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U.S. Cultural Imperialism: Today Only a Chimera
Abstract
After revisiting the notion of "cultural imperialism" and
reclaiming its valuable components, the article focuses on the most
significant aspects of U.S. cultural imperialism in the current era of
globalization. It goes beyond media imperialism to examine other domains
of U.S. cultural influence at the heart of capitalist globalization,
including business culture, management and labor practices, and cultural
and political "development policies." Recognizing two levels of meaning
associated with the ideas and practices distributed from the United States
to the rest to the world, the author posits the sustained dominance
of the first level, that is, the culture of consumerism. U.S. cultural
imperialism as understood here—ultimately seen as a predominantly
negative phenomenon from the perspective of self-determination by local
people—is neither essential for, nor inherent to, globalization,
but a contingent form of the global diffusion of consumerist beliefs
and practices.
... Notwithstanding the rise of other centres of film production such as India, Nigeria, South Korea and China -both India and Nigeria have since 2011 surpassed the US in terms of films produced per year (UIS, 2013) -and despite technological advances that have allowed for the ever increasing availability of (free of charge) films online, the US film industry still dominates the global market (Banerjee, 2002;Crane, 2014;Fu and Govindaraju, 2010;EY, 2015;Vlassis, 2016). In the early 1900s, the US film industry, centred in Los Angeles (Hollywood), emerged as one of the world's most prominent centres of film production, and has since become the dominant locale of film production in the world due to three interrelated organizational and economic factors (Scott, 2002;van Elteren, 2003;Crane, 2014;Lipovetsky and Serroy, 2013). First, Scott (2002) alludes to the concentration of talent and economic resources dedicated to film production in Hollywood which allowed companies to benefit from agglomeration economies. ...
... First, Scott (2002) alludes to the concentration of talent and economic resources dedicated to film production in Hollywood which allowed companies to benefit from agglomeration economies. Second, according to van Elteren (2003), the US market in general offered profitable economies of scale which ensured that cultural exports could be sold against relatively low rates well below the production costs of companies in other nations. Third, the widespread and effective distribution system resulted in the effective exclusion of foreign films from the US market, as well as ensuring the successful export of American films abroad (Scott, 2002;Crane, 2014). ...
... In the context of the Cold War, the anti-communism discourses of sovereign consumer and free market against the Eurocentric state and state-centric theories constituted the neoliberal revolution led by white US supremacy to inhibit the rise of "multiple minorities" of the invisibilized, who occupied and partially decolonized the predominantly white university in the heart of the capitalist/patriarchal/racist Empire (Joseph, 2006), and regain the US global hegemony lost during the revolutionary 1960-70s triggered by worldwide dewesternizing and decolonizing dynamics (Steger & Roy, 2010). As one of the main institutions of these counterrevolutionary dynamics of invisibilization-visibilization via market discourse, business schools and government schoolsstrategically delinked from the predominantly white Eurocentric university undergoing processes of decolonization followed by radical recolonization (Joseph, 2006) -universalized the supremacist discourse that it was up to the US to mobilize every means possible to contain the expansion of the communist empire within the country and abroad, as well as statisms and developmentalisms, linked to the Third World and resurging essentialist/separatist agendas (van Elteren, 2003). ...
... It was portrayed in academic and non-academic medias as a revolution "in the field of ideas" which resulted of the "victory of a disinterested intellectual movement over its adversaries" (Murphy & Willmott, 2015: 36). The invisible side of this highly contested counterrevolution that informed the institutionalization of a field of Management/Administration against the majority was mobilized mainly by corporations from the financial sector and the media supported by the neo-imperial military-economic might led by the US (Duménil & Lévy, 2007), multicultural epistemic dynamics in the South/East and North/West (van Elteren, 2003) and mechanisms for radical co-optation of alternatives and transmodern epistemes in different corners of the planet (Hong, 2015). ...
Dynamics contrary to the life of the majority mobilized by neo-imperial neo-liberal capitalism evolving toward neo-fascist populism has become virtually invisible to the field of Management/Administration, which is driven by dynamics of appropriation-contention focused on alternatives and transmodern epistemes of the emerging South-East. We analyze this picture of radicalization of global coloniality within the context of counterrevolutionary neoliberalism facing dynamics of dewesternization and decoloniality from a South-North dialogue between Decolonial Theory/Option and Critical Realism. By proposing a critical/decolonial transmodern framework, we unveil dynamics of invisibilization/visibilization against the life of the majority, invisibilized by market sub-theorization and dominant discourse and by the liberal university and its business/management schools. In the end, we propose to recover the expanded relevance of “administration/management” engaged with the majority, through reappropriation dynamics based on de-subalternization of non-market and ‘de-celebration’ of free market.
... The received view about the globalization is one where the entire world has been imitating in the image of Western or American (Elteren, 2003: 171) [2]. The popularity of Big Macs, iPhones, Hollywood and Pops are signs, and are imputed by media, cinema and music, though, the development of the Internet has created a transnational space to connect netizens worldwide. ...
... The received view about the globalization is one where the entire world has been imitating in the image of Western or American (Elteren, 2003: 171) [2]. The popularity of Big Macs, iPhones, Hollywood and Pops are signs, and are imputed by media, cinema and music, though, the development of the Internet has created a transnational space to connect netizens worldwide. ...
... Balancing these dimensions of domination is the proliferation of American cultural values-otherwise known as the "Americanization' of the globe (Aas, 2007;Kroes, 2000;van Elteren, 2003). This process refers to the concrete ways in which American attitudes, values, beliefs, customs, and practices permeate throughout the world, thereby expanding the influence of the US on a socio-cultural level. ...
... The "pursuit of Happiness", so stated in the US Declaration of Independence, is both presented and received as a universal endeavour along with all of the media imagery that depicts what this should look like. This translates more concretely into business management and labour practices and political 'development' policies (van Elteren, 2003), which are all validated by the US' supreme status in the global economy. In the process, the US is heralded as the world's shepherd of progress and development and the "yardstick" (Kroes, 2000, p. 464) of global excellence. ...
... These factors are pervasive in Hollywood movies. However, American culture did not paralyze the audience's mind [11] . These audiences saw the problems in American culture and raised their voices of opposition. ...
The hegemony of the United States extends its influence across the globe, shaping political, economic, and cultural landscapes. Americanization and imperialism have propelled American culture worldwide, with Hollywood movies serving as a significant tool of cultural dissemination. The economic dominance of the U.S. in the film industry plays a pivotal role in shaping global perceptions of the country. This article delves into the mechanisms through which Americanization and imperialism exert control over the film industry to promote their cultural narratives. Furthermore, by examining the perspectives of various scholars, this article concludes that while the U.S. wields significant influence over the film industry through imperialism, it may not fundamentally alter international perceptions of the nation.
... Cultural globalization, a facet of glocalization, raises concerns regarding the preservation of cultural heritage and identity (Bauman, 2004;Robertson, 1996). The proliferation of transnational corporations and the expansion of consumerism have contributed to cultural homogenization, blurring the distinctions between the global and the local (Byrnes, 2007;Elteren, 2003;Nam, 2013;Pieterse, 1996). However, glocalization enables individuals to establish connections and foster collaborations across borders, engendering a novel form of global interconnectedness. ...
Glocalization, adapting global practices to local contexts, has become increasingly important in scientific research. However, the impact of global and local collaboration networks on glocalization remains underexplored. In this study, we conduct a bibliometric analysis to examine publications in the field of glocalization recorded in the Scopus database from 1993–2023. Using data from 12,046 publications, we identify key themes, publication trends, and methodological designs related to glocalization and collaboration networks. We then develop a theoretical model incorporating these factors to better understand the relationship between global and local collaboration networks and glocalization. This unprecedented study suggests that global and local collaboration networks are important in promoting glocalization in scientific research. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research and practitioners seeking to promote glocalization in their scientific endeavors.
... The global spread of American cultural commodities and practices includes the social vision of American style advancement with its grand stress on "progress" in the form of infinite, quantifiable development and economical-technological extension. 43 In the current period of the world"s history, American imperialism is the most prevalent and powerful form of imperialism, which has the power of institutions, corporations, organizations and think tanks at its back to maintain and carry out its imperial designs. ...
Imperialism is related to empire building. After the breakthrough of
new routes, European voyagers, Europe established its colonies in the
different parts of the world, including the East and the West. Later on
the culmination of World War II, Western imperialism changed its
pattern from the direct imperialism to indirect imperialism. Maryam
Jameelah (1934-2012) produced a vast literature on the Western
civilization. This research paper intends to present an analytical study of
Jameelah’s discourse on the Western Imperialism. The dynamics,
mechanism and narratives adopted by the Western imperialist before
and after the end of formal imperialism will be discussed in this research
paper
... This expanding MR we internalize also targets Southern "irresponsibility" in management and teaching (Millar & Price, 2018) through an ethical-imperialist perspective of responsible learning with a declared focus on reducing inequalities, injustices, and asymmetries (Antal & Sobczak, 2004). Such institutionalized whitening radicalization is fostered by the United Nations (Global Compact, 2007), the US Department of Commerce (Abramov, Johnson, & Abramov, 2004), and the IMF -which publicly acknowledged in 2016 the ineffectiveness of neoliberal policies and the effectiveness of hybridisms "responsible" in emerging developmentalist countries (Ostry, Loungani, & Furceri, 2016) -together with large corporations (Van Elteren, 2003), elite business schools, think tanks (Harvey, 2007b), consulting oligarchies (Peters, 1987), and communication and media sectors (Hall, 2011). In parallel, Southern theories-practices mobilized daily by darker bodies in increasingly interconnected South and North subsidize the Latin American decolonial critique in organization and management studies (Ibarra-Colado, 2006), racial capitalism critique reproduced by business schools in the North (Dar et al., 2000), and the resumption of academic interest in multifaceted DA in emerging countries Wanderley & Faria, 2012). ...
In an era of decolonization and empire, the management field embraced the US-led neoliberal counterrevolution and challenged the Eurocentric theory-practice hierarchy to produced relevant knowledge through managed learning theories. This contested reformist and market-centric management revolution (MR) against the threat of “reverse relevance” fostered by emerging/resurging barbarians subalternizes Southern theories-practices of the multifaceted field of development administration-management (DA) and de-develops the global majority by privileging large corporations and transnational elites. MR expanded in the 1990s through a post-Washington Consensus social perspective based on re-Westernalizing whitening appropriation-containment dynamics of developmental neoliberalisms and Southern counter-hegemonic movements informed by dewesternization and decolonial dynamics which challenge-reaffirm racial capitalism structures. In an Age of Development, MR was re-organized in the 2000s in response to “irresponsible” hybridisms in emerging countries and societies triggered by Southern learning-unlearning-relearning dynamics. This article investigates the Southern co-production of relevant knowledge in Brazil through subversive complicity, focused on a privileged organization-school nexus. Analysis shows how managers and researchers (re)mobilize Southern theories-practices to co-produce relevant knowledge from a transformational-reformist perspective. In the end, the article presents discussions and suggestions for collectively re-appropriating Southern relevant knowledge engaged with the ‘other’ in emerging/resurging societies in both the South and North.
Keywords:
learning; neoliberalism; decoloniality; racism; relevance
... Essa RG que internalizamos também alveja "irresponsabilidades" sulistas em gestão e ensino (Millar & Price, 2018) por meio de uma perspectiva ético-imperial de aprendizagem responsável com foco alegado em redução de desigualdades, injustiças e assimetrias (Antal & Sobczak, 2004). A radicalização branqueadora institucionalizada é fomentada, por exemplo, pelas Nações Unidas (PRME, 2008), pelo Departamento de Comércio dos EUA (Abramov, Johnson, & Abramov, 2004) e pelo FMI -que publicamente reconhece em 2016 a inefetividade das políticas neoliberais e a efetividade dos hibridismos "responsáveis" em países emergentes desenvolvimentistas (Ostry, Loungani, & Furceri, 2016) -conjuntamente com grandes corporações (Elteren, 2003), escolas de negócios e think tanks elitistas (Harvey, 2007b), e oligarquias dos setores de consultoria (Peters, 1987) e de comunicação e mídia (Hall, 2011). Em paralelo, teorias-práticas sulistas mobilizadas cotidianamente por corpos mais escuros no Sul e Norte interconectados informam a crítica decolonial latino-americana em Estudos Organizacionais e de Gestão (Ibarra-Colado, 2006), a crítica ao capitalismo racial fomentada por escolas de negócios no Norte (Dar FGV ...
In an era of decolonization and empire, the management field embraced the US-led neoliberal counterrevolution and challenged the Eurocentric theory-practice hierarchy to produced relevant knowledge through managed learning theories. This contested reformist and market-centric management revolution (MR) against the threat of “reverse relevance” fostered by emerging/resurging barbarians subalternizes Southern theories-practices of the multifaceted field of development administration-management (DA) and de-develops the global majority by privileging large corporations and transnational elites. MR expanded in the 1990s through a post-Washington Consensus social perspective based on re-Westernalizing whitening appropriation-containment dynamics of developmental neoliberalisms and Southern counter-hegemonic movements informed by dewesternization and decolonial dynamics which challenge-reaffirm racial capitalism structures. In an Age of Development, MR was re-organized in the 2000s in response to “irresponsible” hybridisms in emerging countries and societies triggered by Southern learning-unlearning-relearning dynamics. This article investigates the Southern co-production of relevant knowledge in Brazil through subversive complicity, focused on a privileged organization-school nexus. Analysis shows how managers and researchers (re)mobilize Southern theories-practices to co-produce relevant knowledge from a transformational-reformist perspective. In the end, the article presents discussions and suggestions for collectively re-appropriating Southern relevant knowledge engaged with the ‘other’ in emerging/resurging societies in both the South and North.
Keywords:
learning; neoliberalism; decoloniality; racism; relevance
... Of course, this should not be misconstrued as suggesting that consumers cannot read media texts from an opposite perspective. Indeed, consumers do not inevitably and uncritically absorb media meaning from the West (Van Elteren, 2003). Semetko and Valkenburg (2000: 95) posit that the human interest frame "brings a human face or an emotional angle to the presentation of an event, issue, or problem". ...
The coverage of the war in Ukraine has unravelled inherent biases within the South African online commercial media. These biases are largely driven by its location within the global capitalist power structures, thus confirming continuities of media imperialism. By relying on Western sources, this media invariably exports Western norms, standards, hegemonic narrative and worldview. This paper employs content analysis to examine the coverage of the war by five South African online publications (News24, IOL, TimesLive, Citizen.co.za and BusinessTech) between January and February 2022. The coverage was largely negative because of concerns about the impact on global markets. The West’s dominant views are discernible due to the chosen sources, with over 80 per cent coming from its newswires. Similarly, the opinions of Western political and business leaders and their business and economic analysts are prevalent. While it is expected for stories to be framed from a conflict perspective, it is the economic consequences frame that also drives the coverage, with Russia blamed, as reflected in the predominant theme “Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine”. While there have been fundamental developments since the concept of media imperialism emerged, this coverage points to some continuities. It is precisely for this reason that the South African media should develop partnership beyond the West, more so, in the context of the growing importance of BRICS.
... Liderada pela supremacia branca estadunidense para conter a ascensão de "múltiplas minorias" de invisibilizados, que ocuparam e transformaram a universidade -que estava sendo parcialmente decolonizada no coração do império capitalista/patriarcal/racista (Joseph, 2006) -essa contrarrevolução buscou a retomada a hegemonia global dos EUA, perdida durante os anos 1960-70 com a ascensão de dinâmicas de desocidentalização e decolonização em escala global (Steger & Roy, 2010). Como uma das principais instituições de dinâmicas de invisibilizaçãovisibilização via discursos de mercado livre, escolas de negócios e escolas de governo universalizaram o discurso supremacista de que cabia aos EUA mobilizar todos os meios para conter, dentro do país e no exterior, a expansão do império comunista e estatismos e desenvolvimentismos vinculados ao Terceiro Mundo e suas agendas essencialistas/separatistas (van Elteren, 2003). ...
Dynamics contrary to the life of the majority mobilized by neo-imperial neo-liberal capitalism evolving toward neo-fascist populism has become virtually invisible to the field of Management/Administration, which is driven by dynamics of appropriation-contention focused on alternatives and transmodern epistemes of the emerging South-East. We analyze this picture of radicalization of global coloniality within the context of counterrevolutionary neoliberalism facing dynamics of dewesternization and decoloniality from a South-North dialogue between Decolonial Theory/Option and Critical Realism. By proposing a critical/decolonial transmodern framework, we unveil dynamics of invisibilization/visibilization against the life of the majority, invisibilized by market sub-theorization and dominant discourse and by the liberal university and its business/management schools. In the end, we propose to recover the expanded relevance of “administration/management” engaged with the majority, through reappropriation dynamics based on de-subalternization of non-market and ‘de-celebration’ of free market.
... They are commercial organizations with the bottom-line purpose of making profits. The dominance of Hollywood movies in the world is driven by the economic forces, such as the economics of scale of film production, and the talents and resources dedicated to film production in Hollywood (Lowenstein & Merrill, 1990;Scott, 2002;Van Elteren, 2003). Thus, the soft power contributed by Hollywood is the byproduct of the business of Hollywood. ...
Applying the grounded theory approach, this study identified three major themes–business, soft power, and whitewashing–in the US media coverage of “The Great Wall” film, which is the biggest co-production between Hollywood and China in history. It also discussed the interconnections among the three themes and the implications of these interconnections. The connection between business and soft power revealed China’s strategy of enhancing its soft power through business collaborations with Hollywood. The connections between whitewashing and business, and between whitewashing and soft power, suggested the dialectical dynamics among them. This complex dynamics would influence the soft power of both China and the United States.
... Actors currently involved in the interlinked processes of knowledge production and policy making come from political parties, lobbies, giant corporations, multilateral organisations, rating agencies, media, NGOs, universities, research centres and think tanks -as suggested by scholars focusing on many different social sciences topics (Haas 1992;Sklair 2000;Campbell 2002;Friedrichs 2002;van Elteren 2003;Brzezinski 2004;Buchanan and Keohane 2006). They tend to share similar higher education patterns and have an outward-oriented approach; in other words, they usually belong to the same, particular cultural framework. ...
The chapter argues for a lecture of the notion of development as strongly linked to the uneven distribution of material and non-material sources of power among groups. It thus analyses the rise of a public environmentalist awareness in the late twentieth century as a challenge to the capitalist pattern of production and consumption. Finally, the chapter aims to shed some light on the process of mainstreaming these claims by subsuming them within the western model of societal transformation, under the new, catchy label of sustainable development.
Pressing for institutional solutions to environmental depletion has meant to further spread the sustainability goal worldwide. On the other hand, it has also implied a kind of betrayal of the truly transformative instances of many social movements and local communities, which were seeking for a revolutionary, rather than reformative, path to societal change.
... Meanwhile, from a perspective of cultural differences between Eastern and Western countries, South Korean culture has been contrasted with US culture in terms of having higher levels of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, and femininity (Hofstede 1997;Kim 2006). Although globalization has created increasingly similar national cultures in the two countries (Holton 2000;Machida 2012;Van Elteren 2003), their various cultural differences have generated dissimilar work environments (Paine and Organ 2000). The work environment includes both task-and organizational-level characteristics (Davis 2013). ...
Desired employee performance is achieved, in part, through positive job attitudes such as employee engagement and work passion. Based on social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behaviour, this study aims at validating the factor structure of the Work Cognition Inventory (WCI) data in the Korean public sector in a preliminary effort to improve public employees’ work passion and performance. A sample of 480 public employees was broken into two subsamples for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The effect of common method variance (CMV) on the factor structure was examined, with the results suggesting that the WCI is valid for use in the Korean public sector but that its factor loadings are biased by the congeneric effects of CMV.
... Ever since Charlie Chaplin crossed over from Britain, foreigners have flocked to California to try to become global stars: Just look at Penelope Cruz, Catherine Zeta-Jones, and Ewan McGregor. 13 14 To some extent, then, Hollywood approaches film making as a cosmopolitan art that transcends national boundaries. ...
... L'élan pour capturer des marchés vierges de pays en développement peut reproduire et perpétuer la fracture numérique (Ya'u, 2004 : 23-24). De nombreux chercheurs prétendent que ces tendances limitent l'impact de la démocratisation d'internet, accroissent la culture du consumérisme et concentrent le pouvoir et les profits entre les mains d'un petit nombre de privilégiés (George, 1998 ;Khiabany, 2003: Main, 2001: van Elteren, 2003. ...
De nombreux universitaires et écrivains ont souligné qu'internet serait une autre forme d'impérialisme culturel utilisée par les entreprises des puissances occidentales pour alimenter fortement des valeurs occidentales et des visions du monde, de la même manière que l'éducation occidentale a été imposée à l'Afrique, après la colonisation. Ces arguments, à propos de la circulation des flux d'informations dans une seule direction, façonnent les esprits des Africains, renforcent les désirs de suprématie et, créent une attitude de victimisation. Certains perçoivent internet comme une panacée aux problèmes sociaux sans tenir compte du contexte dans lequel il serait ou pourrait être approprié. Ce chapitre, qui s'appuie sur les recherches effectuées dans 36 écoles primaires et secondaires de cinq pays d'Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, se penche sur les possibilités pédagogiques qu’apportent internet et les ordinateurs aux éducateurs et apprenants lorsque ceux-ci utilisent ces moyens dans le processus d'enseignement et d'apprentissage à l'école. Il nous semble qu’internet peut devenir un outil d'affirmation des valeurs africaines comme celles relatives au communautarisme et à la solidarité. En outre, internet peut être utilisé par les enseignants et les élèves pour aider à développer des attitudes critiques par opposition à la promotion des cultures de l'individualisme et du consumérisme, perçues comme des valeurs occidentales. Les pédagogies critiques et émancipatrices font partie du processus nécessaire pour relever les défis liés aux phénomènes structurels comme la mondialisation, qui, axée sur les profits, appauvrit, crée le silence, exclut et limite la créativité.
... This thesis was widely debated and challenged on the grounds of resistance and assimilation in the creation of new identities. However, this appropriation was delimited by "first order" meanings, which retain certain traits of the dominant culture (Elteren, 2003). ...
Media coverage of climate change has been an area of continued research during the last years, mostly with a focus on developed countries. This study attempts to contribute to this body of work by analyzing the coverage in a developing country. The study presents a content analysis of newspaper coverage of climate change in Peru through the study of frames, geographical focus, and climate change strategies (mitigation/adaptation). Additionally, the role of foreign voices is assessed by comparing the coverage by Peruvian reporters with the coverage by wire services, and by determining the types of sources present in the articles. Results show a prevalence of an effects frame, followed by a politics frame. Also, the study found a significant amount of stories originating from wire services. In general, coverage prioritizes mitigation strategies and policies while providing limited attention to adaptation, which can be insufficient for a highly vulnerable country.
The Western missionaries and colonialists pushed a similar agenda of subjugating the receptor’s core aspects of life. Among their targets were aspects of culture, religion, gender, and sexuality. This trend continues in the contemporary era within different global spaces. In Africa, the Americas, and Asia, missionaries promulgated colonial ideologies through the transmission and reception of biblical discourses. This was done under the guise of civilisation, Christianisation, and evangelisation of Africans who were and are still perceived and portrayed as primitive, savages, and pagans. This article argues that biblical resources served as modalities of power in the colonial subjugation agenda. The article uses the transmission and reception of biblical discourses as lenses for examining how coloniality targeted these aspects. The de-colonial motif was used to problematise these discourses. On the other hand, Foucault’s perspective on discourses andpower shed some light on how colonial power dynamics were at play in this context. A clarion call was then made to shift Christianity’s centre of power from the Northern continents to the South.
Abstract
CURBELO KNUTSON, José Andreas. Festive Ritual Traditions as Objects of Cultural Transmission, Social Integration, and Social Control: Challenges and Transformation. 2022. 440f. Thesis (Doctorate in Social Memory and Cultural Heritage) – Graduate Program in Social Memory and Cultural Heritage, Institute of Human Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 2022.
The object of this doctoral thesis is to examine the ways in which festive ritual traditions have served as social frameworks of collective memory as well as vehicles of oral cultural transmission and social cohesion/integration within the Atlantic world, a temporal and geographic context marked by the processes of migration and cultural hybridization. It also seeks to determine the effects of pressures of political, economic, demographic, and - above all - technological nature on the survival and adaptation of local festive ritual traditions, their meanings and resignifications, and the value systems they represent and reinforce. Utilizing the methodologies of oral history, participant observation, and audiovisual documentation, the following themes of analysis intersect the selected case studies from the interior regions of Uruguay, Spain and Portugal (all regions marked by emigration/immigration): Territory, Social cohesion and integration, Migration, and Collective Memory. Taking into account the multi-faceted nature of local festive ritual traditions (music, foodways, dance, commensality, political/religious significance, etc.), the case studies presented are as follows: La Janda/Campo de Gibraltar, Cádiz (chacarrá or fandango tarifeño), Sotavento algarvio (rural dances with accordion, charolas), northern Uruguay (rural dances with accordion, kermesses, weddings and other religious-associated events within immigrant-descended groups). Historical and cultural background is provided about the societies represented in each case study, and critical analysis and comparison is carried out regarding the factors and dynamics that have played a part throughout time in the resilience, adaptation, resignification, and/or oblivion of the cultural expressions in each case study.
Key-words: collective memory; transmission; festive rituals; accordion; Algarve; Cádiz; Uruguay
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
There is nothing new about the nature and scope of inequality engulfing the world today. Still, notwithstanding the 'starving artist' mantra-which has become an acceptable truism-inequality in the arts is rarely examined. This discussion aims to shed light on that issue by looking at the music industry, photography and cultural diversity as it makes the following points: Studying the music industry can effectively teach us about the winner-take-all economy, given the way the confluence of technology, globalization and superstar markets have fuelled greater income disparities for artists. Examining gender bias in photography, a medium that often shapes our world, similarly can help us view inequality from a holistic perspective. And scrutinizing Hollywood's global dominance can bring our attention to the responsibility to uphold cultural diversity. In the battle to curb inequality in the arts and beyond, there is a need to continually collect and analyse data and, among other things, commission creative work to inspire an inclusive world. The United States of America, where inequality is increasingly becoming the trademark of a nation, presents a compelling site for inquiry.
Cast against the backdrop of the U.S.–China “trade war” during the Trump Administration, Wanda Group’s billionaire chairman Wan Jianlin’s aggressive investments in the U.S. entertainment industry have become even more contemporaneous. This study first analyses the U.S. media coverage of Wanda’s investments in Hollywood using the grounded theory approach. The content analysis identified three major embedded themes: business, attitudes and actions of U.S. society, and China’s soft power strategy. The concurrence of the business and China’s soft power strategy reinforces the argument of previous studies that business and soft power are inherently connected. This study further argues that these two themes reflect the two major driving forces underlying the collaboration between China and Hollywood. This study also shows the predominant negativity in the attitudes and actions of U.S. society theme. This negativity reveals the public opinion environment in which the sharp power theory and Trump Administration’s new China–U.S. relations policies were developed, which would have significant impacts on the future collaboration between China and Hollywood.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies. Offers a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn which will appeal to all readers who want a definitive account of transnationalism. Provides a guide to the changing landscape of American literature, identifying for students the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues. Contains a guide to each of the foundational field divisions in American literary study, giving the reader a new map of American literature in the global era.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
For two decades, the 'transnational turn' in literary studies has generated enormous comment and controversy. This Companion provides a comprehensive account of the scope, impact, and critical possibilities of the transnational turn in American literary studies. It situates the study of American literature in relation to ethnic, postcolonial, and hemispheric studies. Leading scholars open up wide-ranging examinations of transnationalism in American literature - through form and aesthetics, theories of nation, gender, sexuality, religion, and race, as well as through conventional forms of historical periodization. Offering a new map of American literature in the global era, this volume provides a history of the field, key debates, and instances of literary readings that convey the way in which transnationalism may be seen as a method, not just a description of literary work that engages more than one nation. Contributors identify the key modes by which writers have responded to major historical, political, and ethical issues prompted by the globalization of literary studies.
This interdisciplinary collection explores new dimensions in the politics of image and aid. The approach taken by this timely volume is to consider a variety of cases drawing upon a combination of theoretical and conceptual lenses that each in their own way combine a focus on aid with a focus on image. The cases in this volume consist of empirical contributions in regions as diverse as Kosovo, Korea, Mexico, Turkey, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sweden, Colombia, Russia, and China. They seek to explore foreign policy trends originating with some of the most powerful Northern donors in order to see how they are influencing patterns of national development. This introduction outlines some essential themes in the relationship between soft power, public diplomacy, development communication, and nation brands.
This chapter focuses on cultural imperialism in relation to media and communication. Cultural imperialism theory focuses on broader issues of transnational media and flows of culture and political economy, while uses and gratifications theory, for example, focuses on individual audience members. Cultural imperialism thinking emerged at a time of comparative mass media scarcity and recently established broadcasting systems in the global South. Cultural globalization emerged as an increasingly influential perspective in the 1980s, in response to what many critics charged were the overly deterministic assumptions of cultural imperialism. The nature of the relationship between globalization and Americanization remains a critical issue. The thesis of cultural imperialism must be reconceptualized and made to focus not only on the ideological, but also on the simulation of ways of life, as a more subtle form of cultural influence.
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the image of the Arab character in English popular fiction became more distorted. The Arab was shown mainly as a bloodthirsty terrorist, and further political factors contributed to the deterioration of the image such as the 1967 Arab – Israeli conflict. After the 1973 Arab oil boycott, the image of the Arab worsened because some Arab countries threatened the West and its interests in the region. Hence, the image of a wealthy Arab womanizer, who was stupid and debauched, appeared. He then would be generally transformed into a Muslim fanatic determined to destroy the Western dominance in his country.
During the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964 – 1985), the political trend for the Amazon region was to provide entrepreneurs of the southern middle part of the country with credits to develop the forest. Forest dwellers, who were threatened by this trend, organized themselves into an union of rubber tappers and indigenous peoples named the Alliance of the Forest Peoples in order to protect their territory. The main achievement of this movement was the creation of communitarian protected lands (called “Reservas Extrativistas”). Since 2005, the Alliance has been resumed in order to fight for Payments for Environmental Services (PES) . Now, it seeks the difficult balance between tactics and strategy: to obtain visibility in mass media guided by the instrumental logic and, at the same time, strengthen respect for diversity supporting more dialogic forms of communication.
The global film market is a strategic site for examining the global influence of American media culture. Using a database compiled by the European Audiovisual Observatory, I show that the global film market consists of 34 countries that produce over 25 films per year. Thirty-two countries produce less than 26 films. The countries that produce over 25 films per year were categorized as Super Producers (four countries), Major Producers (seven countries), Medium Producers (11 countries), and Minor Producers (12 countries). Lists of top 10 films in these countries show that US films dominate, followed by local films. A discussion of national cultural policies shows that film policy contributes to the success of national film industries but does not enable them to challenge US dominance. Hollywood’s need for global box office receipts has led to changes in the content of Hollywood film toward deculturized, transnational films, a trend that is also evident in other countries.
This work investigates the nature of Iraqi stereotypes prevalent in American video games and films in particular and the reasons behind the existence of such negative perceptions of Iraqis in the American popular culture in general. The study firstly traces the history of the political relations between the two countries and points out the periods of tension mainly caused by the American staunch support of Israel and the well-known SovietIraqi alliance. Then it shows when and how the American popular perception of Iraq and Iraqis has started changing due to the diplomatic tensions between America and Iraq. In other words, the US official policies direct, and in some cases condition, the popular beliefs of a whole generation; consequently, these newly formed perceptions can have harmful effects on the American soldiers and security guards on the ground because they become desensitized, and they start viewing the others, and in this case the Iraqis, as naturally born villains who deserve to die. Hence, American video games and films that continuously present negative images and notions of Iraqis, partly and presently have a role in the unfortunate events like killing innocent bystanders that occur from time to time in Iraq.
This article reflects on the fact that postcolonial studies and the critique of American cultural imperialism, despite addressing similar core themes, have developed largely in isolation from one another. It identifies four primary reasons for these separate evolutionary trajectories, relating in turn to when and where the respective critiques have taken shape, and to the different cultural geographies and cultural products that they have each examined. These explanations are important, I argue, to the degree that they help to suggest ways in which the two debates might begin to feed into and constructively inform one another. The second part of the essay maps out the potential contours of such a dialogue.
World-systems theory emphasizes the unequal structure of the world economy. Relying on world-systems theory as an analytical framework, this study examines how globalization differently affects citizens’ perceptions of global capitalism in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery. Statistical analyses relying on the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2002, generate findings that are consistent with world-systems theory. While globalization positively affects citizens’ evaluations of global capitalism in the core, globalization undermines citizens’ support for global capitalism in the periphery. By dissecting the relationship between globalization and citizens’ perceptions of global capitalism, this study contributes to our understanding of globalization.
What does advertising do? Is it the faith of a secular society? If so, why does it inspire so little devotion? Advertising, the Uneasy Persuasion is a clear-eyed account of advertising as both business and social institution.
Die Märkte zeichnen sich durch eine verstärkte Emotionalisierung aus. In der Marketingliteratur sind dies Themen von „Experiences,
„Experience Economy“, „Dreams“, „Geschichten“. Sie erheben den Anspruch, etwas absolut neues zu sein. Bei genauerem Hinsehen
aber sind solche Konzepte meist nichts anderes, als die Fortführung dessen, was die Sozialwissenschaften bereits in den 80er
Jahren festgehalten hatten: Dass bei jedem Konsum materielle und immaterielle Bedürfnisse erfüllt werden. Eigenschaften, die
die Emotionalisierung kennzeichnen, sind heute schon Teil des aktuellen Marketingverständnisses. Sie unterstützen die beziehungsorientierte
Stärkung von Transaktionen, die die Basis von langfristigen und langfristig einzigartigen Austauschprozessen zu Kunden bildet.
Ziel dabei ist, der Unternehmung einen dauerhaften Wettbewerbsvorteil zu sichern.
What does "America" mean to French intellectuals? Is it a postmodern ideal situated beyond history and metaphysics? A source of spiritual decadence that threatens the European tradition? Or is it "Extrême-Occident," the Far Western site that gives historical reality to the utopias of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment? Jean-Philippe Mathy offers the first systematic examination of French texts that address the question of America. He shows how prominent French intellectuals have represented America as myth and metaphor, covering the entire ideological spectrum from Maurras to Duhamel, and from Sartre to Aron. The texts themselves range from novels and poems to travel narratives and philosophical essays by Claudel, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Kristeva, and many others. Mathy deftly situates these discourses on America against the background of French intellectual and political history since 1789. The judgments on American culture that originate in France, he contends, are also statements about France itself. Widespread condemnation of American materialism and pragmatism cuts across deep ideological and political divides in France, primarily because French intellectuals still operate within a framework of critical and aesthetic models born in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance and elaborated in the age of French classicism. Mathy engages issues central to interpreting the American experience, such as the current controversies over multiculturalism and Eurocentrism. Although Mathy deals mainly with French authors, he does not limit himself to them. Rather, he uses a comparative, cross-cultural approach that also takes in accounts of America by Nietzsche, Heidegger, Junger, Gramsci, and other Europeans, as well as American self-interpretations from Emerson and Dewey to Cornel West and Christopher Lasch. Because debates on American modernity have played a crucial intellectual role in France, Extrême-Occident is a major contribution to modern French cultural history. It will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the main currents of twentieth-century French thought.
Exporting a U.S. Gospel of Health and Wealth
- Nancy A Schaefer
Nancy A. Schaefer, " Exporting a U.S. Gospel of Health and
Wealth, " in Hans Krabbendam and Derek Rubin, eds., Religion in America
(Amsterdam: VU University Press, 2003).
The Delusions of Global Capitalism Hutton, chief executive of the (British) Work Foundation and a columnist for the Observer, is more optimistic about the opportunities for sustaining the various types of stakeholder capitalism and their accompanying social contracts in Europe The World We're In
- John Gray
- False Dawn
John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta,
1998). Hutton, chief executive of the (British) Work Foundation and a
columnist for the Observer, is more optimistic about the opportunities for
sustaining the various types of stakeholder capitalism and their accompanying
social contracts in Europe. Wil Hutton, The World We're In (London: Abacus,
2003), 322–358.
Globalization, 72; Hutton, The World
- Sklair
Sklair, Globalization, 72; Hutton, The World, 369–392.
The Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of Dallas For a more general overview see Chris Barker, Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice
- Tamar Liebes
- Elihu Katz
Tamar
Liebes and Elihu Katz, The Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of Dallas (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1990). For a more general overview see Chris
Barker, Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice (London: Sage, 2000), 259–289.
20 Denis McQuail Transatlantic TV Flow: Another Look at Cultural Cost- Accounting
- Rich Mcchesney
- Media Van Hemel
McChesney, Rich Media, 107.
20 Denis McQuail, " Transatlantic TV Flow: Another Look at Cultural Cost-
Accounting, " in van Hemel et al., Trading Culture, 111–125.
McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World
- Benjamin Barber
- Jihad Vs
42 Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping
the World (New York: Times Books, 1995).
Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communications in the 1990s
- Kaarle Nordenstreng
- Herbert I Schiller
Kaarle Nordenstreng and Herbert I. Schiller, Beyond National Sovereignty:
International Communications in the 1990s (Norwood, MA: Ablex, 1993);
Emergence or Collapse of Cultural Hierarchy? Popular Culture Seen from Abroad Appearing and Disappearing in Public Social Space in Late- Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture
- Saskia Sassen
- Losing Control
Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1996), 19.
35 Winfried Fluck, " Emergence or Collapse of Cultural Hierarchy? Popular
Culture Seen from Abroad, " in Peter Freese and Michael Porsche, eds., Popular
Culture in the United States (Essen, Germany: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 1994), 74.
36 Philip Fisher, " Appearing and Disappearing in Public Social Space in Late-
Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture, " in Sacvan Bercovitch, ed.,
Reconstructing American Literary History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1986), 155–158.
Mark Twain's skillfully planned and carefully cultivated appearances in public, and his obsessive focus on clever tricks and skillful manipulation in his writings. He was one of the first real stars of American literary culture in the modern sense of the word
- Take
Take, for instance, Mark Twain's skillfully planned and carefully cultivated
appearances in public, and his obsessive focus on clever tricks and skillful
manipulation in his writings. He was one of the first real stars of American
literary culture in the modern sense of the word. Another good example is Ernest
Hemingway.
Emergence or Collapse, " 74. 40 Ibid
- Fluck
39 Fluck, " Emergence or Collapse, " 74.
40 Ibid., 62.
European television culture is that there are too many different languages and cultures A Community of Culture? The European Television Channel
fundamental barrier to a pan-European television culture is that there are
too many different languages and cultures. Susan Emanuel, " A Community of
Culture? The European Television Channel, " History of European Ideas 21, no. 2
(1995): 169–176.