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Estudio botánico de las manzanillas españolas
... squarrosa was found to be the most commonly used plant called "manzanilla" (chamomile), which is at variance with the assertion by García Bona [61] that it was "rarely" used in Navarra. It is characteristic of Mediterranean climates with a basophilic soil, and is distributed throughout the Mediterranean bioclimate and Temperate Oceanic of sub-Mediterranean variant and, in this case, on sunny slopes, as is the case in other regions with similar bioclimatic characteristics [22,24,34,40,626364 . As a result of its ecological distribution , it is more frequent in the central zone of Navarra. ...
... Helichrysum stoechas is used as a chamomile in the South, in the Mediterranean area with poor soils [18]. It has also been cited in other warmer locations in the Iberian Penin- sula [62,63] and in Navarra it has almost the same ecological distribution as S. chamaecyparissus [17], which are known where they are used as "manzanilla fina" ("fine chamomile") and "manzanilla basta" ("rough chamomile" ) respectively. The cultural factor, supported by the plant's chemical properties [72,73], was not decisive enough to prevent its distribution of use being smaller than that of S. chamaecyparissus (which was favored by environmental factors which make it much more widely available). ...
This article analyzes whether the distribution or area of use of 18 medicinal plants is influenced by ecological and cultural factors which might account for their traditional use and/or phytonymy in Navarra. This discussion may be helpful for comparative studies, touching as it does on other ethnopharmacological issues: a) which cultural and ecological factors affect the selection of medicinal plants; b) substitutions of medicinal plants in popular medicine; c) the relation between local nomenclature and uses. To analyze these questions, this paper presents an example of a species used for digestive disorders (tea and camomile: Jasonia glutinosa, J. tuberosa, Sideritis hyssopifolia, Bidens aurea, Chamaemelum nobile, Santolina chamaecyparissus...), high blood pressure (Rhamnus alaternus, Olea europaea...) or skin diseases (Hylotelephium maximum, H. telephium, Anagallis arvensis, A. foemina).
Fieldwork began on January 2004 and continued until December 2006. During that time we interviewed 505 informants in 218 locations in Navarra. Information was collected using semi-structured ethnobotanical interviews, and we subsequently made maps using Arc-View 8.0 program to determine the area of use of each taxon. Each map was then compared with the bioclimatic and linguistic map of Navarra, using the soil and ethnographic data for the region, and with other ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies carried out in Europe.
The results clearly show that ecological and cultural factors influence the selection of medicinal plants in this region. Climate and substrate are the most important ecological factors that influence the distribution and abundance of plants, which are the biological factors that affect medicinal plant selection.
The study of edaphological and climatological factors, on the one hand, and culture, on the other, can help us to understand why a plant is replaced by another one for the same purposes, either in the same or in a different area. In many cases, the cultural factor means that the use of a species is more widespread than its ecological distribution. This may also explain the presence of synonyms and polysemies which are useful for discussing ethnopharmacological data.
The lectotype of Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. is examined and discussed. Santolina heterophylla Willk. & Cut., S. oblongifolia Boiss. var. obtusifolia Willk., S. oblongifolia var. ceratophylla Willk., and S. lobata Jord. & Fourr. are lectotypified. Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. f. intermedia Pau is neotypified. The current status of these names is discussed. A new species from the Iberian Peninsula, S. orocarpetana sp. nov., is described.Santolina orocarpetana sp. nov. (Asteraceae: Anthemideae), une espèce nouvelle de la Péninsule Ibérique. Révision du lectotype de S. oblongifolia Boiss.Le lectotype de Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. est examiné et discuté. Santolina heterophylla Wilk. & Cut., S. oblongifolia Boiss. var. obtusifolia Willk., S. oblongifolia var. ceratophylla Willk. et S. lobata Jord. & Fourr. sont lectotypifiés. Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. f. intermedia Pau est néotypifié. Le statut actuel de ces noms est discuté. Une nouvelle espèce de la péninsule Ibérique, S. orocarpetana sp. nov., est décrite.
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