolated organ technique, and determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results showed that PECL at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL was obviously able to inhibit the contraction of isolated rat aorta induced by cumulative addition of phenylephrine. The inhibitory effect of PECL were 25.72±8.19% and 39.60±3.50% (p<0.05), respectively. PECL (1.0 mg/mL) also changed the pD 2 value of phenylephrine from 6.71±0.37 to 5.93±0.33 (p<0.05), and relaxed the isolated-organ mildly by 13.11±0.72%. In addition, PECL contained the total phenolic of 19.78±0.62% and the total flavonoids of 1.97±0.04% which are equivalent to gallic acid and rutin, respectively.
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... Absorbansi diukur pada panjang gelombang serapan maksimum 415 nm. Kandungan flavonoid total dinyatakan dalam gram ekuivalen rutin (RE) (Chang et al., 2002;Nugroho et al., 2013). ...
... Kadar flavonoid total pada fraksi etil asetat kulit batang Sirsak diperoleh menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan menggunakan larutan standar rutin pada konsentrasi 10, 20, 30, dan 40 ppm. Pengukuran absorbansi terlebih dahulu dilakukan terhadap larutan standar rutin pada Panjang gelombang 415 nm (Nugroho et al., 2013). Hasil pengukuran absorbansi larutan standar rutin dengan berbagai seri konsentrasi menunjukkan kurva kalibrasi larutan standar senyawa flavonoid rutin sehingga diperoleh hubungan linear antara absorbansi dengan konsentrasi yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai linearitas sebesar 0,9992 (Gambar 3). ...
Pendahuluan: Sirsak merupakan tanaman yang memiliki buah dengan kandungan nutrisi dan senyawa kimia yang telah banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional, dan kaya akan senyawa antioksidan. Aktivitas antioksidan ini dapat menghambat stres oksidatif. Aktivitas antioksidan tersebut terkait dengan kandungan senyawa kimia yang tinggi pada berbagai bagian tubuh tumbuhan ini. Klika sirsak mengandung berbagai senyawa, salah satunya adalah flavonoid. Flavonoid memiliki efek biokimia dan antioksidan yang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan. Berbagai penelitian melaporkan bahwa flavonoid memiliki potensi sebagai anti inflamasi, anti alergi, antivirus, antikarsinogenik, serta terapeutik dan sitotoksik. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Metode: Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol, dan dilanjutkan dengan proses partisi dengan pelarut etil asetat sehingga diperoleh ekstrak etil asetat. Analisis kadar flavonoid total dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis menggunakan larutan baku rutin pada konsentrasi 10, 20, 30, dan 40 ppm. Absorbansi larutan baku rutin dan ekstrak diukur pada Panjang gelombang 415 nm. Hasil: Hasil ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol dan dilanjutkan dengan proses partisi dengan pelarut etil asetat diperoleh ekstrak etil asetat sebanyak 1,6 g dan nilai rendemen sebesar 10,67%. Hasil analisis kadar flavonoid total sampel dan didapatkan hasil yaitu kadar flavonoid total dari ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak adalah 118,266 mg ER/g dengan persentase 11,8266 %. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak positif mengandung flavonoid dan sebanyak 1 mg/mL sampel mengandung flavonoid total sebesar 118,266 mg ER/g dengan persentase 11,8266 %.
... The experimental study was a simple random sampling design as performed according to a previous study (Nugroho et al., 2013;Harwoko et al., 2014). Wistar rats were divided into two major groups, namely the normotensive and hypertensive animal groups, consisting of 18 and 24 animals, respectively. ...
The ingredients of rice analogue used in this research are corn (Zea mays), lebui or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), mocaf (fermented cassava) and seaweed (Euchema cottonii) which was formulated in different compositions of amylose and amylopectin namely formula F30 (contain 30% amylose) and F31 (contain 31% amylose) (F30 and F31 Formula). Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the ingredients are supposed to have a role in the activity of blood pressure reduction. Therefore, this research aimed to determine whether the rice analogue in the two formulas can reduce blood pressure in Wistar rats, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The rice analogue was prepared with a composition as the formula, followed by chemical content analysis and in vivo experiment. In the in vivo experiment, rats were divided into two major groups. One was the normotensive group, and the other was the hypertensive group (induced by dexamethasone). Blood pressure measurements were carried out using the CODA® NonInvasive Blood Pressure tool. Blood pressure measurement data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and the Kruskall Wallis Test statistical tests, followed by the Mann-Whitney Test using a 95% confidence level. The results showed that changes in blood pressure, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions treated with the rice analogue diet, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) when compared to standard feeding. The percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the normotensive group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were -0.29±1.5% and 1.14±1.8%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -0.43±1.8% and 8.3±8.0%. Whereas in the hypertensive group, the percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were 3±0.09% and 6±0.08%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -2±0.15% and 6±0.15%. Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the rice analogue might have a role in the regulation of blood pressure, however, the amount of the ingredients in the rice analogue with F30 and F31 treated in the rats might not be able to reduce blood pressure both in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
... The total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract was analyzed by a colorimetric method using aluminium chloride reagent 14 . By diluting rutin with methanol (0-100 g/mL), a standard curve was created. ...
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a tropical plant that grows widely in South East Asian region, including on Sulawesi Island. The plant is important in the food sector and for medicinal purposes. The fruits of the Passion plant are made as a popular syrup beverage in Makassar produced by several companies. The production process results in an unusable seed containing potential natural oil. Passion Seed Oil (PSO) has several benefits in health and cosmetics. The oil contains chemically active compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids with antioxidant activities. This study was performed by comparison of several solvents acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of all extracts were then examined by the researchers. The potential antioxidant activity of PSO was shown by a methanol extract of 71.67 µg/mL. The highest flavonoid content was ethyl acetate extract of 35.40 mg RE/g crude extract, and phenolic was acetone extract of 193.80 mg GAE/g crude extract.
... In traditional medicine, leaves are used for treating dysentery, diarrhoea and piles, and an infusion of bark and leaves are applied to relief toothache and sore gums [8]. Other uses of the leave includes remedy for rheumatism and hypertension [9]. A. occidentale plant parts have been reported to possess pharmacological property, especially the leaves and stem bark [10,11]. They are rich in therapeutic bioactive metabolites which contribute to its significant antimicrobial activity [12,13]. ...
Background: Different parts of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) are used in folk medicine to treat dysentery, diarrhea piles, toothache and sore gums. Evaluation of phytoconstituents or novel compounds from the plant is highly needed to authenticate these claims. Aim: The aim of the research was to conduct phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluations of extract and fractions of root of Anarcadium occidentale got from Agbani. Methods: The pulverized material was extracted with methanol using cold maceration method. Solvent fractions were obtained using separating funnel based on liquid-liquid extraction technique starting with non-polar to high polar solvent. The cup-plate agar diffusion was used to conduct preliminary antibacterial evaluation of the extract and fractions. Agar dilution and streaking on the solid agar techniques were used to evaluate the test extract and fractions against some selected bacteria for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) respectively. Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions showed that terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, fat and oil, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins were present. The preliminary evaluations of the agent showed promising activity by producing inhibition zone diameter (IZD) ranging from 10 + 0.66 to 20 + 0.98 mm. The MIC and MBC of the test extract and fractions against the test bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Salm typhi, Bacillus subtilis. Salmonella. spp and Proteus. mirabils – ranged from 0.0025-0.040 mg/mL and 0.020 – 0.080 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: Our study showed that the extract and fractions of the cashew root possess promising antimicrobial activity. This suggests that the agents may provide novel compounds for antibacterial drug development research.
... Both the nut (fruit) and the cashew apples or pseudo-fruits of the cashew tree are marketed, and it is rich in fructose, glucose and amino acids and has a good antioxidant content and is high in ascorbic acid and phenol compounds [1,2]. Cashew apples are used as healthy alternatives to functional foods, while the leaf, stem and bark extracts are used in traditional medicines to treat inflammation, diarrhea, rheumatic diseases, hypertension and infectious diseases [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical plant found widely in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, and contains bioactive phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. The natural antioxidants such as collagenase and tyrosinase inhibitors found in medicinal plants are promising agents in cosmetic products. This study evaluated the inhibitory activities of the collagenase and tyrosinase from cashew leaf extracts by developing and evaluating the stability of facial cream formulations. The ethanol (DEN), ethyl acetate (DEA) and distilled water (DDW) crude extracts of cashew leaves were investigated for their bioactive compound efficacy. The DDW extract had the highest yield (24.97%). All the extracts were investigated for their antioxidant activities. The DEN extract showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging ability, ferric-reducing power and flavonoid compounds, which were 152.04 ± 2.40 mg gallic acid/g extract, 37.90 ± 1.07 mg gallic acid/g dry weight and 7.63 ± 0.07 mg quercetin/g dry weight, respectively. The DDW extract exhibited the highest potent activity, which was 111.00 ± 0.78 mg gallic acid/g dry weight in terms of phenolic content, while the DEN extract showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition at 0.100 mg/mL (46.97 ± 3.34%) and collagenase activity at 40 µg/mL. The results suggested that the ethanolic extracts from cashew leaves showed promise for use in skincare product development. Cosmeceutical formulations for skincare were prepared. The formula mixed with DEN extract and added to whitening and anti-aging skincare cream demonstrated good stability and physical properties.
An increase in free radicals can cause damage to cells and tissues in the body. This is caused by a lack of antioxidant ability in the body, so it requires antioxidants outside the body. One of the plants that can be used as a source of antioxidants is the yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava), which has a class of polyphenolic compounds. The crude extract of this plant still has other components that are not included in the polyphenol compound. This study aimed to measure the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant activity of the yellow velvetleaf plant (L. flava) before and after purification. The purification process is carried out using the solid-phase extraction method. The antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increase after the purification process. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of purified extract is also increased when compared to crude extract. These results show that the purification process successfully increased the levels of polyphenol compounds from the yellow velvetleaf plant and its antioxidant activity. Thus, the purified extract can be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants and can be developed as a food supplement ingredient.
Anacardium plants have received increasing recognition due to its nutritional and biological properties. A number of secondary metabolites are present in its leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant. Among the diverse Anacardium plants' bioactive effects, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities comprise those that have gained more attention. Thus, the present article aims to review the Anacardium plants' biological effects. A special emphasis is also given to their pharmacological and clinical efficacy, which may trigger further studies on their therapeutic properties with clinical trials.
The antioxidant properties and the effect on nitric oxide (NO) production of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale were investigated. Radical-scavenging potential was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Griess assay was used to assess NO-inhibitory activity of the extracts. The antioxidant activity of aqueous, ethanol, and petroleum ether (60-80°C) extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale was estimated. The order of the antioxidant potency of the plant extract is ethanol > aqueous > petroleum ether. The results suggest that the leaves of A. occidentale are a potent source of natural antioxidants.
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has high demand in the world market due to wide range of applications. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has various range of biological properties. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify the phytochemicals present in the CNSL using solvent extract method. Antifungal activity of acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on A. flavus , A. fumigatus , A. niger , Curvalaria sp and Fusarium sp. were studied. Distinct range of antifungal spectrum observed was compared with the phytochemicals present. It is concluded that ethanol extracts were found to have broad spectrum and higher percentage of antifungal activity.
Terminalia bellerica has been used as a folk medicine in a variety of ailments including hypertension. Our aim was to investigate the possible mechanism of its blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect. The crude extract of Terminalia bellerica fruit (Tb.Cr) which tested positive for flavonoids, sterols and tannins induced a dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg) fall in the arterial BP of rats under anaesthesia. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Tb.Cr inhibited the force and rate of atrial contractions. In rabbit thoracic aorta, Tb.Cr relaxed the phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions as well as suppressed the PE (1 μM) control peaks in the Ca++-free medium, similar to that caused by verapamil. The vasodilator effect of Tb.Cr was endothelium-independent as it was not opposed by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in endothelium-intact rat aortic preparations and it occurred at the similar concentration in the endothelium-denuded tissues. These results indicate that Terminalia bellerica lowers BP through Ca++ antagonist mechanism and thus provides a sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in hypertension.
Flavonoids, with various biological activities, are considered as key compounds in propolis. In this study, quantitative determinations of flavonoids in propolis were conducted by two complementary colorimetric methods, aluminum chloride method and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. Results suggested that the sum of flavonoid contents determined by the above two individual methods may represent the real content of total flavonoids. In this work, six raw propolis samples were investigated and the total contents of flavonoids ranged from 10.38 ± 0.14% to 24.91 ± 0.53%. As for the 12 commercial propolis products examined, the levels of total flavonoids in tinctures were all below 7% and those in powdery products varied from 2.97 ± 0.05% to 22.73 ± 0.72%.
Thirty-seven raw vegetables were extracted using four solvent systems: 70% acetone, 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and distilled water. The extracts were tested for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities (using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The results revealed the effect of different extracting solvents in altering the quantitative analyses of all vegetables and 70% acetone was identified as the most efficient solvent for extracting polyphenolic antioxidants from the vegetables. The highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained from 70% acetone extract of Portulaca oleracea (138.2 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g dw basis) and 70% methanol extract of Cosmos caudatus (27.7 ± 1.0 mg QE/g dw basis), respectively. The 70% acetone extract of Etlingera elatior with moderate amount of total phenolic content exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The correlation analyses within 37 different extracts of each solvent extraction demonstrated weak to moderate relationships between all the studied parameters. The highest r value of 0.7139 (p < 0.001) was determined between total phenolic contents and FRAP values of the 70% methanol extracts. Meanwhile, a wide range of correlation coefficients was derived from correlation analyses within four different extracts of each vegetable, with the highest relationship between total phenolic contents and FRAP values for the extracts of Coriandrum sativum (r = 0.9998, p < 0.001).
The polyphenols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and protein were determined in 24 underutilized medicinal vegetables from Indonesia. Anacardium occidentale, Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., and Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. leaves were rich sources of flavonoids, with 118–144 mg/100 g fresh weight. Quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid were the predominant polyphenols among those measured in vegetables. Polyscias pinnata leaves and Solanum torvum Swartz fruits had the most phenolic acids, with 53 and 36 mg/100 g, respectively. Moringa pterygosperma had the most carotenoids among vegetables, with 14 mg β-carotene equivalents (βCE)/100 g. Ascorbic acid content of fresh vegetables was 12.03–494.43 mg/100 g. A. occidentale, S. androgynus, Ocimum americanum L., Cosmos caudatus H.B.K., and Carica papaya L. (papaya) leaves had more than 100 mg ascorbic acid/100 g. Thus, a number of underutilized vegetables from Indonesia may be rich sources of functional components including polyphenols and ascorbic acid.
Sea buckthorn is a natural source of vitamins and several other bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and flavonoids, which have been claimed to lower cholesterol, platelet aggregation, blood pressure and blood sugar. In addition, sea buckthorn is considered to be useful in treating tumours, stomach ulcers, skin diseases and arsenic poisoning. Accumulating evidence suggests that sea buckthorn is a promising plant that could serve as a natural remedy for the reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and other health related problems such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, thrombosis and cancer. However, double blind clinical trials need to be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sea buckthorn products in the prevention and therapy of CVD as well as other medical conditions. This mini review is focused on the beneficial effects of sea buckthorn with particular emphasis on the preventive and therapeutic aspects of CVD.