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Empirical Models of E-Government Growth in Local Governments
Abstract
This article empirically examines the current stages of development of e-government adoption in U.S. local governments; a two-stage model of e-government growth is applied. Stage I is the cataloging of information online and Stage II the completion of transactions online. This article empirically derives and tests indices of the development of local governments in these stages along with the e-government relationships being either Government to Citizen (G2C), Government to Business (G2B), or Government to Government (G2G). This two-stage model is applied to data from an e-government survey. Some of the results indicate that local governments in Stage II (transaction phase) have the following attributes: a council-manager form of government, located in the Western U.S., having populations greater than 250,000, having separate IT departments, and benefit from e-government in, for example, reducing administrative costs. Barriers such as privacy and security limit e-government growth.
... Governments normally use the internet to help transfer data through government-tocitizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B) and government-to-government (G2G) collaborations (Reddick 2004a(Reddick , 2004bCoursey and Norris 2008). E-government services and social media tools often involve G2C relationships, whereas in-house technologies, such as email and reporting tools, can involve all three kinds of relationships. ...
... This evolution has been conceptualised in terms of a series of stages -Stage I, Stage II, and also Web 2.0. Thus, in Stage I, municipalities use such e-government tools as websites to provide information to residents and visitors; in Stage II, they use these tools to conduct online transactions, such as online bill payment (Reddick 2004a(Reddick , 2004b. Preliminary research on Stage I e-government has found evidence that cities with council-manager forms of government and large cities generally have, however, experienced increases in the effective delivery and improvement of services owing to the implementation of e-government services (Reddick 2004a(Reddick , 2004b. ...
... Thus, in Stage I, municipalities use such e-government tools as websites to provide information to residents and visitors; in Stage II, they use these tools to conduct online transactions, such as online bill payment (Reddick 2004a(Reddick , 2004b. Preliminary research on Stage I e-government has found evidence that cities with council-manager forms of government and large cities generally have, however, experienced increases in the effective delivery and improvement of services owing to the implementation of e-government services (Reddick 2004a(Reddick , 2004b. From a cybersecurity standpoint, Stage I e-government services involve the sharing of information about public services and citizens, some of which may be sensitive. ...
Few empirical studies have examined the cybersecurity policies of cities in the United States. Issues that have yet to be addressed in the literature include whether cities (of various sizes) maintain cybersecurity plans and policies that are sufficient to protect their citizens’ data, a general lack of knowledge regarding cybersecurity policies, and practices on the part of cities that place at risk the security of public services and citizens’ privacy. Our research explored these issues by administering a survey to public officials working in U.S. cities. The survey instrument included questions pertaining to (1) the existence of a formal cybersecurity strategic plan and the utilisation of internet-based technologies in cities, (2) the support received by cities for their cybersecurity planning, (3) the types of cybersecurity policies being implemented in cities, and (4) the resources needed to conduct cybersecurity planning. We collected surveys from 168 officials employed in cities across the U.S. Our analysis of the results indicates that municipalities have formal cybersecurity policies but that they need to increase the integration of cybersecurity practices into their daily management processes by tracking their data, consulting outside security auditors, and increasing management training related to data security.
... City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organizational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Second, there seems to be an underemphasis in the literature on how the process of innovation looks like. In rational models of adoption and diffusion (e.g. ...
... City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organizational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Second, there seems to be an underemphasis in the literature on how the process of innovation looks like. In rational models of adoption and diffusion (e.g. ...
... City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organizational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Second, there seems to be an underemphasis in the literature on how the process of innovation looks like. In rational models of adoption and diffusion (e.g. ...
In this paper, we describe the diffusion of personalized services among municipalities in the Netherlands over the period 2006-2010 and investigate how and why various municipalities adopted personalized electronic services. Using qualitative data gathered in fifty interviews in ten selected Dutch municipalities, we synthesize the findings in an explanatory model of personalized electronic service delivery diffusion. The model shows how persuasive pressure (as perceived by adopters) is followed-up by organizational search activities, and how, in various circumstances, the idea of personalized services is ‘framed’ by innovation champions, knowledge brokers and new members of staff as to appeal to specific organizational priorities and ambitions. In doing so, this article contributes to an institutional view on adoption and diffusion of innovations, in which (1) horizontal and vertical channels of persuasion and (2) human agency, rather than technological opportunity and rational cost-benefit considerations, account for actual diffusion of innovations.
... The analysis reported in this article extends the existing literature on e-government to include both 'agency' and 'process' aspects of e-government innovation. City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organisational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Personalisation and personal public service delivery ...
... The analysis reported in this article extends the existing literature on e-government to include both 'agency' and 'process' aspects of e-government innovation. City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organisational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Personalisation and personal public service delivery ...
... The analysis reported in this article extends the existing literature on e-government to include both 'agency' and 'process' aspects of e-government innovation. City size Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Moon and Norris (2005); Norris and Moon (2005); Homburg and Dijkshoorn (2011) Citizen demand (perceived usefulness) Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Gilbert et al. (2004); Horst et al. (2007) Organisational structure Moon (2002); Reddick (2004); Holden et al. (2003); Geographic location Holden et al. (2003); Reddick (2004); Norris and Moon (2005) Managerial, financial and technological capacity Reddick (2004Reddick ( , 2009); Moon and Norris (2005) Personalisation and personal public service delivery ...
In many European countries, municipalities are becoming increasingly important as providers of electronic public services to their citizens. One of the horizons for further expansion is the delivery of personalised electronic services. In this article we describe the diffusion of personalised services in the Netherlands over the period 2006–2009 and investigate how and why various municipalities adopted personalised electronic services. In achieving this, we analyse data that were gathered during interviews with key stakeholders in 10 selected Dutch municipalities. We synthesise the findings in an explanatory model of personalised electronic service delivery diffusion. The model emphasises persuasive pressures that are channelled to potential adopters of personalised services. Furthermore, the model shows how persuasive pressure (as perceived by adopters) is followed-up by organisational search activities, and how, in various circumstances, the idea of personalised services is ‘framed’ by innovation champions, knowledge brokers and new members of staff as to appeal to specific organisational priorities and ambitions. In doing so, this article contributes to an institutional view on adoption and diffusion of innovations, in which (1) horizontal and vertical channels of persuasion and (2) human agency, rather than technological opportunity and rational cost-benefit considerations, account for actual diffusion of innovations.
... Rights reserved. literature and especially include efficiency gains, cost reductions, as well as improved transparency and quality of citizen services (Reddick 2004;Gil-García and Pardo 2005;Bwalya 2009;Wirtz and Daiser 2015). Yet, to fully take advantage of these benefits requires administrations to adequately implement e-government services. ...
... Furthermore, Kumar et al. (2007) highlight that service quality positively influences user satisfaction, which in turn impacts the adoption of e-government. Second, relating to the improvement of internal administration processes, Landsbergen and Wolken (2001) as well as Moon (2002) and Reddick (2004) propose that e-government implementation enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative workflows. Accelerated and simplified administration procedures (Gilbert et al. 2004), as well as faster and more adequate responses to citizen demands (Wescott 2004) contribute to a higher quality of administration and reduce red tape. ...
Despite its increasing importance and beneficial outcomes, e-government still has not been fully implemented. Previous literature has scarcely been able to provide a holistic explanation for this research issue. In this study we identify drivers of and barriers to e-government implementation and empirically examine these aspects. This paper contributes to the e-government literature by presenting a comprehensive overview of drivers and barriers and providing empirical evidence thereof. Also, it represents a further step towards filling in the gap concerning our knowledge of the reasons for the lack of e-government implementation. Furthermore, we derive academic and managerial implications and provide suggestions for future research.
... The author argues for example that the degree to which a government agency possesses or accesses human and intellectual capability determines the maturity of its e-government capability (Oyomno, 1998). Likewise, other authors (Norris & Moon, 2005;Reddick, 2004) studied the influence of organizational factors, such as website age, size of the organization, manager's professionalism and location of an organization on e-government. ...
... 3.2.1 High customer contact organizations Organizations with high and frequent customer contacts are more likely to be found at higher stages of e-government maturity relative to low customer contact organizations due to high pressure from the demand of the public (Reddick, 2004). These organizations have high customer contacts that necessitate a need for increasing online services of the front office operations (Walley, 1994). ...
E-government is said to be an efficient and effective way of delivering government services to its customers. Web information accessibility and online transactional services increase transparency, openness of bureaucratic institutions and reduce cost of transactions. Global e-government surveys which portray the trend in countries' e-government readiness and stage of e-government maturity rank developing countries at the bottom. Based on the benefits reaped from e-government and the fact that some countries can progress than others; it is evident that e-government has become a development phenomenon to researchers and policy makers. Accordingly, the basic empirical question to researchers has been on what determines e-government maturity? To answer this question, it is important first to distinguish between e-readiness and e-government maturity in order to understand the intuition behind this question. E-readiness comprises of all prerequisite necessary to implement e-government while e-government maturity refers to the actual level of e-government progress a country has attained based on websites assessment. While macro factors such as level of Gross Domestic Product, human capital and ICT (information and communication technology) infrastructure are important in determining e-government maturity at the national level; they may not necessarily explain differences of e-government maturity among government agencies within the same country. In other words, why there are differences in e-government maturity among governmental agencies even in those countries which are ranked at the top. In this paper authors argue that organizational specific factors play a vital role in determining the stage of organizational e-government maturity. To accentuate the argument, authors provide one of the possible frameworks and respective propositions to indicate the influence of organizational specific characteristics on e-government maturity.
... As e-government has matured, many have deliberated on the potential for increased government responsiveness as a result of new web-based communication tools (Musso et al., 2000, Layne andLee, 2001;Moon, 2002;Reddick, 2004aReddick, , 2004bSeifert and Chung, 2009;Tolbert and Mossberger, 2006;Welch and Fulla, 2005;Welch et al., 2004;West, 2004;Yildiz, 2007). Just as phone calls once opened new avenues for interactions between citizens and their government, the Internet, email, and social media have further reduced communication barriers between citizens and public officials, at least for those willing to engage (Panagiotopoulos et al., 2013;Unsworth and Townes, 2012). ...
Citizens often attempt to interact with government through online modes of communication such as email and social media. Using an audit study, we examine when and how American municipalities with populations of over 50,000 respond to online requests for information. We develop baselines for municipal responsiveness, including the average rate, time, and quality of responses, and examine whether these response attributes vary based on the mode of communication or the tone of the request. Overall, municipalities responded to 54% of email requests and 38% of Twitter requests. A majority of responses were received on the same business day. Responses are slightly faster on Twitter, but of higher quality on email. Governments are more likely to respond to frustrated constituents on email, but respond faster to frustrated queries on Twitter, though with lower quality responses. These findings contribute to our understanding of local government responsiveness and have significant implications for democratic accountability and resident compliance with and the effectiveness of local government policies. Furthermore, our scholarly understanding of local government communications with residents, and particularly the promise of social media as a tool of two-way communication, may be underdeveloped.
... What all these definitions have in common is an undercurrent of optimism about the benefits that the increasing sophistication of the digital services offered by the government, both local and central, can bring to society at large. Those benefits include increasing the productivity of public servants with the help of new technologies, increased transparency and accountability, better services offered to "clients" (in the parlance of New Public Management proponents), and cost reductions, spurred by the increased automatization of processes inside institutions [8] [12]. ...
E-government usually studies focus on outcomes or user opinion. Our attempt is to see this also from the point of view of IT professionals that work in public institutions. Big cities will always be on the forefront of using new technologies in their day-to-day work and, because of that, they are usually the subject of researchers wanting to study this field. But most Romanians live in small cities, towns and villages. We are also interested in the pace of e-government development in these municipalities. After the 2017 study that focused on big Romanian cities, this year we follow up with a more comprehensive research, which aims to find out how e-government is implemented in small urban municipalities in Romania. Our research aims to learn how successful the implementation of egovernment services in Romanian local government is in the eyes of those tasked with rolling out these services. E-government is no longer a new development in the public institutions’ continuing search for better service. The interaction between citizens and companies, as well as the government, are constantly evolving, and new ways of doing things are regularly tested and adopted or discarded.
... This model, as depicted in Figure 2, illustrates a possible integrated approach for one-stop e-government. This model is frequently referred to in the literature and is held up as one of the few examples of studies of e-government that enables identification of connections and additive value (Yang, 2003;Reddick, 2004). ...
Significant global challenges related to persistent economic crises, local conflicts and continuous waves of refugees being displaced from their countries of origin are affecting secure access to and completion of people's voting rights. The relevant technological solutions appear to have matured and have successfully responded to rigorous testing. However, there are still doubts as to the success of these e-democracy solutions in complex socio-political contexts. Since the late 1940s, Palestinians have been scattered across the world. Presently Many Palestinians are denied from entering Palestine because of the occupation control. At the current time Palestinians are living in different areas around the world where there are differences in terms of ICT infrastructure, Internet availability and IT literacy. This situation has resulted to significant problem in terms of accessing public services, communication with government agencies and participating in the general election. Since 2001 Palestinian government has started e-government initiative to cope with this problem (OECD, 2012). thus creating particular challenges relating to the democratic process for this diaspora community. In an effort to address this issue, the Palestinian Authority has started its e-government project since 2001, but at the current time, the project has failed to deliver its objectives. This study is using a qualitative research methodology for the purpose of obtaining rich interpretive insights to understand the above-mentioned particular phenomenon, by conceptualising it as a socio-political issue. Analysis of the contextual factors affecting e-government implementation in Palestine will enhance our understanding of the underlying forces that promote or hinder e-government projects in general. In this regard, although previous studies have examined some factors related to e-government as a tool for the dissemination of governmental information, there is a need to address e-voting (as a specific e-government service) and the challenges of introducing e-democracy into the unique contextual circumstances such as those represented by the Palestinian situation. The results of this thesis would clarify the main factors influencing e-government implementation projects within complex contextual circumstances.
... Research in more recent years has created more robust quantitative models to assess the level of diffusion for specific policy areas in specific countries. This research includes, but is not limited to: e-government among states (McNeal, Tolbert, Mossberger, & Dotterweich, 2003;Moon, 2002;Reddick, 2004); global E-government (Moon, Welch, & Wong, 2005;Rose, 2005); state lottery adoptions (Berry & Berry, 1990); hospital financing policies (Gilardi, Fuglister, & Luyet, 2009); antismoking policies (Shipan & Volden, 2006); trade liberalization policies (Meseguer, 2006); concealed weapons laws (Tucker, Stoutenborough, & Matthew, 2012); criminal justice policy (Makse & Volden, 2011); minimum wage increases (Whitaker, Herian, Larimer, & Land, 2012); capital account liberalization (Brooks & Kurtz, 2012); and executive compensation in the U.K. and the U.S. (Suárez, 2012). ...
Substantial research has been conducted examining policy
diffusion among both the American states and the nations of the developed
world and to a somewhat lesser extent, developing worlds. Little research,
especially at the nation-state level, has focused upon budget systems,
however. We use case studies of 18 diverse countries (Menifield, 2011) to
conceptualize national budget systems and, based upon this
conceptualization, to identify clusters of nations with similar systems. We
found evidence suggesting that policy diffusion may be occurring in the realm
of national budget systems. Our analysis shows that budgetary institutions
and behaviors can and do form clusters that are useful in analyzing national
budget systems. Our ability to describe clusters of nations with similar budget
systems could prove to be a helpful tool for analyzing international policy
diffusion.
... An extensive review of the literature on success factors reveals that there are many factors that have been conceptualized and proposed, or empirically confirmed. Some examples of these identified in previous studies include financial resources (Rose 2004;Sandy and McMillan 2005), ICT infrastructures (Furuholt and Wahid 2008;Harijadi 2004;Ndou 2004), political-will of top leader (Furuholt and Wahid 2008;Grabow et al. 2004;Heeks 2008a;Misuraca 2007;Rosacker and Olson 2008;Rose 2004), external pressures (Heeks 2008a;Reddick 2004), management (Furuholt and Wahid 2008;Heeks 2008a;Ndou 2004), and population size (Leenes 2004;Moon 2002). ...
Previous studies investigating the success of electronic and mobile government service delivery (EMGSD) have identified the factors that promote or mitigate against realisation of the benefits of such delivery. Models have lacked formality and have generally ignored the complexity of relationships between factors and factor sets. The studies have generally been concerned with EMGSD in a developed country. This paper reports on research-inprogress to address these areas. A preliminary formal model is presented with indicative examples of modelled relationships, together with a brief description of how the usefulness of the model will be validated for developing countries.
... Research about E-Government in the early 2000's in developing countries often involved areas within which no such system existed, yet. This research often focused on the "supply side," i.e. technology requirements for the infrastructure required to implement E-Government (Reddick, 2004). Studies that did focus on the "demand side" often only considered what services citizens would like to have available such as the ability to pay taxes online. ...
Even today only modest gains have been made since the implementation of E-Government. A veritable plethora of human factors affect the success, or failure, of technology initiatives like E-Government. These human factors include everything from simple resistance to change and peer pressure to more complex factors brought about by the value pluralism that exists in today's increasingly global society and its impact on technology acceptance. This chapter seeks to initiate a dialogue in which the broad range of issues and challenges for implementing E-Government can be discussed. It includes data and anecdotal information acquired from citizens, government managers, and experts in the field. This chapter also includes a discussion about reducing the risk associated with ICT initiatives such as E-Government by applying principles of systems engineering, usability engineering and human-computer interaction. Further, this article describes how risk reduction can be achieved by taking a phased approach to E-Government implementation.
... Citizens who believe in the importance of e-government programs are more likely to use e-government than citizens who do not believe this, as shown in hypothesis 6. Carter and Belanger (2005) emphasize that citizen's perceptions of trustworthiness issues such as security and privacy (trust of internet and of government) can also influence the use e-government service use. Reddick (2004) also referred to privacy and security as an important issue that may limit e-government use. Hypothesis 7 examines that citizens' who trust their data confidentially are more likely to use e-government. ...
This chapter aims to better understand what citizens think regarding the currently available e-government public services in Egypt. This is done through an analysis of a public opinion survey of Egyptian citizens, examining citizens' use and associated issues with usage of e-government portals. This chapter is different from existing research in that most of the studies that examine e-government and citizens focus on developed countries. This study focuses on a developing country, Egypt, as an emerging democracy, which has very unique and important challenges in the delivery of public services to its citizens. The results revealed that only gender, daily use of the internet, and the desire to convert all of the services to electronic ones were important factors that affected the use of the Egyptian e-government portal. On the other hand, age, education, trust in information confidentiality on the internet, and believing in egovernment did not play any role in using e-government.
... Moreover, in a study conducted by Accenture, (2005) on egovernment initiatives in 22 countries, the average e-government's maturity was 48%, with only two countries reaching 60% or above. Other researchers point out that the provision of e-government services is still far from reaching full effectiveness (Reddick, 2004;Moon, 2002) whilst a number of re searchers argue that many issues, such as privacy and security, remain as barriers for e -government implementation (Wilford, 2004). Some argue that e -government is worthy of support, but many issues must be addressed with its implementation. ...
... Studies of activity at local government level in America include those of the Intergovernmental Advisory Board (1999) on websites in the US; the analysis by Musso, Weare and Hale (2000) (Smith, 2010). British studies include Reddick's (2004) study on e-government growth; and Hodges' (2012) work on joined up government. In Europe, studies include Wohlers' (2009) analysis of four levels of local government online in Germany and the United States; and the study by Pina, Torres and Royo (2010) of 75 local government websites in the European Union; while Baldershiem & Ogard (2008) have examined municipal websites in Nordic countries. ...
This article explores the complexities of realising the full potential of local e-government through the lens of paradox. In developed nations, this sector has been characterised as being initially slow, and now very variable, in coming to grips with both the opportunities and challenges of e-government. Indeed, it has been argued that e-government crystallises the complex interdependencies and uncertainties of the sector more generally, challenging the power of expert knowledge and rational reform. Some particular examples of paradoxical dynamics are suggested that highlight the dynamic organisational capabilities needed to sustain e-government.
... In addition, the practical work has been especially criticized for its assumption that more technology leads to a to higher degree of E-government development. (Reddick, 2004;Andersen and Henriksen, 2006). Further criticism has been directed against the linearity of the approaches (Coursey and Norris, 2008), as in the practical implementation of E-government non-linear processes, such as skipping individual phases, can be observed. ...
In recent years the importance of E-government has, both in literature and in practice, steadily increased. In particular, the use of local E-government has attracted more and more interest and attention. Local E-government portals are often the first point of contact between the citizen and the E-government, providing a wide range of services. In international comparison, however, significant differences can be observed in terms of the extent and level of development of E-government services. This article, therefore, examines the breadth and depth of local E-government services based on a comparative case study and highlights recent trends. The cases represent the world's leading E-government portals of the cities or city-states of New York, Hong Kong and Singapore. It turns out that there exists a significant implementation gap both between the different case studies but also in the different categories of municipal services. In addition, the growing importance of Web 2.0 services in E-government is confirmed and illustrated by the three portals considered in this study.
... This interplay between government provision and citizen demand underlies the rapidly evolving nature of the e-government field (Alshawi & Alalwany, 2009). Previous research indicated that e-government is categorized into early, intermediate, and advanced stages (Banerjee & Chau, 2004;Bélanger & Carter, 2009;Chadwick & May, 2003;Chiang & Liao, 2009;Colesca, 2009;Grant & Chau, 2004;Hiller & Bélanger, 2001;Layne & Lee, 2001;Marchionini et al., 2003;Oyedele & Koong, 2006;Pina et al., 2010;Reddick, 2004;Thompson et al., 2003;Watson & Mundy, 2001). In the early stage, a basic ICT infrastructure supports information provision in the form of online catalogs or directories. ...
This study examines the concept of electronic government (e-government) inclusiveness and evaluates the inclusiveness of local e-government websites. Inclusiveness sets e-government apart from other types of websites (e.g. commercial or organizational sites) that only serve exclusive market segments. An evaluation for inclusiveness of 101 local government websites from Mississippi (an underdeveloped area by many health and social metrics) revealed (1) a high frequency of issues that prevent inclusive service (on average each site had 291.83 issues), (2) high variability in terms of number of issues (range = [2, 3171]), and (3) widespread absence of websites (87 of the 188 municipalities and county seats did not have discoverable websites). These results suggest there is a need for more inclusiveness, but the allocation of resources to accomplish this may not be feasible. To address this, two strategic options are presented to information technology (IT) policy-makers who seek to leverage e-government for development: an idealistic approach with traditional IT investment for future returns and a pragmatic one that resembles an entrepreneurial IT start-up venture. The study contributes in three ways: we identify the concept and criteria of e-government inclusiveness; develop an automated, software-based, and replicable evaluation method that can be used by local governments to improve a website's inclusiveness; and present strategic options for using e-government to promote social and economic development.
... 14. Carter and Belanger [30] The Influence of Perceived Characteristics of Innovating on e-government Adoption (G-C) Perceived: relative advantage, image & compatibility are significant elements of e-gov adoption. The next section presents the technology acceptance model and examines the concept of trust and perceived risk in the context of e-government; leading to the development of a conceptual model that intends to explain the citizen adoption of e-government. ...
The primary objective of most e-governments is to better serve citizens, however, very little has been written on citizens' likelihood to use e-government. This paper presents the citizens aspect of e-government. The objective is to understand how citizens perceive e-government as a primary government interaction channel and the factors that affect their level of usage. The proposed conceptual model of citizen adoption of e-government integrates constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [1], trust and risk literature. The paper differentiates between citizen's intention to get government information and citizen's intention to conduct government transactions on e-government website. The model will assist governments in increasing citizens' adoption of their online services. In addition, it will fill the gap in the literature by providing a unique model of citizens' e-government adoption especially considering trust and risk issues.
... The adoption of e-government at the local level is the result of organizational factors (features and capabilities of the government's IT department) and contextual factors (external influences such as population size and citizen demands) (Reddick 2004). Four major planning processes have been suggested as required for the success of an e-government strategy (Vriens and Achterbergh 2004): choose the applications that are conducive to the development of egovernment, define the requirements for the implementation of the previously selected applications, define projects and rank them in order to allocate resources to each one, and plan the implementation of the projects. ...
Digital Government has been an important component in administrative reform efforts and strategies. However, benefits from such strategies often remain as only a promise. In order to better understand the reasons for digital government success and failure, many researchers have explored the problem following one of two approaches: (1) identifying a list of success factors or (2) developing a better understanding of the problem through process models. In this paper, following the process tradition from a strategic point of view, we propose the use of a resource-based view of the organization and system dynamics as a modeling tool to explore core capabilities of local governments to exploit the benefits of digital government, promoting more competitive localities that create value for their inhabitants. On the basis of three case studies of digital government strategies in municipalities in Mexico, we introduce a preliminary conceptualization of the core capabilities and resources for a successful digital government strategy.
... South (21.44), and Northeast (18.65). These high rankings of e-government in the West reflect previous research findings and can be attributed to the influence of Silicon Valley and the city of Seattle in the diffusion of Internet innovations (Holden et al., 2003;Reddick, 2004b). ...
As governments rapidly adopt information and communication technologies to improve their service delivery, the study of e-government has emerged as an important area of research in public administration. Researchers have studied various aspects of e-government, including the factors associated with its adoption at state and municipals levels. Literature provides limited information related specifically to counties’ adoption of e-government in the United States, and although some researchers have studied the effect of institutional and contextual factors in particular states, none have studied their influence on counties nationwide. Based on a survey of county administrators primarily responsible for e-government services and a content analysis of counties’ official websites, this research examines the role of institutional, contextual, and socioeconomic factors on e-government adoption at the county level in the United States.
... Arguably, this definition needs to encompass other users, other government levels, and also the government employees. A number of studies have looked into the functioning of e-Government at local levels in the U.S. (West, 2001;Kaylor et al., 2001;Edmiston, 2002;Holden, Norris & Fletcher, 2003;Reddick, 2004a;Ho, 2002;Reddick, 2004b; Moon, 2002), in Canada (Charih & Robert, 2004;Kernaghan, 2005;Reddick, 2007), in European Union and in other countries (Torres et al., 2005;Criado & Ramilo, 2003;Archer, 2005). While many studies have focused on the evaluation of features of the city e-Government Web sites, their navigability and content standards; benchmarking studies based on optimal set of functions are relatively less (Stowers, 1999 Kaylor, et al., 2001). ...
This paper attempts to outline the optimal scope of a city e-Government initiative. Further, it studies and compares different e-Government elements/services, and their outstanding features, as available on five leading city web sites across the world. The study indicates that, though the elements provided on the Web sites have a number of common features; the scope of services provided by the Web site of each of the different cities studied is unique and it underlines the need for customizing the e-Government initiatives to the local needs of the constituents.
... 14. Carter and Belanger [30] The Influence of Perceived Characteristics of Innovating on e-government Adoption (G-C) Perceived: relative advantage, image & compatibility are significant elements of e-gov adoption. The next section presents the technology acceptance model and examines the concept of trust and perceived risk in the context of e-government; leading to the development of a conceptual model that intends to explain the citizen adoption of e-government. ...
The primary objective of most e-governments is to better serve citizens, however, very little has been written on citizens' likelihood to use e-government. This paper presents the citizens aspect of e- government. The objective is to understand how citizens perceive e-government as a primary government interaction channel and the factors that affect their level of usage. The proposed conceptual model of citizen adoption of e-government integrates constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (1), trust and risk literature. The paper differentiates between citizen's intention to get government information and citizen's intention to conduct government transactions on e-government website. The model will assist governments in increasing citizens' adoption of their online services. In addition, it will fill the gap in the literature by providing a unique model of citizens' e-government adoption especially considering trust and risk issues.
... Hiller y Belanger (2001) y Moon (2002) identifican cinco niveles en el desarrollo del e-gobierno, añadiendo el nivel de participación cuando se permite el voto electrónico. Por su parte, Reddick (2004) analiza la situación de los municipios estadounidenses utilizando las dos primeras fases de propuestas por Layne y Lee (2001), mientras que Torres et al. (2005a), en su estudio sobre las Webs de 33 ciudades de la UE, adaptan la metodología utilizando únicamente tres niveles que corresponden con la publicación, la interactividad y la transacción. A nuestro juicio, las metodologías utilizadas en los trabajos citados, y en otros similares, tienen una base común. ...
... For example, a user can download a form to be traditionally mailed but cannot complete the transaction online. citizens the convenience of accessing information easily 24/7 (Reddick, 2004). Because there is no two-way communication at this stage, one cannot get further information other than that which is already available online. ...
One hundred and one American counties were selected randomly within predetermined strata and used to study the extent of use of e-government technologies. The study design was cross-sectional and the time period of the study was a single year, 2006. Each website was analyzed to obtain an e-government utilization score. The research objective of this dissertation was twofold: First, to develop an up-to date and comprehensive index of e-government utilization, to be used to evaluate the extent of e-government utilization in county governments. The second objective was to identify the characteristics of those counties that are associated with more extensive utilization of e-government technologies. Counties’ use of e-government technology was evaluated using four different levels of utilization; publish, interact, transact, and integrate. This study found that most of the sampled U.S. counties used the web only to publish information and to provide basic unsophisticated services. It was found that counties with larger populations, those in which employees were more professionally oriented toward communicating with citizens, and those that did Information Technology (IT) planning make greater use of e-government technology. This study found that neither population size nor local per capita wealth is an impediment for extensive use of e-government technology. It seems that within every county that utilizes e-government technology well there is a story as to why that has happened. The most important implication of this study is that the story seems to be related to professionalism. To tell the stories as to how e-government utilization emerges especially in local governments, the quantitative analysis of this study needs to be followed by good qualitative research.
... Despite the rising pace at which Information Technology means are being deployed, the majority of several millions of daily transactions among the above entities are still carried out in the traditional manner and result in wasting significant effort and resources while not entrusting the Internet and service applications for their transactions [3]. This realization resulted in the implementation of Internet Services Portals for carrying out transactions with citizens and enterprises, covering mostly informative or basic transactions, that do not require high sophistication levels of back-office interconnection [4], [5]. ...
Public Administration desks are in any country the most active point of transactions between the state governments and the citizens. This fact emphasises the importance of services offered by Public Administrations and in the modern technological era, it is essential for Information Technology to provide solutions for transforming these traditionally offered services into electronic transactions that could be initiated over the Internet, aiming at the facilitation of the citizen's life, who is the eventual "client" of any government. Although public administrations have strived over the last few years to meet this goal, their individual attempts resulted in isolated, ad-hoc systems, offering a small piece of the whole service bouquet. As the connectivity generated by the Internet is opening new opportunities in service delivery, public administrations are seeking ways to deliver integrated value-adding services though an Interoperable environment. The goal of a systematic service composition, which will guarantee eGovernment Interoperability, can be accomplished with an effective method of modelling the public services, in order to expose their interfaces and their actual workflow. Applying this method in Greek Municipalities by respecting the context of the emerging Greek eGovernment Interoperability Services Framework, various services have been analysed, leading to corresponding generic process patterns.
... The characteristics support Moon's (2005) claim that larger and more managerially innovative government organisations are most likely to adopt ICT. The findings also match Reddick's (2004, p81) claim that positive resource and support characteristics encourage E-government growth in electronic applications, and are enablers which lead to 'ultimate success' of those applications. ...
Information and communication technology (ICT) applications, including electronic tendering (ET), have been introduced into public and private sector organisations business operations increasingly since the 1990’s. The uptake of ICT applications has extensively been based on the promise of streamlined business processes, increased competitiveness, and efficiencies in time and cost. As a Web based collaboration tool, electronic tendering processes have emerged in recent years as a procurement tool of great promise. The acclaimed benefits of ET are the ability to automate, streamline and enhance tendering processes, traditionally undertaken using paper-based methods. This paper reports findings from an exploratory study investigating the experiences of small public sector ‘client’ and ‘contractor’ organisations during the trial (pilot) implementation of electronic tendering in Tasmania. The study employed in-depth interviews as data collection technique. Findings indicate that, despite the promised benefits, some contractors and suppliers have not fully embrace the process and uptake has not been to the expectations. Some of the reported inhibitors and reasons for the slow uptake include technical, process and cultural barriers.
... As this study is positioned at the sub-national level, national political factors, which are similar across provinces in China, were not included in the empirical analysis. Other than resource and demand factors, demographic and organizational variables such as population size, form and type of government, and location are also identified in the e-government literature (Holden, Norris, & Fletcher, 2003;Reddick, 2004). ...
Many countries expect e-government to increase the efficiency of public administration and revitalize government–citizen interaction. This paper reviews the existing research on e-government and expands it with a detailed examination of China, where e-government development is considered an important component of the national informatization strategy. To assess the status and driving factors of deployment, a detailed inventory of the e-government capacities of all Chinese provinces was created, allowing a more nuanced assessment than earlier studies. Although the data reveal that information delivery and basic interactional and communicative features dominate, the study also finds a range of advanced transactional and participatory services offered. Furthermore, despite strong guidance by the central government, distinct regional disparities are visible; these can be explained by differences in government spending on science and technology, economic resources, education, and urbanization rate.
BUKU PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN RANTAI PASOK DAN
PENGADAAN BARANG/JASA PEMERINTAH
Pengadaan Barang Jasa adalah metode dalam membeli barang atau jasa
dari pihak lain yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah atau perusahaan untuk
mencukupi kebutuhannya. Dalam konsep pengadaan barang jasa,
penetapan spesifikasi barang jasa ditetapkan oleh penerima barang jasa,
harga dan kualitas dibandingkan dari berbagai penawaran dari pihak
penjual, penerima barang jasa kemudian memilih penawaran terbaik
dari beberapa pemberi barang jasa. Tujuan dari metode ini adalah untuk
memantapkan bahwa pembelian dilakukan dengan secara efisien dan
efektif, juga terpenuhinya kebutuhan pembeli secara keseluruhan.
Sebab pengadaan barang jasa sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip pengadaan
barang jasa. Sehingga proses pengadaan barang jasa perlu di atur agar
proses tersebut dapat terwujud sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan
mulai dari proses perencanaan sampai dengan serah terima
hasil
pekerjaan
Proses
pengadaan barang/jasa instansi pemerintah sangat berbeda
dengan organisasi swasta yang paling membedakan adalah soal
pembiayaan, seluruh pembiayaan pengadaan barang jasa pemerintah
sebagian atau keseluruhannya dibebankan pada APBN oleh
pemerintah Pusat/APBD oleh Pemerintah Daerah.
E-government is an issue that is widely discussed by several studies because it has an impact on improving government performance. Weak political will of the heads of state and regional heads reduces attention to e-government, combined with various obstacles to its implementation. This study can answer the importance of the role of political will in maximizing the implementation of electronic government in local government. A total of 263 data were collected to answer the hypothesis quantitatively. The data were obtained by distributing questionnaires directly to the respondents, namely the Heads of Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD). The sample selection was carried out with regional heads. Data were tested through multivariate analysis using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The test results found that political will has a direct positive effect on the implementation of e-government as evidenced by the path coefficient of 0.457 and significant wit h an alpha of 5%. Political will also acts as a mediating variable or can act as an intermediary in the relationship between IT infrastructure and human resources in improving e-government. All variables have a T-statistic value > 1.96 and < 5%, which means that IT infrastructure and human resources have a direct and significant effect on the implementation of e-government.
What is the connection between Russian citizens' perception of Internet voting and the context of its top down adoption with their readiness to use it? To investigate this question, we use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to account for both observed and latent indicators of technology adoption and their linkage with the Internet voting use intent. The authors use survey evidence from VCIOM (2020) and a national survey of Internet users conducted by Online Marketing Intelligence (OMI) company in 2021. This study provides some support to the application of theoretical expectations formulated in the context of Western democracies to the Russian population's voting technology attitudes. The findings indicate that the use of the Internet is not a robust measure of technology acceptance anymore, and a more nuanced approach to the experiences of Internet usage is needed. Internet users appear to be more concerned about privacy, the possibility of fraud, and external interference than the respondents drawn from the overall population. The authors suggest that it is due to acceptance of risks seeming inevitable and to bigger digital literacy and therefore awareness about the risks posed by voting online.
Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their astute observations and criticism. For their helpful comments, we thank our senior colleagues at HSE University: A. S. Akhremenko, K. L. Marquardt, and M. G. Mironyuk.
This chapter identifies how electronic public service delivery has diffused in various public sector organizations in Europe. Three, in practice intertwined, sources of influence are identified: opportunity (the seemingly inevitable and autonomous impact of technologies), inscription of normative structures (the materialization of abstract ideas and rhetoric in specific types of information and communication technologies), and enthusiasms (the sometimes overstated beliefs, held by various stakeholders that technology is the answer to all kinds of questions). The way these sources of influences work out in practice is demonstrated by discussing the diffusion of a specific type of electronic government that is personalized electronic service delivery, in 10 Dutch municipalities. The chapter is ended with reflections and directions for future research.
ספר זה מציג לראשונה בשפה העברית מגוון מחקרים מדיסציפלינות שונות הנוגעים להשפעת טכנולוגיות הרישות והמידע, ובייחוד רשת האינטרנט – על הספֶרה הפוליטית, החברתית והכלכלית.
Este relatório consolida os trabalhos de pesquisa, desenvolvidos entre setembro de 2006 e março de 2007, sobre o estado de adoção e oportunidades para uso de governo eletrônico por meio de websites municipais, para municípios do Estado de São Paulo.
Nos últimos anos, as administrações locais, tanto ao nível do executivo, como no legislativo, têm feito um grande esforço para utilizar as TICs (Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação) no processo de modernização e universalização de seus serviços. Os sítios municipais na Internet têm sido uma importante fonte de informação e disponibilização de serviços aos cidadãos. No Estado de São Paulo, 447 dos 645 municípios têm página disponibilizada na Internet (sendo 31 “não oficiais”, isto é, com endereço diferente do governamental (sp.gov.br); ou, de outra forma, mais de 30% dos municípios paulistas NÃO TÊM websites.
Ao identificarmos e avaliarmos as estratégias de governo eletrônico adotadas e o nível de desenvolvimento dos serviços eletrônicos prestados pelos municípios, no território do Estado de São Paulo, estamos promovendo um movimento de grande impacto na administração pública, já que essas análises, complementadas pelo efeito comparativo que um índice (IGQWM - Índice Geral (Paulista) de Qualidade de Websites Municipais) e seus componentes podem promover, certamente trarão referências importantes para que os municípios paulistas dêem um salto qualitativo e de desempenho em sua oferta de serviços e relacionamento com a comunidade.
Este trabalho de análise de governo eletrônico municipal, sob a ótica do que é oferecido pelos websites municipais, é apenas uma parte dos muitos trabalhos necessários à compreensão mais abrangente de como os municípios evoluem no uso das tecnologias de informação para melhorar os serviços à população. Antes de tudo, há a classificação já tradicional de governo eletrônico em: e-Administração, e-Serviços e e-Transparência. Em cada uma dessas categorias há diversas ações municipais que podem aumentar o nível geral de governo eletrônico. Há, ainda, um aspecto que, em geral, é tratado paralelamente, que é a inclusão digital, sobre o qual muitos governos municipais estão preocupados.
Desta forma, o projeto aqui apresentado trata de apenas um dos aspectos que compõem a matriz de governo eletrônico municipal, e assim deve ser entendido.
Apesar das dificuldades inerentes ao tratamento de um tema complexo e abrangente, mais ainda em organismos governamentais, acreditamos ter desenvolvido um trabalho bastante aprofundado, atendendo aos objetivos estabelecidos no plano original, com os necessários acertos de rota e foco dos trabalhos.
Cremos, também, que este trabalho estabelece uma referência relevante no conhecimento relacionados à melhoria de processos de governo, com base em novas tecnologias.
The purpose of this study was to examine E-Government services for citizenry at the county level. The study involved data collection from a random sample of 346 counties in the United States. The collected data included county website presence, twelve E-Government factors, median household income and poverty percentage. The results indicated that less affluent counties were more likely to not have a web presence or offer fewer E-Government services than more affluent counties.
Ever growing and evolutionary technologies of the Internet have lured nations in utilizing information and communication technologies to upgrade the livelihood of their citizens. Governments of most countries have initiated multi-faceted programs and initiatives to provide enhanced services through means and methods that are being facilitated by the Internet. However, forms and norms of services have taken shapes and domains depending on the ground context, expansion and maturity of ICTs in their countries and communities. This chapter will explore situations of electronic forms of the government, which it argues is a pre-requisite for good governance and thus enable governments to reach the people at large. Particularly, the chapter will review the emancipation of ICTs in eight countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It investigates some basic parameters of ICTs retrieving archived data from various institutions and organizations. Later on, the chapter tries to generalize the situation in terms of recommendations.
To explore the relationship between form of municipal government and deployment of social media tools for civic engagement, the authors conduct an analysis of a random set of purposively selected cities for content analysis of their social media tools. The authors use the seven forms of government identified by Nelson and Svara (2012) as the basis by which to select the sample cities. Across forms of government, there is no apparent pattern on deployment of social media tools for civic engagement. Municipalities of every form are using the tools, primarily Facebook and Twitter, and most, regardless of form, are not using the tools in a social manner. This finding is consistent with previous work by the authors and others. Important areas for future research are identified in a closing discussion.
This chapter is a discussion of e-health development in Australia. The Australian government has been very proactive in e-government and applications of e-government such as e-health in the last five years. E-health is an important application of e-government in Australia for innovation of the public sector, as well as due to its very sparsely populated large rural areas. E-health development in this chapter is analysed using Layne and Lee's (2001) e-government development model due to the similarities in the stages of development of both applications. This chapter illustrates that in Australia e-health development is mostly at the informational stage. It also indicates that e-health developments can be established in four stages of information; transaction; vertical and horizontal integration of services.
Despite the efforts in terms of policies and investments, take-up of e-government services is slow, obscuring the overall benefits of e-government itself and still far from satisfactory today. Differences in uptake of e-government services across European countries seem to be independent from the quality and quantity of the supply. The data show a gap between the supply and use of e-government services in general; in other words, suggesting a limited correlation between the provisions of sophisticated e-government services on the one hand and the take-up of e-government services on the other. This signals a broader and diversified situation. To explore the determinants of low e-government take-up in European context, this chapter examines the aggregate data of 29 countries by conducting T-tests and Mann-Whitney U analyses.
E-government development is one of the most discussed areas among practitioners and academics involved with the development of public administration today. Many countries have set ambitious plans for the planning and implementation of e-government initiatives. However currently, many countries are confronted with very slow progress. This paper attempts to study, understand and identify some of the factors critical to successful e-government implementation. The factors addressed in this paper are business models, critical success factors and stakeholders collaboration. In considering e-government initiatives, business models address how businesses are run and how revenue is generated. However business models are described as a coordinated plan to design strategy along the three vectors: customer interaction, asset configuration, and knowledge leverage. The critical success factors for the successful implementation of e-government are classified into organisational readiness and governing policies and practices. The management of stakeholders is crucial for the successful implementation of e-government. The main stakeholders usually are the government, public, private sector and the suppliers of software and hardware.
Purpose
– The purpose of this research is to examine factors that explain top governmental officials' support for e-participation in American local governments, and to examine the impacts of e-participation adoption on local governments in the USA.
Design/methodology/approach
– This study utilizes a national survey of e-participation among US local governments, which examines factors that predict greater political-managerial support for e-participation and factors associated with positive impacts from e-participation.
Findings
– This research found that demand was the most important factor predicting political-managerial support for e-participation and impacts.
Research limitations/implications
– This study produced somewhat limited results partly because relatively few of the responding governments had adopted any significant number of e-participation activities. A second limitation is that the authors took a quantitative approach to e-participation supports and impacts, which did not enable them to tease out some of the more subtle nuisances of e-participation adoption and its impact on government. A third limitation is that the authors conducted the research only on governments at the local level in one nation.
Practical implications
– Local governments should ensure top level (elected and appointed officials) support for e-participation for it to be successful. Citizen demand, formal planning, and taking e-participation are seriously also associated with adoption and positive impacts. So, local governments should consider these factors when developing e-participation.
Originality/value
– This study is first to examine the impacts of e-participation adoption on local governments in the USA.
In this article, we investigate how and why various municipalities in the Netherlands adopt personalized electronic services. More specifically, we analyze the channels of communication and persuasion that are being used in the diffusion process. In order to do this, we analyze a time series of personalization prevalence in more than four hundred municipalities in the years 2006 through 2010 with a quantitative ‘rate of diffusion’-model and conclude that diffusion of personalized e-government in the time frame 2006–2010 in the Netherlands can be explained both by municipalities mimicking each other (through horizontal channels of communication) as well as through initiatives from national authorities by means of benchmarking, legislation, and so forth (through vertical channels of persuasion). On the basis of these conclusions, new research directions in the field of e-government are indicated and discussed.
In this paper, we examine data from a 2011 survey of grassroots (or local) governments in the United States with respect to their adoption of social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, and Flickr) especially to ascertain the drivers of local government social media adoption and whether the drivers are similar to or different from the drivers of e-government adoption. We also address whether the adoption of social media portends a move by local governments from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.
The findings of this research show that the principal drivers of local government adoption of e-information and services are highly consistent with those of previous research: size of government, type and form of government, region of the country, education, years of e-government experience, and the existence of a separate IT department are all related to adoption. The drivers of adoption of e-transactions are consistent, but somewhat less so, with prior research. And, the drivers of adoption of social media are closer to those of e-information and services than of e-transactions.
Based on evidence from the survey (local governments use social media mainly for one-way communication) and prior studies of IT and government and e-government, we conclude that social media today do not appear to be moving local governments in the direction of Web 2.0, but perhaps in the direction of Web 1.5.
This article describes the trend of personalization in electronic service delivery, with a special focus on municipal electronic service delivery in the Netherlands. Personalization of electronic services refers to the one-to-one citizen orientation using authentication, profiling and customization techniques. The percentage of Dutch municipalities offering services through personalized electronic counters has increased from 14% (2006) to 28% (2009). Using binary logistic regression analyses of 2008 survey data, it is concluded that personalization is positively associated with size of municipalities but not with e-government and policy innovation statements, nor with explicit political responsibility with respect to e-government development. Based on these findings, alternative explanations for the adoption and diffusion of personalized e-government services are suggested.
This paper proposes the use of the dynamic-capabilities view of the organization and system dynamics as a modeling technique to understand the core capabilities that local governments need in order to benefit from their use of information and communication technologies, what has been recently called electronic government. Based on two case studies of local governments in Mexico, we propose a preliminary conceptualization of the core capabilities and resources necessary for a successful digital government strategy. Our preliminary experiments suggest that a strategic focus on IT standards, processes, and people has a higher pay-off than a focus on IT infrastructure and systems.
This paper analyzes each kind of influence factors on access amount of Chinese provincial government portals from macroscopic aspects to microscopic aspects, which include the level of economic development, population, culture and education, the information technology development and the design quality of the government portals. A multiple regression model is built to analyze every factor's contribution to the access amount of provincial government portals, and we find that there is a period of accumulation in the development of Chinese provincial e-government. When at the stage of the accumulation period, all the influence factors have little positive effect on the access amount of provincial government portals, and once passing through the accumulation period they will play their duo role. Then we give some interpretation basing on the conditions of China. In the end, some suggestions are proposed to increase the access amount and improve the service level of provincial government portals.
This study examines the perceived impacts of electronic government or e-government adoption on U.S. cities. This research conducted a survey of Texas and Florida city managers in the fall of 2005 to find out their opinions on the impact of e-government on their city government. The results indicated that e-government is having a positive impact on management, stakeholder involvement, needs and collaboration, and procurement in American cities. There are, however, concerns over spam or unsolicited e-mail and the ability of e-government to reduce the level of staffing. The results of this study imply that, according to city managers' perceptions, e-government adoption in American city governments is positively viewed as having an impact on their organizations and communities.
Using information technologies to transform government organizations has been an important component in public sector reform efforts around the world. However, benefits from such strategies often remain only a promise, not a reality. in order to better understand the reasons for digital government success and failure, many researchers have explored the problem following one of two approaches: (1) identifying a list of success factors or (2)developing a better understanding of the problem through process models. in this chapter, following the process tradition, we propose the use of are source-based view of the organization to explore core capabilities of local governments for transformational digital government. Based on the perspectives of thirty-four municipal Chief Information Officers (CIOs) from different regions in Mexico, who participated in three workshops in June2010, we propose a preliminary conceptual model of the core capabilities and resources necessary for a successful transformational digital government strategy.
Dramatic developments in information technology are transforming society, challenging our nation's many governments to keep pace. As e-governance grows in popularity, Web pages could well become the new face of government. But how are citizens responding? We suggest that government Web sites may provide a new vehicle for citizen-initiated contacts with government, and, drawing from the literature on those traditional contacts, we propose a number of hypotheses on citizen interaction with government via the Web. To test those hypotheses, we examine data from a survey concerning how Georgians are contacting government via the Web. We find that citizen visits to governmental Web sites are increasingly common, and as such appear to have become a major new form of the traditional citizen-initiated contact. To date, however, most of these Web contacts have been made only to obtain information, thus lacking the interactive quality crucial to other citizen-initiated contacts. As an encouraging finding for government, visitors to governmental Web sites appear to be mostly pleased with their experiences, rating those sites as at least comparable in quality to other Web sites. A discouraging finding, however, is that the demographics of these visitors suggest cause for concern, since the digital divide is even more pronounced among government Web site visitors than among Internet users in general. In the concluding section, we discuss the implications of the findings for government and for future research.