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Study on the Physico Chemical Properties of Water of Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh
Abstract
Water sample were collected from six different point of the Mouri River Khulna, Bangladesh with a regular intervals in the months of January-March 2002 for the analyzing different physicochemical parameters of the water. Total 22 different physicochemical parameters were investigated. Correlation and the t value among the parameters were also determined. In the present investigation the minimum and maximum value of water temperature, Transparency, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, Electric Conductivity, water pH, dissolve oxygen, free Carbon dioxide, Alkalinity, Acidity, Hardness, BOD, COD, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrite, Sodium, Calcium, Potassium, Manganese and Iron were noted as 21.6 and 32.2 degrees C; 15 and 66 cm; 16 and 22 NTU; 74 and 125 mg L(-1); 255 and 305 mg L(-1); 159 and 275 microS cm(-1); 1.10 mg L(-1) 8.18 mg L(-1); 7.5 and 8.3; 1.1 and 8.3 mg L(-1); 27.5 and 35.5 mg L(-1); 350 and 610 mg L(-1); 32.4 and 171 mg L(-1); 310 and 529 mg L(-1); 13 and 31 mg L(-1); 290 and 365 mg L(-1); 42046 and 57.35 mg L(-1); 4.89 and 11.46 mg L(-1); 0.54 and 1.82 mg L(-1); 16.8 and 33.9 mg L(-1); 1.5 and 6.9 mg L(-1); 49 and 94 mg L(-1); 31 and 59 mg L(-1); 2.6 and 3.8 mg L(-1), respectively. River water did not show any significant pollution during the present study. During the study period dissolved oxygen show direct relation with water temperature but inverse with BOD and COD.
... Razia (1979), Kohinnor et al. (2005) The Mouri River acts as a link between Rupsha River and a large beel through small khal being a habitat of various fish species. But the ecosystem and water flow is considerably at stake due to the unplanned landfill, sanitary waste discharge and solid waste dumping (Kamal et al., 2007). P. sophore is one of them which is struggling with the adverse water quality of the river (Kamal et al., 2007). ...
... But the ecosystem and water flow is considerably at stake due to the unplanned landfill, sanitary waste discharge and solid waste dumping (Kamal et al., 2007). P. sophore is one of them which is struggling with the adverse water quality of the river (Kamal et al., 2007). ...
... Some of the individual fish specimens were not fully matured. Moreover, the present water quality and primary production of the Mouri River reported by Kamal et al. (2007) is not favorable for breeding and as a nursery ground. Thus it may affect the sex ratio of the species. ...
... Increased concentrations of nitrates above the threshold value has the capacity to cause algal bloom, which results in eutrophication of lakes and slow flowing stream [24]. The observed values of BOD in the present work were higher than the values observed in water collected from Imabolo Stream, Kogi State, Nigeria [25], those of Kamal et al [2], in surface water from Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh and those of Tawati et al [26], in water from Maron River, Kepanjen, Malang, Indonesia. The significance of BOD is the fact that it is a measure of the rate of biodegradation of organic species in the medium and the strength of waste in the medium. ...
... This is because aquatic animal may require values of DO that may be up to 6.0 mg/L and above [4,32]. The phosphates values of the Nta-Wogba stream were higher than those of Omaka et al [30], in some streams and rivers in Ebonyi State, those of Natalia et al [29], in Kwacza River, Poland and those of Singh et al [19], in Manipur River System, India, but lower than the values observed in Mouri River, Bangladesh [2]. When nitrogen is present in any freshwater, together with phosphorus as phosphates, the growth and rate of increase of phytoplankton is highly regulated [33]. ...
... The second condition is predominant in the area, where different car wash and other detergent based washing is common. The concentrations of sulphates in the Nta-Wagba Stream is higher than the values of Uyigue [34], in Ekerekana Creek, Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria, those of Kamal et al [2], in Mouri River, Bangladesh, those of Singh et al [19], in Manipur River System, India and those of Onyegeme-Okerenta et al [1], in Otamiri-oche River in Etche, RiversState, Nigeria, but were either lower, within the range or higher than the values observed in water from Imabolo Stream, Kogi State, Nigeria, natural sulphate present in a water system usually come from leaching of sulphur containing compounds and minerals such as gypsum [35]. The turbidity values of the present work in Nta-Wogba were higher than the values of Singh et al [5], in an Indian river, those of Olatayo, [14] and those of Onyegeme-Okerenta et al [1], in different rivers from Nigeria. ...
Physicochemical parameters concentration reveals the physical and chemical states of a water body. Water samples were collected from Nta-Wogba stream in Port Harcourt metropolis and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. This was done in order to assess the portability of the stream water for use. Some physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, phosphate, turbidity, sulphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorine, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) were analyzed in the month of August and November, using appropriate techniques. The mean values of the results were: pH (6.40±0.09), EC (1406.67±80.09 µS/cm), salinity (359.33±17.58 mg/L), Chlorides (219.03±10.11mg/L), nitrates (5.51±0.38mg/L), BOD (35.42±3.55mg/L), COD (48.00±1.63mg/L), DO (4.01±0.44mg/L), phosphate (0.90±0.03mg/L), Sulphate (158.50±2.50mg/L), turbidity (69.27±9.27 NTU), TDS (585.75±229.74mg/L) and TSS (37.78±4.61 mg/Lmg/L). The results obtained showed that pH, TDS, TSS phosphate, nitrate, COD and sulphate were within DPR and WHO permissible limits, while EC, turbidity, BOD 5 and DO were not within the permissible limits of DPR and WHO. Therefore, the water cannot serve useful purposes for portability and as such effort should be put in place to check indiscriminate discharge of waste into the stream.
... Similar result was found by Ajit and Padmake [3]. All organisms require nitrogen for the basic process of life to synthesize protein required for growth and reproduction [18]. Nitrate concentration in this research was found to vary from 1.47 to 1.49 mg/L which is within 2mg/l W.H.O specification. ...
... Although the concentration is not high, it is an indicator of pollution due to organic waste of animal origin as reported by Mujandar et al., [23]; Kamal et. al., [18] observed similar findings in their study on Mouri river. ...
... Sulphate is one of the least toxic anions of which WHO does not have any recommended value for drinking water, but catharsis, dehydration and gastrointestinal irritation have been linked to high sulphate concentrations in drinking water [18]. WHO, [30] therefore suggests an urgent action by health authorities when sulphate in drinking water exceeds 500 mg/l. ...
... Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is another useful metric for measuring water contamination (John 1996). Approximately 348.275, 120, and 102 mg/L of CODs were detected in the Mouri River (Kamal et al. 2007), Hitalakshyaa River (Sikder et al. 2013), and Turag River (Banu et al. 2013), respectively. The highest quantity of dissolvable oxygen (DO; 12.77 mg/L) was reported in surface water in the Barapukuria coal mine region in Dinajpur . ...
... Moreover, previous research revealed that the water in Khulna and Chittagong have high concentrations of Mg 2+ in both surface and groundwater. Although data on Mg 2+ in surface water are scarce, a previous study revealed that the Mouri River in Khulna has an overabundance of Mg 2+ (48.33 mg/L) (Kamal et al. 2007). NH 3 and NH 4 + in the ecosystem are produced by agricultural, metabolic, and industrial activities and chloramine disinfection. ...
Water quality has recently emerged as one of the utmost severe ecological problems being faced by the developing countries all over the world, and Bangladesh is no exception. Both surface and groundwater sources contain different contaminants, which lead to numerous deaths due to water-borne diseases, particularly among children. This study presents one of the most comprehensive reviews on the current status of water quality in Bangladesh with a special emphasis on both conventional pollutants and emerging contaminants. Data show that urban rivers in Bangladesh are in a critical condition, especially Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha, Pashur, and Padma. The Buriganga River and few locations in the Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, and Karnaphuli rivers have dissolvable oxygen (DO) levels of almost zero. Many waterways contain traces of NO3, NO2, and PO4⁻³ pollutants. The majority of the rivers in Bangladesh also have Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, As, and Cr concentrations that exceed the WHO permissible limits for safe drinking water, while their metal concentrations exceed the safety threshold for irrigation. Mercury poses the greatest hazard with 90.91% of the samples falling into the highest risk category. Mercury is followed by zinc 57.53% and copper 29.16% in terms of the dangers they pose to public health and the ecosystem. Results show that a considerable percentage of the population is at risk, being exposed to contaminated water. Despite hundreds of cryptosporidiosis cases reported, fecal contamination, i.e., Cryptosporidium, is totally ignored and need serious considerations to be regularly monitored in source water.
... The derelict Mouri river, a link between Rupsha river and a large beel through small khals, is a habitat of various fish species. M. vittatus is one of them which is struggling with the adverse water quality of the river (Kamal et al., 2007). The study of some biological aspects of M. vittatus from the river Mouri would provide a basis for further detailed assessment and the conservation of the stock. ...
... Some of the fish specimens were not matured. Moreover, the water quality and primary production in the Mouri river as described by Kamal et al (2007) was not favorable as a breeding and nursing ground. Therefore, the females M. vittatus might be less in abundance. ...
Length–weight relationship, condition factor (K), relative condition factor (Kn), fecundity and egg diameter of Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794) were estimated from 120 individuals collected from the Mouri river of Khulna district, Bangladesh during 7th August to 25th October 2006. The total length (LT) ranged from 7.2 cm (body weight (W) 6.9 g) to 13.4 cm (W=24.2 g) for male and 12.1 cm (W=14.39 g) to 13.6 cm (W=23.29 g) for female. The logarithmic relationship of LT-W and LS-W were strongly positive as estimated , and , . The mean K and Kn varied from 7.24 to 18.49 and 0.44 to 25.81 respectively. The relationship of LT-K was not statistically significant (,) whereas that of LT-Kn produced negative correlation (,). The mean bilobed gonad weight (WG) was 1.41±0.738 g where the left lobe was 0.718±0.375 g and that the right lobe was 0.697 ± 0.367 g. The highest mean egg diameter was 8.75 µm in the left lobe between 13.5 and 13.9 LT and the lowest was 8.15 µm between 13.0 and 13.4. The highest mean egg diameter was 8.27 µm in the right lobe and the lowest was 7.83 µm. The fecundity (F) M. vittatus varied from minimum 1440 to the maximum 5811. The relationship of LT and WG was positively significant () and the LT-F relationship was also significant (). However, the relation of LS and F was highly significant (r2=0.79).
... As a result, domestic uses of poly bag and other plastic commodities are increasing rapidly and ultimately settle down to the Rupsha river bed. In the present study, it has been found that the major items (Rahaman et al. 2013, Bir et al. 2015 and Mouri river in Khulna (Kamal et al. 2007). ...
... As the Rupsha is one of the most important Rivers in Khulna city therefore it has the huge possibility to incorporate pollutants from different sources. Almost similar type of benthic fauna has been observed by Hossain et al., (2016) and Kamal et al. (2007) at Mouri river, Khulna. The benthic species differ in respect of the abundance of plastic throughout the station. ...
Plastic pollution is one of the major threats to the biodiversity of coastal mangrove forest Sundarbans. The current research focused on the preliminary assessment of plastics load to benthic biodiversity in a major estuary, the Rupsha in southwestern Bangladesh. Visual studies were conducted at five different sampling sites based on human activities, viz Kalibari ghat (S1), Rupsha ferry ghat (S2), Lobonchora ghat (S3), Rupsha bridge ghat (S4) and Putimari ghat (S5 as reference site). Thirteen (13) different plastic types under three categories were identified from the five-study sites. These categories belong to (i) fishing related debris: net, line, buoy, other fishing materials (ii) domestic useable plastics: bottle, bucket, bag/film, foamed polystyrene and polythene, and (iii) category of other types including packet, rope, pipe and shoes. Among all types, packet and polythene were the most abundant in number and both of them were the highest in number in Rupsha ferry ghat (8.67±3.79 for polythene and 9.33±5.86 for packet) whereas lowest in S5 (0.67±0.58 for polythene). Overall, the highest number of plastics (individual items) was identified in S2 station (36±12.5) following to S4 station (24.33±1.53) and lowest at S5 (3.33±0.58). Biodiversity index were also calculated where higher species richness (D) and Shannon index (H) were observed to be higher in S5 compared to other sampling sites.
... The observed values of COD in the river were either lower or higher than the 10 mg/L limit stipulated by NAFDAC and WHO for Drinking water. The values of COD in the present work were lower than those of Nyantakyi et al. (2020), in Tano River, Ghana and those of Kamal et al. (2007), in Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh. ...
... The amount of sulphates present in the Orashi River is lower than the WHO limit for drinking water. The value of sulphate in the present research were lower than the value of Ukenye and Taiwo (2019) in eleven (11) coastal waters in the Niger Delta, Nigeria and also those of Kamal et al. (2007), in Mouri River Khulna, Bangladesh, but within the value range observed in Ede Onyima Creek in Okarki Engenni, Rivers State, Nigeria (Edori 2020). ...
Water samples were collected from four different stations bimonthly from the Orashi River for a period of one year. The samples were collected from the shores of selected communities along the Engenni axis of the river. The samples were treated and analyzed according to standard laboratory and analytical procedures for water physicochemical parameters. The parameters examined were pH, Salinity, chlorides (Cl-), Conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-) and phosphates (PO43-). The results showed that the mean values of the evaluated parameters were; pH (6.91±0.11), salinity (9.79±0.27 mg/L), Cl (6.25±0.25 mg/L), conductivity (29.66±1.20 µS/cm), TDS (17.66±2.08 mg/L), TSS (16.83±1.15 mg/L), turbidity (11.84±1.50 mg/L), temperature (28.16±0.12 oC), DO (5.91±0.18 mg/L), BOD (7.30±0.60 mg/L), COD (9.41±0.70 mg/L), NO3- (3.42±0.27 mg/L), SO42- (1.15±0.56 mg/L) and PO43- (15.65±5.76 mg/L). The results of the different parameters showed that all of them fall within the WHO acceptable limit except turbidity, DO and BOD that were not within the recommended range, then COD and phosphates that were either within or above the recommended values at different instances. Based on the findings of this work, the water may not be particularly suitable for drinking purposes, but can be used for other household functions that do not require consumption and also for irrigation. Keywords: water, physicochemical property, human activity, environment, contamination
... In ground water of that region DO is negatively correlated with pH (r= -0.04) [68] which indicates that the correlation is completely depends on surrounding environment and sources. A correlation study of the Mouri river visualized that temperature, pH, hardness, TA, DO, free CO2 and sulphate were in positive correlation [64]. ...
... The sample selection site should be representative of the water body being investigated. Sampling sites selection of Mouri river [64] did not explain well enough by providing information whereas the sampling sites selection in Buriganga river [20] industrial zone of Dhaka [97] were explained along with sufficient information. The study period for environmental research conveys a significant essence to evaluate the pollution status of water body. ...
Environmental analysis does not become properly meaningful unless follow the standard procedure in sampling, preserving and also in analysis. This study investigates different studies on surface and groundwater pollution and discusses their findings along with impacts on environment, human health and aquatic ecosystem demolition. Fresh water is a vital need for drinking, household, agricultural and industrial use. Fresh water availability is shrinking worldwide due to imprudent use. Abound availability of fresh water in Bangladesh is now polluting due to unwise dumping of industrial, household, agricultural and municipal wastes. Water body in urban arena is severely polluted rather than rural part. The over concentration of DO, BOD, COD, EC, TDS, Cr, Cd, Pb was observed in Dhaka region. The highest arsenic concentration was found in the ground water of Lakshimpur. The main sources of pollution in industrial cities are anthropogenic sources like untreated industrial effluent and municipal wastes whereas in rural part the main sources of pollution are agricultural and naturogenic. Transboundary impact also intensifies some river water pollution. Government approved the policies, ordinance, acts and laws however, due to lack of proper implementation and monitoring water pollution problem increasing day by day.
... mg/L) was recorded during pre-monsoon while the lowest concentration (13.98 mg/L) was found during monsoon season ( highest concentration of NO 3 (1.625 mg/L) was recorded during post-monsoon while the lowest concentration (1.25 mg/L) was found during pre-monsoon season in Kaptai Lake water. According to Kamal et al. (2007) in Mouri River showed the maximum NO 3 concentration as 1.85 mg/L in St-2, and varied from 0.57 to 1.85 mg/L. The concentrations of NO 2 at four stations were within the range of 0.07 (at St-1 along the study period during pre-monsoon) to 0.28 mg/L (at St-5 during monsoon) ( Figure 12). ...
This study was conducted to investigate the status of water quality for fisheries and aquatic environment in Chalan Beel, the largest wetland ecosystem in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from five sampling stations over the period from February 2020 to January 2021 during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Surface water controlling parameters such as temperature, transparency, pH, DO, TDS, EC, total hardness, total alkalinity, Chlorophyll a, and TSI of Chalan Beel were monitored seasonally. The study revealed that temperature, transparency, pH, DO, TDS, EC, total alkalinity, total hardness, PO4, and NO3 exceeded the recommended level for fish culture. On the other hand, NH3, SO4, NO2, Chlorophyll a, and trophic state index (TSI) were within the standard limits for aquaculture. Concentrations of Chlorophyll a and TSI (CHL) indicated no definite trend with seasons. In conclusion, the wetland is in mesotrophic condition as the TSI (CHL) was within 40, and apparently, there was a positive relationship between Chlorophyll a and TSI. To conserve a healthy environment of the beel ecosystem, it is necessary to promote knowledge about water quality issues and beel management through monitoring and research.
... The physicochemical properties of the water of the Mouri river in Khulna, Bangladesh, were studied by Kamal et al. 5 Pal et al. and Pal and Talukdar examined the hydro-ecological changes related to damming across the rivers Tangon, Ganga-Padma, and Atreyee in India and Bangladesh. 6,7 Different water quality parameters of the river Tangon were also investigated in Bangladesh by Roy et al. ...
The river Kulik is an internationally important river between India and Bangladesh. Till date, no work has been done to understand the physico-chemical characteristics as well as the pollution status of the river Kulik at the Raiganj and Hemtabad blocks in the Uttar Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India. The goal of this investigation was to analyse different physico-chemical parameters to understand the present level of pollution in the river Kulik for two years, from November 2019 until October 2021. The investigation was carried out on a monthly basis at five selected sampling sites along the river Kulik. Different physico-chemical parameters were analysed following the methods of APHA, 2017. The pH varied from 5.90 to 7.86, which indicates the slightly acidic to slightly alkaline nature of the water. The lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) value recorded at site 5 (1.60 mgL-1) during the winter season of the first year may have been caused by excessive fertilizer application in agricultural fields close to the river Kulik. The abrupt rise in DO levels from March 2020 to June 2020 at every site might be due to the lesser anthropogenic activities during the lockdown in India because of the COVID-19 Pandemic situation. The highest BOD was found in April 2020 at Site 5, which crossed the limits of the CPCB standard set for drinking and bathing. Public awareness is crucial for river pollution control and revival; further study is needed to understand water quality and productivity.
... Figure 8. BOD of the samples Figure 8 shows the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the samples. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while consuming organic materials in aerobic settings (Gholizadeh et al., 2016;kamal et al., 2007). Water is considered clean when the BOD level is 3-5 ppm. ...
Water is very essential for plants and animals. So, it's necessary to have access high-quality water. Khulna city in Bangladesh is facing scarcity of clean water as high saline water is a major problem in this region. So, this study aims at assessing water quality from different areas of Khulna. Water quality analysis is carried out as part of the study to ensure that the community receives clean water and they can be aware of the quality of such water. Certain parameters of collected water samples were observed including temperature, p H , turbidity, electrical conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD and Arsenic. The experimental data was compared with WHO and Bangladeshi standard values. The observed experimental data represented deviation from the standard value. So, proper water treatment should be carried out to ensure safe water and reduce contamination for ensuring better life.
... SO4 2-varied from 3.01 in Qua Iboe River Estuary to 99.60 mg/L at Great Kwa River. The obtained range is higher than 42.46 to 57.36 mg/L reported in Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh by Kamal et al. [72]. The range is also higher than 3.33-20.33 ...
River channels within the Oil producing Area of Nigeria are highly impacted by the activities of the Oil Companies. This work examined the Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO4 3-), and sulphate (SO4 2-) in Calabar, Cross River, Imo, Great Kwa, and Qua-Iboe Rivers using standard procedures. Results showed that, DO, BOD, NO3-, and SO4 2-were within their limits by NESREA whereas, PO4 3-was higher than the limit. Mean levels of NO3-, PO4 3-, and SO4 2-were higher during the dry season and low tidal regime while DO and BOD showed higher levels in wet season and high tidal regime. Results also indicated that, DO belong to the slightly polluted class, BOD, NO3-, and SO4 2-belong to the non-polluted class whereas, PO4 3-varied between moderately polluted and the severely polluted classes in the studied aquatic channels. Generally, the relationships among the parameters varied from one parameter to the other. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified mainly the anthropogenic factor and moderately the natural factor as being responsible for the levels of the parameters assessed in the studied rivers. Hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA) recorded common associations and sources for the DO and BOD, PO4 3-and SO4 2-while NO3-had a separate and personal cluster. The study revealed the existing relationships among the studied parameters and their related impact on the health of the aquatic ecosystems investigated.
... For traditional fishing communities on Kenjeran Beach, they should continue the traditional culture of working as fishermen so that they can teach their children as the next generation, and will continue to be equipped and equipped with a higher level of education so that the skills of handling fisheries problems at sea will be more organized through existing technological innovations, the hope is that within a certain working period, it can increase the income of the Kenjeran fishing community and the status of traditional fishermen will increase to modern fishermen, and in line with this, a policy from the Surabaya City Government is needed which contains programs that favor fishermen. [16,17] CONCLUSION Efforts to understand Islamic eco-theology in the Kenjeran coastal fishing community are one of the means to conserve the coastal environment. The CBR approach is taken to encourage the active role of citizens in environmental governance, especially on the issue of marine pollution on the Kenjeran coast. ...
Background. The reduction in the number of fishermen over the last 3-5 years has affected the fish catch in Surabaya, for the last 5 years it has continuously decreased. The uncertainty of the income obtained by fishermen from fishing and the limited fishing gear and the current increase in fuel prices add to the heavy burden on fishermen. In addition, the influence of the west wind season. The purpose of this research was to create a problem-solving strategy and develop community skills on the Kenjeran coastline both in the management of fish, and catch of the sea around the Kenjeran coastline. Research Method. This research was a type of Community Based Research. The research was conducted from March to June 2021, location was in Nambangan- Cumpat Fishermen Village, Kedung Cowek, Bulak, Surabaya City. The population in this study were members of the Fishermen's Group from each village, totaling 115 people. The research analysis approach is through Islamic eco-theology. Findings. Fishing activity is the main livelihood of coastal communities so when they cannot go to sea it means they cannot fulfill their daily needs. The results of this activity found several descriptions, situations of social structure, conditions, and problems faced by fishing communities, including population density, sanitation, slum environments, natural weather which is also an obstacle for fishermen to catch fish, narrow employment opportunities, and other social inequality. Conclusion. Efforts to understand Islamic eco-theology in the Kenjeran coastal fishing community are one of the means to conserve the coastal environment.
... Among the external factors temperature is one of the most important factors which infl uence the aquatic ecology (Huet 1986, Kamal et al. 2007. Temperature values of water resources varied from 16.2 to 24.4°C in the dry season and 14.2 to 17.5°C in the wet season. ...
... The present results are supported by the pH ranges of 6.5-10.0 for tilapia culture 36 and 7.3-8.3. 37,38 Water transparency grossly indicates the presence or absence of natural food particles of fish as well as the productivity of a water body. Transparency generally measured by the Secchi disk, has an inverse relationship with the abundance of plankton. ...
Recently, toxins and off-flavor compounds produced by phytoplankton in freshwater ponds have become a concern as it affects consumer acceptability and food safety. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water-sediment physicochemical parameters in high-nutrient-load Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ponds from three sub-districts (upazila) in north-central Bangladesh. Water and sediment samples were collected from 9 randomly selected ponds of Sadar, Trishal, and Muktagachha upazila, and temperature, transparency, pH, phytoplankton concentration for water and pH, organic C and organic matter for sediment samples were determined. Water temperature and transparency were more or less similar across all the ponds, while pH varied significantly (p<0.05). Soil pH also varied significantly (p<0.05). The abundance of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Euglenophyceae in pond water was almost equal but Cyanophyceae differed among the ponds with the highest in Muktagachha (5.22±2.30×104 cells/L) and the lowest in Trishal (4.84±0.740×104 cells/L). Correspondingly, Algal Genus Pollution Index (AGPI) was employed to study the water quality of Nile tilapia ponds, and it revealed that ponds in Muktagaccha had ‘probable high organic pollution’ compared to ponds in the other two locations. Five cyanobacteria genera were identified, viz., Anabaena, Aphanizominon, Gomphosphaeria, Mycrocystis and Osoillatoria where Anabaena showed a strong positive correlation with water temperature and pH. The significantly higher abundance of cyanobacteria in Muktagachha is possibly linked to the favorable water temperature and pH and indicates a higher risk of off-flavor creation in the Nile tilapia ponds from this upazila. It is, therefore suggested that the right management measures must be put in place to control the cyanobacteria to ensure the profitability of fish farming.
... The conductivity of water samples from Mtshabezi river was 73.5 µS/cm which is much lower than the electrical conductivity range of 164.0 -275.0 reported in water samples from polluted sites along Mouri River, Khulna. 18 The conductivity levels recorded in process water, wastewater and underground water were significantly higher than the conductivity level of the control water. This was attributed to the high total dissolved solids and metal pollutants observed in the water samples. ...
Mining operations produce large amounts of waste effluent that contain compounds of varying toxicity that leach into aquatic bodies. We investigated the effects of water samples from a gold mining area on oxidative stress biomarkers in Helisoma duryi. Water was collected from four sites in the mining area: site 1, Mtshabezi water from a river 3 km from the mine and sites 2, 3 and 4 (underground water, waste effluent, process water) at the mine. The water samples were analysed for cyanide and heavy metals. Snails in groups of 30 were exposed to one liter volumes of water from sites 1- 4 and the control for up to 14 days. Cyanide levels in the 0.1 – 0.5 mg/L range were observed in water sampled from sites 1- 4. Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc were observed in all water samples from the mining area. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were enhanced in snails exposed to samples from the mining area. Increased concentrations of malondialdehyde, which indicates oxidative stress were observed in snails exposed to water from sites 1-4, suggesting that mining operations directly or indirectly release pollutants that include oxidative stressors which affect the wellbeing of aquatic organisms.
... However, during the summer, the highest temperature was recorded at the examined localities. The water temperature is influenced by various factors, such as wind, atmospheric temperature, solar radiation, salinity and cloud coverage (Kamal et al. 2007). During the summer, high RBC and WBC values were recorded, but other parameters were lower, especially hemoglobin values in both sexes. ...
The significance of hematological parameters in freshwater fish as indicators of various environmental factors provides insight into their physiological status. This study explores water quality parameters across different seasons and their effects on hematological parameters in Sander lucioperca perch. Two natural habitats of perch in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Neretva and Modrac) were selected. WBC (white blood cells), (MCH) mean corpuscular hemoglobin and RBC (red blood cells) variations in females were found
only at the Neretva site. Significant variations were observed in males at both localities, namely in WBC, MCH, RBC, HB (hemoglobin) and HCT (hematocrit) in males from Neretva,
as well as HCT and MCV (mean corpuscular volume) in males from Modrac. In all seasons, WBC values were significantly higher in females from Modrac compared to those from Neretva, while RBC values were significantly different only during spring and summer. Males from Modrac had significantly higher WBC values during all seasons com-
pared to males from Neretva. Variations were observed in males for MCH, MCV, RBC and HCT during the summer. Increased values of BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand)
and N (total nitrogen) were recorded during the summer in Modrac and the temperature did not vary significantly between the two sites. In both areas, males and females exhibited different reactions for certain parameters in different seasons. Due to anthropogenic loads and water pollution summer is the worst season in Modrac, as indicated by high values of BOD5, COD (chemical oxygen consumption) of water and high WBC count. Analysis of water quality parameters, anthropogenic load, season and sexual characteristics must be considered to establish a reference range for hematological indicators of fish.
... solution This was prepared by dissolving 120 g of the salt in a 250 cm 3 volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with distilled water.Preparation of fresh starch solutionThis was prepared by dissolving 2.00 g of soluble starch with a little distilled water in a 100 cm 3 volumetric flask and poured immediately into 250 cm 3 boiling water. The solution was further boiled for 5 minutes, 0.02 g of mercuric iodide was added to the boiling solution and was allowed to cool[6][7][8][9][10] .Preparation of 1:1 H2SO4 solutionThis was prepared by transferring 20 cm 3 of conc. H2SO4 in a 100 cm 3 volumetric flask and 20 cm 3 of distilled water was added.Preparation of 0.1 M Sodium thiosulphate solutionThis was prepared by dissolving 12.60 g salt in a 500 mL beaker and made up to the mark with distilled water.Standardization of sodium thiosulphate with potassium iodateThis was calculated using equations (flask. ...
The objective of this research is to determine the Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) level in water samples from Ntanwoba Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four locations designated as A, B, C and D, for the determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) using the titration method. The BOD values in the water samples from the four sampling points were higher than the WHO limits for the protection of fish and other aquatic life, indicating high pollution of this portion of Ntanwoba Creek. The high BOD values of the analyzed water samples are attributed to runoff of wastewater from agricultural activities and automobile workshops around the study area. For the well-being of aquatic life in the area of study, there should be a continuous monitoring of agricultural and industrial drainage containing organic materials into the creek.
... Analysis of heavy metals showed that the concentration of heavy metals was high in the pre-flood season, which was significantly reduced in the post-flood period and during the flooding season, the values were going down below the detectable level, which may be due to dilution with flood water or wash-off to the oceans. Generally, the major source of Cr and other trace elements in water is industrial effluents (Kamal et al., 2007;Verma et al., 2015). Exposure of man to a high concentration of Cr may cause dermatitis, ulcer, destruction of mucus of nose and cancer of the stomach. ...
The Journal publishes invited review articles, special issues and original contributions dealing with all aspects of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, and appreciates multidisciplinary research papers on emerging and frontier areas of research in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. The contributions can be in the form of original research papers and short communications relevant to freshwater, brackishwater and marine environments.
... Therefore, when considering the quality of water for maximum output, the physicochemical parameters cannot be neglected. This is the reason that in pollution control and management, water quality is very important (Kamal et al., 2007;Adewuyi et al., 2017). ...
Water samples were collected from Okamini stream and analyzed for some physicochemical parameters. The values showed that electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates and phosphates were within the range of values acceptable for domestic water use by WHO. Others such as turbidity, pH and salinity were not within acceptable range in water for human consumption. Although, the water from the stream at the time of evaluation may not be at an alarming situation, but calls for adequate surveillance and protection to avert possible decay that looks eminent.
... Analysis of heavy metals showed that the concentration of heavy metals was high in the pre-flood season, which was significantly reduced in the post-flood period and during the flooding season, the values were going down below the detectable level, which may be due to dilution with flood water or wash-off to the oceans. Generally, the major source of Cr and other trace elements in water is industrial effluents (Kamal et al., 2007;Verma et al., 2015). Exposure of man to a high concentration of Cr may cause dermatitis, ulcer, destruction of mucus of nose and cancer of the stomach. ...
Kerala state experienced a severe flood in 2018 after of its kind in 1924. Flood fetches a lot of negative and few positive impacts on the ecology, biodiversity and habitat. National Water Way No.3 (NWW3) in Kerala, running parallel to the Arabian sea, is a coastal inland water body that receives effluents and wastes from different factories and industries apart from municipal and household sewage waste of its course of passage. Due to effluent discharge from Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited (KMML) and Indian Rare Earths (IRE) Limited, water pollution is very high at the Chavara region of the Kollam district, Kerala. Monthly water quality assessment before and after Kerala flood 2018 showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pollution level due to flood wash off. A total of 26 water quality parameters, including nutrients and heavy metal concentrations, were assessed following standard procedures from two different locations of NWW3 and statistically evaluated for the pre-and post-flood difference. Results suggest that flood wash-off reduces aquatic bodies' pollution status regarding its water quality and recommends that the effluent discharge pose a severe threat to ecology even beyond the flood wash off effect.
... The findings of this study were supported by observations by Kamal et al. (2007) where However, as seen in Figure 4.6, Na showed an increasing trend in concentration from upstream to the wetland outlet, decreasing again to a mean of 5.14 mg/l in the stream. ...
Palustrine wetlands in Lesotho are vulnerable to vegetation loss due to overgrazing and the nature of the topography, the latter leading to gully erosion exacerbated by a degraded soil structure. Degraded soils are not able to adsorb pollutants; neither can they support vegetation growth. The presence of degraded soils in wetlands thus contributes towards leaching of pollutants into nearby streams and groundwater resources. Khubelu wetland (which was the focus of this study) is a palustrine wetland that discharges water into the Khubelu stream in Lesotho. The water purification function of this wetland is pertinent since Khubelu River is one of the tributaries at the headwaters of the shared Orange-Senqu basin. This function is threatened by vegetation loss and soil degradation through overgrazing and environmental conditions like extreme climatic variations. Consequently, water released into adjacent streams from the wetland could be of low quality, further putting at risk the health of this ecosystem and users of these streams due to toxicity caused by the polluted water from the wetland. With predicted floods and/or droughts and intense heat, water temperatures may rise by up to 70% in the 21st century according to researchers. It is believed that floods would lead to shorter residence time of water within wetlands, washing away soil with pollutants into surrounding streams before any geochemical processes that would sequester them occurs. Droughts on the other hand would lead to failure of dilution of polluted waters. Excessive evaporation due to intense heat would also leave pollutant-concentrated water behind. Since these wetlands are the headwaters of an international river, the problem of water pollution and deteriorated water resources might be regional.
The main aim of the study was to characterise the extent of soil degradation and water quality in the Khubelu wetland and assess the water purification ability in an endeavour to understand the role the wetland plays in the quality of water in rivers and streams fed by the Khubelu wetland, and also to understand how changes in climate would impact on the wetland characteristics. In situ analyses of soil and water were done followed by sampling of the same for further analysis in the laboratory using standard methods. Surface water samples were collected from two sampling points in the Khubelu stream, whereas water in the wetland was sampled from seven piezometers installed in the wetland. Three replicates of water samples were collected from each sampling point monthly over a period of one year. The water properties determined included pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), nitrates, phosphates and chlorides. The data generated from these analyses were subjected to various statistical tests and the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the wetland and stream waters determined. The water quality drinking standards were preferred in this study since the major beneficiaries of the stream that emanates from the wetland are human populace. Prediction of water quality in the wetland in light of the changing climate was done using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model.
Soil samples were collected from the upper, middle and lower areas of the wetland, referred to as upstream, midstream and downstream of the wetland in the report, at the same sites where the piezometers were installed. At each site, three sampling points were identified two metres apart from each other and samples collected at depths of 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm at each site. The soil samples were then characterised for their texture, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Total Carbon (TC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Organic Matter (OM), exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, and available phosphorus, using standard procedures. The soil data generated were then subjected to data analyses and the Chemical Degradation Index (CDI) of the wetland soils determined. Determination of the wetland’s potential to purify water was done by assessing its ability to retain nutrients, pollutants and sediments.
Results obtained in this study showed that the wetland and stream water had circumneutral pH with values that ranged from 6.32 -7.69. The values for Na, Ca, K, Mg, TDS, NO3, Cl and DO in the wetland and stream waters were below the WHO drinking water standards thresholds of 200 mg/l for Na and Ca, 12 mg/l for K, 150 mg/l for Mg, 50 mg/l for TDS 50 mg/l for NO3, 5 mg/l for DO and BOD, and 250 mg/l for Cl. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) water standards for livestock drinking were: EC: <1.5 mS/cm (Excellent); 1.5 – 5.0 mS/cm (very satisfactory); < 250 mg/l of Mg for cows, 400 mg/l for beef cattle, and 500 mg/l for adult sheep. SA Irrigation water quality standards were also used, and it was determined that pH was within the acceptable threshold of 6.5 – 8.4, 70 mg/l for sodium and 0.4 mS/cm for EC. EC of 0.41 mS/cm to 1.12 mS/cm in the wetland and 0.67 mS/cm to 2.11 mS/cm in the stream was above the SA irrigation water quality standards. Other water properties such as PO4 (0.06-1.26 mg/l in stream and 0.17-0.61 mg/l in wetland), and COD (10.00 to 55.00 mg/l in stream and 48-140.80 mg/l in the wetland) were above the WHO permissible limits. The water quality in the Khubelu wetland and stream ranged from very poor to unsuitable for drinking, with WQI values of 107 for the stream and 93 for the wetland. Water quality simulation along the Khubelu stream using the WEAP model shows that by the year 2025, BOD as one of the water quality parameters, would be high, with DO declining further especially if temperature increases and precipitation decreases. The wetland had sandy and acidic soils, with the TC and TN content of the soil decreasing with depth. The CDI value for the soil was 3.29. Regarding potential to reduce sediments, nutrients and organic pollutants, the wetland scored 7.09, 5.39 and 7.39 out of 10, respectively. This implies that there is moderate potential for the wetland to purify water that is discharged into the stream.
The study concludes that the stream and wetland water qualities are unsuitable for human consumption and usable for livestock drinking. However, there might be some risks associated with evaporation that would leave the water saline. The wetland water presents a threat to the water quality of the receiving stream. However, the wetland has moderate potential to retain sediments, nutrients and toxic organics. This potential is threatened by a predicted decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature since oxygen-depleting contaminants and other pollutants whose behaviour in the environment are influenced by climate are highly likely to increase in concentrations in both the wetland and the stream. There is therefore a threat to the supply of water of good quality to the Senqu catchment, which supplies neighbouring countries (South Africa, Namibia and Botswana). Similar studies to this one need to be carried out for other wetlands in Lesotho on a regular basis to come up with data that would aid policy development that seeks to protect water resources.
... BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen needed for microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. However, both COD and BOD have also been adopted parameters of the water quality testing (Cross and Summerfelt, 1987) yet BOD is more significance to food webs (Kamal et al., 2007). In the study we found BOD ranging from 8 mg/l to 12 mg/l. ...
The lentic ecosystems offer diverse set of habitats across the planet. They are crucial not only for non-human species but also for the human existence in many ways. High-altitude lakes are even more viable natural capital, due to their extreme location. The Kumaun Himalayas are bestowed by nature with numerous such high-altitude lakes. These rare ecosystems are lifeblood for the local communities and need to be managed sustainably. As these ecosystems consist of physical, chemical and biological properties, to assess their health and quality of water, it is of key importance that these properties are studied properly and regularly. In present paper, we focus on key physicochemical parameters and chemical and biological demands of Bhimtal lake located at an altitude of 1332 m above mean sea level in Kumaun region in the state of Uttarakhand. For physical parameter temperature, TDS are sampled and for chemical analysis, pH, chlorides, salinity, are considered. DO, BOD and CODare taken into account for analysis of suitability of lake ecosystem for various species and to assess pollution levels of lake. Samples were collected from 21 random sites with GPS locations marked. Maps are interpolated for prediction of z-values to create lake surface for these parameters using GIS environment. So far, the quality of water is concerned, except pH, all other parameters like TDS, salinity and chlorides are in the acceptable range of Bureau of Indian standards. DO and BOD levels are quite satisfactory for the dwelling species of the lake. However, the levels of COD are not satisfactory showing high levels of pollution in the lake.
... Site wise comparison revealed significant increasing trend of pH down the gradient (R 2 = 0.82) with minimum mean value at Site-A (7.7±0.02) and maximum mean value at Site-D (8.1±0.01) (Fig. 2). Stream water has the capacity to maintain pH within narrow range due to their high buffering capacity [12] . The alkaline pH may be credited to the increase in buffering substances of carbonates of calcium and magnesium as a result of increased anthropogenic pressure in riparian area downstream [13] . ...
The present study was carried out during April 2018 to assess the spatial variability in water quality of Doodhganga-a stream in Kashmir Himalaya and the assessment of land use land cover (LULC) of the four selected sites [Yousmarg (Site-A), Nowhar (Site-B), Chadoora (Site-C) and Barzulla (Site-D)] based on differential anthropogenic pressures. At each site samples were collected from three locations (which served as three replications) and data was represented as mean value of all locations. At Site-A (comparatively clean site), the mean value of parameters viz. temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, BOD, total hardness, sulphate, orthophosphate and ammonical nitrogen increased significantly downstream with minimum mean value recorded as 10 ±0.1 • C, 7.7 ±0.02, 72.2 ±0.06 µScm-1 , 1.5 ±0.5mgL-1 , 67.2 ±0.5mgL-1 , 9.2 ±0.2mgL-1 , 0.09 ±0.01mgL-1 and 0.53 ±0.01mgL-1 respectively. On the other hand maximum mean value for all these parameters viz. 20.6 ±0.03 • C, 8.1 ±0.01, 179.8 ±0.23 µScm-1 , 3.5 ±0.06mgL-1 , 259.2 ±0.5mgL-1 , 29.6 ±0.3mgL-1 , 0.35 ±0.01mgL-1 and 0.82 ±0.01mgL-1 where recorded at SiteD. Similarly, dissolved oxygen recorded maximum mean value at Site-A (8.6 ±0.08mgL-1) and decreased significantly downstream and its minimum mean value was recorded at SiteD (6.0 ±0.5mgL-1). Land use/land cover (LULC) of Doodhganga watershed revealed considerable change in some LULC classes during the selected time period (2000-2018). Total share of area under agricultural field, mixed plantation, water body and wetlands reduced by 3.23%, 1.61%, 0.14% and 0.04% respectively. On the other hand, built up, and horticulture/orchards increased by 3% and 1.46% respectively. Change in physico-chemical characteristics of water of Doodhganga stream elucidates increased pollution load downstream.
... e concentration of phosphate was higher in pre monsoon during which the algal blooms were observed, while minimum value in winter months was possibly due to its immediate utilization by the overgrowth of phytoplankton. Higher concentration of phosphate in dry seasons may be due to low level of water and pollution. Similar findings were observed by Kamal et. al., (2007) observed the similar findings in their study. The concentrations were within the standard limits and correlates with nitrates. ...
Water bodies in urban Bangalore cover about 5% of the land. These lakes form a unique, irreplaceable system. The present study was carried out from January 2014 to December 2014 in Gangondanahalli Lake and the water samples were collected seasonally and analysed for physico chemical factors following standard methods (APHA 2005). It was observed that the Lake is under tremendous anthropogenic pressures pumping heavy loads of domestic sewage and dumping of solid material leading to rapid tropic evolution in the form of eutrophication.
... The highest productivity is obtained when the physical and chemical characteristics are at the ultimate level. Water quality plays a part in plateful decision-making process for pollution control in environment protection purpose (Kamal et al., 2007). Water quality assessment is an incessant process as it gives an update of the health status of water and its fitness for various purposes such as bathing, drinking, irrigation and its capability to support aquatic lives (Akpomie et al., 2014). ...
... Site wise comparison revealed significant increasing trend of pH down the gradient (R 2 = 0.82) with minimum mean value at Site-A (7.7±0.02) and maximum mean value at Site-D (8.1±0.01) (Fig. 2). Stream water has the capacity to maintain pH within narrow range due to their high buffering capacity [12] . The alkaline pH may be credited to the increase in buffering substances of carbonates of calcium and magnesium as a result of increased anthropogenic pressure in riparian area downstream [13] . ...
... Site wise comparison revealed significant increasing trend of pH down the gradient (R 2 = 0.82) with minimum mean value at Site-A (7.7±0.02) and maximum mean value at Site-D (8.1±0.01) (Fig. 2). Stream water has the capacity to maintain pH within narrow range due to their high buffering capacity [12] . The alkaline pH may be credited to the increase in buffering substances of carbonates of calcium and magnesium as a result of increased anthropogenic pressure in riparian area downstream [13] . ...
The present study was carried out during April 2018 to assess the spatial variability in water quality of Doodhganga-a stream in Kashmir Himalaya and the assessment of land use land cover (LULC) of the four selected sites [Yousmarg (Site-A), Nowhar (Site-B), Chadoora (Site-C) and Barzulla (Site-D)] based on differential anthropogenic pressures. At each site samples were collected from three locations (which served as three replications) and data was represented as mean value of all locations. At Site-A (comparatively clean site), the mean value of parameters viz. temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, BOD, total hardness, sulphate, orthophosphate and ammonical nitrogen increased significantly downstream with minimum mean value recorded as 10 ±0.1 • C, 7.7 ±0.02, 72.2 ±0.06 µScm-1 , 1.5 ±0.5mgL-1 , 67.2 ±0.5mgL-1 , 9.2 ±0.2mgL-1 , 0.09 ±0.01mgL-1 and 0.53 ±0.01mgL-1 respectively. On the other hand maximum mean value for all these parameters viz. 20.6 ±0.03 • C, 8.1 ±0.01, 179.8 ±0.23 µScm-1 , 3.5 ±0.06mgL-1 , 259.2 ±0.5mgL-1 , 29.6 ±0.3mgL-1 , 0.35 ±0.01mgL-1 and 0.82 ±0.01mgL-1 where recorded at SiteD. Similarly, dissolved oxygen recorded maximum mean value at Site-A (8.6 ±0.08mgL-1) and decreased significantly downstream and its minimum mean value was recorded at SiteD (6.0 ±0.5mgL-1). Land use/land cover (LULC) of Doodhganga watershed revealed considerable change in some LULC classes during the selected time period (2000-2018). Total share of area under agricultural field, mixed plantation, water body and wetlands reduced by 3.23%, 1.61%, 0.14% and 0.04% respectively. On the other hand, built up, and horticulture/orchards increased by 3% and 1.46% respectively. Change in physico-chemical characteristics of water of Doodhganga stream elucidates increased pollution load downstream.
... Various factors such as dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, and water temperature contribute towards the growth of animals and plants (Kamal et al. 2007). Additionally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) specify the pollution level of a given water body (Shrestha and Kazama 2007). ...
The four decades-long ideological-based insurgencies and conflict in the Kabul River Basin (KRB) have seriously hampered the relations and foreign policies of both Afghanistan and Pakistan. Consequently, it restricts them to solve various bilateral issues including transboundary waters. This lack of cooperation over shared water resources is one of the barriers to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. Additionally, it has contributed to the prevailing anarchic situation where each country does what it wants. The absence of a formal water-sharing mechanism coupled with poor water management practices within both the riparian counties are resulting various flow and administration-related challenges. Moreover, these challenges are further exacerbated by regional changes in social, political, environmental and economic systems. The scholarly literature suggests that an analytical transboundary water governance framework is essential to address the challenges of water politicisation and securitisation, quality degradation and quantity reduction. Additionally, the literature rarely integrates (a) a multi-level approach, (b) an institutional approach (c) an inclusive development approach, or (d) accounts for the uses of different types of water and their varied ecosystem services for improved transboundary water governance. To enhance human wellbeing and achieve inclusive and sustainable development in the KRB this research indicates that it is essential to: (1) defrost frozen collaboration; (2) bypass border dispute; (3) use biodiversity and ecosystem services approach; (4) address existing and potential natural and anthropogenic challenges; (5) remove contradictions in the policy environment; (6) combat resource limits and dependence by promoting collaboration on long-term cost effective solutions; and (7) enhance knowledge and dialogue on inclusive development.
... Various factors such as dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, and water temperature contribute towards the growth of animals and plants (Kamal et al. 2007). Additionally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) specify the pollution level of a given water body (Shrestha and Kazama 2007). ...
... They are 0.0001% of the total amount of water in the world at any given time, rivers is vital carriers of water critical components of the hydrological cycle, acting as drainage channels for surface water -the world's rivers drain nearly 75% of the earth's land surface. Various factors like temperature, turbidity, nutrients, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen play an important role for the growth of plants and animals in water body, on the other hand biological oxygen demand indicate the pollution level of the water body (Kamal et al., 2007;Ruhela et al.,2017 ). It is estimated that community waste from human activities accounts for four times as much wastewater as industrial effluents, most of which is discharged untreated/partially treated into the water courses in India (Sahu, 2005). ...
The holy River Ganga at Haridwar is largely affected by that effluent from varius industries and untreated sewage disposed from insufficient sewage treatment plants. Along with that the pilgrims that take holy dip in the pious river throughout the year, all these sitautions worsens the condition a lot. The quality and quantity of surface water in a river basin is influenced by natural factors such as rainfall, temperature and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic changes that curtail natural flow of the river, or alter its hydrochemistry. A study related to water quality indexing of River Ganga was conducted for four months, and four sampling stations were selected for physico-chemical parameters. WQI of the River during the study period was 46.03 which fall in the good water quality. DO values ranged from 10.32-13.24 mg/l, BOD values were 1.08-3.66 mg/L, COD ranged from 5.50-11.50 mg/L. Other physico-chemical parameters were observed well in the range.
... Nilai indeks pencemaran air di pesisir Kenjeran saat ini mencapai 4,6 yang mengindikasikan perairan Kenjeran dalam kondisi tercemar ringan (Guntur et al. 2017). Apabila tingkat pencemaran yang terjadi di perairan Kenjeran semakin lama semakin meningkat indeksnya, akan berdampak pada perubahan kondisi parameter kualitas perairan laut seperti kandungan oksigen, derajat keasaman (pH), suhu, nutrien terlarut, padatan suspensi terlarut, dan jumlah mikroorganisme serta biota laut (Adlim 2016;Daimanto dan Masduqi 2014;Kamal et al. 2007;Kurniawan 2011;Nicoleu et al. 2006, Yap et al. 2011. Untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan tingkat pencemaran perairan tersebut pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran dan/atau Kerusakan Laut. ...
Isu lingkungan terkait pencemaran laut terjadi di berbagai tempat berakibat pada menurunnya tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Upaya mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dapat dilakukan melalui peningkatan pemahaman ekoteologi Islam. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai Juli 2017 dengan lokasi penelitian di Pesisir Kenjeran tepatnya Kampung Nambangan-Cumpat. Pendekatan Community Based Research (CBR) diambil dalam rangka mendorong peran aktif warga dalam tata kelola lingkungan khususnya pada isu pencemaran laut. Pendekatan ini menjadi strategis karena tingkat keberagamaan komunitas yang tinggi dan juga karena Islam sendiri menawarkan konsep tersebut. Ajaran Islam Rahmatan Lil Alamin yang telah diterangkan dalam Al-Qur’an surat Al-Anbiya’ ayat 107 mengajarkan bahwa sikap menjaga dan mengelola lingkungan adalah bagian integral dari ibadah dan manifestasi keimanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kesadaran dan pemahaman komunitas terhadap ekoteologi Islam masih tergolong rendah. Pada dasarnya ekoteologi Islam dapat dijadikan upaya untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan pencemaran lingkungan. Sikap kepedulian komunitas Kenjeran ditunjukkan dengan tingkat partisipatif aktif yang lebih dari 80% dalam beberapa kegiatan tata kelola lingkungan. Apabila kepedulian, kesadaran dan mekanisme tata kelola lingkungan komunitas Kenjeran dapat sinergis dengan semangat keberagamaannya melalui ekoteologi islam, maka potensi pesisir Kenjeran termasuk potensi ekonomi juga diharapkan turut membaik dan keberlanjutan lingkungan dapat terwujud.
... Water is the most essential and prime necessity of life and the availability of water is one of the crucial environmental [1]. Water of rivers, reservoirs, lakes and bonds are important for domestic activities, agriculture, industry and livestock production [2]. ...
Water quality of Al-Sweib River may be changed by several variations in the last years as a result of anthropogenic and agriculture activities include the lower levels of water in the river. Water samples were collected from three stations in January to December 2017; then, analyzed using 12 parameters such as water temperature, pH, TDS, EC, turbidity, TH, Ca +2
... WHO (2011) therefore suggests an urgent action by health authorities when sulphate in drinking water exceeds 250mg/L. Sulphate occurs naturally in water as a result of leaching from gypsum and other common minerals (Kamal et al., 2007). Discharge of industrial wastes and domestic sewage tends to increase its concentration (Gulumbe et al., 2016). ...
Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water from (Raw water, Water before treatment, Water after treatment, Tap water) at the Ain Zada Dam to Bordj Bou Arreridj (Algeria) were analyzed. The results revealed that the physico-chemical and hydrochemical characteristics: (Temperature, PH, Conductivity, TDS, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Dry Residue, Ammonium, Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, Alkalinity, TAC, Iron, Manganese and Aluminum were found within permissible limits for drinking water as prescribed by WHO especially tap and after treatment water. Pearson correlation analysis, conducted to evaluate the relationship of water quality parameters, revealed a significant positive relationship between Total hardness with each of DO, Nitrate, Chlorides, and temperature (0.979, 0.961, 0.941 and 0.973) and negative significance with most of other parameters. Calcium and Sodium were correlated positively with Sulfate (0.986, 0.602 respectively). The detection of Total coliform, total germ, E. coli, Fecal Streptococci and Clostridium Sulf-Red species was intended for human consumption suggests that Raw water and Water before treatment pose severe health risks to consumers and was found unsuitable for direct human consumption without treatment. The present study recommends mobilization of treatment interventions to protect the households from further possible consequences of using the water.
... This might be due to constant water flows or currents in the reservoir channel that helped to distribute the heat energy absorbed at the water surface more or less uniformly in the river. Water temperature is one of the most important physical parameters of aquatic systems (Kamal et al., 2007). It is the most important regulators of life processes in aquatic ecosystems (Federal Office for the Environment, 2011) as it affects growth, nutrition, reproduction and metabolism. ...
... Studies suggested that water of Khulna and Chittagong territory possessed a higher amount of Mg 2þ in both surface and groundwater (Table 4). Although very little data can be found regarding the Mg 2þ in surface water, one study conducted in the river Mouri situated in Khulna, reported the excess amount of Mg 2þ (48.33 mg/L) in that stream (Kamal et al., 2007). In addition, investigation in the water of shallow tubewell of Khulna showed 78.28 mg/L mean concentration of Mg 2þ (Islam et al., 2017e). ...
Bangladesh - one of the most densely populated countries of the world- has plentiful water sources, but these sources are being polluted continuously. Both surface water and groundwater sources are contaminated with different contaminants like toxic trace metals, coliforms as well as other organic and inorganic pollutants. As most of the population uses these water sources, especially groundwater sources which contain an elevated amount of arsenic throughout the country; health risk regarding consuming water is very high. Death due to water-borne diseases is widespread in Bangladesh, particularly among children. Anthropogenic sources such as untreated industrial effluents, improper disposal of domestic waste, agricultural runoffs are the main contributors regarding water pollution. A total water pollution status of this country, as well as the sources of this severe condition, is crucial to evaluate public health risk. For this purpose, we reviewed hundreds of well recognized international and national journals, conference proceedings and other related documents to draw a complete picture of recent water pollution status and its impact on public health; also the sources of water pollution are identified.
... Water is the most essential and prime necessity of life and the availability of water is one of the crucial environmental [1]. Water of rivers, reservoirs, lakes and bonds are important for domestic activities, agriculture, industry and livestock production [2]. ...
Water quality of Al-Sweib River may be changed by several variations in the last years as a result of anthropogenic and agriculture activities include the lower levels of water in the river. Water samples were collected from three stations in January to December 2017; then, analyzed using 12 parameters such as water temperature, pH, TDS, EC, turbidity, TH, Ca +2
... Nilai indeks pencemaran air di pesisir Kenjeran saat ini mencapai 4,6 yang mengindikasikan perairan Kenjeran dalam kondisi tercemar ringan (Guntur et al. 2017). Apabila tingkat pencemaran yang terjadi di perairan Kenjeran semakin lama semakin meningkat indeksnya, akan berdampak pada perubahan kondisi parameter kualitas perairan laut seperti kandungan oksigen, derajat keasaman (pH), suhu, nutrien terlarut, padatan suspensi terlarut, dan jumlah mikroorganisme serta biota laut (Adlim 2016;Daimanto dan Masduqi 2014;Kamal et al. 2007;Kurniawan 2011;Nicoleu et al. 2006, Yap et al. 2011). Untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan tingkat pencemaran perairan tersebut pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran dan/atau Kerusakan Laut. ...
Balangeran (Shorea balangeran Korth.) merupakan
tanaman yang habitat tumbuhnya di lahan gambut, tetapi
keberadaan tanaman ini mulai terancam punah. Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertumbuhan Shorea
balangeran Korth. dengan pemberian pupuk tunggal N, P
dan K di Hutan Kampus Universitas Palangka Raya.
Diharapkan hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan informasi
awal mengenai pertumbuhan Balangeran dengan jenis
pupuk yang berbeda sebagai pertimbangan untuk
rehabilitasi di lahan gambut. Pengamatan dan
pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan metode jalur,
sedangkan pemberian pupuk dilakukan dengan metode
acak. Objek penelitian anakan Balangeran yang berumur 7
(tujuh) bulan, dengan 3 (tiga) perlakuan: Urea (P1), SP-36
(P2), dan KCl (P3). Untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan,
variabel yang diukur adalah tinggi, diameter dan
pertambahan jumlah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa pertumbuhan Balangeran berdasarkan tinggi (1,26
cm) dan diameter rata-rata (0,044 cm) dengan pemberian
pupuk P (SP-36) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan
pemberian pupuk Urea (1,18 cm dan 0,033 cm), dan KCl
(1,14 cm dan 0,038 cm), demikian pula dengan variabel
pertambahan jumlah daun. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa
untuk memacu pertumbuhan Balangeran yang ditanam di
lapangan, lebih baik pertumbuhannya dengan
menambahkan unsur Fosfor daripada pupuk SP-36 dengan
dosis tertentu. Selain itu dapat menjadi bahan
pertimbangan untuk mengembangkan tanaman
Balangeran di lahan gambut.
Kata kunci: balangeran, lahan gambut, pupuk
Abstract.
Balangeran (Shorea balangeran Korth.) is a plant that
usually growth in peatlands habitat. But this plant existence
start endangered. This research purposed to analyze the
growth of Shorea balangeran korth. by giving a singular
fertilizer of N, P and K at the University of Palangka Raya
Forest. Result of this research can be regarded as the initial
information of the growth Balangeran with different
fertilizer as consideration for rehabilitation in peatlands.
Observations and data collection used track methods while
fertilizer addition was done by random methods. Research
object was 7 months old Balangeran, with 3 (three)
treatment: Urea (P1), SP-36 (P2), and KCl (P3). To evaluate
the growth, measurement of height, diameter and number of
leaves were performed. The results showed that height (1.26
cm) and average diameter (0.044 cm) with fertilizer P (SP-
36) addition were better than the provision of Urea fertilizer
(1,18 cm and 0,033 mm), and KCl (1,14 cm and 0,038 cm ), as
well as number of leaves. It can be concluded that to
stimulate growth of Balangeran planted at the field, the
addition of pospor of fertilizer SP-36 showed better result.
Keywords: balangeran, peat land, fertilizer
... The maximum productivity obtained when the physical and chemical parameters are at optimum level. 7 Ghaggar River is one of the major seasonal rivers passing through two most fertile states (Punjab and Haryana) of India. It receives domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. ...
The present study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical properties of Ghaggar River
water from 20 different sampling sites throughout stretch of Ghaggar River. River water samples were collected
from 16 sites out of 20 sites as the last four sampling sites were dried, during the month of May, 2015 and River
water samples were taken to the laboratory and analyzed. The analysis was done for the 40 parameters like Turbidity,
pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium,
BOD, COD, DO, Iron, Nickel, Cadmium, total phosphorus pesticides and MPN. pH shows that Ghaggar River
water is alkaline in nature. Turbidity and Total Dissolved Solids was found above the WHO permissible limits,
iron is dominating heavy metal. All the sites were infected by Coliform.
Background: Bangladesh is enriched with huge water bodies which are considered as the gold mines fisheries sector as well as national economy. The main rivers of Dinajpur districts are: Dhepa, Punarbhaba and Atrai. Aims: The study aims to investigate the health condition of Cirrhinus reba in Dhepa and Atrai river of Dinajpur district by evaluating the water quality parameters, body indices and haematological parameters. Methodology: Nine fishes were randomly collected from each source for determining the body indices (hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat and viscerosomatic index) and haematological parameters analysis (haemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell count, total platelet count, differential leucocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The study was conducted in the Dhepa River near Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur and the Atrai River near Mohanpur Bridge, Dinajpur, for six months from October 2019 to March 2020. Fish sampling and water quality parameters (air and water temperature, depth, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and hardness) were monitored monthly. Results: The highest air and water temperatures were recorded in October, while the lowest were found in December in the Dhepa and Atrai rivers. The highest transparency and pH were observed in January in the Dhepa and Atrai rivers, while the lowest were recorded in October and November, respectively. The body indices result revealed that HSI (0.04-0.09%), IPF (0.17-1.47%) and VSI (14.25-20.38%) of C. reba were observed in both Dhepa and Atrai rivers. The lowest WBC, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were found in the blood of C. reba collected from both sources in December, while the highest total platelet count and ESR were recorded from the fish collected from the Dhepa River only in October. The highest levels of Hb, WBC and lymphocyte count were observed between February and March 2020 in both the Dhepa and Atrai rivers. Conclusion: It can be said that the health condition of C. reba collected from both sources are apparently healthy, and better haematological parameters were observed in the months of February and March 2020.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the water quality of the Thunga Bhadra River, a significant tributary of the Krishna River Basin in Karnataka, India.The surface water samples were put through a thorough Physico-Chemical investigation that included significant cations and anions in addition to general characteristics. The Water variables were plottedin spatial map using GIS and analysed by Pearson correlation. The temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, DO, BOD and COD. Most of the parameters like pH, conductivity, Turbidity; Dissolved solids are high at Bhadra riverduring the Monsoon in India. It is suggested that the Bhadra river possess highly fertile undisturbed water environment value
The aim of the present study is to investigate the water quality of the Thunga Bhadra River, a significant tributary of the Krishna River Basin in Karnataka, India.The surface water samples were put through a thorough Physico-Chemical investigation that included significant cations and anions in addition to general characteristics. The Water variables were plottedin spatial map using GIS and analysed by Pearson correlation. The temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, DO, BOD and COD. Most of the parameters like pH, conductivity, Turbidity; Dissolved solids are high at Bhadra riverduring the Monsoon in India. It is suggested that the Bhadra river possess highly fertile undisturbed water environment value
Industries play a vital role in a country's economy and the livelihood of common people. But a matter of concern is that most industries use toxic materials and hazardous chemicals and these dangerous materials are directly discharged into the river water along with the wastewater from the industries. The Bhairab is one of the most important rivers in Khulna that divides the city into two parts. People are highly dependent on this river for fishing and daily uses like cooking, farming, cleaning, and sometimes even drinking. But some industries are situated on the banks of this river, which might put this river at great risk by disposing of their wastes. In this regard, monitoring the quality of the river water and the impact of the industries on it has become of great importance for Khulna city. That's why around 27 km of the river was covered from Rupsha ghat to Fultala and samples were collected from the discharge point of Seven Rings Cement (SRC), a local bone breaking mill (LBBM), household waste mixing point (HHMP), and Superex Leather Ltd. All the samples had been collected around the 100-meter radius of the point sources. The water flow direction was the same for all sample collections. Water quality parameters including TDS, Hardness, ORP, Salinity, DO, p H , Turbidity, BOD, etc. were determined using a digital water quality analyzer and laboratory test. After analyzing and calculating all the data according to the proper method and comparing with ADB, 1994, ECR, 1997, and EQS, 1997, 4 parameters-BOD, Turbidity, ORP, and Hardness were found below the standard. Such quality water is not suitable for drinking and household tasks. Based on the correlation of the parameters, the monitoring of the water quality of the river becomes easier and proper precautions can also be applied beforehand.
Ground water quality is the resultant of all the processes and reactions that act on water from the moment it condensed in the atmosphere to the time it is discharged by a well or spring and varies from place to place and with the depth of water table. The major object of present study is to assess the quality of ground water at Alsisar Town and Its Surrounding Area in Jhunjhunu district, which is the only source of drinking water in this semi-arid zone of Rajasthan.Water samples from tube wells, and hand-pumps were collected and analyzed for Physico-Chemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) and Concentration of ions like Cl-, F-, Nitrate, Sulphate, Sodium and Potassium. The results were compared with drinking water standard of ISI (10500-91) and WHO (1973).
: A new species of glycerid polychaete, Glycera sheikhmujibi, is described from the saltmarsh on the central coast of Bangladesh. The species is identified based on morphological characteristics using both a light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The species is characterized by the presence of three distinct types of proboscideal papillae: type 1 papillae (conical with three transverse ridges), type 2 (conical with a straight, median, longitudinal ridge), and type 3 (round, shorter, and broader, with a straight, median, longitudinal ridge). It has a Y-shaped aileron with gently incised triangular base, almost equal-size digitiform noto- and neuropodial lobes in the mid-body, and long ventral cirri at the posterior end. The new species is compared with its related species, previously described from the Bay of Bengal region. A key to all these species is provided.
The objective of this study was to apply Principal Component analysis and cluster classification techniques to identify the interrealation among a set of the heavy metals concentration Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg as potential contaminants of river Mandakani in Chitrakoot and identify the underlying structure of those variables.. Water samples were collected from six different sites of river mandakani. For the determination of total heavy metals in the samples, procedures is described in APHA (2012) was followed.The principal components analysis in most examined groups showed that the first component describes the change of the heavy metal contents. Other main components emphasized variously the meaning of a given parameter. The results of PCA analysis are in accordance with the results of correlative analysis. Metals analysis of Mandakini river water and sediment was carried out by using multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis.
The Cochin estuary located at 9°58′N latitude and 76°15′E longitude is subjected to various types of effluents discharged from the Eloor and Chitrapuzha industrial belts. The present study reports the concentrations of dissolved and particulate copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and iron based on three consecutive surveys conducted during July (monsoon), November (post-monsoon) 1985 and April (pre-monsoon) 1986. The concentrations of dissolved and particulate copper, zinc and cadmium showed high seasonal variation. Seasonal variation in the concentrations of nickel and lead was negligible. Iron was found to be removed from the dissolved state. Surface water samples contained higher concentrations as compared to the bottom. The study revealed that salinity plays an important role in the precipitation of particulate matter and heavy metals with respect to estuarine mixing.
A simple modification to the most widely used method of calculating alkalinity forms is proposed by the authors. Instead of assuming that hydroxide alkalinity and bicarbonate alkalinity do not exist simultaneously, as is done in the classical method, the proposed modification assumes them to be equal as phenolphthalein alkalinity approximates one half of the total alkalinity. In the range of 0.47 ≤ P ≥ 0.6T, The modified method of calculation was determined to be 76 per cent more accurate than the classical method for data sets taken from past literature.
Under-water observations on the swimming movements of some of the animals used are described.
The possible application of the observations towards resolving the problem of the inverse distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the sea is discussed, and the hypothesis is proposed that this may be accounted for by a combination of migration and grazing. It is considered that plankton animals must migrate both horizontally and vertically into patches of phytoplankton and, when present in sufficient numbers, graze these down very quickly.
An attempt has been made to find out the productivity and periodicity of the phytoplankton in relation to the physical and chemical characteristics of the river Ganges, between University Ghat and Raj Ghat at Varanasi. The observations were taken during a single year (i.e., March 1957 to March 1958). The chemical analyses of the water and estimates of the number of phytoplankton were made on samples collected fortnightly.The phytoplankton has proved to be eutrophic and polymixic in nature. Diatoms formed the largest bulk, blue-greens being the second major constituent while the green algae formed the third in order of abundance with, however, large number of species. A definite phytoplankton periodicity has been noticed and found to be seasonal in character.Correlations between the phytoplankton periodicity and population maxima, with the habitat factors revealed depletion of nutrients like, nitrogen, phosphate, silica, carbon, magnesium and sulphates.Changes in the phytoplankton populations were clearly evident more in relation to physical than to chemical conditions of the water. Changes in water-level, transparency and temperature affected the growth of the phytoplankton.High alkalinity and buffering capacity resulted in preferential growth of diatoms and blue-green algae. Rich phosphates and silicates coupled with moderate nitrogen contents were responsible for high phytoplankton yields in summer and winter seasons.The abundance of blue-greens may be due to the higher values of pH, temperature, dissolved organic matter, phosphate, nitrogen, and relatively high values of dissolved oxygen. Green algae showed a wide range of adaptability but could not develop in any abundance.
The paper is based on the two-year data on the monthly fluctuations of the various physico-chemical complexes operating in two fish breeding ponds of Husain Sagar Fish Farm, Hyderabad, India. It includes discussion on the inter-relationships of the following sets of factors.
i.
Free carbon-dioxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, calcium and pH.
ii.
Sodium and chloride.
iii.
Oxidizable and nitrogenous organic matter and C/N ratio.
iv.
Oxidizable organic matter, magnesium, soluble iron and pH.
v.
Free ammonia, nitrate and dissolved oxygen.
vi.
Albuminoid ammonia and nitrate.
vii.
Total solids, pH, rain fall and water temperature.
Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 1980. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-52).