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Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing Out
... For example, studies show that both gender and socioeconomic status influence the occurrence of off-task smartphone use (Ariel & Elishar-Malka, 2019;Zhou et al., 2022). There are also other individual characteristics that can also influence the extent of off-task smartphone use, such as Students' fear of missing out, which is "defined as a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent" (Przybylski et al., 2013(Przybylski et al., , p. 1841 or different forms of problematic smartphone use, so that smartphones are used, for example, in situations in which their use appears inappropriate or their use is clearly excessive (Allahverdi, 2022;Elhai et al., 2021). ...
... While learners are very familiar with their personal devices in the BYOD approach, these reveal potential for cognitive distractions (Al-Said, 2023;Mavhunga, 2016) using social media, for example, and consequently risks for academic performance (Sunday et al., 2021;Zhao, 2023). With the POOL approach, access to social media etc. can be significantly more restricted, but the limited availability of personal digital devices may, for example, increase students' fear of missing out (Przybylski et al., 2013), which in turn can have a negative impact on learning (Rozgonjuk et al., 2019). Yet, only a single study (Krause et al., 2024) has performed a comparative investigation regarding how these different approaches of smartphone access in schools influence learning. ...
... The risk of significant distractions with BYOD can also be found in previous studies (Kay et al., 2017;Welsh et al., 2018). On the other hand, FOMO (Przybylski et al., 2013) in particular is potentially hindering for POOL learners, as they do not have access to their own smartphone, and this can result in negative mental states that are less pronounced with BYOD. The results of Krause et al. (2024) also indicate that no difference is to be expected between BYOD and POOL. ...
In recent years, the importance of mobile devices has increased for education in general and more specifically for science and mathematics education. In the classroom, approaches for teaching with mobile devices include using student-owned devices (“bring your own device”; BYOD approach) or using school-owned devices from central pools (POOL approach). While many studies point out features of mobile learning and BYOD that are conducive to learning, a research gap can be identified in the analysis of effects of mobile device access concepts on teaching–learning processes. Thus, this study aimed to empirically compare BYOD and POOL approaches in terms of learning performance and cognitive performance (subject knowledge development, cognitive load, concentration performance). Furthermore, the analyses included specific characteristics and preconditions (gender, socioeconomic status, fear of missing out, problematic smartphone use). A quasi-experimental study (two groups) was conducted in year 8 and 9 physics classes (N = 339 students) in which smartphones are used for different purposes. The present data show no group differences between the BYOD and the POOL approach in the group of learners with respect to subject knowledge development, cognitive load, and concentration performance. However, individual findings in subsamples indicate that the POOL approach may be beneficial for certain learners (e.g., learners with low fear of missing out or learners tending toward problematic smartphone use). For school practice, these results indicate that organizational, economic, and ecological aspects appear to be the main factors in deciding about the mobile device access concept.
... (2019) yaitu Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) mempengaruhi pembelian impulsif serta melakukan pembelian impulsif dapat menimbulkan penyesalan pasca pembelian. Przybylski et al. (2013) Istilah "fear of missing out" (FoMO) berarti fenomena psikologis di mana orang menjadi terpaku pada hal-hal tertentu yang sering terjadi. FoMO adalah kecemasan yang bermula dari rasa takut ditinggalkan ketika orang lain mengalami kejadian yang tidak biasa, meskipun Anda sendiri tidak merasakannya. ...
... Data yang dikumpulkan dari 638 remaja di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa 412 remaja, atau sekitar 64,6% dari populasi, mengalami FoMO di media sosial (Kaloeti et al., 2021). Jika seseorang mengalami FoMO, maka orang tersebut akan berusaha mengikuti tren yang ada saat ini agar tidak tertinggal, sehingga memungkinkan seorang FoMO akan melakukan pembelian impulsif suatu produk atau jasa yang tidak dibutuhkannya (Przybylski et al., 2013). Sehingga tidak jarang individu yang melakukan pembelian impulsif karena FoMO, merasa menyesal karena telah mengeluarkan uang untuk produk atau jasa yang sedang trending. ...
... Penelitian oleh Puspitasari dan Chikmiyah (2024) menemukan bahwa takut kehilangan sesuatu (FoMO) berhubungan dengan perilaku pembelian impulsif pada generasi Z.Individu yang mengalami FoMO akan lebih mudah melakukan pembelian impulsif dibandingkan dengan individu lainnya, hal ini disebabkan oleh kegelisahan dan rasa takut akan ketertinggalan yang dirasakan ketika mereka berinteraksi dengan sosial baik di kehidupan sehari-hari maupun online. Seseorang yang mengalami FoMO akan melakukan pembelian impulsif suatu produk atau jasa yang tidak dibutuhkannya (Przybylski et al., 2013). ...
Riset ini memiliki tujuan agar diketahui apakah terdapat pengaruh antara Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) dan pembelian impulsif untuk pesan-antar makanan online pada generasi Z. Metode penelitian dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menguji keterkaitan sebab akibat variabel-variabel pada 200 responden. Partisipan di riset ini yaitu Generasi Z kelompok kelahiran 1997 hingga 2012 yang suka berbelanja pesan-antar makanan online dan mengikuti tren media sosial dengan cermat terutama tren makanan. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik kuesioner Google Form dan dibagikan secara online. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik non-probability sampling. Dua ukuran yang dipakai pada riset yaitu: skala Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) dan skala Impulse Buying. Temun riset yang dilakukan memperlihatkan rasa takut ketinggalan terhadap pembelian impulsif dalam pengiriman bahan makanan online pada generasi Z berpengaruh positif dan signifikan (p < 0,05). Sehingga, tingginya skor FoMO seseorang, dapat diartikan dengan semakin banyak pembelian impulsif yang dilakukannya. Temun riset yang dilakukan diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi generasi Z, membuat mereka tidak terlalu rentan terhadap tren media sosial dan mengurangi pembelian impulsif, terutama melalui pengiriman bahan makanan secara online.
... Individuals are inherently interested in what others do and want to stay connected to these experiences (Przybylski et al., 2013). FoMO presents itself as a negative state typically associated with underlying psychosocial needs and deficits when this connection is broken or unclear. ...
... These scale statements were taken from the study conducted by Spinella (2007). In the fourth section, to reveal the participants' fear of missing out (FoMO) level, scale statements consisting of ten statements used in Przybylski et al. (2013) studies. A five-point Likert-type scale was used to evaluate all scale statements. ...
... It can be said that this group does not have investment status and such concerns due to their low income in these periods and the fact that they are recent graduates or at the beginning of their professional life. The fact that the social media usage levels of the participants in this age group are dependent and high is consistent with previous studies (Przybylski et al., 2013;Xuan and Amat, 2020;Li et al., 2021). ...
The increase in the use of internet, mobile devices and social media tools causes an increase in the factors affecting the investment decisions of individual investors. Especially social media platforms can trigger individual investors' fear of missing out (FoMO), uncertainty avoidance and impulsive buying emotions, which can direct investors' behavior and directly affect their investment decisions. In the literature, FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness, which have been studied in marketing, communication, and psychology, have been addressed separately in a few studies in finance. The most important point that distinguishes this study from other studies is that the relationship between FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness in the investment decisions of individual investors is studied together. The data used in the study was collected through a survey to measure uncertainty avoidance, impulsivity and FoMO levels from people over the age of 18, who have income and have made at least one financial investment. In the study, factor analysis was conducted on the participants' investment preferences, uncertainty avoidance, impulsivity and FoMO scales, Cronbach Alpha values of the factors were examined, and then cluster analysis was conducted for each scale. In the study, by examining individual investors' investment preferences and investment frequency separately, it was concluded that investors who invest in the same investment type exhibit different behaviors according to their investment frequency. This shows that investors who invest in the same investment instruments have different levels of FoMO, impulsiveness and uncertainty avoidance. The relationships between the frequency of investment in each type of investment and FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness are presented in detail in the relevant sections of the study.
... Phubbing is often a sign of an individual experiencing fear of missing out (FoMO) (Goldman, Davis, and Clark 2023). FoMO is a unique form of anxiety that stems from an individual's fear of missing rewarding social experiences that others may have but lack (Przybylski et al. 2013). FoMO can lead to phubbing and a decline in the quality of face-to-face communication (Talan, Doğan, and Kalinkara 2024). ...
... Zhang, Ding, and Wang 2021). Moreover, some studies have reported that FoMO is an antecedent of phubbing (Al-Saggaf and O'Donnell 2019; Goldman, Davis, and Clark 2023;Jabeen et al. 2023;Przybylski et al. 2013;Silva Santos, Pimentel, and Mariano 2023;Talan, Doğan, and Kalinkara 2024). Studies on how SPA affects phubbing have shown that this area is being actively researched (Al-Saggaf and O'Donnell 2019; Talan, Doğan, and Kalinkara 2024;Zhao, Ye, and Yu 2021). ...
... Due to the rapid rise of the internet, and especially smartphones, FoMO can cause individuals to spend long periods on social media (Li et al. 2020(Li et al. , 2022Przybylski et al. 2013), and constantly check their social media platforms (Roberts and David 2020). People experiencing FoMO try to meet their need for connection through social media use. ...
The relationship between smartphone use, interpersonal interaction, and friendship satisfaction (FS) remains underexplored in literature. The present study addressed this gap by examining how smartphone-related behaviours, such as phubbing and smartphone addiction (SPA), are associated with fear of missing out (FoMO), being phubbed (BP) and FS. The study surveyed 811 university students and explored the aforementioned relationships and the dual roles of SPA as a mediator and BP as a moderator. The findings showed that FoMO positively correlated with phubbing, with SPA as a partial mediator, suggesting that reducing SPA could mitigate phubbing. Results also showed that BP moderated the relationship between these variables, influencing the effects of phubbing on FS. Notably, the findings also showed that while phubbing typically harms FS, BP can transform this negative impact into a positive one when friends share this behaviour. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of digital behaviours' effects on social interactions and offer practical implications. Interventions such as digital detox programmes, mindfulness training, and social skills workshops are recommended to promote healthier digital habits and improve social relationships. The need for tailored support for at-risk students and policy development that foster digital well-being in educational settings is emphasised. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Aggravated, body image, FoMO, LGB+, sexting Scientific research has exponentially focused on investigating the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO; Elhai et al., 2020;Gupta & Sharma, 2021;Tandon et al., 2021). FoMO is defined as the pervasive apprehension that others may be enjoying gratifying experiences from which one is absent and is characterized by an intense desire to continually stay connected with what others are doing, especially friends (Przybylski et al., 2013). FoMO can be observed in both online and offline consumption contexts (Zhang et al., 2020), although its implications have been more extensively investigated in relation to the abuse of online behaviors. ...
... FoMO can be observed in both online and offline consumption contexts (Zhang et al., 2020), although its implications have been more extensively investigated in relation to the abuse of online behaviors. While early studies indicated a higher prevalence of FoMO in younger individuals compared to older ones (Przybylski et al., 2013), recent research has found no significant differences across age cohorts (Barry & Wong, 2020). However, since online contexts tend to engage younger people more frequently, they may be more susceptible to online FoMO behaviors. ...
... Previous studies showed that FoMO is strictly linked to motivational factors implicated in human relationships. Using the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), Przybylski et al. (2013) demonstrated that individuals experiencing lower levels of psychological need fulfillment, such as competence, autonomy, and relatedness, exhibited increased levels of FoMO. Furthermore, scholars have conceptualized FoMO as depending on a sense of personal vulnerability and inferiority that can lead to a fear of social exclusion (Gupta & Sharma, 2021). ...
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is characterized by an intense desire to continually stay connected with others and is strictly linked to motivational factors implicated in social interactions, particularly through online communication. FoMO represents a risk factor for problematic use of communication through social media platforms. Only a few studies have explored the relationship between FoMO and sexting. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between FoMO and three motivations for sexting (i.e., sexual purpose, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons), while also examining the moderating effects of age, gender, and sexual orientation. The study involved 911 Italian heterosexual and LGB+ young adults aged 18–30 years ( M = 22.3; SD = 2.57; 74% women; 70.4% heterosexual). The findings reveal that FoMO predicts sexting across all its motivational components. No significant differences emerged between men and women in their levels of engagement in sexting for sexual purposes. However, women were more likely to engage in sexting for body image reinforcement compared to men. Conversely, men demonstrated a higher likelihood of sexting for instrumental/aggravated reasons than women. LGB+ people, compared to heterosexuals, demonstrated a higher propensity for engaging in sexting for sexual purposes, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons. FoMO emerged as a strong predictor of sexting for body image reinforcement and instrumental/aggravated reasons, especially for LGB+ people. This study identifies FoMO as a predictor of sexting motivations, particularly among women and LGB+ individuals, who may seek validation or connection online. Preventive interventions are needed to foster autonomy, enhance body self-esteem, and promote mutual respect in online interactions, especially for people embodying marginalized identities.
... Fear of missing out (FoMO) was a phenomenon first described in the self-determination theory of psychology (Ryan et al., 2006). It is typically defined as the widespread anxiety that arises from the fear of missing interesting events that others are participating in, leading to negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit, and rumination (Elhai et al., 2016;Przybylski et al., 2013). This definition well indicates that the relationship between FoMO and a variety of negative affect is mostly positively correlated. ...
... Social network services (SNS) users often experience a range of negative psychological emotions, including social media fatigue, due to their concern about missing out on beneficial experiences for themselves in social media (Akbari et al., 2021;Elhai et al., 2018Elhai et al., , 2021Przybylski et al., 2013;Tandon et al., 2021). The term social media fatigue evolved from the medical concept of "fatigue". ...
... FoMO is manifested in social media platforms where users of the medium expect to have long-term and sustained contact with others in social networks and actively increase the frequency of their mobile phone use or website browsing (Przybylski et al., 2013). SNS users not only need to actively and continuously pay attention to satisfy their social needs but also need to use SNS in their daily lives compulsively and passively (Lee et al., 2016;Elhai et al., 2021). ...
Weibo is an event-focused microblogging platform open to the public, easily triggering users’ social media fatigue. Based on the Stressor – Strain – Outcome (S-S-O) model, this research proposes a path model to explore the antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue among Chinese Weibo users. Findings from an online survey of 414 Weibo users reveal that caused of fear of missing out (FoMO), they might experience social media fatigue through information overload, further causing them to develop discontinuous usage intentions. This study contributes to the literature on Chinese social media platforms and their cultural-specific nuances. Theoretical insights for future research are provided, and practical suggestions are recommended for Weibo users.
... In the era of information technology, the widespread adoption of the internet has greatly enhanced convenience, making information acquisition, communication, learning, and entertainment more accessible than ever. However, this ubiquitous connectivity has also exacerbated the prevalence and intensity of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), which is defined as a pervasive concern that others may be experiencing rewarding events in one's absence [1]. A survey revealed that nearly 3/4 of young adults reported having felt FoMO [2]. ...
... However, ambiguity and controversy still surround its conceptualization and structure. Initially, FoMO was introduced and assessed within online contexts [1]. Przybylski suggested that individuals with high levels of FoMO fear being excluded from beneficial experiences or worry about missing out on the latest social media updates, thereby developing a constant need and desire to stay connected with others [1]. ...
... Initially, FoMO was introduced and assessed within online contexts [1]. Przybylski suggested that individuals with high levels of FoMO fear being excluded from beneficial experiences or worry about missing out on the latest social media updates, thereby developing a constant need and desire to stay connected with others [1]. However, some scholars argue that FoMO is a stable trait characterized by individuals' general anxiety about missing out on others' positive experiences [17][18][19]. ...
Background
Despite the recognition of the impact of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on learning engagement, research conclusions remain inconsistent. This inconsistency may be due to a lack of exploration of the underlying mechanisms and the singularity of research perspectives.
Methods
Drawing from motivational dynamics model for learning engagement, this study investigated the relationship between FoMO and learning engagement from both variable-centered and person-centered perspectives, and further explored the mediating role of self-control. A total of 1,510 college students from eastern China were selected via an online platform, including 642 males and 868 females.
Results
The results from the variable-centered analysis indicated that FoMO had a significant positive direct effect on learning engagement (effect = 0.293, 95% CI = [0.185, 0.401]). FoMO negatively predicted self-control, which in turn had a negative impact on learning engagement (effect = -0.375, 95% CI = [-0.456, -0.295]). This suggests that self-control acts as a masking effect between FoMO and learning engagement. The person-centered results suggest the presence of four latent profiles of FoMO: the low trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, the high trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, the low trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group, and the high trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group. Specifically, compared to the low trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, self-control acts as a masking role between the low trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group, the high trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group and learning engagement.
Conclusions
FoMO exhibits a “dual-edged sword effect”. Educators should adopt diverse instructional methods to leverage the positive aspects of FoMO while guiding students in self-control training to mitigate its negative effects to enhance college students’ learning engagement.
... FOMO, referred to as a phenomenon embedded in popular culture and the youth psyche (Argan et al., 2022;Kang & Ma, 2020), holds different connotations and is studied in various academic fields, including psychology, education, sociology, medicine, sports, public health, social media, entrepreneurship, marketing, and consumer behavior (Przybylski et al., 2013;Sabia et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2020). FOMO, defined as a fear of missing out on rewarding experiences that others are having (Przybylski et al., 2013), was initially discussed in academia as a potential explanation for consumers' switching behavior from one brand to another-favoring variety over loyalty-leading to brand crises (Herman, 2000). ...
... FOMO, referred to as a phenomenon embedded in popular culture and the youth psyche (Argan et al., 2022;Kang & Ma, 2020), holds different connotations and is studied in various academic fields, including psychology, education, sociology, medicine, sports, public health, social media, entrepreneurship, marketing, and consumer behavior (Przybylski et al., 2013;Sabia et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2020). FOMO, defined as a fear of missing out on rewarding experiences that others are having (Przybylski et al., 2013), was initially discussed in academia as a potential explanation for consumers' switching behavior from one brand to another-favoring variety over loyalty-leading to brand crises (Herman, 2000). ...
... The concept of FOMO has been defined as a predisposition to worry about missing rewarding opportunities experienced by others (Przybylski et al., 2013). It has been associated with negative psychological consequences, including negative affect, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and stress (Hussain et al., 2023;Milyavskaya et al., 2018) that can reduce individuals' quality of life (Sirgy et al., 2012). ...
... Social media is a term for web-based networks in which users, such as individuals or organizations, belong to online communities, where they can discuss, co-create, or exchange user-generated content, which is posted online, and keep up with current events in the lives of other users [1][2][3]. About 84% of American adults aged 18-30 years use one or more social media platforms. ...
... The Fear of Missing Out Scale proposed by Przybylski et al. [3] was used as the survey in our study. This instrument is a questionnaire that examines the worry and concerns that an individual may experience about being out of touch with the experiences of their broader social environment. ...
... Most research published in medical journals has focused on college students aged 18-25 years. In one study, there was a significantly higher FoMO scale result among freshmen (first-year university students) and sophomores (second-year university students) than among seniors (fourth-year university students) [3]. In contrast, another study evaluating the FoMO with the same measures as the previous study found more significant sentiments of the FoMO in students in their fourth year of undergraduate education [22]. ...
Background/Objectives: The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study explored the association between FoMO levels and demographic characteristics, as well as the type and frequency of social media use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in four junior high schools. A total of 1264 students (656 females and 608 males) aged 11–16 years completed the Fear of Missing Out Scale, adapted to the Mexican context. Data on demographics, social media usage, and school shifts were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients. Results: The mean FoMO score was 1.79 ± 0.64, with higher scores observed in females (p < 0.001) and students attending morning shifts (p = 0.001). Significant associations were found between higher FoMO scores and the use of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest (p < 0.001 for each). The most frequently used social media platforms were WhatsApp (1093), TikTok (828), and Instagram (583). Participants who used social media all week exhibited significantly higher FoMO scores than those who used it only on weekends (p < 0.001). Conclusions: FoMO is a significant phenomenon among junior high school students in Guadalajara, Mexico, particularly among females and those who use multiple social media platforms. The findings suggest a need for interventions to manage social media use and mitigate FoMO-related negative health outcomes in this population.
... Reagle (2015) also mentioned FOMO as envy-related anxiety about missed experiences of conspicuous sociality. Although there are various ways to define FOMO, the definition by Przybylski et al. (2013) is the most widely used. Based on the Self determinant theory of Deci and Ryan (2000) about three psychological needs, Przybylski et al. (2013) defined FOMO as ''a pervasive apprehension that others might have rewarding experiences from which one is absent.'' ...
... Although there are various ways to define FOMO, the definition by Przybylski et al. (2013) is the most widely used. Based on the Self determinant theory of Deci and Ryan (2000) about three psychological needs, Przybylski et al. (2013) defined FOMO as ''a pervasive apprehension that others might have rewarding experiences from which one is absent.'' In summary, the FOMO concept is usually mentioned as private and social anxiety (Zhang et al., 2020), presented as a low self-concept (Chaudhuri et al., 2011), need to belong (Wang et al., 2019), desire to stay in touch (Beyens et al., 2016), worry about losing social interaction (Przybylski et al., 2013), or the fear of falling behind (Good & Hyman, 2020). ...
... Based on the Self determinant theory of Deci and Ryan (2000) about three psychological needs, Przybylski et al. (2013) defined FOMO as ''a pervasive apprehension that others might have rewarding experiences from which one is absent.'' In summary, the FOMO concept is usually mentioned as private and social anxiety (Zhang et al., 2020), presented as a low self-concept (Chaudhuri et al., 2011), need to belong (Wang et al., 2019), desire to stay in touch (Beyens et al., 2016), worry about losing social interaction (Przybylski et al., 2013), or the fear of falling behind (Good & Hyman, 2020). ...
While sharing positive content about a brand’s products can bring huge benefits, when and what motivates consumers to post on social media is still an underexplored area, especially in a conspicuous consumption context. Therefore, this study tries to explain customers’ journey when engaging in conspicuous consumption and consumption-sharing behavior on social media by applying fear of missing out (FOMO), self-presentation, and social network types. This research was conducted with 400 respondents in the US, and the data were analyzed using PROCESS models. Results reveal that FOMO positively affects conspicuous consumption and consumption-sharing behavior. Moreover, conspicuous consumption and consumption-sharing behavior differ under the influence of self-presentation desire and the type of social network they have. The study contributes to the current literature by investigating the factors encouraging customers to share their conspicuous consumption on social media. It also offers significant insights and recommendations for marketers to increase brand awareness.
... FOMO Scale ( Przybylski et al., 2013) This scale has been adapted for use in order to use levels of FOMO (fear of being cut off from their development). Designed in a 7-point Likert-type format, the scale assesses fears of falling behind socially and the impact of these fears on their daily lives. ...
... The research results show that FOMO is positively correlated with the duration of social media use, and high FOMO levels increase social anxiety in individuals, leading to low self-esteem and decreased life comfort. The findings are consistent with the results obtained by Przybylski et al. (2013) on FOMO behavior, and the research findings are consistent with the results of other studies in the literature, such as Roberts and David (2020), on the individual psychological effects of FOMO. It is observed that idealized content on social media platforms increases efforts to adapt to social norms; this situation intensely triggers social anxiety with comparison behaviors. ...
In today's world, where digitalization is transforming social structures, there is an increasing effort to be constantly online and present on social media. In this case, individuals are experiencing the FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) phenomenon. Out) phenomenon. With the rise of digitalization and social media in modern societies, this phenomenon has become widespread and its impact on individuals and therefore on societies has become more apparent. FOMO by fostering the perpetual cycle feature, which in turn creates negative psychological effects such as anxiety, stress, burnout and low self-esteem in individuals. Digital change triggers the experience of always being up to date in the social environment and making comparisons with other individuals, which negatively affects overall life satisfaction. It is argued that simple methods such as digital detox, temporary interventions at home and restructuring digital media use can be effective in coping with FOMO. In this context, individuals' better management of their digital lives plays an important role in reducing the negative effects of FOMO. At the same time, our study will discuss how social media is redefining relationships between individuals, how it is changing perceptions of status and social acceptance today, and how FOMO is shaping both mental health and social roles.
... Sosyal medya araçları insanların ilgisini çekebilecek çeşitli çevrimiçi ve çevrimdışı sosyal etkinliklerle ilgili bilgilere erişmeyi son derece kolaylaştırmıştır. Sosyal medya araçlarının sağladığı bu kolaylıklar giderek daha fazla sayıda sosyal bilgi biçimini de sağlamaya imkân tanımaktadır (Przybylski, 2013(Przybylski, : 1841. Sadece eğlence amaçlı kullanımla sınırlı olmayıp her türlü bilgi, haber veya diğer içeriklere ulaşabilmenin yolu olarak sosyal medya, bireyin yakın çevresi olarak bilinen aile, iş arkadaşları gibi kişilerle olduğu kadar haber medyası, politikacılar, ünlüler ve şirketlerle iletişim biçimini köklü bir şekilde değiştirmiştir. ...
... Facebook, X, Instagram, YouTube gibi sosyal medya platformları bu insanlara yüksek düzeyde katılım vaadi sunmaktadır. Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu yaşayanlar için sosyal medya düşük maliyetli ve yüksek verimli bir ortamdır (Przybylski, 2013(Przybylski, : 1841. Sosyal medyanın bu özellikleri, başkalarından geri kalmama ve psikolojik olarak gelişmeleri kaçırma endişelerini azaltmada insanların yöneldiği en önemli ortamlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. ...
Teknoloji merkezli günümüz iletişim toplumunda her türlü bilginin hızlı şekilde dolaştığı sosyal medya, insanların herhangi bir gelişmeden haberdar olmalarını son derece kolaylaştırmıştır. Sosyal medyanın bilgi paylaşımında sağladığı hız ve kolaylık beraberinde çok fazla sayıda paylaşım ve etkileşim meydana getirerek insanların bir şeyleri kaçırma endişesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sosyal medyada gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu kavramı ile tanımlanan FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Bu çalışma gündem takibinin en önemli mecralarından sosyal medyada gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Sosyal medya, dijital dünyada gelişmelerin takip edilmesinde gençlerin en çok tercih ettiği mecraların başında gelmektedir. Çalışmada temel amaç gençlerin sosyal medya kullanım alışkanlıkları ile FoMO arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesidir. Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine odaklanan ve 414 katılımcı formunun verilerinin değerlendirildiği araştırmada Sosyal Medya Kullanım Ölçeği ve FoMO Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analiz edilmesi için t-testi, ANOVA ve korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların demografik özellikleri ile FoMO arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadığı buna karşın internette geçirilen zaman ve sosyal medyada geçirilen zaman açısından FOMO’da anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonucuna göre Sosyal Medya Kullanım Ölçeği ile FOMO arasında pozitif yönde ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir.
... In keeping with Fournier and colleagues (2023), we compare a traditional one-factor model, which has shown some support in the literature (e.g., Ballarotto, Marzilli, et al., 2021;Ballarotto, Volpi, & Tambelli, 2021), to a two-factor model distinguishing between two components of problematic social media use: a primary dimension indicating non-pathological high engagement in the platform (i.e., tolerance and salience symptoms) and a secondary dimension reflecting addiction-like symptoms such as relapse, withdrawal, conflict, and mood modification. In order to establish the construct validity of the emerging model, we explore associations with various psychological correlates, including Big Five personality traits (i.e., Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness), depression (PHQ-8; Mazzotti et al., 2003), difficulties in emotional regulation (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), loneliness (Hughes et al., 2004), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO; Przybylski et al., 2013), and motives for Instagram use (Social Interaction, Documentation, Self-Promotion, Diversion, Creativity; Sheldon & Newman, 2019). These specific measures are examined in alignment with the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (Brand et al., 2016;Young & Brand, 2017), which posits that individual predispositions (such as personality traits and usage motives), affective responses (such as emotional regulation difficulties, depression, loneliness) and cognitive biases (such as FoMO), all contribute to influence problematic internet use behaviors, including those involving social media use. ...
... We administered an Italian version of the FoMO scale (Casale & Fioravanti, 2020;Przybylski et al., 2013). This scale comprises 10 items, each framed as a statement that articulates pervasive feelings of fear, worry, and anxiety about potentially missing out on rewarding experiences that others are having. ...
Building on recent findings by Fournier and colleagues (2023), the present study examined the fit of a bi-dimensional model of problematic Instagram use, distinguishing between non-pathological high engagement and problematic symptoms mirroring addictive tendencies. A sample of 696 Italian adults completed an online survey assessing problematic Instagram use, personality traits, psychological distress, usage motives for Instagram use, and Instagram usage metrics. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the bi-dimensional model, with high engagement (salience and tolerance) and problematic symptoms (relapse, withdrawal, conflict, and mood modification) as distinct factors. Neuroticism, depression, emotional dysregulation, loneliness, and FoMO and the diversion motive were more strongly correlated with problematic symptoms. In turn, social interaction, documentation, and self-promotion were more associated with high engagement. Frequency of sharing posts and stories were also more strongly correlated with high engagement. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between high engagement and addiction-like symptoms in understanding problematic Instagram use and inform the development of targeted interventions.
... Or they can watch or follow them and spend an enjoyable time in spite of the fact that they are not physically there. FoMO is defined in the literature as a thought that other people may experience delightful things, which one is absent, and the constant desire to stay connected with others (Przybylski et al., 2013). To be relatively a new phenomenon, FoMO was studied by Przybylski and colleagues in 2013, and they created a scale to measure FoMO (Przybylski et al., 2013, Öztürk, Gençoğlu & Kırkgöz, 2020. ...
... FoMO is defined in the literature as a thought that other people may experience delightful things, which one is absent, and the constant desire to stay connected with others (Przybylski et al., 2013). To be relatively a new phenomenon, FoMO was studied by Przybylski and colleagues in 2013, and they created a scale to measure FoMO (Przybylski et al., 2013, Öztürk, Gençoğlu & Kırkgöz, 2020. It is associated with digital technology use, which is at a problematic level (Rozgonjuk et al., 2020). ...
... FoMO is conceptualized as "the fears, worries, and anxieties people may have in relation to being out of touch with event, experiences, and conversations happening across their extended social circles" (Przybylski et al., 2013(Przybylski et al., , p. 1842. Technology dependence or anxiety without technology can be regarded as similar concepts to FoMO (Rosen et al., 2018). ...
... Easy access to mobile devices makes mobile culture infiltrate class, making students frequently engage in social media activities to satisfy their desire for social belonging while also alleviating FoMO. This is linked with increased behavioral engagement in social media activities (Mohit et al., 2023;Przybylski et al., 2013;Shane-Simpson & Bakken, 2024) and may result in in-class off-task multitasking, leading to decreased attention and hampered learning. In their comprehensive review study, Zhou and Deng (2022) indicated that individuals who depend on technology are more likely to multitask. ...
The widespread adoption of mobile technologies has exacerbated their utilization in educational environments. Multitasking in the classroom is a common practice and deserves further investigation to understand its antecedents. Yet, rare studies have addressed this issue based on the theory of planned behavior framework. To this end, the current research focused on the antecedents of in-class off-task multitasking from the lens of the theory of planned behavior and its relation to perceived learning. An integrative, comprehensive model was utilized for this aim. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, the data were collected from 246 university students. The model was assessed using SmartPLS 3.2.7 in partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The research revealed that the theory of planned behavior was a valuable framework for understanding behavioral, normative, and control determinants of in-class off-task multitasking and its relation to perceived learning. Specifically, attitude towards multitasking, prescriptive and descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly contributed to the prediction of multitasking behavior and perceived learning. Moreover, fear of missing out, attitudes toward using digital devices during lectures, multitasking self-efficacy, and working memory capacity exhibited significant and indirect predictive effects on multitasking. While gender did not impact multitasking in the classroom, the study demonstrated a negative association between age and multitasking. The results are discussed, and implications are provided for educators to address in-class off-task multitasking behavior. The study indicated that university students must acknowledge that multitasking is unachievable without declining performance despite their belief in their ability to multitask successfully. Based on the results, we suggest that students should be informed about the limitations of human cognitive architecture. Some interventions to alter attitudes are also recommended.
... The FOMO scale was developed by Przybylski et al. (2013) and is categorised as a unidimensional scale, comprising of 10 questions over a 5-point rating profile which vary from 'Not at all true' to 'Absolutely true'. By summing up the item scores, the total score can be calculated; the latter which range from 10 to 50. ...
... By summing up the item scores, the total score can be calculated; the latter which range from 10 to 50. A score higher than 25 indicates a higher level of FOMO (Przybylski et al., 2013). In this study, the FOMO scale was used to measure the extent to which individuals fear missing out on TikTok. ...
Background: TikTok, a social media application, has gained tremendous popularity in recent years, with a broad spectrum of users from all ages, different countries and cultures. However, major concerns in the field of mental health related to the use of such platforms have consequentially emerged. This particular research aimed to analyse the usage patterns associated with the social media platform, TikTok, and its cascading psychological effects among young Mauritian adults. Methodology: The cross-sectional study adopted a quantitative approach with a sample of 400 Mauritians meeting the inclusion criteria. A self-reported questionnaire examining self-esteem, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and mental health determinants was designed and administered primarily through online mediums. Findings: 30.5% of the participants used TikTok for 1 h to 2 h, while 12.3% used it for 2 h to 3 h daily, and the most prevalent reason for TikTok use was leisure (73.5%). Adverse psychological effects, characterised by pessimism (33.3%), restlessness (35.1%), uselessness (39.8%), anxiety (38%), depressive behaviours (36.5%), lower self-esteem (17%), and FOMO (41.7%), were depicted among the sampled participants. An increase in FOMO led to lower self-esteem (rs = −0.326, p < 0.05), heightened anxiety (rs = 0.467, p < 0.05) and a potential increase in depressive symptoms (rs = 0.338, p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in anxiety levels when perception of self-directed negative comments was assessed (U = 11,852.500, z = −4.808, p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study empirically revealed that the general use of TikTok in itself appears to be non-problematic; rather, its unhealthy excessive usage triggers deleterious mental health among TikTok users. The findings also pointed towards sensitization measures and psychoeducation towards the appropriate use of social media platforms such as TikTok.
... part of one's self-concept. Being unable to engage with social groups online or offline leads to feelings of isolation and worthlessness, driving excessive social media use.Franchina et al. (2017) noted that FOMO predicts Facebook and Instagram use.Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell (2013) explained that FOMO increases when individuals experience chronic deficits in psychological satisfaction, leading to high social media use to fulfill unmet needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.The Impact of Excessive Use of Social Media onMental HealthExcessive social media use, driven by FOMO, leads to impulsive behavior and ...
Social media is a product of technology that brings significant impact to spread information and connect people around the world and entertainment. As a result, users can access various information easily. In other hand, by using media social excessively lead to dependency that has appears numbers of symptoms that similar with addiction such as impairment in daily functioning (conflict), emerge negative emotions if unable to access social media (withdrawal), having trouble to decrease social media usage (relapse and reinstatement) and social media usage dominates in daily life (salience). However, it is very premature to determine that dependency to social media as a kind of addiction due dependency to social media can be declined without clinical intervention. One of the reasons for declining social media usage is caused by burnout which indirectly pushes the users to keep away from social media. Even though the negative impact from media social usage can not to be ignored due excessive access bring negative consequences to mental health.
... TikTok. In Malaysia, the beauty and personal care industry generates $2.68 billion in revenue, making it a key market for influencers (Taslaud, 2024 Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), or the anxiety of falling behind peers (Przybylski et al., 2013), greatly influences students' purchasing decisions by increasing their insecurities. ...
This study investigates the relationship between TikTok beauty influencers' organic marketing and the purchasing decisions of MSU students in Shah Alam. Organic marketing refers to influencer-created and shared content that is not sponsored by brands. The research explores how exposure to these influencers and their beauty recommendations impact students' decision-making when purchasing beauty products. The study was in a quantitative research design with data gathered using an online questionnaire-based survey. The study's population consists of 362 MSU students from Shah Alam. The data will be obtained via a pilot test and evaluated using IBM SPSS version 29. This study explores the impact of organic marketing content by TikTok beauty influencers on MSU students' purchasing decisions for beauty
... FoMO is "a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent" and "a desire to stay continually connected with what others are doing" [31] (p. 1841). ...
Background/Objectives: The way people communicate has significantly changed due to technological advances and penetration of cell phones and broadband connection into everyday activities. Nowadays, individuals are constantly connected through the Internet. This influences social experiences, self and social identity, and can cause digital stress, which often leads to negative emotions, psychosomatic outcomes, and diseases. It is a matter of concern for the adolescents and their families. This paper investigates how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and social media influence adolescents’ and parents’ digital stress and anxiety. Methods: Based on two digital stressors scales, a 30-item questionnaire was created. A quantitative analysis of data deriving from 164 Finnish adolescents and 53 of their parents regarding digital stress was conducted. Results: “Privacy Intrusion”, “Availability stress/Online vigilance”, and “Usefulness” were the most essential stressor factors for both students and parents. Additionally, the most significant stressor factors for students were the “Fear of Missing Out/FoMO” and “Approval Anxiety” factors while for parents were the “Safety/Security” and “Technical Support” factors. No significant differences were observed between the overall digital stress of adolescents and parents. In contrast to the existing literature, no connection between “Connection (Information) Overload” and digital stress was found. Conclusions: This paper contributes to debates regarding the effects of the use of digital resources, ICTs, and social media on processes at school, at work, and at home. The findings of our study confirm and further validate those of previous studies with the exception of “Connection (Information) Overload”, which needs to be further investigated to understand the reasons behind it.
... Remaja dapat menggunakan media sosial mereka dalam batas yang aman untuk menghindari resiko sindrom FoMO. FoMO yaitu kondisi seseorang mengalami depresi ketika percaya bahwa teman, artis, atau anggota keluarga menjalani kehidupan yang lebih baik, lebih sukses, menyenangkan, dan menarik daripada diri sendiri karena melihat orang-orang tersebut membagikan foto-foto menarik di media sosial (Przybylski et al., 2013). Sindrom FoMO memberikan dampak negatif dalam kehidupan remaja di antaranya yaitu rasa rendah diri yang tinggi membuat seorang remaja merasa tidak cukup, rasa kecemasan akan tertinggal oleh orang-orang di sekitarnya jika tidak mengupdate kehidupan sosialnya, membuat seseorang terobsesi dengan popularitas sehingga remaja melakukan segala hal agar diakui di dunia maya (Humaira, 2023). ...
Media sosial mengalami perkembangan pesat seiring dengan berjalannya zaman, akibatnya banyak orang di zaman sekarang menggunakan media sosial dalam kesehariannya terutama para remaja. Sindrom FoMO berhubungan erat dengan rasa kecemasan yang terjadi akibat takut kehilangan momen atau trend yang tersebar di internet. Hal ini berhubungan erat dengan remaja yang berisiko tinggi mengidap sindrom FoMO. Penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan intensitas penggunaan media sosial dengan sindrom FoMO pada remaja. Metode penelitian ini yaitu literature review dengan menggunakan artikel 10 tahun terakhir, artikel dengan desain kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelatif. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan 8 artikel dan 8 artikel ditemukan bahwa adanya hubungan signifikan intensitas penggunaan media sosial dengan sindrom FoMO pada remaja. Penggunaan media sosial yang tinggi pada remaja menyebabkan seorang remaja berisiko tinggi mengalami sindrom FoMO. Penggunaan media sosial yang berlebihan menyebabkan remaja merasa cemas dan akan menyebabkan ketergantungan pada penggunaan media sosial. Remaja dapat menggunakan media sosial mereka dalam batas yang aman untuk menghindari resiko sindrom FoMO.
... Sehingga tidak heran dengan nama Tasya Farasya yang sudah dikenal banyak orang, review produk kecantikan yang menarik dan jujur, Subscribers Tasya Farasya mengalami ketakutan akan ketinggalan suatu informasi atau trend. Przybylski et al, 2013 mendefinisikan Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) suatu kecemasan yang terjadi akibat adanya ketakutan akan tertinggal ketika orang lain mengalami berbagai hal seperti pengalaman mengesankan sedangkan seorang individu tersebut tidak merasakannya yang kemudian timbul keinginan untuk selalu terhubung atau mengikuti apa yang terjadi di sosial media. ...
This study aims to determine the influence of Message Content, Communicator, Effect of watching Tasya Farasya's beauty vlogger show on FOMO behavior in purchasing Luxcrime brand beauty products on communication science students at Singaperbangsa University, Karawang, class of 2020. The theory used is SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) by Houland. The method used is quantitative with nonprobability sampling samples with saturated sampling techniques. The number of respondents used in this study was 101 respondents. The analysis used includes descriptive analysis, normality test, simple linear regression test, coefficient of determination, and t-hypothesis test. The results showed that Tasya Farasya's beauty vlogger show in YouTube videos had a positive influence of 16.9% on FOMO behavior in purchasing Luxcrime brand beauty products, while the remaining 83.1% was influenced by other factors.
... This finding is consistent with literature indicating that younger individuals are more likely to experience higher levels of social media addiction (Andreassen et al., 2016). This age group, often referred to as "digital natives," has grown up with social media as an integral part of their social and informational landscape, potentially making them more susceptible to its addictive qualities (Przybylski et al., 2013). On the other hand, the absence of significant differences in mental well-being scores based on age indicates that these factors may not have a uniform impact on the well-being of ECE candidates. ...
This study explores the relationship between social media addiction, mental well-being, and emotional states among Early Childhood Education (ECE) candidates. Utilizing a sample of 330 ECE students from Düzce University and Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, the research employed the Social Media Addiction Scale-Adult Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) to gather data. Findings revealed that ECE candidates exhibited moderate levels of social media addiction, with significant age and daily internet usage time as predictors, while gender was not a significant factor. Despite moderate addiction levels, participants reported above-average mental well-being, potentially attributed to positive digital engagement. The study also found significant correlations between social media addiction and negative affect, as well as a negative relationship with mental well-being and positive affect. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions focusing on healthy digital engagement and emotional resilience, particularly for younger candidates and those heavily engaged online. The study's implications underscore the critical role of ECE candidates in modeling balanced digital behaviors to future generations, emphasizing the integration of digital literacy and emotional intelligence in educational curricula.
... From the existence of the Tiktok application there are severalan interesting phenomenon, namely a new trend that causes fear of being left behind x information or trends. Przybylski et al., (2013) defines Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) as anxiety that occurs due to fear of being left behind when other people experience various things such as impressive experiences while an individual does not feel it which then arises the desire to always be connected or follow what happens on social media. The urge to always be connected to anyone, especially friends and other people in any way is a characteristic of this Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). ...
The purpose of this study was to determine 1) the extent to which Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) influences purchasing decisions at TiktokShop, 2) the extent to which Hedonic Shopping influences purchasing decisions at TiktokShop, and 3) the extent to which Online Shopping Anxiety influences purchasing decisions at TiktokShop. 4) the extent to which Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Hedonic Shopping, Online Shopping Anxiety influence purchasing decisions at TiktokShop. In this study, the number of samples used as samples using Google Form was 180 people. A statement scale questionnaire was used to collect data in this study. The results of the T-test (partial) study showed that Fear of Missing Out was indicated by a significance value of 0.000 <0.05), Hedonic Shopping significance value of 0.002 <0.05, Online Shopping Anxiety significance value of 0.000 <0.005. This study shows that Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Hedonic Shopping, Online Shopping Anxiety have a significant influence on the purchasing decisions of Narotama students at TikTok Shop, with an impact value of 64%.
... There are various factors that influence social media addiction, namely social anxiety, loneliness, and Fear of Missing Out ( Rahardjo & Soetjiningsih, 2022). According to Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell (2013), every individual who experiences FoMO can allow themselves to be tied to social media. The characteristics of individuals who experience FoMO are the urge to continue using social media. ...
This study aims to reveal the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) in relation to the intensity of social media use. The type of research used is quantitative correlational research with a population of 81 students who use Instagram social media. The sampling technique used is Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling obtained 45 students. The data collection instrument used a Likert scale with 4 alternative answers, namely strongly agree (SS), agree (S), disagree (TS), and strongly disagree (STS). The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) scale consists of 50 items and the Instagram Social Media Use Intensity scale consists of 52 items. Based on the results of the validity test using the product moment technique, it was produced that the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) instrument from 50 statements obtained 34 valid items and 16 failed items with a reliability value of 0.874 with a reliability test using alpha cronbach. While on the intensity of social media use instrument from 52 statements obtained 31 valid items and 21 invalid items with a reliability value of 0.836. The assumption test consists of a normality test using the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-SZ) technique and a linearity test. Furthermore, data analysis was tested with product moment using SPSS 20.0, it was found that there was a relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and the intensity of social media use.
... For this, we used the Fear of missing out, FOMO, scale. The methodology was developed by Polish authors Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan & Gladwell (2013). The method aims to determine the level of fear of missing important information, and not to be aware of the situation. ...
The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of social media on the formation of public opinion in Ukraine. In the context of the war in Ukraine, public opinion plays a crucial role in resistance, morale, and support for government policies. This study examines the impact of social media use on the formation of Ukrainian public opinion during the conflict. Using a survey methodology (N=310), the relationship between social media use, interpersonal trust (ITS), and Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) was assessed. Results reveal that active social media use is associated with lower interpersonal trust and a pronounced FOMO syndrome (R²=0.571), suggesting a reduced ability for critical evaluation of information. These findings have implications for the development of communication strategies, public policies, and psychosocial interventions aimed at counteracting disinformation and promoting informed public opinion in times of conflict.
... Overuse of social media frequently results in diminished academic performance, interrupted sleep, and lower levels of physical activity. Additionally, a study by Przybylski et al. (2013) emphasized the detrimental effects of extensive social media use on young adults' academic and social lives. ...
The present study investigated the possible relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and social networking addiction among young adults. It also looked at how young persons' sociocultural views on looks and their addiction to social networking differed by demography (gender and age). Convince sampling strategy was used to choose the sample of 384 young adults from Post Graduate College Mansehra and Hazara University Garden Campus Mansehra. Data was gathered using a demographic sheet, the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire 4 Revised (SATAQ-4R), and the Social Media Addiction Scale Student Form (SMAS-SF). Young adults' social networking addiction and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance were found to be significantly positively correlated by the correlational analysis. A significant age-based difference was found in social networking addiction and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and addiction to social networking were higher among young adults under the age of twenty. This research will help young individuals use social networking more productively because they use it more frequently. Furthermore, this study will help young people manage and cope with the social views that surround beauty.
... Self Determination Theory contributes to the explanation of how the need for relatedness and a sense of belonging drives the millennial generation's version of fear of missing out. It also involves the fear of losing out on enjoyable and fulfilling experiences [78]. There is evidence that connects fear of missing out to unhealthy habits such as excessive Internet use [79,80] and dissemination of fake news [36]. ...
The proliferation of fake news on social media platforms has become a significant concern, influencing public opinion, political decisions, and societal trust. While much research has focused on the technological and algorithmic factors behind the spread of misinformation, less attention has been given to the psychological drivers that contribute to the creation and dissemination of fake news. Cognitive biases, emotional appeals, and social identity motivations are believed to play a crucial role in shaping user behaviour on social media, yet there is limited systematic understanding of how these psychological factors intersect with online information sharing. Existing studies tend to focus on individual aspects of fake news consumption, such as susceptibility to misinformation or partisan biases, leaving a gap in understanding the broader psychological mechanisms behind both the creation and dissemination of fake news. This systematic review aims to fill this gap by synthesizing current research on the psychological factors that influence social media users’ involvement in dissemination and creation of fake news. Twenty-three studies were identified from 2014 to 2024 following the PRISMA guidelines. We have identified five themes through critical review and synthesis of the literature which are personal factors, ignorance, social factors, biological process, and cognitive process. These themes help to explain the psychological factors contributing to the creation and dissemination of fake news among social media users. Based on the findings, it is evident that diverse psychological factors influence the dissemination and creation of fake news, which must be studied to design better strategies to minimize this issue.
... Preferences for surreal art among those prone to boredom highlight the need for complex artistic expressions to prevent cognitive satiation (Furnham and Avison, 1997). Cognitive satiation, akin to "information overload" (Przybylski et al., 2013;Whelan et al., 2020), undermines cognitive efficiency and emotional well-being, leading to "data smog" and attention deficits (Shenk, 1997;Epstein et al., 2005). ...
Introduction: This paper introduces the concept of Sustainable Digital Rent (SDR), highlighting the shift from traditional economic rent based on tangible assets to rent derived from digital platforms. At the heart of this shift is the "value state," a dynamic balance between constructive expectations and destructive information. As digital platforms generate increasing amounts of information, expectations are increasingly met and shared more efficiently with all users, leading to a reduction in individual and general motivational, emotional, and cognitive engagement. These platforms, now essential to modern life, facilitate online activities that reduce as well physical engagement and natural interactions, thereby impacting cognitive function and physical health. By extracting rent directly, digital platform operators limit the benefits users could gain to support their mental and physical well-being. Methods: This paper empirically defines and estimates SDR using the collective estimates of price, cost, and income (PCI) as practiced in North American real estate appraisal, demonstrated through abstract art rent. Our approach provides a new perspective on valuing intangible assets, such as knowledge, by showing the shift from expectation to information, governed by the value state in cognitive evaluations. Emphasizing interdisciplinary relevance, the method underscores the need for an efficient mechanism to redistribute SDR benefits to digital platform users, supporting fair and equitable digital development. Results and discussion: The results show that digital rent is driven primarily by cognitive and informational content, demonstrating the need for redistribution mechanisms to address the growing inequality on digital platforms. The use of abstract art as a case study provides a convenient and illustrative way to explore how intangible assets, like digital rents, can be evaluated and redistributed. SDR offers insights into how digital rents can be captured and redistributed equitably, ensuring that platform users and creators benefit from the knowledge economy's growth. The findings underscore the relevance of measuring SDR to guide policy recommendations aimed at reducing digital monopolization and promoting sustainable digital development.
... Fear of missing out (FOMO) merupakan bentuk fenomena rasa takut dan cemas yang terjadi pada individu ketika melihat orang lain memiliki pengalaman yang lebih menarik atau berharga dibandingkan dengan dirinya (Iklimah et al., 2023;Przybylski et al., 2013). Seseorang yang berisiko mengalami fear of missing out (FOMO) adalah orang yang mengalokasikan waktu untuk melakukan kegiatan online, sehingga individu tersebut memiliki sensitivitas tinggi terhadap kebutuhan social approval dan sense of belonging (Amadea et al., 2023;Laurence & Temple, 2023). ...
Kemudahan akses digital yang dirasakan oleh Gen Z menimbulkan konsekuensi negatif seperti fear of missing out akibat dari rasa cemas tidak bisa mengikuti tayangan yang banyak diperbincangkan di media. Hal tersebut menjadikan perilaku menonton sebagai coping bermasalah. Haluan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh dari fear of missing out (FOMO) terhadap binge wathing Gen Z dengan emotionally immature parents. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif non-probability sampling dengan teknik purposive sampling yang melibatkan 161 responden laki-laki dan perempuan dengan rata-rata usia 14-24 tahun; senang menonton serial/film/drama lebih dari 1 kali tanpa jeda; memiliki pengalaman kurang mengenakkan dengan orang tua kandung. Pengambilan data yang dilakukan secara online melalui kuesioner (angket) mengadaptasi alat ukur Binge Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire yang dikembangkan oleh Flayelle et al (2018) serta The Online Fear of Missing Out Inventory dikembangkan oleh Sette (2019). Hasil uji regresi ditemukan nilai F bernilai 107.829 dengan nilai B unstandardized 0.635 dengan R square 0.404 dan P value 0,05 > 0,000. Hal ini menunjukkan H0 ditolak, sehingga FOMO berpengruh signifikan terhadap binge watching Gen Z dengan emotionally immature parents dengan persentase sebesar 40.4%. Dengan demikian apabila FOMO meningkat, maka perilaku binge watching Gen Z juga akan meningkat signifikan. The ease of digital access experienced by Gen Z gives rise to negative consequences such as fear of missing out due to anxiety about not catching up to discussed film in the media. This makes watching behavior a problematic coping. The aim of this study was to see the effect of FOMO on binge watching Gen Z with emotionally immature parents. This study used a quantitative non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique involving 161 male and female respondents with an average age of 14-24 years; enjoy watching series/films/dramas more than once without a break; have unpleasant experiences with biological parents. Data collection carried out online through a questionnaire adapting the Binge Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire measuring tool developed by Flayelle et al (2018) and The Online Fear of Missing Out Inventory developed by Sette (2019). The results found an F value of 107.829 with an unstandardized B value of 0.635; R square of 0.404; P value of 0.05> 0.000. This shows that H0 is rejected, so FOMO has a significant effect on binge watching Gen Z with emotionally immature parents with a percentage of 40.4%. Thus, if the FOMO increases, Gen Z's binge watching will also increase significantly.
... While prior research has provided valuable insights into the relationship between chest pain awareness and myocardial infarction, numerous questions remain unanswered [17]. Some studies have explored general awareness levels, while others have delved into specific demographics, such as age or gender [18]. This survey explores the link between chest pain awareness, myocardial infarction, and demographic factors among cardiovascular patients. ...
Introduction: Heart attacks, or myocardial infarctions (MI), are a global health concern. Timely intervention hinges on public awareness and recognition of chest pain symptoms. This study delves into the correlation between basic chest pain knowledge, myocardial infarction, and demographic variables to uncover disparities influencing health outcomes. In the face of persistent cardiovascular challenges, understanding factors shaping awareness is vital. Demographics, including age, gender, socioeconomic status, education, and culture, impact health literacy. This research aims to illuminate the intricate relationship between these factors and fundamental knowledge essential for identifying and responding to chest pain, a potential indicator of myocardial infarction. Aim: This study systematically analyzes the correlation between chest pain knowledge, myocardial infarction, and demographic variables. The goal is to identify patterns and disparities for targeted interventions and improved public awareness. Methodology: Study highlighted stroke prevention as a priority for 83.7% (p) at a 5% significance level, determining a sample size of N=233 with a 10% non-response rate. Expert-validated questionnaire Annexure 1 was distributed to Uttar Pradesh residents through email and social media, ensuring anonymity and voluntary participation with consent. Statistical analysis involved presenting demographic variables as frequency (%), employing Chi-square Statistics to assess associations with knowledge outcomes, and using two independent sample proportion Chi-square tests to establish the Distribution of Association between basic chest pain and myocardial infarction knowledge and demographic variables, with P<0.05 as the significance threshold. Result: Significant associations were found between gender and occupation with basic knowledge of chest pain and myocardial infarction (heart attack) (Sig. < 0.05). No significant links were observed with education, economic status, and area of residence. Conclusion: The distribution of associations between basic knowledge of chest pain and myocardial infarction and demographic variables was examined in this survey-based study. Gender and occupation exhibited significant relationships, rejecting the null hypothesis. However, education, economic status, and area of residence showed no notable impact on understanding these health aspects.
... FOMO refers to the unfavorable feelings such as unease and anxiety that occur when an individual thinks that he or she is missing out on beneficial things that others are doing or experiencing, and it has a strong dispersion 28 . The FOMO is essentially a negative state brought on by a person's need social communication, fear of being excluded from the group, and tendency to constantly check social media 29 . ...
The impact of mobile phone addiction (MPA) on college students’ sleep quality (SQ) has received increasing attention in recent years. On this basis, the mediating roles of rumination and FOMO (fear of missing out) on MPA and SQ were examined in this study. In a cross-sectional study, preliminary data were gathered via questionnaires from 1401 college students (19.35 ± 0.81) from 5 universities in Jiangxi Province, China. Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, Rumination Response Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale and Sleep Quality Scale were employed in the research. The mediation model was tested using SPSS 26.0, with FOMO and rumination acting as the mediating variables. Between MPA and SQ, rumination and FOMO each had their own unique mediation effect. Furthermore, rumination and FOMO function as a chain of mediators between college students’ MPA and SQ. This study provided confirmation and clarification that in college students, the association between MPA and SQ was mediated by rumination and FOMO. This study improves our understanding of MPA, SQ and how MPA may affect SQ in college students. It also shows that the impact of MPA and SQ of college students should be given more consideration by educators, parents, and college students themselves.
This study investigates the relationships between binge-watching, social media use, bedtime procrastination, and imposter phenomenon among young adults. The pervasive influence of social media and the rise of binge-watching behaviors in today’s digital landscape have raised concerns about its impact on mental well-being. The sample comprised 321 young adults aged 18–25 years, selected through convenience sampling. Assessment tools included the Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire, Social Media Engagement Questionnaire, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, and Clance IP (imposter phenomenon) Scale. The study revealed significant positive correlations among the variables: binge-watching and bedtime procrastination (r = 0.275), bedtime procrastination and social media use (r = 0.294), binge-watching and social media use (r = 0.204), and imposter phenomenon and binge-watching (r = 0.292). Results from the regression model revealed significant predictive impacts of binge-watching, bedtime procrastination, and social media use on the imposter phenomenon, with a model explaining 34.6% of the variance. The findings suggest that binge-watching had the greatest predictive impact on imposter phenomenon followed by bedtime procrastination and social media use. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to promote healthier digital habits and self-regulation, emphasizing the implications of these behaviors on mental health. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between online behaviors and psychological well-being in the digital age, offering insights for future research and interventions to address these complex relationships.
This study examines the psychological impact of social media use through the psychometric validation of the Social Media Fatigue Scale (SMFS). Using a sample of 329 Italian social media users, the dimensionality of the scale was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis, subsequently corroborated by comparing Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). The refined brief scale comprised three factors within the ESEM framework (RMSEA = .046, p = .54; CFI = .984; TLI = .967, and SRMR = .033) and showed good reliability (ωF1 = .75; ωF2 = .89; ωF3 = .73). The research further explores the associations between social media fatigue (SMF) and trait anxiety through path analyses, examining the mediating role of the fear of missing out (FoMO) and the influence of boredom proneness on SMF, with problematic social media use serving as a moderator. The results, supporting the hypothesized roles of FoMO and problematic social media use, are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.
The development of digital communication technologies recently led to a progressive change in the way we perform daily activities, rapidly transforming society into a global digital eco-system. Although digitalization determined an improvement in some aspects of life, it also led to the emergence of new technology-based psychopathologies, including problematic use of digital tools and new technological addictions (i.e., Internet addiction, smartphone addiction, social media addiction, internet gaming disorder). Furthermore, new digital technologies and tools determined significant modifications of the characteristics of several existing mental disorders. For example, several social media, forums/blogs, and dedicated websites may reinforce psychological dynamics underpinning eating disorders or provide means to enact them and facilitate their expression. Some social media ‘game challenges’ recently contributed to the spread of non-suicidal self-harm behaviours, particularly among teens. The rise of Internet clearly promoted the onset and perpetration of techno-assisted sexual violence and cyberbullying. Despite the pathoplastic potential associated to new communication technologies, digital tools should not be demonised at all, given the abundant evidence concerning their efficacy in the management and treatment of several mental disorders. Nowadays, digital psychiatry has a great potential to integrate and implement several diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, to support and make more effective psychiatric clinical practice. Therefore, a more balanced approach to digital communication technologies should be taken by mental health professionals, in order to increase awareness of their risks but also to gain knowledge about the benefits of such new communication tools.
İnternet kullanım oranlarının yıllar içerisinde artarak devam ettiğini gösteren istatistikler, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve bu bağımlılığın neden olduğu davranış bozukluklarını araştırmaya yönelik akademik ilgiyi de artırmaktadır. Bu bakımdan söz konusu araştırma alanına farklı örneklem gruplarıyla katkı sağlamanın önem arz ettiği düşünülmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın amacı, Z kuşağı olarak nitelendirilen bireylerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve sosyotelist olmaları arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, basit tesadüfi yönteme göre seçilen Konya devlet üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören 404 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin çarpıklık ve basıklık değerlerine bakılmış ve verilerin parametrik dağılım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Anova ve T-testi yapılmıştır. Anlamlı farklılıkların yönünün tespiti Tukey HSD çoklu karşılaştırma testi ile kontrol edilmiştir. Ölçekler arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilmesi için ise pearson kolerasyon testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre “Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı” ve “Genel Sosyotelist Olma” ölçeklerinde yaş, cinsiyet ve günlük uyku süresi değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; “Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı” ve “Genel Sosyotelist Olma” arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır.
Dank Smartphones und mobilem Internet ist es so einfach wie nie zuvor, Kontakte zu pflegen und Erlebnisse mit anderen zu teilen. Gleichzeitig verweisen Kampagnen wie „Heute schon mit Ihrem Kind gesprochen?“ auf negative Folgen für das soziale Miteinander und individuelle Wohlbefinden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet Chancen und Risiken der Smartphone-Nutzung für soziale Beziehungen, stellt aktuelle Studienergebnisse vor und leitet daraus medienpädagogische Implikationen ab.
Nearly 80 years ago, Karl Popper gave a spirited philosophical defence of the Open Society in his two-volume work, The Open Society and Its Enemies. In this book, J. McKenzie Alexander argues that a new defence is urgently needed because, in the decades since the end of the Cold War, many of the values of the Open Society have come under threat once again. Populist agendas on both the left and right threaten to undermine fundamental principles that underpin liberal democracies, so that what were previously seen as virtues of the Open Society are now, by many people, seen as vices, dangers, or threats. The Open Society as an Enemy interrogates four interconnected aspects of the Open Society: cosmopolitanism, transparency, the free exchange of ideas, and communitarianism. Each of these is analysed in depth, drawing out the implications for contemporary social questions such as the free movement of people, the erosion of privacy, no-platforming and the increased political and social polarisation that is fuelled by social media. In re-examining the consequences for all of us of these attacks on free societies, Alexander calls for resistance to the forces of reaction. But he also calls for the concept of the Open Society to be rehabilitated and advanced. In doing this, he argues, there is an opportunity to re-think the kind of society we want to create, and to ensure it is achievable and sustainable. This forensic defence of the core principles of the Open Society is an essential read for anyone wishing to understand some of the powerful social currents that have engulfed public debates in recent years, and what to do about them.
This study presents a qualitative ethnographic exploration of professionally successful lifestyle migrants' self‐perceptions of premigration etiologies of “modern distress,” and postmigration pathways of healing and outcomes in Guatemala. Reflexive accounts of perceived etiologies of distress include self‐commodification, atomization, and disengagement from “true‐selves” as stressors motivating relocation. Migrants depict postmigration healing practices as embedding popularized therapeutic narratives that amplify introspective self‐dialog reproducing hypercapitalist and emotional capitalist “liquid‐modern” unstable and disengaged selfhood. Constituting what we term a “pure relationship with the self,” lifestyle migrants describe a “modern trap” of “addictive” chronic healing, self‐seeking, and unfulfillment while resultant self‐deliberations continue to exhibit no less liquid and potentially adaptive life paths. Implications will be considered pertaining to self‐dialogic therapeutic processes that reproduce distressed liquid selfhood and the potential of sites of self‐relocation to amplify socially disengaged introspection. Yet reflexive self‐dialog problematizes reductionist readings of structural subjectification, calling for further examination of the way distressed selfhood is a product of shifting social structures and zeitgeists but no less a self‐crafted outcome of self‐deliberation that critically evaluates emergent selves and alternative contexts of self‐constitution.
This study addresses a gap in the literature regarding the relationships between sleep quality, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), fear of missing out (FoMO), psychological resilience, and problematic Instagram use (PIU) among university students. By examining these interrelated factors, the research aims to clarify the mechanisms behind Instagram addiction, support effective interventions, and contribute to academic knowledge. This study examined university students’ sleep quality, PIU, OCD, FoMO, and psychological resilience, as well as the structural relationships between these variables. The study encompassed a sample of 407 Turkish university students with an average age of 21.78. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 35 years; 43% of them were female, and 57% were male. This study was conducted according to the correlational research method, and pathway analysis was used to conduct the research. Research findings show that OCD and FoMO positively affect PIU. In other words, as OCD and FoMO increase, Instagram addiction also increases. Psychological resilience has an indirect effect on PIU. OCD plays a mediating role between psychological resilience and PIU and between psychological resilience and FoMO. Therefore, as psychological resilience increases, PIU and FoMO decrease. A positive correlation was found between OCD and FoMO. As the OCD level increases, the FoMO level of the individuals also increases. Another study finding was that OCD, FoMO, psychological resilience, and PIU did not significantly affect sleep quality. Future research may focus on exploring cause-effect relationships among these variables alongside implementing school-based programs to enhance students’ psychological resilience through training, planning, and follow-up studies.
This study aims to reveal the meaning of religiosity in overcoming fear of missing out (FOMO) in the digital era among students. FOMO, the fear of missing out on opportunities to participate in social activities that are considered interesting, is often exacerbated by intensive social media use. College students, as active users of digital technology, are particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of FOMO, including anxiety and stress. This research uses a qualitative approach with an indepth interview method to understand how religious values help students deal with FOMO. The results showed that religiosity provides a stable frame of mind, emotional support, and moral guidance that allows students to be calmer and focus on the more essential things in life. Religious practices such as prayer and meditation have also been found to be effective in relieving anxiety and improving mental well-being. This research provides insight into the importance of religiosity as an effective coping mechanism to overcome FOMO, as well as contributes to the development of intervention strategies that can improve the psychological well-being of students in the digital age.
This study investigates the impact of Fitspiration on women’s body shame and sexual assertiveness. By integrating the tripartite influence model’s focus on media influence with self-objectification theory, we explore the mechanisms connecting Fitspiration consumption to female sexual autonomy. Specifically, we examine the mediating roles of perceived realism, ideal body internalization, appearance comparison, and body shame, as well as the moderating effect of social media usage habits. Data from 818 Chinese women were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results indicate that exposure to Fitspiration content increases perceived realism, which in turn influences ideal body internalization and appearance comparison, leading to heightened body shame and reduced sexual assertiveness. In addition, social media usage habits further shape the relationship between media exposure and perceived realism.
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) has received a lot of attention in today's digital culture, especially among students. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of LinkedIn usage on the level of FOMO among students at the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS). Using an integrated methodology, the data was collected through surveys by questionnaire to understand the relationship between LinkedIn usage and FOMO. The information was gathered through incidental sampling from a total of 100 respondents, ranging from 2018+ students to 2023 students.According to the results, more than half of the respondents experience FOMO when seeing other people's LinkedIn profiles. Based on the results, it shows that students feel more motivated to do something more productive because of their FOMO. These results are expected to assist practitioners, educators, and academics interested in FOMO and the use of social platforms in higher education to gain a better understanding of how the LinkedIn platform affects the amount of FOMO among ITS students.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara penggunaan layanan pinjaman online dan tingkat rasa cemas karena ketinggalan tren (fear of missing out/FOMO) di antara individu. Layanan pinjaman online telah menjadi semakin penting dalam masyarakat modern, dengan banyak orang mengandalkan layanan ini untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keuangan mereka secara instan dan sederhana. Namun, efek psikologis dari menggunakan layanan ini belum sepenuhnya dimengerti. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan melakukan survei terhadap 100 sampel yang dipilih secara acak dari populasi pengguna layanan pinjaman online. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang dirancang untuk mengukur tingkat penggunaan layanan pinjaman online dan tingkat FOMO yang dirasakan oleh responden. Analisis statistik menggunakan SmartPLS untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kedua variabel ini. Analisis meliputi uji validitas, reliabilitas, dan uji hubungan menggunakan nilai t – statistic dan p – value. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang signifikan antara penggunaan layanan pinjaman online dan tingkat FOMO yang dialami oleh individu. Temuan ini didukung oleh nilai t-statistik yang signifikan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% sebesar 3,141 > 1,97 dan nilai p – value yang lebih rendah dari ambang signifikansi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya yaitu sebesar 0,002 < 0,05.
Using data from a popular online social network site, this paper explores the relationship between profile structure (namely, which fields are completed) and number of friends, giving designers insight into the importance of the profile and how it works to encourage connections and articulated relationships between users. We describe a theoretical framework that draws on aspects of signaling theory, common ground theory, and transaction costs theory to generate an understanding of why certain profile fields may be more predictive of friendship articulation on the site. Using a dataset consisting of 30,773 Facebook profiles, we determine which profile elements are most likely to predict friendship links and discuss the theoretical and design implications of our findings.
Previous research has shown a relationship between use of social networking sites and feelings of social capital. However, most studies have relied on self-reports by college students. The goals of the current study are to (1) validate the common self-report scale using empirical data from Facebook, (2) test whether previous findings generalize to older and international populations, and (3) delve into the specific activities linked to feelings of social capital and loneliness. In particular, we investigate the role of directed interaction between pairs—such as wall posts, comments, and "likes"— and consumption of friends' content, including status updates, photos, and friends' conversations with other friends. We find that directed communication is associated with greater feelings of bonding social capital and lower loneliness, but has only a modest relationship with bridging social capital, which is primarily related to overall friend network size. Surprisingly, users who consume greater levels of content report reduced bridging and bonding social capital and increased loneliness. Implications for designs to support well-being are discussed.
This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one's ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N=286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.
This article reports a meta-analysis of personality-academic performance relationships, based on the 5-factor model, in which cumulative sample sizes ranged to over 70,000. Most analyzed studies came from the tertiary level of education, but there were similar aggregate samples from secondary and tertiary education. There was a comparatively smaller sample derived from studies at the primary level. Academic performance was found to correlate significantly with Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Where tested, correlations between Conscientiousness and academic performance were largely independent of intelligence. When secondary academic performance was controlled for, Conscientiousness added as much to the prediction of tertiary academic performance as did intelligence. Strong evidence was found for moderators of correlations. Academic level (primary, secondary, or tertiary), average age of participant, and the interaction between academic level and age significantly moderated correlations with academic performance. Possible explanations for these moderator effects are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.
Five studies on the relation between positive and negative affect are reported. In Studies 1 and 2 we found that positive feelings were remembered as being nearly independent of negative feelings in the past year, but the two types of affect were moderately negatively correlated for the past month. In Studies 3 and 5, subjects completed daily mood reports for 70 and 30 days, respectively. In Study 4, subjects completed three-week, daily, and moment mood reports and also filled out reports when they experienced strong emotions. The principal finding was that the relation between positive and negative affect differed greatly depending on the time frame. The strongest negative correlation between the two affects occurred during emotional times. The correlation decreased in a linear fashion as the time span covered increased logarithmically. It appears that positive and negative affect are independent in terms of how much people feel in their lives over longer time periods. Researchers need to focus on the processes that underlie both positive and negative affect and that are responsible for producing their relative independence.
Attachment research has traditionally focused on individual differences in global patterns of attachment to important others. The current research instead focuses primarily on within-person variability in attachments across relational partners. It was predicted that within-person variability would be substantial, even among primary attachment figures of mother, father, romantic partner, and best friend. The prediction was supported in three studies. Furthermore, in line with self-determination theory, multilevel modeling and regression analyses showed that, at the relationship level, individuals' experience of fulfillment of the basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness positively predicted overall attachment security, model of self, and model of other. Relations of both attachment and need satisfaction to well-being were also explored.
Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.
Self-determination theory posits 3 basic psychological needs: autonomy (feeling uncoerced in one's actions), competence (feeling capable), and relatedness (feeling connected to others). Optimal well-being results when these needs are satisfied, though this research has traditionally focused on individual well-being outcomes (e.g., E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 2000). Three studies examined the role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being. Study 1 found that fulfillment of each need individually predicted both individual and relationship well-being, with relatedness being the strongest unique predictor of relationship outcomes. Study 2 found that both partners' need fulfillment uniquely predicted one's own relationship functioning and well-being. Finally, in Study 3, the authors used a diary recording procedure and tested a model in which the association between need fulfillment and relationship quality was mediated by relationship motivation. Those who experienced greater need fulfillment enjoyed better postdisagreement relationship quality primarily because of their tendency to have more intrinsic or autonomous reasons for being in their relationship.
This book addresses an important issue for the design of survey instruments, which is rarely taught in graduate programs beyond those specifically for statisticians. Item Response Theory is used to describe the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and the development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. This volume includes examples of both good and bad write-ups for the methods sections of journal articles.
Obra que estudia cómo las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación y las redes sociales que a través de ellas se han generado dan soporte a una nueva forma de establecer relaciones entre las personas y, por lo tanto, de nuevas formas de soledad.
The present research examined the background and consequences of different styles of engagement in video game play. Based on self-determination theory(1) and the dualistic model of passion,(2) the authors hypothesized that high levels of basic psychological need satisfaction would foster harmonious passion for video play, supporting the subjective sense that play is something one wants to do. It was also predicted that low levels of need satisfaction would promote obsessive passion for games and contribute to the feeling that game play is something one feels compelled to or has to do. It was expected, in turn, that passion for play would directly influence player outcomes closely tied to games, moderate links between play and well-being, and relate to overall levels of well-being as a function of basic need satisfaction. As expected, results showed that low levels of basic need satisfaction were associated with more obsessive passion, higher amounts of play, greater tension following play, and low game enjoyment, whereas high levels of need satisfaction did not predict hours of play but were associated with more harmonious passion, game enjoyment, and energy following play. Moderation analyses showed that high amounts of play related negatively to well-being only to the extent that players reported an obsessive passion and that the unique relations between passion and overall levels of player well-being were quite small once controlling for their basic need satisfaction in daily life. Discussion of the current findings focuses on their significance for understanding disordered play and the value of applying a theory-based approach to study motivation for virtual contexts.
Estimation of latent ability using the entire response pattern of free‐response items is discussed, first in the general case and then in the case where the items are scored in a graded way, especially when the thinking process required for solving each item is assumed to be homogeneous.
The maximum likelihood estimator, the Bayes modal estimator, and the Bayes estimator obtained by using the mean‐square error multiplied by the density function of the latent variate as the loss function are taken as our estimators. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique maximum likelihood estimator and a unique Bayes modal estimator are formulated with respect to an individual item rather than with respect to a whole set of items, which are useful especially in the situation where we are free to choose optimal items for a particular examinee out of the item library in which a sufficient number of items are stored with reliable quality controls.
Advantages of the present methods are investigated by comparing them with those which make use of conventional dichotomous items or test scores, theoretically as well as empirically, in terms of the amounts of information, the standard errors of estimators, and the mean‐square errors of estimators. The utility of the Bayes modal estimator as a computational compromise for the Bayes estimator is also discussed and observed. The relationship between the formula for the item characteristic function and the philosophy of scoring is observed with respect to dichotomous items.
Hypotheses involving mediation are common in the behavioral sciences. Mediation exists when a predictor affects a dependent variable indirectly through at least one intervening variable, or mediator. Methods to assess mediation involving multiple simultaneous mediators have received little attention in the methodological literature despite a clear need. We provide an overview of simple and multiple mediation and explore three approaches that can be used to investigate indirect processes, as well as methods for contrasting two or more mediators within a single model. We present an illustrative example, assessing and contrasting potential mediators of the relationship between the helpfulness of socialization agents and job satisfaction. We also provide SAS and SPSS macros, as well as Mplus and LISREL syntax, to facilitate the use of these methods in applications.
Social network activity and social well-being The theory and practice of item response theory
- M Burke
- C Marlow
- T Lento
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