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Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Chemical Composition of Extracts from the Mushroom Trametes Versicolor
... There is increasing demand for natural compounds which can act as food preservatives to inhibit the growth of microorganisms (Table 2), especially pathogenic microorganisms, and to control the natural spoilage process. In this context, the use of waste from the agri-food industry constitutes an important natural, cheap, and renewable source of compounds with a potential preservative effect, among which, in addition to phytochemicals, a wide variety of VOMs can be highlighted [27]. ...
... Some of the VOMs identified in the spent coffee grounds analyzed have been pointed out for presenting biological activity, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities, potentiating their applications in the food industry as preservatives, additives, flavoring agents, among others (Table 2) [25,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. A semi-quantitative analysis on volatile profile of spent coffee ground was performed by Page et. ...
... Ten of these VOMs were indicated to have antimicrobial activity which were furfural [33], 5-methylfurfural [35], 2-furanmethanol [28], pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde [30], hexanal, β-myrcene, limonene, guaiacol [25], carvacrol [34], and menthene [29]; eight compounds with antioxidant activity, including furfural, 2-furanmethanol [27], β-myrcene, limonene, guaiacol [25], carvacrol [34], menthene [29], and dimethyl disulfide [31]; five compounds with anti-inflammatory activity including furfural, 2-furanmethanol [27], limonene [25], carvacrol [34], and menthene [29]; three compounds with antitumor activity 5methylfurfural [35], limonene [25], and carvacrol [34]; three compounds that present cytotoxic activity, including β-myrcene, limonene [25], and carvacrol [34]; and one compound, limonene [25], with antidiabetic activity. Additionally, three of the identified VOMs were used as flavoring agents, including 5-methylfurfural [35], 2-ethyl-6methylpyrazine, and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine [32]. ...
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, whose production and consumption result in large amounts of waste, namely spent coffee grounds, constituting an important source of compounds for several industrial applications. This work focused on the establishment of the volatile fingerprint of five spent coffee grounds from different geographical origins using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), as a strategy to identify volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) with potential application in the food industry as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative agents. One hundred eleven VOMs belonging to different chemical families were identified, of which 60 were found in all spent coffee grounds analyzed. Furanic compounds (34%), nitrogen compounds (30%), and esters (19%) contributed significant to the total volatile fingerprint. The data obtained suggest that spent coffee grounds have great potential to be used as raw material for different approaches in the food industry towards the development of new food ingredients or products for human consumption, in addition to pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, namely as antioxidant (e.g., limonene, carvacrol), antimicrobial (e.g., pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, β-myrcene) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., furfural, 2-furanmethanol) agents, promoting their integral valorization within the circular bioeconomy concept.
... Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that T. versicolor possesses important medicinal properties, such as AO, antidiabetic, antitumor, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective potentials among others (Fig. 8.4) (Kozarski et al. 2012;Kamiyama et al. 2013;Cruz et al. 2016;Jhan et al. 2016;Janjušević et al. 2017Janjušević et al. , 2018Pop et al. 2018;Habtemariam 2020;Rašeta et al. 2020c). BAM detected in this species mostly belong to a group of proteins and PSH, while the PSH krestin (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP) being the most studied ones. ...
... In addition to the major macromolecules (proteins, PSH, and lipids) and minerals, this mushroom is known to contain potential pharmacologically active secondary metabolites belonging to small MW compounds. Kamiyama et al. (2013) worked on chemical characterization of T. versicolor extracts and determined 76 compounds (Fig. 8.3), 16 alkyl esters, and the compounds with the AO activity are mainly heterocyclic and aromatic compounds including lactones which also have hepatoprotective effects (Kamiyama et al. 2013). Wang et al. (2015) reported the isolation of some new spiroaxane sesquiterpenes from non-polar fractions. ...
... In addition to the major macromolecules (proteins, PSH, and lipids) and minerals, this mushroom is known to contain potential pharmacologically active secondary metabolites belonging to small MW compounds. Kamiyama et al. (2013) worked on chemical characterization of T. versicolor extracts and determined 76 compounds (Fig. 8.3), 16 alkyl esters, and the compounds with the AO activity are mainly heterocyclic and aromatic compounds including lactones which also have hepatoprotective effects (Kamiyama et al. 2013). Wang et al. (2015) reported the isolation of some new spiroaxane sesquiterpenes from non-polar fractions. ...
The aim of this chapter is to introduce the main problems in the study of wild growing medicinal mushroom species by presenting the research from the period 2005–2020, with special emphasis on autochthonous species of Serbia and the Balkan region. Four major problems have been discussed regarding identification of the species, their biodiversity, chemical characterization, and environmental contamination, since they represent a great source of bioactive compounds with various activities: antioxidative, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-AChE inhibition.The aim of this chapter is to introduce the main problems in the study of wild growing medicinal mushroom species by presenting the research from the period 2005–2020, with special emphasis on autochthonous species of Serbia and the Balkan region.Four major problems have been discussed regarding identification of the species, their biodiversity, chemical characterization, and environmental contamination, since they represent a great source of bioactive compounds with various activities: antioxidative, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-AChE inhibition. A proper taxonomic identification is the first step in the further research. The identification is difficult due to similarity of morphological characteristics, especially within species complexes such as Pleurotus
and Ganoderma
. Molecular identification through multi-gene phylogenetic analysis helped to resolve some of these issues while full genome sequencing enabled annotation of genes, as it was done with Schizophyllum commune
and Hericium erinaceus
.Chemical characterization of the secondary bioactive compounds mostly confirmed the existence of terpenoids, phenols, and sterols, while polysaccharides and immunomodulatory proteins including polysaccharide-peptide complexes have been identified recently. Although wild fungal strains represent powerful sources of medicinal substances, they can also pose a potential risk to human health through (hyper) accumulation of toxic elements (e.g. Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, 238U, and 137Cs) from different substrates, not only in the polluted urban environments, but also in protected natural areas. Their use should be well reasoned and controlled along with their conservation and protection.KeywordsAntioxidantsCosmeceuticalsDiversityMolecular identificationToxic elements
... The content of total polyphenols (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Shortly, 25 μL sample extract was mixed with 125 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu the folk medicine of ancient China because of it multiple biological activities (Kamiyama et al., 2013;Janjušević et al., 2017). Among biological activities, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (Kamiyama et al., 2013), immune-enhancing activity (Ferreira et al., 2010;Li et al., 2011), anticancer activity (Standish et al., 2008;Ferreira et al., 2010;Cruz et al., 2016), antiviral effects (Teplyakova et al., 2012;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016), antimicrobial (Özgör et al., 2016), prebiotic activity (Zhuo-Teng et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016) anti-diabetic (Shokrzadeh et al., 2017) and, AChE inhibitory effect (Janjušević et al., 2017) have been mostly studied. ...
... Shortly, 25 μL sample extract was mixed with 125 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu the folk medicine of ancient China because of it multiple biological activities (Kamiyama et al., 2013;Janjušević et al., 2017). Among biological activities, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (Kamiyama et al., 2013), immune-enhancing activity (Ferreira et al., 2010;Li et al., 2011), anticancer activity (Standish et al., 2008;Ferreira et al., 2010;Cruz et al., 2016), antiviral effects (Teplyakova et al., 2012;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016), antimicrobial (Özgör et al., 2016), prebiotic activity (Zhuo-Teng et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016) anti-diabetic (Shokrzadeh et al., 2017) and, AChE inhibitory effect (Janjušević et al., 2017) have been mostly studied. Regarding the bioactive compounds responsible for the biological activities, most of the studies published so far are describing the polysaccharides fraction containing β-glucans, polymers of D-glucose in combination or not with units of glucuronic acids, arabinose, mannose, fucose, galactose and xylose (Cruz et al., 2016). ...
... Shortly, 25 μL sample extract was mixed with 125 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu the folk medicine of ancient China because of it multiple biological activities (Kamiyama et al., 2013;Janjušević et al., 2017). Among biological activities, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (Kamiyama et al., 2013), immune-enhancing activity (Ferreira et al., 2010;Li et al., 2011), anticancer activity (Standish et al., 2008;Ferreira et al., 2010;Cruz et al., 2016), antiviral effects (Teplyakova et al., 2012;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016), antimicrobial (Özgör et al., 2016), prebiotic activity (Zhuo-Teng et al., 2013;Cruz et al., 2016) anti-diabetic (Shokrzadeh et al., 2017) and, AChE inhibitory effect (Janjušević et al., 2017) have been mostly studied. Regarding the bioactive compounds responsible for the biological activities, most of the studies published so far are describing the polysaccharides fraction containing β-glucans, polymers of D-glucose in combination or not with units of glucuronic acids, arabinose, mannose, fucose, galactose and xylose (Cruz et al., 2016). ...
Trametes species represents a rich source of nutritive compounds with important pharmacological properties like antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, factors like genetic background, harvesting period, geographic location, climatic conditions and others are influencing the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, their fingerprint and their concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids content of two mushroom species, namely Tramestes versicolor (TV) and Trametes gibbosa (TG), mushrooms with potential health benefits, harvested from northwest part of Romania. In order to determine the phenolic compounds profile, water, methanol, and acetone mushroom extracts were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and LC-MS analysis. In total 28 compounds were tentatively identified as phenolic acids (11 compounds), flavonols (6 compounds), flavones (6 compounds), coumarins (2 compounds), flavanols, isoflavonoids and biflavonoids (1 compound). The highest antioxidant activity was determined for the methanolic extract while the highest total polyphenols content and total flavonoids content were determined for the water extract. The results obtained suggested that Trametes species can be considered important sources of bioactive compounds, their phenolics composition and content being influenced by a series of factors like geographic area origin and genetic background.
... Though it is not edible, it is useful in folk medicine for its various pharmacological effects. T. versicolor has been reported to have antioxidant (Kamiyama et al., 2013;Puia et al., 2018), anticancer (Cfr Ferreira et al., 2010;Puia et al., 2018), anti-microbial (Puia et al., 2018;ÖZgÖR.et.all., 2016), antiinflammatory (Kamiyama et al. 2013), immune system boosters (Li et al. 2011) and antidiabetic effects (Puia et al., 2018;Shokrzadeh et al., 2017). In terms of bioactive compounds, it has been identified polysaccharides, 18-type of amino acids, and 28 phenolic compounds (Puia et al., 2018). ...
... Though it is not edible, it is useful in folk medicine for its various pharmacological effects. T. versicolor has been reported to have antioxidant (Kamiyama et al., 2013;Puia et al., 2018), anticancer (Cfr Ferreira et al., 2010;Puia et al., 2018), anti-microbial (Puia et al., 2018;ÖZgÖR.et.all., 2016), antiinflammatory (Kamiyama et al. 2013), immune system boosters (Li et al. 2011) and antidiabetic effects (Puia et al., 2018;Shokrzadeh et al., 2017). In terms of bioactive compounds, it has been identified polysaccharides, 18-type of amino acids, and 28 phenolic compounds (Puia et al., 2018). ...
The present study sought to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activity of methanol and aqueous extract of Trametes versicolor (METV and AETV). The CNS activity was assessed by the open field, hole-cross, forced swimming, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time, hole-board, and rotarod tests in Swiss albino mice. For both extracts, a substantial decrease in locomotion was observed in open field and hole-cross tests. In addition, the molecular docking study has been implemented through Maestro V11.1. The higher dose of METV (400 mg/kg) and the lower dose of AETV (200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in immobility time in forced swimming test and increased prolongation of sleep in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, respectively. In contrast, a moderate finding was observed for the hole-board and rotarod tests. Additionally, a significant DPPH scavenging assay and a high toxicity effect in brine shrimp lethality assay were observed. Besides, five phenolic compounds, namely baicalin, quercetin, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quinic acid, were used for the molecular docking study, whereas catechin demonstrated the highest binding affinity towards the targets. The findings conclude that the T. versicolor could be an alternative source for CNS anti-depressant and antioxidant activity.
... In Ming Dynasty, more than 120 strains of T. versicolor have been recorded in the Compendium of Chinese Materia Medica [81]. Various properties of T. versicolor like anti-diabetic [82][83], anti-cancer [80,[84][85][86][87], anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory [77,[88][89][90], anti-microbial [91], anti-viral effects [85,88,92], cytotoxic [77], immune-enhancing activity [84,93], prebiotic activity [94,85] and AChE inhibitory effect [77,95] have been mostly researched. Furthermore, T. elegans showed different biocatalytic capabilities toward β-carotene and transformed α-pinene through whole-cell biotransformation reactions [96]. ...
... In Ming Dynasty, more than 120 strains of T. versicolor have been recorded in the Compendium of Chinese Materia Medica [81]. Various properties of T. versicolor like anti-diabetic [82][83], anti-cancer [80,[84][85][86][87], anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory [77,[88][89][90], anti-microbial [91], anti-viral effects [85,88,92], cytotoxic [77], immune-enhancing activity [84,93], prebiotic activity [94,85] and AChE inhibitory effect [77,95] have been mostly researched. Furthermore, T. elegans showed different biocatalytic capabilities toward β-carotene and transformed α-pinene through whole-cell biotransformation reactions [96]. ...
Species of Trametes are important wood decomposers in natural ecosystems and they have been widely used as traditional medicines in Asia. In order to assess the fungal biodiversity of the Greater Mekong Subregion, surveys of Trametes were conducted in Laos. In this paper, Trametes cubensis is introduced as a new record from Laos based on morphology and molecular evidence. The collected specimens are described with colour photographs and illustrations, and compared with similar taxa. A phylogenetic analysis for the new collection of T. cubensis is provided based on ITS, LSU and TEF1 sequence data and the taxonomic status of the species is briefly discussed. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds, beneficial properties and biotechnological applications of Trametes species are also reviewed.
... The glucans in AHCC have low molecular weight of around 5000 daltons (Kidd, 2000). Both of these attributes are peculiar for immunoactive mushroom glucans (Gao et al., 2006;Kamiyama et al., 2013). AHCC has demonstrated positive effects on immune function in humans and animal models in the following ways: ...
... For Non-Commercial Use T. versicolor exhibit several biological activities including hepatoprotective (Yeung and Or, 2012), anti-inflammatory (Kamiyama et al., 2013), antioxidant (Jhan et al., 2016), antigenotoxic (Knežević et al., 2015), immunoregulatory , antitumor (Chay et al., 2017), and antiviral (Donatini, 2014) abilities. Intracellular polysaccharopeptides (PSPs), such as Polysaccharide Krestin (PSK) and PSP are the best known commercial preparations of T. versicolor. ...
... Extract of this wild fruiting body contains bioactive compounds and exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects (Nanglihan et al., 2018). Most of the reported studies regarding utilization of Trametes species have focused on ligninolytic enzyme production such as laccase, synthetic dye decolorization, polysaccharide production, chemical composition elucidation and biological activity evaluation (Trupkin et al., 2003;Tavares et al., 2005a;b;Jing et al., 2007;Cui and Chisti, 2003;Johnsy and Kaviyarasana, 2011;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Aina et al., 2016). Some biological activities of this genus include anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative properties exhibited by T. gibbosa extract (Ren et al., 2006;Shahbazyan et al., 2017). ...
... Some biological activities of this genus include anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative properties exhibited by T. gibbosa extract (Ren et al., 2006;Shahbazyan et al., 2017). Trametes versicolor, the most famous medicinal species of Trametes, has potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antigenotoxic and immuno-stimulatory effects (Collins and Ng, 1997;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Knezevic et al., 2015;Chu et al., 2002). This species can also be a source of an antifungal agent against wood-decaying fungi (Teoh and Mashitah, 2012). ...
... The possibility of using THFA as a fuel results from its relatively high octane number (ON = 83) as well as its physical and chemical similarity to kerosene. Moreover, the products of THFA etherification can be used as diesel fuel additives, reducing emissions of solid particles [3,19,28,[31][32][33][34]. ...
... Another interesting product of furfural reduction is a pair of tautomers: 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone and 2-methyloxolan-2-ol. These compounds occur naturally in the environment, for example in the Trametes versicolor mushrooms, and probably have antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities [33]. These expensive intermediates are used in the synthesis of amino acids, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, ...
Catalytic systems based on bimetallic Pd-Au particles deposited on SiO 2 were prepared by ultrasonically assisted water impregnation and used in the hydrogenation of furfural obtained by the acidic hydrolysis of waste biomass (brewery's spent grain) in aqueous phase. Pd-Au/SiO 2 catalysts containing 50 g of Pd and 2-100 g of Au per 1 kg of catalyst were characterized by high activity in the studied process and, depending on the Pd/Au ratio, selectivity to 2-methyloxolan-2-ol. The modification of 5%Pd/SiO 2 by Au leads to the formation of dispersed Au-Pd solid solution phases, which was confirmed by XRD, XPS, ToF-SIMS, SEM-EDS, and H 2-TPR techniques. The effect of dilution of surface palladium by gold atoms is probably crucial for modification of the reaction mechanism and formation of 2-methyloxolan-2-ol as the main product.
... Species of the genus Trametes are also characterized by significant antioxidative potential [6,40,41]. Kamiyama et al. [41] reported that, depending on solvent, extract of T. versicolor fruiting bodies can neutralise up to 50% DPPH•, and Johnsy and Kaviyarasana [40] that methanolic extract of T. gibbosa basidiocarps reduced even 91.5% of these radicals. Ethanolic extracts of T. gibbosa BEOFB 310, T. hirsuta BEOFB 301 and T. versicolor BEOFB 321 had slightly lower capacity of DPPH radical scavenging [42] but higher in comparison with ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta strain studied by Sheikh et al. [6]. ...
... Species of the genus Trametes are also characterized by significant antioxidative potential [6,40,41]. Kamiyama et al. [41] reported that, depending on solvent, extract of T. versicolor fruiting bodies can neutralise up to 50% DPPH•, and Johnsy and Kaviyarasana [40] that methanolic extract of T. gibbosa basidiocarps reduced even 91.5% of these radicals. Ethanolic extracts of T. gibbosa BEOFB 310, T. hirsuta BEOFB 301 and T. versicolor BEOFB 321 had slightly lower capacity of DPPH radical scavenging [42] but higher in comparison with ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta strain studied by Sheikh et al. [6]. ...
In a last few decades mushrooms are increasingly attracting attention as functional food and sources of biologically active compounds. Several Trametes species have been used for centuries in traditional medicine of East Asia cultures, but only T. versicolor was studied sufficiently while there are less substantial data about medicinal properties of other species. Trametes versicolor, T. hirsuta and T. gibbosa were the species tested for biological activities. Antifungal potentials of extracts were assessed for clinical strains of selected Candida and Aspergillus species. ABTS and FRAP assays were used to evaluate antioxidant capacities of studied extracts. Cytotoxic activity was determined against human cervix and lung adenocarcinoma and colon carcinoma cell lines. Antineurodegenerative activity was assessed by determining the rate of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase activity. The presence of metabolites in extracts of mycelia and basidiocarps of studied Trametes species was analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Studied extracts showed low antifungal potential in comparison with ketoconazole. Basidiocarp extracts were more effective ABTS⁺ scavengers and Fe²⁺ reducers than mycelium ones but less effective in comparison with L-ascorbic acid. Results showed that mycelium extracts had stronger cytotoxic effects against three cancer cell lines than basidiocarp ones, and that cervix adenocarcinoma cells were the most sensitive to the extracts and commercial cytostatics. T. versicolor mycelium extract was the most effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity but double weaker than galantamine, and T. gibbosa mycelium extract was significantly better inhibitor of tyrosinase activity than kojic acid for 40.9%. Chemical analysis indicated strong synergistic action of triterpenes, sugars and polyphenols in applied assays. The results suggest that tested Trametes species have significant medicinal potentials which could be attributed to antioxidative and cytotoxic activity. Additionally both, basidiocarps and mycelia extracts can strongly inhibit activity of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase.
... Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd (1920), commonly called Turkey tail, is a widespread white-rot lignicolous fungal species that grows on many deciduous trees (oak, Prunus) and some conifers (fir and pine trees), with basidiums mostly appearing on stubs and trunks throughout a year. It is an inedible species; however, it is one of the most known medicinal mushrooms in the world 12 . Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that T. versicolor possesses many medicinal properties, such as antitumour 13 , antimicrobial 14 , anti-diabetic 15 , immunostimulant 16 , AChE inhibitory 17 and antioxidant activities 5,9,10,12 . ...
... It is an inedible species; however, it is one of the most known medicinal mushrooms in the world 12 . Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that T. versicolor possesses many medicinal properties, such as antitumour 13 , antimicrobial 14 , anti-diabetic 15 , immunostimulant 16 , AChE inhibitory 17 and antioxidant activities 5,9,10,12 . Bioactive compounds detected in this species mostly belong to a group of proteins and polysaccharides, with the polysaccharide krestin and polysaccharopeptide PSP being the most studied ones 18 . ...
This study aimed to determine antiradical (DPPH• and •OH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities along with chemical composition of autochtonous fungal species Trametes versicolor (Serbia). A total of 38 phenolic compounds with notable presence of phenolic acids were identified using HPLC/MS-MS. Its water extract exhibited the highest antiradical activity against •OH (3.21 μg/mL), among the rest due to the presence of gallic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, the same extract displayed a profound AChE inhibitory activity (60.53%) in liquid, compared to donepezil (89.05%), a drug in clinical practice used as positive control. The flavonoids baicalein and quercetin may be responsible compounds for the AChE inhibitory activity observed. These findings have demonstrated considerable potential of T. versicolor water extract as a natural source of antioxidant(s) and/or AChE inhibitor(s) to be eventually used as drug-like compounds or food supplements in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
... Previous studies have also indicated the antioxidant potential of Trametes species [17,55,56]. Thus, Kamiyama et al. [56] demonstrated that an extract concentration of even 0.5 mg mL −1 scavenged nearly 50% of DPPH • depending on the solvent, while Johnsy and Kaviyarasana [55] noted reduction of even 91.5% radicals by a methanol extract of T. gibbosa basidiocarps at a concentration of 1.0 mg mL −1 . ...
... Previous studies have also indicated the antioxidant potential of Trametes species [17,55,56]. Thus, Kamiyama et al. [56] demonstrated that an extract concentration of even 0.5 mg mL −1 scavenged nearly 50% of DPPH • depending on the solvent, while Johnsy and Kaviyarasana [55] noted reduction of even 91.5% radicals by a methanol extract of T. gibbosa basidiocarps at a concentration of 1.0 mg mL −1 . Ethanol extracts tested in our study had slightly lower capacities, but higher than ethanol T. hirsuta fruiting body extracts analyzed by Sheikh et al. [17]. ...
Trametes species have been used for thousands of years in traditional and conventional medicine for the treatment of various types of diseases. The goal was to evaluate possible antigenotoxic effects of mycelium and basidiocarp extracts of selected Trametes species and to assess dependence on their antioxidant potential. Trametes versicolor, T. hirsuta, and T. gibbosa were the species studied. Antigenotoxic potentials of extracts were assessed on human peripheral white blood cells with basidiocarp and mycelium extracts of the species. The alkaline comet test was used for detection of DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, as well as the extent of DNA migration. DPPH assay was used to estimate antioxidative properties of extracts. Fruiting body extracts of T. versicolor and T. gibbosa as well as T. hirsuta extracts, except that at 20.0 mg/mL, were not genotoxic agents. T. versicolor extract had at 5.0 mg/mL the greatest antigenotoxic effect in both pre- and posttreatment of leukocytes. The mycelium extracts of the three species had no genotoxic activity and significant antigenotoxic effect against H2O2-induced DNA damage, both in pre- and posttreatment. The results suggest that extracts of these three species could be considered as strong antigenotoxic agents able to stimulate genoprotective response of cells.
... Hiện nay, xu hướng ứng dụng dịch cao chiết từ nguyên liệu tự nhiên để sử dụng trong lĩnh vực dược, y học và thực phẩm ngày càng nhiều trong đó có các loài nấm vân chi. Nguyên nhân trong dịch cao chiết có chứa những chất có khả năng chống oxy hóa, kháng viêm, kháng ung thư [5,6]. Nhiều nghiên cứu gần đây đã cho thấy thành phần dịch cao chiết nấm vân chi ly trích từ dung môi ethanol hay methanol có chứa các nhóm chất terpenoids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids [3,7,8]. ...
Coriolopsis aspera là một loại nấm dược liệu, trong thành phần có chứa nhiều chất chống oxy hóa mạnh, giúp tăng cường hệ thống miễn dịch và chống lại một số bệnh ung thư. Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích kiểm tra độc tính cấp tính của chiết xuất ethanol trích ly từ quả thể nấm vân chi (Coriolopsis aspera) ở Việt Nam trên chuột Swiss albino. Các nghiên cứu được thực hiện với các liều cố định là 2000, 4000 và 6000 mg/kg thể trọng thông qua đường uống hàng ngày. Các dấu hiệu độc tính về hành vi và tỷ lệ tử vong được ghi nhận sau mỗi hai giờ cho đến 24 giờ dùng thuốc đối với độc tính cấp tính và tiếp tục sử dụng các chất chiết xuất cho đến 14 ngày để phân tích các thông số vật lý, sinh hóa, huyết học và nghiên cứu mô bệnh học ở tim, gan, thận. Liều cao nhất được sử dụng không gây tử vong hoặc thay đổi hành vi chung của động vật thử nghiệm. Tất cả các thông số không thay đổi trong suốt nghiên cứu. Những kết quả này cho thấy sự an toàn của việc uống chiết xuất từ quả thể nấm.
... Chitosan appears to stimulate fibroblast cell proliferation by forming polyelectrolyte complexes with growth factors and proteins [38]. T. versicolor with antioxidant activity can also protect cell's DNA and organelles by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and stimulate cell growth [39]. Also, nanofiber diameter can affect cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. ...
Nanofiber dressings, a group of bioactive wound dressings, have received a great deal of attention due to their unique properties, such as surface-to-volume ratio, three-dimensional structure, and porosity. These wound dressings accelerate wound healing by maintaining moisture at the injury site, preventing infection, and increasing oxygen delivery. Due to its high compatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity, chitosan is a widely used compound in wound dressings. According to studies, one of the best sources for chitosan is its extraction and production from medicinal fungi. Mycelium of the fungus Trametes versicolor is used to produce chitosan. In this study, nanofibers containing T. versicolor chitosan and PVA were prepared by electrospinning, and their wound healing properties were investigated. The manufacturing conditions for nanofibers were optimized, and their properties were investigated using various analytical techniques, including SEM, FTIR, and tensile mechanical testing. Nanofibers’ biological properties (antibacterial and cytotoxicity) and their effects on wound healing were investigated. T. versicolor chitosan/PVA nanofibers with a ratio of 25:75, a feed rate of 0.6 mL/min, and a voltage of 20 kV were prepared. SEM images showed that the nanofibers were 276 nm in diameter; the nanofibers were uniform and had no beads. Bacterial growth inhibition for T. versicolor chitosan/PVA nanofibers was 57.5 % and 93 % against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Animal experiments evaluating the efficacy of nanofibers revealed that T. versicolor chitosan/PVA nanofibers had wound healing rate of 95 %. T. versicolor chitosan/PVA nanofibers allow fibroblast cells to adhere and grow by facilitating the exchange of moisture and oxygen and accelerating the wound healing process. T. versicolor chitosan/PVA nanofibers have good potential for use as wound dressings.
... A − 1,4, − 1,3 glucans, 10% peptides Anti-neurodegenerative. ( Kamiyama et al., 2013 ), S.Habtemariam, et al., ( Habtemariam, 2020 ). 20. ...
Polysaccharides have been studied, examined and explored for number of decades and a wide range of information has been discovered about the polysaccharides that helps in modifying the immune system and its effectiveness. Natural polymers are available in abundance and bear significant resemblance to constituents of biological ex-tracellular matrices. Polysaccharides from plants such as gums, resins, tannins and mucilage have been put to use for their medicinal properties as well as for innovative dosage forms. Polysaccharides are easily endured by human body and even tend to seize high bioactivity and biocompatibility. There have been various investigations to demonstrate the organizational features of these bioactive elements and result in interfering with the cellular units of host individual. This review manuscript will focus on the immunomodulatory potential of non-conventional natural polysaccharides of microbial and plant origin. These specialized polysaccharides are capable of producing a strong impact on the adaptive-, acquired-, and innate-immune system. This is usually carried out by the interaction between them along with T-cells, leukocytes, monocytes, and most importantly with macrophages. Polysaccharides are capable of enriching and modulating the immune response of the host in response to infections as well as have anti-tumor properties-signifying its importance of getting widely available in countries like Japan(currently) and in India (from historic times).
... These results are comparable to literary data. Reis et al. (2014) According to Kamiyama et al. (2013) ...
The aim of this research was determination of the content of phenols and flavonoids as bioactive compounds in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of three species of mushrooms: Suillus granulatus, Coriolus versicolor, and Fuscoporia torulosa. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of obtained mushroom extracts was determined. In general, it can be noticed that the phenol content in the three examined macromycetes is higher in the aqueous extract, compared to the ethanolic extract, which shows significant difference (p < .05). The order of antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts in terms of their DPPH radical‐scavenging activity is: Fuscoporia torulosa > Coriolus versicolor > Suillus granulatus, that is, 38.08%–82.64% >38.04%–80.66% >35.99%–75.25%. The aqueous extract of Fuscoporia torulosa belongs to the group of antioxidants with strong antioxidant activity (1.71), while the aqueous extract of Coriolus versicolor belongs to the group of antioxidants with moderate antioxidant activity (0.92). The data from this research are of particular importance in terms of finding new, wild species of medicinal and edible mushrooms that contain bioactive components. The antioxidant potential proven in the analyzed mushroom extracts shows that they can be used in the food industry as a substitute for synthetic antioxidant compounds. At the same time, the extract can be a basis for use in alternative medicine.
... As mentioned previously, the main compounds identified in SCWE essential oil are furfural, guaiacol, and 2-butanone, 4-phenyl, which have many applications. Furfural (C5H4O2) is a heterocyclic aldehyde and a natural main product of xylose or lignocellulose decomposition [44,45]. Furfural is known for its biological activities, toxicity, and antibacterial activity [46]. ...
A method that delivers a high yield and excellent quality of essential oil, which retains most of its value-added compounds, and undergoes least change after the extraction process, is greatly sought after. Although chemical free methods are acceptable, they call for an extensive processing time, while the yield and quality from these methods are often disappointing. This work utilizes subcritical water technology to address these issues. In this undertaking, essential oil was extracted from Aquilaria malaccensis wood by way of subcritical conditions, and characterized through gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Optimization through response surface methodology revealed temperature to be the most critical factor for the extraction process, while the optimum conditions for temperature, sample-to-solvent ratio, and time for subcritical water extraction was revealed as 225 • C, 0.2 gr/mL, and 17 min, respectively. The subcritical water extraction technique involves two simultaneous processes, which are based on good fitting to the two-site kinetic and second order model. In comparison to the hydrodistillation method, GC/MS results indicated that the quality of A. malaccensis' wood oils, derived through the subcritical water technique, are of significantly better quality, while containing many constructive value-added compounds, such as furfural and guaiacol, which are useful for the production of pesticides and medicines. Pore size, functional groups, and morphology analysis revealed the occurrence of substantial damage to the samples, which facilitated an improved extraction of bio-products. In comparison to conventional methods, the use of the subcritical method not only involves a shorter processing time, but also delivers a higher oil yield and quality.
... 90 In addition, some furanones which extracted by acetone from the mushroom showed effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. 91 Oxidative stress has been investigated during inflammation and elevated levels of malonaldehyde, as a lipid peroxidation marker, were found in a remote localized inflammation. 92,93 Consequently, scavengers of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were effective as anti-inflammatory agents. ...
The furan nucleus is found in a large number of biologically active materials. In recent years, many natural furan derivatives were isolated and their biological effects were investigated. In this review, we focused on the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of some natural furans and discussed their effects on the immune system. Our investigation revealed that furan natural derivatives have effective antioxidant activities and exert regulatory effects on various cellular activities by modifying some signaling pathways such as MAPK (mitogen-activated Protein Kinase) and PPAR-ɣ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma). The antimicrobial activity of these natural compounds was performed through selective inhibition of microbial growth and modification of enzymes. Further studies are needed for isolation and detection of different furan derivatives from natural compounds and investigation of their precise mechanisms for revealing health beneficial effects of these compounds.
... Several researchers found that acetone is a very effective solvent for the extraction of bioactive secondary metabolites. [25][26][27] Therefore, in this study acetone was used as a solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from L. piperatus and by the obtained results we confirmed its efficiency as a solvent. ...
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, genoprotective, anticancer, and neuroprotective potential of acetone extract of the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Lactarius piperatus was studied. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different methods (DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radicals scavenging, reducing power assay, and de-termination of total phenolic compounds). The microdilution method was used to reveal the antimicrobial potential. The genoprotective potential was determined by Comet assay. Cytotoxic activity was tested using MTT. The capacity of the extract to inhibit acetylcholinesterase was used for determining its neuroprotective potential. The received results show that L. piperatus extract possessed potent health enhancing effects. In the antioxidant activity, IC50 was33.97 μg/mL for DPPH radicals scavenging and 22.52 μg/mL for superoxide anion radicals scavenging, whereas the absorbance for the reducing power was from 0.0510 to 0.1451. The total content of phenolic compounds in the extract was 5.08 μg PE/mg.The testing of the antimicrobial activity showed that MIC values were from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL. For Comet assay, all con-centrations of extractincreased the GDI values from 0.46 ± 0.05 to 0.99 ± 0.31. L. piperatus extract expressed relatively strong cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 37.83 to 65.94 μg/mL. Finally, the percentage of inhibition of ace-tylcholinesterase activity of tested extract was within the range 16.75–44.35%. Our results imply that the acetone extract of L. piperatus has rather strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, genoprotective, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects; thus this mushroom represents healthy food that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry and to prevent various diseases.
... [56] Furfural, which is a heterocyclic aldehyde, is known for its biological activities, especially toxicity and antibacterial activity. [57] Additionally, furfural and its derivatives were found to have antioxidant activity [61] as well as therapeutic applications such as sickle cell anemia. [57] As a conclusion, GC/MS results showed the A. malaccensis' leaves essential oil extracted by SCWE not only can be used for pesticide purposes, but it also can be used for medicinal applications. ...
Hydro-distillation (HD) has been widely used in the extraction of essential oil, yet it is a low efficient method that consumes time and energy. In this work, A. malaccensis' oils have been extracted using subcritical water extraction (SCWE) from its leaves to determine the optimum parameters using analysis of variance. Quadratic model was deduced to be most suitable to analyze SCWE parameters. Regression analysis indicated that interaction of temperature and reaction time parameters exerted great influence on the yield. Kinetic modeling was conducted to study SCWE's mechanism, and second-order model was concluded to be the best model for SCWE. Optimum extraction conditions of essential oil were 156°C, 0.2 w/w, 25 min. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy characterization was conducted and results indicated that the quality of A. malaccensis' leaves oils extracted by SCWE significantly improved compared to previous studies. Additionally, the essential oils extracted by SCWE contained several value-added compounds useful in medicine such as furfural and guaiacol. Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda on the leaves samples provided further evidence for better performance of SCWE, as the sample's pores, cell walls, cellulose, and hemicellulose were more damaged. The result showed that compared to extraction yield of HD method, that of SCWE was 2.5 times higher, while the requiring time was 8.4 times shorter. Therefore, it was concluded that SCWE is a better extraction method in terms of time, efficiency, yield, and quality.
... According to Kamiyama et al. showed that Trametes versicolor of acetone extract showed highest scavenging activity at 54.9±0.1% at 500 µg/mL than methanol extract at 40.0±0.2% against DPPH radical [20]. Scavenging activity of medicinal mushrooms including G. lucidum, G. lucidum antler, and Ganoderma tsugae of methanolic extract exhibited a strong reducing power of 1.62, 2.28, and 2.38 at 4.0 mg/mL [21]. ...
Objective: The objective of present research deals with collection, taxonomic, molecular taxonomy characterization, and antioxidant activity of wild non-gilled mushrooms sample collected from North Western Himalayas.Methods: The wild non-gilled mushroom samples were characterized for micro, morphological properties, and molecular identification. 1,1 diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and free radical scavenging assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of selected wild non-gilled mushrooms.Results: The obtained results revealed that on the basis of microscopic and morphological identification all the four non-gilled mushrooms samples were tentatively identified as 2/15 (Auricularia sp.1), 6/15 (Auricularia sp.2), 32/15 (Ganoderma sp.), and 132/15 (Trametes sp.). The colony, mycelial, and basidiospore morphology of fungal isolate were evidence of Basidiomycetes family. All these four non-gilled mushrooms were sequenced. Sequences were submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and their accession number was MF770159 (2/15), MF774107 (6/15), MF770158 (32/15), and MF770160 (132/15). The phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (18S rDNA) sequence of four non-gilled mushrooms was compared with other species and identified as Auricularia polytricha, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricula-judae, and Trametes elegans. The four non-gilled mushrooms extract exhibited DPPH, NO2, and H2O2 free radical scavenging activities. G. lucidum methanolic extract has the highest effect on free radicals in comparison to hexane effect.Conclusion: All the isolated four non-gilled mushrooms showed good antioxidant potential, and it can be concluded that these mushrooms are not only consumed but also have a wide range of medicinal properties which must further explode for future use.
... In a similar study, mean levels of serum retinol in children with CHD in Nigeria showed no significant lower amounts than children without CHD; indicating no VAD in this disease. However, the mean serum retinol values were above the value for VAD in both the subjects and controls, addressing a possible adequate dietary source of Vitamin A in the case and control groups as Nigeria has a program in fortifying foods for the infants and the main source of this nutrient in older children and adult is palm oil [20]. Vieria et al. showed that the intake of calories, fats, fiber, sodium, potassium, and Vitamin A was below the recommended levels in children with congenital cardiopathy [21]. ...
Objective: Prevention of congenital heart disease (CHD) has been hampered by a lack of information about the known modifiable risk factors for abnormalities in cardiac development. Vitamin A plays an important role in the periods of rapid cellular growth and differentiation, especially during pregnancy. Assuming a link between Vitamin A levels and congenital malformations, hypothetical different levels of Vitamin A were evaluated in neonates with and without CHD, in this study.Methods: In a case–control study that was conducted in 2015 in Mashhad/Iran, serum levels of Vitamin A in 30 neonates with CHD were compared to 30 healthy controls. The cases were diagnosed by echocardiography and recruited by convenience sampling. Demographic and laboratory data including age, sex, and serum Vitamin A level in each group were collected. Data analysis was done in SPSS V 20 software, and descriptive statistics, t-test, and analysis of covariance were used.Results: The mean age in cases was 11±3.4 days and in controls was 12.5±4.8 days. A total of 18 patients (60%) were male. In CHD patients, 10 cases (33.3%) had cyanotic heart disease, and 20 cases (66.7%) had non-cyanotic heart disease. The mean serum Vitamin A values in subjects (11.54±9.56 μg/dL) and controls (21.84±14.3 μg/dL) were significantly different, (p<0.05) and in case group was lower than the normal range.Conclusion: There was a significant difference in serum Vitamin A values in subjects and controls. Therefore, awareness of people about the importance of this vitamin in preventing CHD in children seems necessary.
... In pathological situations, it is possible that CV also exerts a protective effect on hippocampal adult neurogenesis through its action as an antioxidant. In fact, it was suggested that an acetone CV extract was endowed with antioxidant properties [48]. These authors further demonstrated that this extract was enriched in furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 2-methoxy-4vinylphenol and 2,6-dimetoxy-4-vinylphenol. ...
Brain cognitive reserve refers to the ability of the brain to manage different challenges that arise throughout life, making it resilient to neuropathology. Hippocampal adult neurogenesis has been considered to be a relevant contributor for brain cognitive reserve and brain plasticity. Coriolus versicolor (CV), a common healthful mushroom, has been receiving increasing attention by its antitumoral, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory properties, including in the hippocampus. Herein, we evaluated whether CV biomass oral administration for 2.5 months enhances hippocampal neurogenic reserve under normal/physiological conditions, by quantifying hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granular cell layer (GCL) and subgranular zone (SGZ) volumes, proliferation, number and dendritic complexity features of hippocampal newly-generated neurons. We also analyzed β-catenin levels in DG newly-generated immature neurons, because it plays a major role in neurogenesis. Although no differences were observed in the volume of GCL and SGZ layers, in proliferation and in the number of newly-generated neurons of controls and CV-administered mice, we found that CV administration promotes a significant increase in dendritic length and branching and total dendritic volume of immature neurons, suggesting a positive effect of oral CV administration in the hippocampal neurogenic reserve. We also observed that β-catenin levels are increased both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of DG immature neurons, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin signalling may play an important role in the CV positive effect on the differentiatio of these cells. These data unveil a so far unexplored neurogenic potential of CV supplementation, which emerges as a possible preventive strategy for different neurological conditions.
... Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilát (TV), formerly known as Coriolus versicolor, has been found to have various biological activities, including hepatoprotective [5], anti-inflammatory [6], antioxidant [7], anti-genotoxic [8], immunoregulatory [9], anti-tumor [10], and anti-viral [11] abilities. The best known commercial preparations of TV are intracellular polysaccharopeptides, such as Krestin (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP). ...
Polysaccharides derived from mushrooms have potential to control blood sugar, reduce insulin resistance and prevent diabetic complications. The intracellular polysaccharopeptides of Trametes versicolor (TV) have been used as immunologic and oncologic adjuvants. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential activities and mechanisms of extracellular polysaccharopeptides (ePSP) obtained from TV strain LH-1 on regulating glucose homeostasis. Human hepatoma HepG2 cells incubated with normal glucose (5.5 mM, NG model), high glucose (33 mM, HG model), or high glucose (33 mM) plus high insulin (10⁻⁷ M, HGI model) concentrations were administered with TV LH-1 ePSP (50, 100, and 1000 μg/ml) for 24 hr. Glucose uptake of HepG2 cells, determined by flow cytometry, was significantly decreased in the HG and HGI models with insulin stimulation, suggesting insulin resistance of these cells; however, ePSP reversed this decrease in a dose-dependent manner (one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). In the HG and HGI models, ePSP significantly increased glycogen content, insulin receptor substrate-2 protein and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as determined by western blot analysis. In addition, ePSP significantly increased glucokinase in the NG and HG models, increased membrane glucose transporter-1 and decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the HGI model, and increased glucose-6-phosphatase in the NG and HGI models (one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). In summary, TV LH-1 ePSP may elevate cellular glucose uptake to regulate glucose homeostasis via the activation of AMPK and glycogen synthesis in an insulin-independent manner. These results suggest that TV LH-1 ePSP may be a nutraceutical with anti-hyperglycemic activity.
... Mushrooms are also witnessed as promising therapeutic agents against various human ailments (Wasser, 2014;Zhou et al., 2010;Jordan, 2004). Trametes species are medicinal mushrooms reported against cancer, heart diseases, kidney failure, hepatic abnormalities, oxidative stress, microbial infestations (Sheikh et al., 2015;Kamiyama et al., 2013;Yahaya and Don, 2012;Sivaprakasan et al., 2011;Zhou and Yang, 1999;Sakagami and Takeda, 1993;Hayakawa et al., 1993;Yang et al., 1992) etc. In the present study we have reported the antiepileptic and anti-lipid peroxidative properties of Trametes hirsuta (TH) in comparison to various standard phenolic compounds in wistar albino rats. ...
In the present study, Trametes mushroom was investigated for its bioactivity and phytochemical analysis. We used the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Trametes for phytochemical analysis by FTIR and HPLC techniques. Bioactivities like antiepileptic and antioxidant activities were performed using standard physical, chemical and biological methods. None of the phenolic compounds were detectable in ethyl acetate fraction, while four important antioxidants were present in n-butanol fraction. n-butanol fraction showed significant antiepileptic activity as compared to other antioxidant standards and commercial antiepileptic drugs, and also substantially inhibited the lipid peroxidation chain reaction as compared to control.
... 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol and 2,6dimetoxy-4-vinylphenol, which are found in coffee (Flament and Bessiere-Thomas 2002), possess antioxidant activity as well as anti-inflammatory activity (Tabaraki et al. 2012). 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol is a possible principle of antioxidant activity of various extracts obtained from the Trametes versicolor mushroom (Kamiyama et al. 2013). 2methoxy-4-vinylphenol is component of persimmon peel (Diospyros kaki THUNB); it exhibits high antioxidant activity on the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and the SOD (superoxide dismutase) assay (Fukai et al. 2009). ...
Extracts from the woody stem of Berberis vulgaris were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and compared with ascorbic acid (AA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The most active extracts were analyzed for their chemical composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Acetone extract was found to be moderately active as an antioxidant agent at 47.6%, which was lower than the value of vitamin C (84.8%) at the concentration of 0.16 mg/mL. The major components identified in the acetone extract of the stem wood were 4-vinylguaiacol (75.5%) and D-mannoheptulose (8.8%). The dissolved water:methanol (1:1 v/v) partitioned from acetone extract afforded 12 fractions; among which, fraction F11 was found to have good antioxidant capacity (64.3%) at the concentration of 0.16 mg/mL. The major compounds identified in F11 were 3,4-dimethylthioquinoline (37.7%), methyl (1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-acenaphthylidene)acetate (19.9%), and α-cyclohexyl-3-furanmethanol (15.3%). It can be suggested that extracts of B. vulgaris wood may have a potential source of antioxidant compounds useful for new drugs from the natural basis.
... Recently, the composition of T. versicolor acetone's extract with antioxidant and anti-infl ammatory properties was reported. The more active fractions revealed presence of phenolic compounds, highly polihydroxylated substances and fatty acids (Masumi et al., 2013). ...
This study was carried out with basidiomycete mushroom Trametes versicolor. The fruiting body of the mentioned mushroom was extracted with alcohol and submitted to a qualitative phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites identification. This experiment afforded the presence of secondary metabolites kind of triterpenes, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and in a small amount cardenolides. Quinones were not found within tested metabolites. In addition, extracts of this mushroom fresh fruiting body of different polarity (ranging from n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate until ethanol) were evaluated against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, a widespread tropical and subtropical disease produced by around 20 species of protozoa from Leishmania genus. The ethyl acetate and the ethanol extract exhibited anti-leishmanial activity, with IC50 values of 101.8 +/- 4.2 mu g/mL and 97.4 +/- 2.0 mu g/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity against peritoneal macrophage from BALB/c mice from those extracts was reported.
... 18 The DPPH assay was conducted according to a previously reported method. 19 Briefly, a mixture containing a test sample (500 μL/mL) and 300 mM DPPH (500 μL) was incubated at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance at 517 nm was measured using a Hewlett-Packard 8452A diode array spectrophotometer (Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Butylated hydroxytoluene The MA-GC assay was also performed according to a previously reported method. ...
Antioxidant activities of brewed coffees prepared from 6 commercial brands ranged from 63.13 ± 1.01% to 96.80 ± 1.68% at the highest levels tested. Generally, the degree of antioxidant activity of the brewed coffee was inversely proportional to the total chlorogenic acid concentration. A sample obtained from the major chlorogenic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) heated at 250°C exhibited potent antioxidant activity (79.12 ± 2.49%) at the level of 10 μg/mL, whereas unheated 5-CQA showed only moderate antioxidant activity (44.41 ± 0.27%) at the level of 100 μg/mL. Heat produced relatively high levels of pyrocatechol (2,809.3 μg/g) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (46.4 μg/g) from 5-CQA, and their antioxidant activity levels were 76.57 ± 3.00% and 98.63 ± 0.01%, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that roasting degrades chlorogenic acids to form potent antioxidants and thus plays an important role in the preparation of high antioxidant low acid coffee.
Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common species from the Polyporaceae family that has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for over 2000 years. Among well-described and most active compounds identified in CV are polysaccharopeptides, such as polysaccharide peptide (PSP) and Polysaccharide-K (PSK, krestin), which, in some countries, are already used as an adjuvant agent in cancer therapy. In this paper, research advances in the field of anti-cancer and anti-viral action of CV are analyzed. The results of data obtained in in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models as well as in clinical research trials have been discussed. The present update provides a brief overview regarding the immunomodulatory effects of CV. A particular focus has been given to the mechanisms of direct effects of CV on cancer cells and angiogenesis. A potential use of CV compounds in anti-viral treatment, including therapy against COVID-19 disease, has also been analyzed based on the most recent literature. Additionally, the significance of fever in viral infection and cancer has been debated, providing evidence that CV affects this phenomenon.
The Trichoderma hamatum produces various secondary metabolites that can be used as Candida albicans. This research aimed to isolate T. hamatum from the coffee (Coffea canephora) rhizosphere and analyze the fungal compounds to control the pathogenic fungus C. albicans. T. hamatum was isolated using the dilution method, and the fungal identification was used, combining morphological and molecular characteristics of ITS rDNA. The potency of T. hamatum as C. albicans was determined by antagonist test using the double-layer method, while for culture filtrate, ethyl acetate and n-hexane filtrate extracts were carried out by the agar diffusion method. The compounds in the most active extract were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). T. hamatum inhibits C. albicans growth in antagonistic and filtrate with 15.53 mm and 14.40 mm of inhibition zone. It indicated that both culture and fungal filtrate had similar activities on C. albicans. The ethyl acetate extract (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC of 0.50%) showed more potent against C. abicans than n-hexane extract (MIC of 15.00%). The potential active compound in the ethyl acetate extract would be 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) methyl ester. The 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) methyl ester could be used as an alternative candidate to control Candida.
Liposoluble molecules are a group of compounds that display potent biological and therapeutic properties. The present study aimed to identify liposoluble molecules produced by Ganoderma lipsiense grown in red rice medium using solid‐state fermentation (SSF) techniques, and to investigate the antigiardial and antibacterial activities potential of extracts in in vitro. Eighteen fatty acids and derivatives were identified by GC‐MS analysis in G. lipsense extract. Qualitative (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance) characterizations identified the steroid ergosta‐6,22‐diene‐3β,5α,8α‐triol in purified hexane sub‐fraction (HEXsf) F19, isolated from hexane fraction (HEXf) of crude extract (CE). Ergosta‐6,22‐diene‐3β,5α,8α‐triol exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Giardia duodenalis throphozoites (93.6%) in in vitro assays. CE and HEXf inhibited 95.38% and 92.74% of the G. duodenalis throphozoites in 100 μg mL−1, while CE and their fractions dichloromethane (DCMf) and ethyl acetate (EAf), showed antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at 500 μg mL−1. Importantly, some liposoluble compounds produced and identified in G. lipsiense are unpublished for this species. This is first report for the production of ergosta‐6,22‐diene‐3β,5α,8α‐triol by G. lipsiense and its antiparasitic activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Domestication of wild mushrooms and preserving their mycelia alive is essential to ensure reproducibility of biomedical research and breeding programs. This study was conducted with the aim of domestication of wild-growing mushrooms collected from the northern Iran (Mazandaran province) where is known to be rich in valuable higher fungal reserves. Totally, 40 well-identified wild isolates belonging to Basidiomycota (comprised of 21 different genera) was evaluated in solid media (potato dextrose agar and compost extract agar), spawn (grain- and wood-based spawn), and lignocellulosic substrate (wood chips-based substrate supplemented with 15% wheat bran). Significant differences were found between the isolates and between the media in terms of mycelial growth (p < 0.05). While more than half of the isolates showed a growth rate higher than 3 mm per day, few isolates exhibited a growth rate of less than one mm per day in both media. Besides, two isolates failed to grow in grain-based or wood-based spawn, while most of them colonized wheat grains shorter than wood chips (p < 0.05). The fruiting tests showed that eight isolates were able to produce fruiting bodies in the substrate, including: Pholiota aurivella (GPS 142), Lenzites tricolor (GPS 180), Ganoderma tsugae (GPS 186), Cyclocybe sp. (Darabkola 20), Trametes sp. (GPS 130), Trametes sp. (Darabkola 13), Daedaleopsis sp. (Royan 8), and Donkia pulcherrima (Neka 24D). Based on the literature survey, most of these isolates possess antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Therefore, adaptation of these wild species to produce fruiting bodies may facilitate further research on their biological activities. © 2018 Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection.
Traditionally mushrooms have been used for the prevention and treatment of a multitude disorders. Macro fungi regarding to the development of novel safe antimicrobials and antioxidants has become attractive source for researchers in the last decades. In the present study quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out by using standard methods while 1,1 Diphenyl picryl hydroxyl(DPPH) Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of selected wild mushrooms. Anti- inflammatory capacity of samples was evaluated by HRBC membrane stabilization method. The results obtained from the study revealed that Agaricus Bosporus showed higher total phenol, mg flavonoid carotenoid, and lycopene and ascorbic acid contents of (617.9±1) mg/g, (62.52±1.13) mg/g, (74.2±0.057) µg / mg, (49.6±0.17) µg / and28.8±0.34 mg / g. All the species showed antioxidant potential but Russula delica proved to be more active while Agaricus Bosporus. Proved to be least one.
The basic composition (The total protein, total carbohydrate, total lipid, crude fiber and ash content of each
mushroom were studied on dry weight contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white,
Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus and they ranged from 28.38-49.2, 1.54-4.96, 13.2-29.02
and 7.01-17.92, respectively and this shows it has high content of protein and fat fiber and low fat and this good for as
alternatives food stuff andtheseresults asserve as the basis of further scientific study into various ways of enhancing the
livelihood of particular areas of northern Mekelle through increased mushroom domestication as well as assessing the possible
bioactivity of mushrooms against foodcertain human diseases.
The present study was designed for the assessment of phenolics and free radical scavenging activity of two polypore medicinal mushrooms. Demonstration of free radical scavenging activity of mushroom Ganoderma (GLA) and Trametes (THA) aqueous extracts was performed on DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide radicals in terms of % inhibition of free radical systems. Preliminary phytochemical analysis, Total phenolic content and HPLC determination of phenolics in the extracts was also performed. Both mushrooms showed mild free radical scavenging activity against DPPH in a dose dependent manner but efficiently scavenged nitric oxide and superoxide radicals compared to ascorbic acid. IC50 values of GLA and THA were 46.35
and 77.69 against DPPH, 61.33 and 30.89 against nitric oxide and, 46.48 and 103.26 (μg/ml) against superoxide radicals, respectively. Phenolic content of Ganoderma and Trametes extracts was found to be 30.916 ± 0.057 and 38.25 ± 0.135 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg of extract, respectively. HPLC indicated the presence of ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid and vanillin in two mushroom extracts. Results in present study speculated that mushroom extracts due to their free radical scavenging activities prove rich sources of antioxidants.
KEYWORDS: Mushroom, phenolic compounds, nitric oxide,
Objective: Present study aimed to demonstrate free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity of ethanolic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes hirsuta in in vitro conditions. Methods: DPPH, Nitric oxide and Superoxide oxide free radical assays were employed. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau Method and phenolic compounds were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Ethanolic extracts from two mushrooms possessed significant antioxidant effects. IC50 values of Trametes ethanolic extract (TEE) and Ganoderma ethanolic extract (GEE) in DPPH assay were found 43.60 and 13.16 µg/ml; 70.81 and 53.71µg/ml in Nitric oxide assay and, 74.04 and 50.89 µg/ml in Superoxide assay respectively. Total Phenolic Contents determined in GEE (71.43±0.94 µg GAEs/mg extract) were higher as compared to TEE (46.01±0.98). As indicated by HPLC, the bioactive components in GEE were chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, rutin, vanillin and cinnamic acid. Comparatively, ascorbic acid, catechol and cinnamic acid were detected in TEE. Conclusion: TPC, HPLC studies and the free radical scavenging assays suggest that the two extracts have significant antioxidant potential and proved rich sources of antioxidants.
A method has been developed for the synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone substituted cinnamyl type Aldol condensation products under milder proline and triethylamine basic conditions. The antioxidant activity of all the synthesized compounds was assessed using three different assays. The cinnamyl type derivatives of gamma-butyrolactone bearing an -OH group in the benzene ring exhibited excellent antioxidant activity.
In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of the chloroform-soluble extract of Agaricus blazei in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were investigated. The chloroform-soluble extract inhibited IL-6 production in PMA plus A23187-stimulated BMMCs, and down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt. In addition, this extract demonstrated inhibition of the degranulation of β-hexosaminidase and the production of IL-6, prostaglandin D(2) and leukotriene C(4) in PMA plus A23187-induced BMMCs. In conclusion, the chloroform-soluble extract of Agaricus blazei exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities mediated by influencing IL-6, prostaglandin D(2), leukotriene C(4), and the phosphorylation of Akt.
A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom,
Amanita muscaria
, as an Example. Mushroom field guides teach identification skills as well as provide information on the edible or toxic qualities of each
species of wild mushroom. As such they function as modern-day village elders for an increasingly urban, nature-ignorant population.
This paper identifies underlying cultural bias in the determination of mushroom edibility in English-language field guides,
using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example. We explore a selection of ethnographic and medical texts that report the use of A. muscaria as a food, and we accept parboiling as a safe method of detoxifying it for the dinner table. Mushroom field guides, however,
almost universally label the mushroom as poisonous. We discuss the cultural underpinnings and literary form of mushroom field
guides and demonstrate that they work within a mostly closed intellectual system that ironically shares many of the same limitations
of cultural bias found in traditional folk cultures, but with the pretense of being modern and scientific.
A new series of chalcones (4a-c) and allylicchalcones (11a-b) have been prepared by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation. A novel series of pyrazolicchalcones (5a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of respective chalcones (4a-c) and hydrazine hydrate. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral data (infrared spectroscopy and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance). All of the compounds (4/5a-c and 11a-b) have been tested for their antimicrobial activi-ties (agar disc-diffusion method) and antioxidant activities (1,1-biphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method). The test compounds failed to show antibacterial properties (4a-c, 5b, and 11a-b) or exhibited such properties poorly (5a and 5c). None of the test compounds displayed antifungal properties. Of the compounds tested, compounds 5a-c and 11a-b exhibited promising antioxidant activities.
High intake of fruit and vegetables is believed to be beneficial to human health. Fruit, vegetables and some beverages, such as tea and coffee, are particularly rich in dietary polyphenols. Various studies have suggested (but not proven) that dietary polyphenols may protect against cardiovasucalar diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and some forms of cancer. Dietary polyphenols may exert their anticancer effects through several possible mechanisms, such as removal of carcinogenic agents, modulation of cancer cell signaling and antioxidant enzymatic activities, and induction of apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. Some of these effects may be related, at least partly, to their antioxidant activities. In recent years, a new concept of the antioxidant effects of dietary polyphenols has emerged, i.e., direct scavenging activity toward reactive species and indirect antioxidant activity; the latter activity is thought to arise primarily via the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 which stimulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase, catalase, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), and/or phase II enzymes. The direct antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols in vivo is probably limited because of their low concentrations in vivo, except in the gastrointestinal tract where they are present in high concentrations. Paradoxically, the pro-oxidant effect of dietary polyphenols may contribute to the activation of antioxidant enzymes and protective proteins in cultured cells and animal models because of the adaptation of cells and tissues to mild/moderate oxidative stress. Despite a plethora of in vitro studies on dietary polyphenols, many questions remain to be answered, such as: (1) How relevant are the direct and indirect antioxidant activities of dietary polyphenols in vivo? (2) How important are these activities in the anticancer effects of dietary polyphenols? (3) Do the pro-oxidant effects of dietary polyphenols observed in vitro have any relevance in vivo, especially in the potential anticancer effect of dietary polyphenols? Apparently, more carefully-designed in vivo studies are needed to answer these questions.
The fatty acids of Agaricus essettei, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus bisporus were investigated by using GC and GC-MS. The dominant fatty acids were found to be linoleic (61.82-67.29%) and palmitic (12.67-14.71%) acids among the 13 fatty acids detected in the oils. Total unsaturation for the oils was calculated as 77.50%, 77.44%, and 79.72%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were also studied. The ethyl acetate extract of Agaricus bitorquis showed the highest activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·) and ABTS(·)(+) assays, while the hexane extract of Agaricus bisporus exhibited the best metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate and hexane extract of Agaricus bitorquis and the hexane extract of Agaricus essettei showed meaningful butyrylcholinesterase activity being close to that of galantamine. The extracts were found to be effective on Gram (+) bacteria, especially against Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus essettei demonstrated higher iron content, and better antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities than those of Agaricus bisporus commonly consumed mushroom. Hence, Agaricus species, particularly Agaricus bitorquis might be useful as antioxidant agents and moderate anticholinesterase agents, and their extracts will probably be used for development of dietary foods, food products and additives.
Bioactive proteins represent an important group of functional agents in medicinal mushrooms. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd is a mushroom frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. A new immunomodulatory protein from T. versicolor, named TVC, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the purified protein revealed a single band with a molecular weight of 15.0 kD. Native polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a band at 30 kD, indicating that TVC exists in solution as a homodimer. Isoelectric focusing showed that TVC was an acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 4.0. TVC was found to lack carbohydrate modifications (based on periodic acid/Schiff staining) and it does not agglutinate mouse red blood cells, suggesting that TVC is not a lectin-like protein. Biological activity assays demonstrated that TVC can enhance the proliferation of splenocytes, while it has no stimulatory effects on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. TVC markedly increases the proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner and enhances the production of both nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophages. The results indicate that TVC is an immunostimulant that can boost immune response. Comparison of the N-terminal amino acid residues and mass spectrometry results with the protein database revealed no homologous proteins.
Coprinus comatus, also called chicken drumstick mushroom, is currently commercially available in China. Hot water and ethanolic extracts were prepared from cap and stipe of C. comatus fruit bodies and their antioxidant properties were studied. Ethanolic extract from stipe showed high antioxidant activity (80.6%) at 1 mg/mL. Reducing power of hot water extracts from cap was 1.653 at 10 mg/mL. Extracts from cap showed better scavenging ability on DPPH (57.9% at 1 mg/mL) than stipe ones. Ethanolic extracts were more effective in scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals (57.4-61.3% at 5 mg/mL) than hot water extracts. Ethanolic extracts showed moderate scavenging ability on superoxide radicals (46.3-47.0% at 20 mg/mL). Naturally occurring antioxidant components including total phenols (3.60-20.00 mg/g), tocopherols (0.58-11.93 mg/g), flavonoids (0.19-3.52 mg/g) and polysaccharides (58.52-547.86 mg/g) were found in the extracts. Overall, extracts from cap were more effective for the antioxidant properties assayed.
Free radicals are common outcome of normal aerobic cellular metabolism. In-built antioxidant system of body plays its decisive role in prevention of any loss due to free radicals. However, imbalanced defense mechanism of antioxidants, overproduction or incorporation of free radicals from environment to living system leads to serious penalty leading to neuro-degeneration. Neural cells suffer functional or sensory loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Apart from several other environmental or genetic factors, oxidative stress (OS) leading to free radical attack on neural cells contributes calamitous role to neuro-degeneration. Though, oxygen is imperative for life, imbalanced metabolism and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation end into a range of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, aging and many other neural disorders. Toxicity of free radicals contributes to proteins and DNA injury, inflammation, tissue damage and subsequent cellular apoptosis. Antioxidants are now being looked upon as persuasive therapeutic against solemn neuronal loss, as they have capability to combat by neutralizing free radicals. Diet is major source of antioxidants, as well as medicinal herbs are catching attention to be commercial source of antioxidants at present. Recognition of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapy to oxidative stress has been proved an effective tool in alteration of any neuronal damage as well as free radical scavenging. Antioxidants have a wide scope to sequester metal ions involved in neuronal plaque formation to prevent oxidative stress. In addition, antioxidant therapy is vital in scavenging free radicals and ROS preventing neuronal degeneration in post-oxidative stress scenario.
Recently, research on natural antioxidants has become increasingly active in various fields. Accordingly, numerous articles on natural antioxidants, including polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and volatile chemicals, have been published. Assays developed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of plants and food constituents vary. Therefore, to investigate the antioxidant activity of chemical(s), choosing an adequate assay based on the chemical(s) of interest is critical. There are two general types of assays widely used for different antioxidant studies. One is an assay associated with lipid peroxidations, including the thiobarbituric acid assay (TBA), malonaldehyde/high-performance liquid chromatography (MA/HPLC) assay, malonaldehyde/gas chromatography (MA/GC) assay, beta-carotene bleaching assay, and conjugated diene assay. Other assays are associated with electron or radical scavenging, including the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay, and aldehyde/carboxylic acid (ACA) assay. In this review, assays used recently were selected for extended discussion, including discussion of the mechanisms underlying each assay and its application to various plants and foods.
Data from multiple epidemiologic and clinical studies on immune effects of conventional cancer treatment and the clinical benefits of polysaccharide immune therapy suggest that immune function has a role in breast cancer prevention. Immune therapy utilizing the polysaccharide constituents of Trametes versicolor (Tv) as concurrent adjuvant cancer therapy may be warranted as part of a comprehensive cancer treatment and secondary prevention strategy.
Fruit bodies of about 200 mushroom species are consumed throughout the world, preferably as a delicacy. Knowledge of their chemical composition, nutritional value and health-promoting effects has expanded dynamically during the last few years. Dry matter (DM) is low: commonly about 100 g kg(-1) . The usual contents of protein, lipids and ash are 200-250, 20-30 and 80-120 g kg(-1) DM, respectively. Various carbohydrates form the remaining DM. Nevertheless, great variations occur both among and within species. Energy is low, usually 350-400 kcal kg(-1) of fresh fruit bodies. The nutritional contribution of mushroom protein derived from earlier data seems to be overestimated. Fat content is low with markedly prevailing in linoleic acid and oleic acid, while the proportion of n-3 fatty acids is nutritionally marginal. The main carbohydrates are chitin, glycogen, trehalose and mannitol. Information on fibre content and composition is limited. Health-promoting β-glucans are an auspicious group of polysaccharides. High potassium content is characteristic of mushrooms. Several species can accumulate very high levels of both detrimental trace elements, particularly cadmium and mercury, and radiocaesium isotopes if growing on heavily polluted substrates. Mushrooms seem to be a considerable source of ergosterol, provitamin D(2) , and phenolids with antioxidative properties. Hundreds of flavour constituents have been identified, particularly with eight-carbon aliphatic chains. Data on changes of mushroom components under various preservation conditions and culinary treatments have been fragmentary. Even more limited is knowledge of nutrient bioavailability. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry.
The antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract from edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) were evaluated by various methods in vitro and in vivo. In antioxidant assays in vitro, ethanolic extract of A. bisporus was found to have strong reducing power, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and moderate hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. In antioxidant assays in vivo, mice were administered with ethanolic extract of A. bisporus via gavage for 30 consecutive days. As a result, administration of ethanolic extract significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in serums, livers and hearts of mice. In addition, the total phenolic content in the extract determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method was 6.18 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dry weight. The main phenolic compounds in ethanolic extract analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were determined as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and myricetin. These results suggested that ethanolic extract of A. bisporus had potent antioxidant activity and could be explored as a novel natural antioxidant.
The inhibitory effect of 2‘‘-O-glycosylisovitexin (2‘‘-O-GIV), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF), l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and 4,4‘-(isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (probucol) on malonaldehyde (MA) and acetaldehyde formation from horse blood plasma oxidized with Fenton's reagent was determined by gas chromatography. 2‘‘-O-GIV, DMHF, and l-ascorbic acid inhibited MA formation at a level of 100 nmol by 60, 22, and 22%, respectively; probucol did not show any inhibitory activity on MA formation. Improved inhibitory activity toward MA formation was observed when 2‘‘-O-GIV or DMHF was mixed with l-ascorbic acid in equal amounts. Approximately 80−90% of acetaldehyde formation was inhibited by 300 nmol of 2‘‘-O-GIV and probucol, whereas DMHF required 1000 nmol to exhibit the same level of inhibition. Keywords: Malonaldehyde; acetaldehyde; blood plasma; natural antioxidants
One hundred forty-three compounds were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane extracts of heated beef fat and heated beef fat with glycine. Beef fat or beef fat with glycine was heated in a pressurized bottle at 200 °C for 4 h. The chemicals isolated from the heated samples using a simultaneous steam distillation/solvent (dichloromethane) extraction apparatus were subjected to gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The compounds identified included 15 n-alkanes, 12 n-alkenes, 13 n-aldehydes, 13 2-ketones, 12 n-alcohols, 1l n-alkylcyclohexanes, and 10 nitrogen-containing compounds. Formation mechanisms of some major products were proposed based on the radicals RCOO·, RCH2O·, R·, and RO· formed from triglyceride.
The antioxidant activity of essences of teas prepared from mulberry ( Morus alba L.), Camellia sinensis L., and Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Burea plant was examined using two antioxidant assays. Selected volatile chemicals identified in these plants were also tested for antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited antioxidant activity with a clear dose response in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid and the malonaldehyde/gas chromatography (MA/GC) assays. Antioxidant activity of extracts at the level of 500 μg/mL ranged from 77.02 ± 0.51% (stems of Burea plant) to 52.57 ± 0.92% (fermented tea of Camellia and stems of Mulberry tea) in the aldehydes/carboxylic acid assay. Their antioxidant activity at the level of 160 μg/mL ranged from 76.17 ± 0.27% (roots of Burea plant) to 59.32 ± 0.27% (stems of Mulberry tea) in the MA/GC assay. Among the positively identified compounds (11 terpenes and terpenoids, 15 alkyl compounds, 26 nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds, 9 oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds, 18 aromatic compounds, 7 lactones, 6 acids, and 4 miscellaneous compounds), eugenol, 2,5-dihydroxyl acetophenone, and isoeugenol exhibited antioxidant activity comparable to that of BHT in both assays. Vanillin and 2-acetylpyrrole showed potent antioxidant activity in the aldehydes/carboxylic acid assay but only moderate activity in the MA/GC assay. These results suggest that consumption of antioxidant-rich beverages prepared from these plants may be beneficial to human health.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of ethanol-soluble acidic components (ESAC) from Ganoderma atrum as a novel source against bacteria and oxidation in food industry. The qualitative analysis of ESAC was based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and eight ganoderic acids were identified in ESAC. Its total phenolic content of ESAC was 75.80±5.67 mg/g. ESAC exhibited antimicrobial activity against all of the tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Proteusbacillus vulgaris), and exerted antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total reducing power and β-carotene bleaching assays. Moreover, ESAC (at concentrations of 0-100 μg/mL) did not show any cytotoxic effects in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Our findings suggested that ESAC has the potential as a novel natural source for food industry, ganoderic acids and phenolic compounds may be related to its antimicrobial properties as well as antioxidant activities.
Ethanolic extracts of fruit bodies of 5 species (8 strains) of the genus Phellinus, and isolated fractions derived from 1 of these extracts (Ph. baumii PB-10), were evaluated for antioxidant activity, inhibitory effects on the growth of human tumor cells, and the capacity to protect PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Extracts of all 8 strains of Phellinus spp. exhibited antioxidant activity and protected PC12 cells against oxidative damage at different magnitudes of potency. The strongest antioxidant activity was exhibited by extracts of Ph. baumii PB-10, with recorded IC50 values for superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of 3.76 microg/mL and 4.24 microg/mL, respectively. Radical-scavenging activity and protection levels against H2O2-induced damage to PC12 cells were highly correlated with the flavonoid content of the extracts and isolated fractions. All the extracts inhibited L1210, SW620, and MCF-7 tumor cell proliferation at 200 microg/mL concentrations, but inhibition was not correlated with the flavone content of the test samples and was clearly dependent upon the presence of other, as yet, unidentified components. Our data indicate that fruit bodies of species of the genus Phellinus represent a potentially valuable source of natural antioxidants of relevance to both the health and food industries.
Medicinal plants have been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Their specific activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer, have been studied intensively. In particular, plants grown in Vietnam have attracted considerable attention among food chemists as ideal sources of natural medicinal chemicals.
The methanol extracts from three edible Vietnamese-grown plants, Tram, Voi and Gac, tested with the DPPH assay showed antioxidant activities of 91.7 ± 0.4, 63.4 ± 0.7 and 3.7 ± 0.1% respectively. The malonaldehyde/gas chromatography assay also revealed strong antioxidant activity in Tram and Voi at a level of 25 µg mL(-1) (95.5 ± 0.3 and 78.5 ± 1.4% respectively). These results were confirmed by the thiobarbituric acid assay. The antioxidant activities correlated positively with the level of total phenolics in all plants. Tram exhibited dose response-related lipoxygenase-inhibitory activity, with values of 74.2 ± 3.1% at 5 µg mL(-1) , 62.0 ± 0% at 0.5 µg mL(-1) and 3.0 ± 1.5% at 0.05 µg mL(-1) . Conversely, Voi and Gac showed negative anti-lipoxygenase activity.
The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities and total phenolic contents of the three edible plants grown in Vietnam revealed that they are good sources of supplements for human health.
The Nagano Purple grape (Vitis (V.) viniferaxV. labrusca) is a hybrid created by a cross between Kyoho (V. viniferaxV. labrusca) and Rosario Bianco (V. vinifera) grapes. The grape, including its skin, can be eaten and contains no seeds because of gibberellin treatment. The skins of various fruits have been shown to contain antioxidant activity. However, it is unclear whether the Nagano Purple grape contains antioxidant activity. We prepared the skins and dried fruits (including the skins) of the Nagano Purple grape, so as to assay for the presence of an antioxidant activity. We examined the concentration of polyphenols in the grape and further assayed whether components in the grape inhibited the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We detected the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc), five anthocyanidins and resveratrol in the skins. A trace of resveratrol was detected in the pulp. LDL collected from human subjects 1 h following the consumption of the skins or dried fruits revealed significant inhibition of LDL oxidation compared to that observed in fasting venous blood samples. We further observed the antioxidant activity of Cy-3-glc. Our results suggest that the consumption of the Nagano Purple grape can give rise to resistance to LDL oxidation.
The present study was to investigate chemical components of polysaccharides isolated from Golden needle (GNP) mushroom using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Then, anti-inflammatory effect of the polysaccharides was also evaluated. Results indicated that GNP was composed of the three monosaccharides (glucose, mannose and xylose) with a molar ratio of 3.5:0.8:1.4. GNP could significantly decreased CD4+ CD8+, ICAM-1, and MPO in serum and colon of normal and burned rats. It could be concluded that GNP possessed strong anti-inflammatory activity in burned rats.
A polysaccharide preparation isolated from Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Quél. of Basidiomycetes (PSK) predominantly consists of glucan and approximately 25% tightly bound protein. PSK was effective against various allogeneic and syngeneic animal tumors and has been given orally to cancer patients. Various suppressed or enhanced immune responses of tumor-bearing animals were restored to normal levels by the administration of PSK in the tumor models tested. The killer T cell activity was augmented in tumor-bearing mice by intraperitoneal or oral administration of PSK, and there was correlation between the PSK associated antitumor effect and the killer T cell activity. It was found that PSK competed with immunosuppressive substances isolated from tumor-bearing mice and that the intestinal immune system appeared to be modulated by oral administration of PSK. After oral administration of 14C- or 35S-labeled PSK to normal rats, it was found that small or large molecular substances appeared in the serum depending on the time elapsed after administration, an indication that large molecular size products were from the digestive tract.
PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide obtained from cultured mycelia of Coriolus versicolor in basidiomycetes, is a biological response modifier, diverse operations of which include an antitumor action. We have previously reviewed recent research which had demonstrated that in animals, PSK has a preventive effect on chemical carcinogen-induced, radiation-induced, and spontaneously developed carcinogenesis (Kobayashi et al., Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers & Prev., 2: 271-276, 1993). We now focus on the effects of PSK once the progression of carcinogenesis has begun, and review what is now known of the preventive action of PSK on cancer metastasis. Recent research reports that PSK suppresses pulmonary metastasis of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas, human prostate cancer DU145M, and lymphatic metastasis of mouse leukemia P388, and that it has prolonged the survival period in spontaneous metastasis models. PSK also suppresses the metastasis of rat hepatoma AH60C, mouse colon cancer colon 26, and mouse leukemia RL male 1 in artificial metastasis models. PSK influences the steps of cancer metastasis in a number of ways: (a) by suppression of intravasation through the inhibition of tumor invasion, adhesion and production of cell matrix-degrading enzymes; (b) by suppression of tumor cell attachment to endothelial cells through the inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation; (c) by suppression of tumor cell migration after extravasation through the inhibition of tumor cell motility; and (d) by suppression of tumor growth after extravasation through the inhibition of angiogenesis, the modulation of cytokine production, and the augmentation of effector cell functions. In addition, PSK has suppressed the malignant progression of mouse tumor cells through superoxide trapping.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three closely related 4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanones have been found in a range of highly cooked foodstuffs where they are important flavour compounds with aroma threshold values as low as 20 micrograms kg-1 water (approximately 0.14 mumol l-1). The compounds are formed mainly as a result of the operation of the Maillard reactions between sugars and amino acids during heating but one compound, 5-(or 2)-ethyl-2-(or 5)-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, appears in practice to be produced by yeast, probably from a Maillard intermediate, during the fermentation stages in the production of soy sauce and beer. The compounds are also important in the flavour of strawberry, raspberry, pineapple and tomato but the route of biosynthesis is unknown. Two 3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones, emoxyfuranone and sotolon, which are produced spontaneously from amino acids such as threonine and 4-hydroxy-L-leucine are major contributors to meaty and spicy/nutty flavours in foods. The biosynthesis of 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (ascorbic acid, vitamin C) and 5-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (erythroascorbic acid) from sugars in plants and yeast, respectively, has been characterized to the enzymic level. After treatment with chlorine, humic waters contain a range of chloro-furanones, some of which, particularly 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), are powerful mutagens. The furanones which occur in foods are also mutagenic to bacteria and cause DNA damage in laboratory tests. However, these compounds are, in practice, very effective anti-carcinogenic agents in the diets of animals which are being treated with known cancer-inducing compounds such as benzo[alpha]pyrene or azoxymethane. Two of the food-derived furanones have antioxidant activity comparable to that of ascorbic acid. A biological function has been discovered for some of the furanones besides vitamin C. 5-Methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone is a male pheromone in the cockroach Eurycolis florionda (Walker) and the 2,5-dimethyl derivative deters fungal growth on strawberries and is an important component of the attractive aroma of the fruit. The red seaweed Delisea pulchra (Greville) Montagne produces a range of brominated furanones which prevent colonisation of the plant by bacteria by interfering with the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) signalling system used by the bacteria for quorum sensing. In addition, these compounds can deter grazing by marine herbivores. It is proposed here that the evolved biological function of a number of furanones is to act as inter-organism signal molecules in several different systems. This has resulted in two coincidental effects which are important for humans. Firstly, the easily oxidized nature of the furanones in general, which is likely to be an important property in their functioning as signal molecules, results in both mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activity. The balance of these two effects from compounds in the diet has yet to be fully established. Secondly, and more specifically, the 4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanones associated with fruit aromas act to attract animals to the fruit, which ensures seed dispersal. In the case of humans, the coincidental synthesis of some of these compounds in foods during preparation results in these foods appearing particularly attractive through the transferred operation of the original signalling mechanisms.
Five kinds of ear mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, including black, red, jin, snow, and silver ears. Methanolic extracts were prepared from these ear mushrooms, and their antioxidant properties were studied. For all methanolic extracts from ear mushrooms, the antioxidant activities in the 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid method were moderate (38.6 approximately 74.6%) at 1.0-5.0 mg/mL. Methanolic extracts from red, jin, and snow ears showed excellent antioxidant activities in the conjugated diene method at 5.0 mg/mL. At 5.0 mg/mL, reducing powers of methanolic extracts were in the descending order of snow > black approximately red approximately jin > silver ears. The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts from ear mushrooms on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals was excellent except for that from silver ears. Ear mushroom extracts were not good scavengers for hydroxyl free radicals but were good chelators for ferrous ions. Naturally occurring antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and total phenols, were found in the methanolic extracts. However, beta-carotene was not detected. Total antioxidant components were 15.69, 30.09, 27.83, 49.17, and 31.70 mg/g for black, red, jin, snow, and silver ears, respectively.
In order to study the effect of phenol moieties on biological activities of ascorbic acid derivatives, we synthesized 13 novel 4,5-diaryl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones 5a-m with various substitution patterns. Compound 5 g bearing a 2,3-dihydroxy phenyl ring on the 5-position of the heterocycle appeared to be the most powerful anti-oxidant furanone with reducing activity against DPPH (IC(50)=10.3 microM), superoxide anion quenching capacity (IC(50)=0.187 mM) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect (IC(50)=0.129 mM). To ascertain determinant molecular features for anti-oxidant activities, structure-activity relationships were studied. Lipophilicity and molecular parameters related to electron distribution and structure (difference in heats of formation between the compound and its radical or its cation radical, energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO) were found to correlate with the anti-oxidant action of compounds 5 in the different tests used. Oxygen-derived free radicals are known to contribute to inflammatory disorders; therefore we have investigated effects of compounds 5 in two models of inflammation: phorbol ester-induced ear edema in mice (TPA-test) and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. At 100 mg/kg ip in the TPA-test, the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 5 was potent compared with that of indomethacin and ketorolac and all the results suggested a cyclooxygenase inhibition in the emergence of such properties. The combined pharmacological actions of compounds 5 associated with a favorable therapeutic index prompt with interesting perspectives for their use in heart and brain disorders as well as in inflammatory diseases.
Polysaccharide-K (polysaccharide-Kureha; PSK), also known as krestin, is a unique protein-bound polysaccharide, which has been used as a chemoimmunotherapy agent in the treatment of cancer in Asia for over 30 years. PSK and Polysaccharopeptide (PSP) are both protein-bound polysaccharides which are derived from the CM-101 and COV-1 strains of the fungus Coriolus versicolor by Japanese and Chinese researchers, respectively. Both polysaccharide preparations have documented anticancer activity in vitro, in vivo and in human clinical trials, though PSK has been researched longer and has therefore undergone more thorough laboratory, animal and clinical testing. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that PSK has great potential as an adjuvant cancer therapy agent, with positive results seen in the adjuvant treatment of gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. These studies have suggested the efficacy of PSK as an immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM). BRMs potentially have the ability to improve the "host versus tumor response," thereby increasing the ability of the host to defend itself from tumor progression. The mechanisms of biological response modification by PSK have yet to be clearly and completely elucidated. Some studies suggest that PSK may act to increase leukocyte activation and response through up-regulation of key cytokines. Indeed, natural killer (NK) and lymphocyte-activated killer (LAK) cell activation has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, and recent genetic studies reveal increased expression of key immune cytokines in response to treatment with PSK. An antimetastatic action of PSK has also been demonstrated and is perhaps attributed to its potential to inhibit metalloproteinases and other enzymes involved in metastatic activity. PSK has also been shown to cause differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro, and this effect has been attributed to induction of differentiation cytokines. PSK has further been shown to have antioxidant capacity which may allow it to play a role as a normal tissue chemo- and radio-protector when used in combination with adjuvant or definitive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer, while it may also enable it to defend the host from oxidative stress. Interestingly, studies have also shown that PSK may actually inhibit carcinogenesis by inhibiting the action of various carcinogens on vulnerable cell lines. This action of PSK may play a role in preventing second primary tumors when an inducing agent, such as tobacco or asbestos, is suspected and may also prevent second malignancies due to the carcinogenic effects of radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Another very important aspect of chemoimmunotherapy, in general is that it may be used on debilitated patients such as those with AIDS and the elderly who might otherwise be denied potentially helpful adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Further determination of the mechanisms of these anti-cancer, immunostimulating and biological response modifying effects of PSK as well as of other protein-bound polysaccharides is certainly warranted. Indeed, with modern cellular and molecular biology techniques, a better understanding of the specific molecular effects of PSK on tumor cells as well as leukocytes may be determined. Much of the research that has been done on PSK is outlined in this paper and may serve as a foundation toward determining the mechanisms of action of this and other protein-bound polysaccharides in the treatment of cancer. This information may open new doors in the development of novel strategies for the treatment of malignancies using adjuvant immunotherapy in combination with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Typical heterocyclic compounds substituted with various functional groups found in Maillard reaction products were examined for antioxidant activity. Pyrroles exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity among all heterocyclic compounds tested. All pyrroles inhibited hexanal oxidation by almost 100% at a concentration of 50 microg/mL over 40 days. Addition of formyl and acetyl groups to a pyrrole ring enhanced antioxidative activity remarkably. Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-acetylpyrrole, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde, and 2-acetyl-1-methylpyrrole inhibited hexanal oxidation by >80% at 10 microg/mL. Unsubstituted furan exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity among furans tested. Addition of all functional groups used in this study to furan decreased antioxidative activity. The antioxidant activity of thiophene increased with the addition of methyl and ethyl groups, but the addition of formyl or acetyl groups to thiophene decreased antioxidant activity. Thiazoles and pyrazines were ineffective antioxidants at all concentrations tested. Reaction of all heterocyclic compounds with hydrogen peroxide resulted in the formation of various oxidized products.
This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of four different lineages (95/01, L1, 96/22 and JABK) of Lentinula edodes (BERK.) Pegler mushroom (shiitake) for inhibiting the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) clastogenicity in vivo. Male Swiss mice (10 animals/group) were treated during 15 consecutive days with dried mushroom added to basal diet under three different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%). At day 15, mice were intraperitoneally injected with ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 24 h later for evaluation of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE). Negative and positive controls (10 animals each), receiving basal diet and saline or ENU ip injection, respectively, were also evaluated. Results showed that pretreatments with diets containing the lineages 95/01, L1 and 96/22 reduce the frequencies of MNPCE induced by ENU. The absence of an antimutagenic activity for the lineage JABK might be related to intrinsic differences among the lineages such as biochemical composition. Taken together, our data show that the differences in protective activities of the mushrooms need to be clarified in further studies and the mechanisms for such activities need to be investigated.
Oxidative stress has been linked with the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer, aging, and atherosclerosis. The present study investigates the antioxidant activities of peptides isolated from the medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. G. lucidum has been shown to possess potent antioxidant activity with little or no side effects. Polysaccharide, polysaccharide-peptide complex, and phenolic components of G. lucidum have been proposed to be responsible for this antioxidant effect. However, research has shown that the G. lucidum peptide (GLP) is the major antioxidant component of G. lucidum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this peptide using different oxidation systems. GLP showed potent antioxidant activities in both lightproof soybean oil and lard systems, assessed by lipid peroxidant value. Compared to butylated hydroxytoluene, GLP showed a higher antioxidant activity in the soybean oil system. Soybean lipoxygenase activity was blocked by GLP in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 27.1 microg/mL. GLP showed scavenging activity toward hydroxyl radicals produced in a deoxyribose system with an IC50 value of 25 microg/mL, and GLP effectively quenched superoxide radical anion produced by pyrogallol autoxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde level has been used as the oxidation index in many biological systems. GLP showed substantial antioxidant activity in the rat liver tissue homogenates and mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems. The auto-hemolysis of rat red blood cells was also blocked by GLP in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that GLP is the major constituent responsible for the antioxidant activity of G. lucidum. GLP could play an important role in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in biological systems through its antioxidant, metal chelating, and free radical scavenging activities.
This study was undertaken to investigate the putative antioxidant activity of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on CCl(4)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of CCl(4) (2ml/kg) to rats for 4 days resulted in significantly elevated (p<0.05) serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (SALP) compared to controls. In the liver, significantly elevated levels (p<0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lowered levels (p<0.05) of reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed following CCl(4) administration. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) revealed lower activities of these antioxidant enzymes in the liver of CCl(4)-administered rats. An analysis of the isozyme pattern of these enzymes revealed variations in relative concentration presumably due to hepatotoxicity. When rats with CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity were treated with the extract of P. ostreatus, the serum SGOT, SGPT and SALP levels reverted to near normal, while the hepatic concentration of GSH, CAT, SOD and Gpx were significantly increased (p<0.05) and that of MDA significantly (p<0.05) lowered, when compared to CCl(4)-exposed untreated rats. Histopathological studies confirmed the hepatoprotective effect conferred by the extract of P. ostreatus. These results suggest that an extract of P. ostreatus is able to significantly alleviate the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4) in the rat.
Numerous studies have shown immunostimulatory and anti-tumor effects of water and standardized aqueous ethanol extracts derived from the medicinal mushroom, Coriolus versicolor, but the biological activity of methanol extracts has not been examined so far. In the present study we investigated the anti-tumor effect of C. versicolor methanol extract (which contains terpenoids and polyphenols) on B16 mouse melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro treatment of the cells with the methanol extract (25-1600 microg/ml) reduced melanoma cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in the presence of the methanol extract (200 microg/ml, concentration IC(50)) the proliferation of B16 cells was arrested in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle, followed by both apoptotic and secondary necrotic cell death. In vivo methanol extract treatment (i.p. 50 mg/kg, for 14 days) inhibited tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with syngeneic B16 tumor cells. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages collected 21 days after tumor implantation from methanol extract-treated animals exerted stronger tumoristatic activity ex vivo than macrophages from control melanoma-bearing mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that C. versicolor methanol extract exerts pronounced anti-melanoma activity, both directly through antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and indirectly through promotion of macrophage anti-tumor activity.
In order to promote the use of mushrooms as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals, several experiments were performed in wild and commercial species. The analysis of nutrients included determination of proteins, fats, ash, and carbohydrates, particularly sugars by HPLC-RI. The analysis of nutraceuticals included determination of fatty acids by GC-FID, and other phytochemicals such as tocopherols, by HPLC-fluorescence, and phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometer techniques. The antimicrobial properties of the mushrooms were also screened against fungi, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The wild mushroom species proved to be less energetic than the commercial sp., containing higher contents of protein and lower fat concentrations. In general, commercial species seem to have higher concentrations of sugars, while wild sp. contained lower values of MUFA but also higher contents of PUFA. alpha-Tocopherol was detected in higher amounts in the wild species, while gamma-tocopherol was not found in these species. Wild mushrooms revealed a higher content of phenols but a lower content of ascorbic acid, than commercial mushrooms. There were no differences between the antimicrobial properties of wild and commercial species. The ongoing research will lead to a new generation of foods, and will certainly promote their nutritional and medicinal use.
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