Artificial Intelligence Human Effects
Abstract
This book presents an up-to-date study of the interaction between the fast-growing discipline of artificial intelligence and other human endeavors. The volume explores the scope and limitations of computing, and presents a history of the debate on the possibility of machines achieving intelligence. The authors offer a state-of-the-art survey of Al, concentrating on the ''mind'' (language understanding) and the ''body'' (robotics) of intelligent computing systems.
... As Christian theologian Anne Foerst (2005), who works in the field of AI and humanoid robotics acknowledged, building intelligent machines raises complex moral and ethical questions: what is a human being such that one may be replicated by a machine -that could be accorded 'human' rights? Significantly, AI raises questions about the ontological status of the Self, which according to Judeo-Christian belief is made in the image of godimago Dei (Herzfeld 2002). Bainbridge (2006) explained that the present-day convergence of cognitive science with information technology already threatens traditional religious beliefs. ...
... and 2. To what extent does the preference for a particular approach emerge from a desire to construct the Self? Drawing upon Herzfeld's (2002) discussion of AI and theological approaches to understanding the meaning of imago Dei, or humankind made in the image of God, it is shown that the online Christian response to AI and AL is elaborated mostly through the functionalist and substantive approaches. It also largely constructs the GRIN future as hellish. ...
... The statements above emerge from a substantive view and consistent with Herzfeld (2002) identify essences claimed unique to humans made in God's image, although there is no discussion of what these actually comprise. Biblical quotes are introduced to support the claims, and though a degree of mind -body dualism emerges, this is not made problematic. ...
In this paper, I present responses to GRIN technologies drawn from Christian posts on the Internet, to answer the following research questions: 1. Which approach to imago Dei informs the online Christian response to artificial intelligence and artificial life (AI/AL)? and 2. To what extent does the preference for a particular approach emerge from a desire to construct the Self? Drawing upon Herzfeld (2002) discussion of AI and theological approaches to understanding the meaning of imago Dei, or humankind made in the image of God, it is shown that the Christian response to AI and AL is elaborated mostly through the functionalist and substantive approaches. It also largely constructs the GRN future as a Hell scenario. With reference to Bhabha's postcolonial model of ambivalence, it is argued that this response is motivated by a desire to regain control over the discursive construction of the Self, which for some, is challenged by AI and AL.
... One of the main directions of artificial intelligence research is the study of human cognitive processes. An important issue in this research is to establish the information which a teacher should provide students with in order to ensure a successful instructional process [1]. The success of this process may be evaluated through testing of the ability of the students to solve new problems in the particular domain. ...
... The facilitation of learning has been researched from the perspective of user interfaces with knowledge bases [2], intelligent tutoring systems with user modelling [3] and human-computer interaction with mental models for enhanced predictive and explanatory powers [4]. The representation of knowledge used by learners while learning is no trivial task [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The aim of the paper is to clarify how the increase in pragmatic knowledge of learners of programming languages will develop when moving to a second language. ...
Student models form a very important issue in research concerning cognitive processes. This paper discusses knowledge transfer which takes place when students learn a second programming language. Reasoning by analogy is used to describe this transfer and the way in which students use previous knowledge in solving new problems. An experimental instrument to study these issues is discussed and also some problems concerning the building of taxonomies for the two programming languages.
... These expert systems with mechanized domains of knowledge will require thousands of rules. We would expect the stereotypical expert system to possess: 1) an efficient system of information-receiving 2) an ample information-store 3) an efficient system that can modify its storage, its storage-system or even its methods of processing as a result of its making use of the information it has received 4) a means of communicating its decisions to the outside world, and that it will at intervals find it expedient to communicate them in some form (Yazdani & Narayanan, 1984). ...
It seems reasonable that one would want to use intelligent agents with different ways of behaving to perform different tasks in e-commerce. This paper considers how intelligent agents might behave in e-commerce environments, if their behaviors were modeled after different human “personality characteristics.” In particular, an e-commerce agent based on Machiavelli’s principals is discussed and compared to one with anti-machiavellian behaviors.
... The final software has to transfer expertise not simply apply it. Early attempts to transport the knowledge of an expert system into another expert system whose expertise was that of good teaching practice were not notably successful, see, for example, the discussion of GUIDON in Yazdani and Narayanan, 1984. Eliciting problem-solving knowledge from an expert has proved to be a critical problem in building expert systems. ...
this document we examine possible applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) Shells. We focus on applications which have been, or could be, implemented at the present time, applications which are feasible but require further research and considerable programming effort, and applications which are conceivable but require substantive advances in the present state of AI
... It also argues against including \peripheral" processes, such as vision, in AI. (Newell, 1983) This chapter describes the historical evolution of some of the key issues in AI research over the past 40 years and through them the relations between AI and its neighboring disciplines. (Yazdani and Narayanan, 1984) This edited volume contains, among other topics, sections on AI methodology and the philosophical implications of AI. The nature of programs as theories and their testing is a principal issue. ...
This paper suggests that science is organized in research programmes: a structure including a hard core that is not questioned and auxiliary hypotheses that guard it from negative evidence. Acknowledging that no data can confirm or refute a theory, scientists should adhere to some normative rules when revising auxiliary hypotheses. (Habermas, 1971) This book provides a critique of positivism through a study of the historical development of ideas that led to contemporary positivism. The book does not argue against science, but against "scientism:" The view that equates all knowledge with science. (Toulmin, 1972) This book argues for the necessity to bring philosophy and science together for a reappraisal of epistemology and methodology. Philosophy is to be a historical, empirical, and pragmatic enterprise that should focus on issues such as conceptual change in the sciences and human thought. (Weimer, 1979) This book develops a meta-theory of science in which positivism and logical empiricism and called justificationism and opinions such as those of Popper and Kuhn are termed non-justificationism. The book criticizes justificationist theories of science and uses the metatheory to explain the differences between positions of different contemporary non-justificatinists positions. (Knorr-Cetina, 1981) This book provides a constructivist view of science. It uses several metaphors of a scientist to study the way in which social processes make up for the lack of any rational way for advancing science. (Bunge, 1983) A part of an eight-book treatise on philosophy, this book provides a systems science perspective on epistemology and research methodology. It presents a serious study of scientific realism.
The application of robotics has been successfully achieved in many industrial sectors dealing with well defined processes and products. Meat, fish and poultry accounts for a considerable portion of the food consumed worldwide, but their production does not easily lend itself to automatic methods. The main problems are due to the variability and flexibility of the products, as well as the concerns for hygiene, quality and consumer safety. Robotics is desirable as there are increasing difficulties with the manual procedures in food production. Some of the driving influences encouraging the development of robotics and automation in meat production stem from human contact with the product and, more importantly, the removal of people from hazardous work conditions. Production control and consistency in output, as well as increased productivity, are tangible reasons for using robots in this sector.
In 1985, according to a recent article in Business Week (Smith, 1985), companies in the USA will spend an estimated 364 million in 1985, up 59% over last year. Symbolics and LMI project their revenues will grow 50% to 100% (our institute had to contribute). An estimated 150 companies will spend more than $1 billion this year to maintain in-house AI groups. Etc., etc.
A large-scale sentence pattern dictionary (SP-dictionary) for Japanese compound and complex sentences has been developed. The dictionary has been compiled based on the non-compositional language model. Sentences with 2 or 3 predicates are extracted from a Japanese-to-English parallel corpus of 1 million sentences, and the compositional constituents contained within them are generalized to produce a SP-dictionary containing a total of 215,000 pattern pairs. In evaluation tests, the SP-dictionary achieved a syntactic coverage of 92% and a semantic coverage of 70%.
One of the current term in decision support methodologies is Artificial Intelligence (AI). The search for AI, particularly in potential business applications, targets techniques which collectively result in expert systems. Expert systems technology, while still lacking many of the characteristics of true human expertise, can make the skills of an expert available to a broad population of people who do not qualify as experts. The purpose of this article is to identify an expert system and to discuss how this rapidly emerging technology can be used in small business environment for managerial decision making.
Abstract This paper describes material presented to sixth-form students, and their reactions to it. The material was specially designed to introduce the main principles of artificial intelligence, and to open up some of the practical issues involved in its use and development. The authors make tentative suggestions about the usefulness and importance of such work in the school curriculum. Further details of the work and results are available on request.
The English prepositional phrase often has multiple candidates for attachment. Usually, it is difficult to determine uniquely the attachment of the prepositional phrase only by the syntactic analysis. Since the prepositional phrase appears with a high frequency, it is a very important problem in English analysis to disambiguate the attachment. In the machine translation, for example, the translation of the preposition and consequently the translation of the whole sentence become unnatural if the attachment of the prepositional phrase is not correctly identified.
This paper proposes the Example-Based Disambiguation (EBD) method, which is composed of the following processes: (1) examples (prepositional phrase and its attachment) are extracted from the corpus; (2) the semantic distance between the input expression and the example is calculated according to the thesaurus; and (3) the attachment of the prepositional phrase is disambiguated using the example with the minimum distance. Through the comparison experiment between the proposed method and the conventional method, it is shown that the former is better in terms of the success rate in the determination of the prepositional phrase attachment.
The “Book of Nature” TraditionScience and the Prerequisites for the Possibility of SpiritualityIntroducing Science into SpiritualityThe Mathematical Laws of Nature and the Ascent to God as TranscendentThe Expanded Experience of Nature and the Immanence of God in the WorldScience and Creation ex nihiloQuantum Mechanics and Special RelativityBiological Evolution and God's Action as CreatorChristian Spirituality in Light of Humanity's Evolutionary OriginsThe Cosmological Far Future and the Experience of Resurrection FaithConclusion
This paper argues that AI is best defined in terms of its implicit goal—the creation of thinking beings by means other than biological reproduction. Thus AI can be seen as a devious and sophisticated form of birth control. A discussion of the prospects for AI research from this viewpoint follows. It is concluded that the total extermination of the human species would be a better test of whether AI has succeeded than Turing's celebrated imitation game.
This article traces the connection between expert systems used as consultants in medicine and their design for instructional purposes in education. It is suggested that there are important differences between these applications. Recognizing these differences leads to the view that the development of intelligent computer-assisted instructions (ICAI) should be guided by empirical research into social/psychological consequences and by ethical inquiries into the acceptability of those consequences. Three proposals are put forward: (1) that the pedagogical role of intelligent CAI be clarified, (2) that forms of intelligent CAI be developed that aim primarily at refining rather than replacing human judgements, and (3) that ICAI research and development projects contain components which address ethical and social/psychological components and which are equitably-funded, integral parts of the overall development effort.
AI is one of the fastest growing scientific and technical disciplines in history. In this chapter, it is attempted to show why by giving an overview about definitions of AI, areas of research, basic paradigms, applications with special emphasis on the new case-based reasoning (CBR) systems, impacts, and visions. An extensive list of references enables to delve deeper in areas of special interest.
This paper instigates a discourse on the unplanned effects of intelligent agents in the context of their use on the Internet. By utilizing a social informatics framework as a lens of analysis, the study identifies several unanticipated consequences of using intelligent agents for information- and commerce-based tasks on the Internet. The effects include those that transpire over time at the organizational level, such as e-commerce transformation, operational encumbrance and security overload, as well as those that emerge on a cultural level, such as trust affliction, skills erosion, privacy attrition and social detachment. Furthermore, three types of impacts are identified: economic, policy, and social. The discussion contends that economic impacts occur on the organizational level, social effects transpire on a cultural level, and policy impacts take place on both levels. These effects of the use of intelligent agents have seldom been predicted and discussed by visionaries, researchers, and practitioners in the field. The knowledge of these unplanned outcomes can improve our understanding of the overall impacts that innovative agent technologies may potentially have on organizations and individuals. Subsequently, this may help us develop better agent applications, facilitate the formulation of appropriate contingencies, and provide impetus for future research.
Two views of AI in leisure and the work-place and two views of society are discussed. There is a conceptualisation of AI systems enhancing people in their work and leisure and another of AI automata which tends to degrade and replace human activity. Researchers tend to resolve into “Optimists” who work within a micro-sociological view and see AI systems as inevitable and beneficent. Others are “Pessimists” who adopt a macro-sociological view and see AI in its automata role and deliterious social consequences. These polarised perspectives must be integrated as only “enhancing AI” is socially acceptable.
Most decision-support systems (DSSs) in medicine have been developed in hospital environments, for use in hospitals. Only a few are designed for use by general practitioners (GPs) in primary care. The work reported in this paper aims to (a) design DSSs for GPs in primary care, taking into consideration that primary care is the first level in a health care organization, where the reasons for the patients attendance are seen in a social context; and (b) integrate three approaches-Hypertext, Knowledge-Based Systems and Online Library-since any one of these will not suffice for the varying needs of GPs.
The paper is a preliminary examination of the origin and role of psychological perception or "feeling" of dignity in human beings. Following Ayala's naturalistic account of morality, a sense of emotional dignity is seen as an outcome of processes of natural selection, cultural evolution, and above all a need for social inclusion. It is suggested that the existence of emotional dignity as part of a human species-related continuum provides an explanation of why we treat those in a persistent vegetative state, the severely and hopelessly mentally impaired, the senile demented, cadavers and archaeological remains with dignity and respect. For older Europeans, dissonance between physical and mental abilities, unfamiliarity with social and cultural changes and relative proximity to death may influence their emotional dignity and hence vulnerability.
This paper addresses an important problem in example-based machine
translation (EBMT), namely how to make retrieval of the example that
best matches the input more efficient. The use of clustering is
proposed, to enable the application of the same similarity metric to
first limit the search space and then locate the best available match in
a database. Evaluation results are presented on a large number of test
cases
The philosophical foundations of statistics, operations research,
and expert systems are explored, using the notion of metaphor. The
authors develop the idea that a root metaphor or a world view exists in
both the decision maker and the decision-aid technologies available to
solve a problem. To solve a problem correctly, a decision maker must not
only use a decision aid correctly, but also first choose the correct
decision aid. When an inappropriate decision aid is used, it creates the
possibility of so-called type III errors: reaching a wrong solution even
though the procedures were followed correctly. As decision aids become
both more sophisticated and more user-friendly, they become available
for use by more and more naive users, and the possibility of type III
errors increases. In addition, as expert systems become more prominent,
it is important to be aware of the philosophical biases of the expert
and the knowledge engineer as they interact to develop an expert system.
A framework is developed that decision makers can use to help them
compare the characteristics of various decision aids and choose the most
appropriate for solving a particular problem
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.