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Sphyracephala europaea sp. n. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Hungary represents a family new to Europe.
Abstract
Sphyracephala europaea L. Papp et Foldvari, sp. n., is described from Szeged, Hungary. The adults were caught on their overwintering sites. The morphological features and those of the genitalia are described in comparison to those of Sphyracephala brevicornis Say (Nearctic) and S. babadjanidesi Zaitzev (Armenia). With 13 figures.
... The world fauna includes 15 genera and c. 160 species (Nartshuk 2003, Ziegler 2003. Six recent species of the genus Sphyracephala Say, 1828 have been recorded in the Holarctic, five of them being common in the Palaearctic: Sphyracephala europaea Papp & Földvári, 1997 (described from Hungary); S. babadjanidesi Zaitzev, 1919 (described from Armenia); S. nigrimana Loew, 1873 (found in the Amur River Region of the Far East); S. detrahens (Walker, 1860) (found in Japan) and S. beccarii Rondani, 1873 (Afrotropical species that has penetrated into Algeria, thus having Afrotropical-Mediterranean distribution) (Ohara 1993, Papp et al. 1997, Simova-Tošić & Stojanović 1999. Sphyracephala brevicornis (Say, 1817) is known from the Nearctic (Peterson 1987) and S. munroi Curran, 1928 has an Afrotropical distribution (Cogan & Shillito 1980). ...
... The world fauna includes 15 genera and c. 160 species (Nartshuk 2003, Ziegler 2003. Six recent species of the genus Sphyracephala Say, 1828 have been recorded in the Holarctic, five of them being common in the Palaearctic: Sphyracephala europaea Papp & Földvári, 1997 (described from Hungary); S. babadjanidesi Zaitzev, 1919 (described from Armenia); S. nigrimana Loew, 1873 (found in the Amur River Region of the Far East); S. detrahens (Walker, 1860) (found in Japan) and S. beccarii Rondani, 1873 (Afrotropical species that has penetrated into Algeria, thus having Afrotropical-Mediterranean distribution) (Ohara 1993, Papp et al. 1997, Simova-Tošić & Stojanović 1999. Sphyracephala brevicornis (Say, 1817) is known from the Nearctic (Peterson 1987) and S. munroi Curran, 1928 has an Afrotropical distribution (Cogan & Shillito 1980). ...
... The distribution of S. europaea can be considered as South-Eastern-European. The species is known from Hungary and Serbia (Papp et al. 1997, Simova-Tošić & Stojanović 1999, Bystrowski et al. 2017). The finding of S. europaea in Bulgaria expands its range to the southeast. ...
The family Diopsidae is reported for the first time in Bulgaria: Sphyracephala europaea Papp & Földvári, 1997 has been found on the bank of the Danube River east of the town of Nikopol. Thus, the total number of the dipterous families occurring in Bulgaria reaches 107.
... Th e Diopsidae, or stalk-eyed fl ies, is a comparatively small acalyptrate family of nearly 200-300 species in 11 to 14 genera (Feijen, 1989). Th e family is remarkable for having most species with hypercephalic features and exhibits the greatest diversity in the Old World, particularly in the tropical and subtropical parts of Africa followed by Southeast Asia, with few species in the Palaearctic Region (Papp et al., 1997;Hauser et al., 2011). Two species are known in the temperate eastern North America, with one of them being recorded as far west as Wyoming (Stoaks, Shaw, 2011). ...
... Th e average temperature of the coldest month at the northernmost range of the modern distribution of the stalk-eyed fl ies in Europe (Szeged, Hungary) is -2 °C (Papp et al., 1997). It has been hypothesised that win ters were not harsher in the Baltic Amber forest (Archibald, Farrell, 2003). ...
... Th e diopsid invasion probably occurred later than the above one, possibly during the Middle or, rather, Late Eocene, with no macrothermal routes preserved, and with only survived those available for Diopsidae with the winter diapause (Feijen, 1989;Papp et al., 1997). Th is would limit the diopsid dispersion even to warmer New World subtropics, not to mention the tropics. ...
Dipteran insects constitute 51 % among arthropods of the Rovno Amber. There are 99 species and 23 genera of the Diptera described from the Rovno Amber; however, to date only 32 species are shared with the Baltic Amber fauna, including two species that are treated in this paper. Triphleba schulmanae Brown, 2003 (Phoridae), originally described from the Baltic Amber, is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time and its amended description is supplied. Genus Prosphyracephala Hennig, 1965 (Diopsidae), earlier known from the Baltic and Saxonian ambers, the Upper Eocene of Ruby River (Montana, USA) and the Lower Oligocene of Céreste (France), is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time. Prosphyracephala aff. succini (Loew, 1873) is the first diopsid record from Ukraine. A second specimen of Prosphyracephala kerneggeri Kotrba, 2009 is found in the Baltic amber; the complete wing venation is described for the first time for this species. Vast majority of the Old World Diopsidae are strictly thermophilous. In fact, all of them but the five species of brevicornis group of Sphyracephala Say (three Palearctic and two Nearctic ones) frequent tropic and the warmest subtropic areas, however the thermophilous Diopsidae are known in the New World neither in past nor in contemporary fauna.
... Additional species are not expected from the region. The genus was briefly reviewed by Feijen (1989: 66), but a European species was subsequently discovered by Papp et al. (1997). Sphyracephala are small diopsids (3.5-6.0 mm), with usually short, stout eye stalks (Fig. 4) and two pairs of scutal setae. ...
Diopsidae - family diagnosis.
Biology and immature stages.
Economic significance.
Classification.
Key to genera of Afrotropical Diopsidae.
Synopsis of the Afrotropical genera
... The diopsid stalk-eyed flies are a morphologically distinct family of the Schizophoran diptera, with both males and females of all species possessing laterally extended head morphologies. There are approximately 160 described species within the family, although this figure is increasing (Papp et al. 1997, Feijen 1999, Carr et al. 2006a) and the family is currently undergoing taxonomic revision , Kotrba & Balke 2006. Recent molecular studies have shown that the genera Teleopsis and Cyrtodiopsis are in fact paraphyletic with respect to each other, form a monophyletic group and should be considered as a single genus , Meier & Baker 2002. ...
A new species of Teleopsis (Diptera, Diopsidae) from Chiang Mai, Thailand is described and illustrated. Teleopsis thaii Földvári & Carr is shown to be a member of a species group, termed the dalmanni species group, along with three previously described species. Presented here are a morphological description of T. thaii and an allometric comparison of the species with other members of the Teleopsis genus. We also present multi-gene phylogenetic analyses to highlight the possible position of T. thaii within the dalmanni species group.
... Introduction Papp et al. (1997) described the first extant European species of stalk eyed flies, Sphyracephala europaea Papp et Földvári 1997 from Hungary. Until then Diopsidae had been represented in western Europe only by a few fossil specimens of Prosphyracephala succini (Loew 1873) from Baltic amber, originally described in Sphyr acephala Say 1828. ...
Among close to 30 specimens of fossil stalk-eyed flies from Baltic amber known today, mostly from private collections, there is one with particularly long and slender eye stalks. Morphometric comparison with 28 specimens of Prosphyra-cephala succini (Loew) confirms that this long-eyed specimen belongs to a different species. The species is described as P. kerneggeri spec. nov. The description of P. suc-cini is augmented with additional information.
... The eye-stalks are unusual compared to those of many other eye-stalk flies in the other dipteran families (Grimaldi & Fenster 1989;Wilkinson & Dodson 1997) in that they are present in both sexes and not only the eyes but also the antennae are located at the end of the stalk. The vast majority of Diopsidae are found in the Old World tropics, although there are also two Nearctic (Feijen 1989), one extant Palaearctic species (Papp & al 1997), and at least one extinct European species known from Baltic amber (Hennig 1965;Schumann 1994). With a few phytophagous exceptions, all diopsids for which information on breeding habits is available have saprophagous larvae (Descamps 1957;Ferrar 1987). ...
The results of a cladistic analysis based on a combined character matrix consisting of the morphological data set of Meier & Hilger (2000) and the molecular data set of Baker & al. (2001) is presented. The data set is subjected to an extensive sensitivity analysis and equal character weighting is found to perform best according to character incongruence and tree support. The sensitivity analysis also reveals a remarkable stability of the preferred tree with 25 of the 36 tree nodes supported under 16 different analysis conditions. Cyrtodiopsis is synonymized with Teleopsis and Shillito's (1971) synonymization of Trichodiopsis and Chaetodiopsis with Diasemopsis is confirmed. Morphological and DNA sequence data agree on all major clades and conflict is restricted to the placement of two species within their respective genera. Only in one case can the conflict be confidently resolved. Partitioned Bremer Support values reveal that 90% of the tree support is generated by the DNA sequence characters, although the average morphological character contributes twice the support of an average molecular character. The evolution of eye-stalk morphology and of a meiotic drive chromosome system in Teleopsis is briefly discussed in the light of the phylogenetic tree.
... The diopsid stalk-eyed flies are a morphologically distinct family of the Schizophoran diptera, with both males and females of all species possessing laterally extended head morphologies. There are approximately 160 described species within the family, although this figure is increasing (Papp et al. 1997, Feijen 1999, Carr et al. 2006a) and the family is currently undergoing taxonomic revision , Kotrba & Balke 2006. Recent molecular studies have shown that the genera Teleopsis and Cyrtodiopsis are in fact paraphyletic with respect to each other, form a monophyletic group and should be considered as a single genus , Meier & Baker 2002. ...
A new species of Teleopsis (Diptera, Diopsidae) from Chiang Mai, Thailand is described and illustrated. Teleopsis thaii Földvári & Carr is shown to be a member of a species group, termed the dalmanni species group, along with three previ-ously described species. Presented here are a morphological description of T. thaii and an allometric comparison of the species with other members of the Teleopsis genus. We also present multi-gene phylogenetic analyses to highlight the possible position of T. thaii within the dalmanni species group.
Sphyracephala detrahens (Walker, 1860) (Diptera: Diopsidae) inhabits the riparian zones of streams and rivers. Because of the limited dispersal ability of S. detrahens during egg, larval, and pupal stages, immature individuals are at risk of being submerged by floodwater after heavy rain. In this study, I evaluated the submergence tolerances of immatures of S. detrahens by comparing them to immatures of Drosophila melanogaster , which also feed on rotten fruits but are not restricted to the riparian zone. The results showed that S. detrahens eggs were susceptible to desiccation, but more than 80% of eggs hatched after full submergence. Later instar larvae were more resistant to full submergence than earlier instar larvae. The duration of submergence causing 50% pupation (PD 50 ) in the first, second, and third‐instar larvae of S. detrahens were 15.88, 58.46, and 91.74 h, respectively. The PD 50 of the third‐instar larvae of D. melanogaster was 20.01 h. Third‐instar S. detrahens larvae continued to develop in water for a longer duration than D. melanogaster larvae of the same instar. In the pupal stages, late pupae tended to remain afloat longer than early pupae. The duration of submergence causing 50% emergence (ED 50 ) of adults from early and late pupae were 40.70 and 104.74 h, respectively. In the larval and pupal stages, individuals in the later developmental phases tended to be more tolerant to full submergence. The submergence tolerance of the immature stages of S. detrahens may reflect adaptation to an environment with fluctuating water levels.
European Atlas: Nerioidea & Diopsoidea (Diptera).
Country presences determined from literature and other published sources
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