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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves ( Anacardium occidentale L.)

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Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.) Abstract Cashew tree (family Anacardiaceae) grows widely in many areas of the Southeast Asia countries including Indonesia. Its fruit and nut are used for food, whereas its leaf is one of the traditional antihypertensive medicine in Indonesia. Hypertension affects many people around the world especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antihypertension effect of purified extract of cashew leaves (PECL) using an isolated organ technique, and determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results showed that PECL at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL was obviously able to inhibit the contraction of isolated rat aorta induced by cumulative addition of phenylephrine. The inhibitory effect of PECL were 25.72±8.19% and 39.60±3.50% (p<0.05), respectively. PECL (1.0 mg/mL) also changed the pD 2 value of phenylephrine from 6.71±0.37 to 5.93±0.33 (p<0.05), and relaxed the isolated-organ mildly by 13.11±0.72%. In addition, PECL contained the total phenolic of 19.78±0.62% and the total flavonoids of 1.97±0.04% which are equivalent to gallic acid and rutin, respectively.
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... Absorbansi diukur pada panjang gelombang serapan maksimum 415 nm. Kandungan flavonoid total dinyatakan dalam gram ekuivalen rutin (RE) (Chang et al., 2002;Nugroho et al., 2013). ...
... Kadar flavonoid total pada fraksi etil asetat kulit batang Sirsak diperoleh menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan menggunakan larutan standar rutin pada konsentrasi 10, 20, 30, dan 40 ppm. Pengukuran absorbansi terlebih dahulu dilakukan terhadap larutan standar rutin pada Panjang gelombang 415 nm (Nugroho et al., 2013). Hasil pengukuran absorbansi larutan standar rutin dengan berbagai seri konsentrasi menunjukkan kurva kalibrasi larutan standar senyawa flavonoid rutin sehingga diperoleh hubungan linear antara absorbansi dengan konsentrasi yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai linearitas sebesar 0,9992 (Gambar 3). ...
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Pendahuluan: Sirsak merupakan tanaman yang memiliki buah dengan kandungan nutrisi dan senyawa kimia yang telah banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional, dan kaya akan senyawa antioksidan. Aktivitas antioksidan ini dapat menghambat stres oksidatif. Aktivitas antioksidan tersebut terkait dengan kandungan senyawa kimia yang tinggi pada berbagai bagian tubuh tumbuhan ini. Klika sirsak mengandung berbagai senyawa, salah satunya adalah flavonoid. Flavonoid memiliki efek biokimia dan antioksidan yang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan. Berbagai penelitian melaporkan bahwa flavonoid memiliki potensi sebagai anti inflamasi, anti alergi, antivirus, antikarsinogenik, serta terapeutik dan sitotoksik. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Metode: Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol, dan dilanjutkan dengan proses partisi dengan pelarut etil asetat sehingga diperoleh ekstrak etil asetat. Analisis kadar flavonoid total dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis menggunakan larutan baku rutin pada konsentrasi 10, 20, 30, dan 40 ppm. Absorbansi larutan baku rutin dan ekstrak diukur pada Panjang gelombang 415 nm. Hasil: Hasil ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol dan dilanjutkan dengan proses partisi dengan pelarut etil asetat diperoleh ekstrak etil asetat sebanyak 1,6 g dan nilai rendemen sebesar 10,67%. Hasil analisis kadar flavonoid total sampel dan didapatkan hasil yaitu kadar flavonoid total dari ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak adalah 118,266 mg ER/g dengan persentase 11,8266 %. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etil asetat klika sirsak positif mengandung flavonoid dan sebanyak 1 mg/mL sampel mengandung flavonoid total sebesar 118,266 mg ER/g dengan persentase 11,8266 %.
... The experimental study was a simple random sampling design as performed according to a previous study (Nugroho et al., 2013;Harwoko et al., 2014). Wistar rats were divided into two major groups, namely the normotensive and hypertensive animal groups, consisting of 18 and 24 animals, respectively. ...
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The ingredients of rice analogue used in this research are corn (Zea mays), lebui or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), mocaf (fermented cassava) and seaweed (Euchema cottonii) which was formulated in different compositions of amylose and amylopectin namely formula F30 (contain 30% amylose) and F31 (contain 31% amylose) (F30 and F31 Formula). Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the ingredients are supposed to have a role in the activity of blood pressure reduction. Therefore, this research aimed to determine whether the rice analogue in the two formulas can reduce blood pressure in Wistar rats, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The rice analogue was prepared with a composition as the formula, followed by chemical content analysis and in vivo experiment. In the in vivo experiment, rats were divided into two major groups. One was the normotensive group, and the other was the hypertensive group (induced by dexamethasone). Blood pressure measurements were carried out using the CODA® NonInvasive Blood Pressure tool. Blood pressure measurement data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and the Kruskall Wallis Test statistical tests, followed by the Mann-Whitney Test using a 95% confidence level. The results showed that changes in blood pressure, both in normotensive and hypertensive conditions treated with the rice analogue diet, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) when compared to standard feeding. The percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the normotensive group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were -0.29±1.5% and 1.14±1.8%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -0.43±1.8% and 8.3±8.0%. Whereas in the hypertensive group, the percentage changes in systolic blood pressure in the group treated F30 and F31 rice analogue were 3±0.09% and 6±0.08%, respectively, while for diastolic blood pressure were -2±0.15% and 6±0.15%. Nutritive and bioactive compounds in the rice analogue might have a role in the regulation of blood pressure, however, the amount of the ingredients in the rice analogue with F30 and F31 treated in the rats might not be able to reduce blood pressure both in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
... The total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract was analyzed by a colorimetric method using aluminium chloride reagent 14 . By diluting rutin with methanol (0-100 g/mL), a standard curve was created. ...
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Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a tropical plant that grows widely in South East Asian region, including on Sulawesi Island. The plant is important in the food sector and for medicinal purposes. The fruits of the Passion plant are made as a popular syrup beverage in Makassar produced by several companies. The production process results in an unusable seed containing potential natural oil. Passion Seed Oil (PSO) has several benefits in health and cosmetics. The oil contains chemically active compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids with antioxidant activities. This study was performed by comparison of several solvents acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of all extracts were then examined by the researchers. The potential antioxidant activity of PSO was shown by a methanol extract of 71.67 µg/mL. The highest flavonoid content was ethyl acetate extract of 35.40 mg RE/g crude extract, and phenolic was acetone extract of 193.80 mg GAE/g crude extract.
... In traditional medicine, leaves are used for treating dysentery, diarrhoea and piles, and an infusion of bark and leaves are applied to relief toothache and sore gums [8]. Other uses of the leave includes remedy for rheumatism and hypertension [9]. A. occidentale plant parts have been reported to possess pharmacological property, especially the leaves and stem bark [10,11]. They are rich in therapeutic bioactive metabolites which contribute to its significant antimicrobial activity [12,13]. ...
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