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Hemp -Biochemical diversity and multiple uses
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... The increasing public awareness and the growing knowledge on the mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, demonstrated in multiple clinical trials, prompted regulatory changes regarding hemp cultivation in a number of countries. Hemp has been used medicinally for more than 5000 years (Truta et al. 2009), and new bioactive compounds are still being discovered, making the pharmaceutical potential of the species appear inexhaustible. Hemp is a source of cannabinoids with anti-psychotic, antiinflammatory, and anxiolytic properties, among which CBD is the most prominent (Bonini et al. 2018;Vemuri and Makriyannis 2015). ...
... Hemp is a source of cannabinoids with anti-psychotic, antiinflammatory, and anxiolytic properties, among which CBD is the most prominent (Bonini et al. 2018;Vemuri and Makriyannis 2015). In addition, hemp seeds are an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), amino acids, and vitamins (Peiretti 2009;Truta et al. 2009), and their regular consumption improves metabolism and provides a number of other health benefits. Research by Calvi et al. (2018), Frassinetti et al. (2018), and Główczewska-Siedlecka et al. (2016) demonstrated considerable variation in chemical compounds across varieties and growing conditions. ...
... Research by Calvi et al. (2018), Frassinetti et al. (2018), and Główczewska-Siedlecka et al. (2016) demonstrated considerable variation in chemical compounds across varieties and growing conditions. The basic aspect in the legal regulations for the cultivation of hemp is the content of Δ 9 -THC (Pacifico et al. 2007;Truta et al. 2009). The limit of this substance has recently been increasingly debated, mainly due to the potential use of C. sativa in treating many severe diseases and improving the quality of life of chronically ill patients. ...
Influence of agroclimatic conditions on active substances content in hemp cultivated in the South-East Baltic region Abstract: Due to legal regulations prohibiting cultivation of cannabis (Cannabis indica Lam.) in many countries, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) remains the main source of active substances with potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. To assess the possibility of using the varieties of industrial hemp for this goal, and their adaptation to the habitat conditions and the agricultural technology appropriate for them, we investigated three monoecious varieties of hemp (‘Futura 75,’ ‘KC Dora’ and ‘Tygra’) at different sowing densities (60 germinating seeds·1 m² or 180 germinating seeds·1 m²) and nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg·ha⁻¹). In none of the tested hemp varieties registered as fibrous did the concentration of Δ⁹-THC exceed 0.2%, satisfying the requirements of European legislation for industrial hemp varieties. The tested varieties did not differ significantly in the cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ⁹- tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹ -THC) content in the dry matter of inflorescences. Agronomic factors such as sowing density or nitrogen fertilization did not modify the content of CBD and Δ⁹-THC. This result is very helpful for farmers, because it allows them to select hemp varieties of dual-purpose production (stems and inflorescences or stems and seeds) adapted to the South-East Baltic environment.
... Owing to its high content of phytocannabinoids, hemp has a high potential for pharmaceutical use, as a raw material for drug production. The negative perception of hemp and restrictions on its cultivation found globally are associated with the content of psychoactive phytocannabinoids, most notably Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) [8][9][10]. However, hemp is also a source of phytocannabinoids with antipsychotic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties, especially cannabidiol (CBD) [11][12][13]. ...
... However, hemp is also a source of phytocannabinoids with antipsychotic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties, especially cannabidiol (CBD) [11][12][13]. Moreover, hemp seeds are an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), amino acids, and vitamins [9,14], and may improve metabolism and provide multiple other health benefits with regular consumption. ...
Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) attracts increasing interest of growers, in relation to both industrial and medical purposes. Construction is the most promising area of the economy for hemp, and specifically, the fast-growing production of insulation and bio-composite materials.
The most significant factors affecting the final yield of hemp seeds and biomass include: climatic factors, i.e. influence of weather conditions that determines the content of cannabinoids in plants; genetic predisposition of the variety used as well as agrotechnical factors. The article provides information on the botanical characteristics of fiber hemp, hemp cultivation area, Polish monoecious varieties of industrial hemp, hemp's agricultural requirements, including: the demand for macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium); choice of soil, pioneer crop, and field preparation; sowing timing and density; harvest time; water conditions; heat and light requirements for hemp. The review article is focused mainly on the results of studies carried out at the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, data of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARiMR), Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU), European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA), published in 2008 - 2018.
In the presented research work, the impact of two harvesting dates, temperature, and precipitation on the content of essential oils in inflorescences of three hemp cultivars in fresh and dry plant matter was assessed. Plants were harvested at full flowering and at full hemp seeds maturity. The highest content of essential oils in the dry matter of inflorescences was characteristic of the “Białobrzeskie” cultivar in full flowering, and the smallest of the ”Zołotonowska 13” cultivar, regardless of the harvest date. When the harvest was delayed from full flowering to full maturity, the content of essential oils in the fresh mass of the inflorescence increased. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the content of essential oils in hemp in the dry matter of inflorescence is determined mainly by the cultivar, while the harvest date and the influence of various weather factors modify these values. On the other hand, the content of essential oils in the fresh mass of the inflorescence depends mainly on the harvest date – the closer to full maturity, the higher their content.
Objectives:
Natural botanical agents that are antimicrobial, or that modulate skin hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase inhibition, are increasingly sought in the cosmetic industry.
Methods:
In this study, an efficient tactic is demonstrated for concentrating and stabilizing skin-beneficial bioactive compounds from muscadine grape and blackcurrant juice or muscadine pomace, into hemp flour (HF), hemp protein isolate (HPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) matrices suitable for cosmetic applications.
Results:
Anthocyanins were most efficiently captured from blackcurrant juice into HF (8.39 mg g(-1) ). HPI most effectively captured total phenolics from muscadine pomace (72.32 and 77.32 mg g(-1) from Noble and Carlos, respectively), while the three matrices incorporated highest levels of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and PAC B1 from Noble muscadine grape juice. The enriched matrices demonstrated effective in vitro inhibition of tyrosinase (up to 57.29% for blackcurrant juice-HPI matrix), and in general, juice sources provided greater inhibition on L-dopamine oxidation by tyrosinase than pomace sources. The polyphenol-enriched matrices effectively inhibited microbial proliferation in a screening assay against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, whereas untreated HF, HPI or SPI did not inhibit bacterial growth.
Conclusion:
The technology of combining and stably concentrating phytoactive polyphenols with proteins has potential use for cosmetic topical applications.
Scientific information about cannabis and its components has grown exponentially during the past decade. Certain of the findings have led to exploratory studies into the therapeutic utility of the drug. At the present time, a number of areas of usefulness have been investigated, with some showing greater promise than others. At what point should these data be collected and presented? Should it be early, after some initial impressions have been obtained? Or should it come later, following confirmatory studies by others? Both stages of development are represented in this volume. In a number of instances, the papers consist of hitherto unpublished material. It seemed worthwhile to bring together the investigators working in a wide variety of disciplines who had in common their research activities in the therapeutic aspects of the cannabinoids and related synthetic compounds. This was done at the Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, California during November, 1975. The papers presented and the ensuing discussion constitute the contents of this volume. It is the Editors' hope that the book will stimulate further involvement in the therapeutic studies. It should not be expected, nor is it anticipated that some cannabinoid will be available commercially in the near future. The nature of the approval process is such that years elapse between initial testing, however promising, and final approval for marketing. This is particularly true for a completely new chemical entity, and even more so for one with a checkered reputation.
Cannabis and Humulus are closely related genera of Cannabaceae that share many unusual biological and phytochemical characteristics. These include their dioecious nature, the presence of glandular trichomes on inflorescences, and the biosynthesis of terpenophenolic secondary metabolites in these trichomes. This chapter makes clear that while the structures of the terpenophenolics found in hop and cannabis may vary, the biosynthetic pathways by which they are formed display a common pattern of polyketide formation, prenylation, and cyclization/decoration. The discovery of the polyketide synthases, prenyltransferases, and other enzymes responsible for terpenophenolic synthesis in cannabis and hop will open up new opportunities for metabolic engineering of these economically important crops. Applications could include the production of zero-cannabinoid cannabis varieties for use in food and fiber production and varieties with tailored cannabinoid profiles for medicinal use. Although genetic modification of hop is unlikely to be accepted by consumers, the creation of hop varieties with modified terpenophenolic contents through molecular breeding efforts could be envisioned.
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