A new species of Syringogastridae (Diptera, Acalyptratae) from the Amazon Basin and new records for Brazil

Abstract

Syringogaster papaveroi Prado, 1969 is redescribed from southeastern Brazil, and S. fapeam, n. sp., is described from the upper Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. The known range of S. apiculata Marshall and Buck, 2009, previously known from Amazonian Peru and Ecuador, is extended for the first time to Brazil. The phylogenetic tree and key of Marshall et al., 2009 are emended to include the new species and new information on S. papaveroi.

Full text

26 Accepted by D. Bickel: 2 Aug. 2011; published: 5 Sep. 2011
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3014: 26–34 (2011)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article
A new species of Syringogastridae (Diptera, Acalyptratae)
from the Amazon Basin and new records for Brazil
J. A. RAFAEL1, J. T. CÂMARA2 & M. J. A. HOLANDA3
1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
E-mail: 1jarafael@inpa.gov.br; 2josenir.camara@gmail.com; 3merymutuca@yahoo.com
Abstract
Syringogaster papaveroi Prado, 1969 is redescribed from southeastern Brazil, and S. fapeam, n. sp., is described from the
upper Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. The known range of S. apiculata Marshall and Buck, 2009, previously known from
Amazonian Peru and Ecuador, is extended for the first time to Brazil. The phylogenetic tree and key of Marshall et al.,
2009 are emended to include the new species and new information on S. papaveroi.
Key words: key, Syringogaster, Syringogastridae, Diptera
Introduction
Syringogaster Cresson is a distinctive, monophyletic Neotropical genus of ant-like flies presently organized into
four species group, three of which are extant (Marshall and Buck 2010). They are characterized by a petiolate
abdomen, a long and collar-like prothorax, a swollen and spinose hind femur, and reduced head chaetotaxy
(Marshall et al. 2009). Prado (1969) revised the genus to include six species from Brazil, two from Central
America, and the Mexican Megamerina fulvida Bigot (in fact a species of Odontomera Macquart) that was later
transferred to Richardiidae (Marshall et al. 2009). In this paper the authors revised the genus to include 22 species,
of which 11 extant species and 2 fossil species from Dominican amber were described as new. The members of
Syringogastridae occur throughout tropical areas of the Neotropical region, from San Luis Potosí, Mexico to
Misiones, Argentina, with the exception of the Antilles, from which they are known only through the fossil record
(Marshall et al. 2009). Their biology is poorly known, but adults often walk on the upper surfaces of broad leaves,
in striking similarity to ants in the genus Pseudomyrmex Lund (Papavero 1964). In Brazil there are seven recorded
species: amazonensis Prado, atricalyx Marshall and Buck, carioca Prado, cressoni Prado, lanei Prado, lopesi
Prado, and papaveroi Prado. Three of these are known from the Amazon Basin, all from the state of Pará
(amazonensis, atricalyx and cressoni). The family is poorly known in the Amazon Basin of Brazil (Prado and
Papavero 2002), presently with only six specimens known. Based on recently collected specimens, we here add
new geographical records, describe one new species, and provide previously unpublished morphological data on S.
papaveroi (specimens of which were not available to Marshall et al. 2009). The phylogenetic analysis of Marshall
et al. (2009) is expanded through the addition of this new information.
Material and methods
This study is based on the examination of specimens housed in the following institutions: the Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo
(MZUSP), São Paulo, Brazil. Detached wings were mounted on microslides in Canada balsam and pinned along
with the specimens. Dissected terminalia were macerated in hot 85% lactic acid according to Cumming (1992) and
examined in glycerin on depression slides. After examination, detached parts were placed in microvials with

Zootaxa 3014 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 27
A NEW SYRINGOGASTRIDAE FROM THE AMAZON BASIN
glycerin and pinned with their associated specimen. Morphological terminology primarily follows Cumming and
Wood (2009). The holotype label data are cited in full, including original spelling, punctuation and date, with /
(bar) used to indicate separate labels. Information presented within brackets [ ] is complementary data. Paratype
label data are cited with the original spelling.
Phylogenetic affinities of the new species were determined by adding it to the matrix of Marshall et al. (2009)
and then re-analyzing the matrix using Paup 4.0b10 for Windows and the same algorithms used by Marshall et al.
(2009), namely the ‘branch and bound’ algorithm to find the more parsimonious tree(s); MULPARS, and random
addition of taxa; multistate characters were treated as non-additive; evidential support for different clades was
assessed using branch support (BrS) (Bremer 1994) obtained from the program TreeRot (Sorenson 1999).
Characters 24, 30, 33 and 53 are unordered; and characters 25–28 and 30 are assumed to be irreversible. Branches
were collapsed when minimum branch length was zero. Characters of S. papaveroi unavailable to Marshall et al.
(2009) were also added to the matrix.
Morphological characters used in descriptions follow basically the same sequence presented by Marshall et al.
(2009) in order to facilitate comparison among the species. The generic characters are omitted here.
Taxonomy
Syringogaster fapeam n. sp.
(Figs. 1–10)
Description. Holotype male (Fig. 1). Head yellow except black ocellar tubercle, orange frons, red eyes, and yellow
to brown flagellum. Head gray pruinose in yellow area. Vertex almost straight, aligned with posterior border of
eyes in dorsal view. Ocellar tubercle shiny, with a pair of proclinate and divergent bristles. Ocellar triangle shiny
medially, and gray-brown pruinose laterally and ventrally near antenna. Pedicel medial surface shiny. Parafacial
with three light-brown and inconspicuous setulae near vibrissal angle. Gena narrow, with no row of fine bristles.
Hypostomal bridge length greater than diameter of foramen.
Thorax (Fig.1) orange, except black stripes along some sutures. Mesoscutum light-brown pruinose, with light
brown dorsocentral stripe behind transverse suture. Supra-alar carina distinct but low. Dorsocentral row of setulae
inconspicuous. Pronotal collar with a distinct transverse carina on each side. Postpronotum slightly raised.
Antepronotum, propleuron, and mesopleuron shinier and lighter than adjacent areas. Notopleural carina small but
distinct, black humeral carina distinctly protuberant. Suture between anepisternum and anepimeron with 3–4 fine
pale bristles. Laterotergite with carinate anterior margin raised well above anepimeron. Anterior prespiracular
process small and indistinct. Posterior prespiracular process distinctly raised, rather triangular in ventral view.
Posterior subspiracular carina low, entirely bare.
Fore leg with coxa and trochanter pale yellow; femur (Fig. 2) yellow with a row of 11 short spinules on
anteroventral distal half; tibia brown and tarsomeres yellow. Mid leg with coxa, trochanter and base of femur pale
yellow, remainder of leg yellow to orange; tarsomeres 1–3 and basal half of tarsomere 4 with antero- and
posteroventral sawlines. Hind leg with femur intumesced, 3.3 times longer than wide in lateral view, with pale-
yellow base followed by a brown ring near middle, remainder of femur yellow, femur anteroventral margin with
row of 10 spines, and posteroventral margin with 8 spines; tibia brown with distal ¼ pale yellow and apex with
three unequal lobes; apical ventral lobe conspicuously more prominent than other lobes; tarsus with antero- and
posteroventral sawlines on tarsomeres 1–3 and basal half of tarsomere 4 .
Wing (Fig. 3) clear, with small and distinct dark patches over all crossveins. A medium, suboval discal patch
from apex of R2+3 vein reaching dm-cu, connected at level of M with r-m crossvein. Cell r4+5 slightly wider medially.
Vein r-m slightly shorter than dm-cu. Fork of CuA slightly distal from bm-cu, slightly less than 1x length of bm-cu
beyond junction with bm-cu. CuA1 extending 2/3 of distance to wing margin. A1+CuA2 extending about half-way
to wing margin.
Abdomen (Fig. 1) entirely shiny, background color orange. Syntergite 1–3 elongate. Tergites 1 and 2 parallel-
sided. Tergites 1–6 with sparse lateral and posterolateral scattered setulae and a few easily overlooked microtrichia.
Tergites 2 and 3 fused but delineated by a distinct suture. Tergites 3 and 4 not fused. Tergite 2 with a narrow
longitudinal dark-brown stripe medially, tergites 3–4 broadly dark brown longitudinally, medially, and along

RAFAEL ET AL.
28 · Zootaxa 3014 © 2011 Magnolia Press
anterior and posterior borders. Tergite 3 dark brown anteriorly and posteriorly, both spots connected medially by a
dark stripe. Tergite 4 with a dark brown basal and another, distal ring. Tergite 5 with narrow distal brown ring.
FIGURES 1–10. Syringogaster fapeam new species. 1, holotype , lateral view. 2–10, paratypes. 2, fore femur and tibia,
lateroventral view. 3, wing. 4, epandrium and associated structures, dorsal view. 5, epandrium and associated structures, left
lateral. 6, hypandrium and associated structures, dorsal view. 7, idem, in lateral view. 8, ejaculatory apodeme, fine line added to
show outline. 9, female abdomen, ventral view. 10, spermathecae.
Terminalia with tergites 5 and 6 unmodified, ventrolateral margins straight. Spiracles 5 in membrane. Spiracles
6 exactly at edge of tergite. Sternites 5 and 6 pale, reduced; 5 elongated; 6 narrow but longer than 5, both with 5–6
pairs of bristles. Synsternite 7+8 narrow and weak ventrally, with small bristles. Epandrium (Figs. 4–5) light
brown, about 1.5 as wide as long. Cercus almost sessile, long-setose, much smaller than surstylus. Surstylus (Figs.
4–5) suboval, outer surface with bristles shorter than length of surstylus, apical margin with longer bristles.

Zootaxa 3014 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 29
A NEW SYRINGOGASTRIDAE FROM THE AMAZON BASIN
Subepandrial sclerite small, comma-shaped. Hypandrium (Figs. 6–7) forming a complete subcircular ring, without
interruptions as seen in Fig. 7; dorsal half U-shaped and wider than narrow ventral half. Ventral hypandrial lobe
distinct, expanded, rounded with distinct bristles, medially and ventrally with longer bristles. Posterior part of
hypandrial arm short and broad, articulating with unilobate pregonite. Postgonite narrow, dark, reaching level of
pregonite articulation. Basiphallus cylindrical, larger at apex with two small equal lobes. Distiphallus complex,
directed sinistrally, rather coiled, medially with needle-shaped spur and membranous, suboval, spinulose lobe.
Apex of distiphallus rather spiralized. Phallapodeme narrow, simple, rather translucent. Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig.
8) simple, rather translucent.
Body length: 4.2 mm; wing length: 3.2 mm.
Female: Similar to male. Terminalia (Fig. 9) with tergite and sternite 7 simple, cercus elongated, thin and
parallel-sided. Spermathecae (Fig. 10) with two pairs of smooth, hat-shaped capsula, each pair set closely together.
Duct well sclerotized near capsula.
Specimen length: 4.1 mm.
Type material. Holotype . Brasil, AM[azonas], Barcelos, Rio Padauari, Com[unidade] Ararinha,
00º30’18’’N – 64º03’30’’W / 04–08.vi.2010, Varredura, S.S. Oliveira, J.T. Câmara, V. Linard & J.A. Rafael
(INPA). Paratypes: as holotype data (3 , 2 , INPA). Brasil, AM, S[anta] Isabel do Rio Negro, Rio Padauari,
00º11’43’’N – 64º00’39’’W / 09.vi.2010, Varredura, S.S. Oliveira, J.T. Câmara, V. Linard & J.A. Rafael (1 , 1 ,
MZUSP). Brasil, AM, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Comun. Bacuquara, 00º09’17.5’’N – 63º10’35.2’’W / 12–14.vi.2010,
Varredura, S.S. Oliveira, J.T. Câmara, V. Linard & J.A. Rafael (1 , 1 , INPA). Brasil, AM, Manaus, Trilha C, I-
SB, 07–08.vii.2004, Reserva Km 41, PDBFF, Ranyse Querino (1 , INPA).
Etymology. The specific epithet is a name in apposition, referring to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do
Estado do Amazonas, which provided financial resources to collect in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
Comments. Syringogaster fapeam n. sp. differs from other species of the figurata and rufa-group by base of
basiphallus cylindrical, symmetrically widening distally; distiphallus with one suboval, membranous and spinulose
median lobe with its apex rather spiralized.
Variations. male and female specimens with body length ranging from 3.9 to 4.1 mm. Fore femur of male
specimens with 10 or 11 spinules.
The new species S. fapeam runs to couplet 16 of the key of Marshall et al. (2009), and can be identified based
on the modified couplet below.
16. Fore femur with anteroventral spinules distally. CuA1 extending at most halfway to wing margin. Crossvein dm-cu straight or
weakly curved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16b
- Fore femur without ventral spinules. CuA1 extending almost to wing margin. Crossvein dm-cu strongly curved . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. rufa-group...17
16b. Fore femur with 2–5 anteroventral spinules distally (Fig. 12). Katepisternum largely tomentose except dorsally and posteriorly
(Fig. 11). CuA1 extending less than halfway to wing margin (Fig. 13) (Brazil). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. papaveroi Prado
- Fore femur with 10–11 anteroventral spinules distally (Fig. 2). Katepisternum shiny (Fig. 1). CuA1 extending more than
halfway to wing margin (Fig. 3) (Brazil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. fapeam n. sp.
Syringogaster papaveroi Prado
(Figs. 11–19)
Stylogaster papaveroi Prado, 1969: 10 (lapsus, correct generic combination given on pages 1, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 23).
Syringogaster rufa auct.; nec Cresson 1912: 393; Papavero 1964: 110 (in part).
Syringogaster papaveroi; Prado 1975: 1 (catalogue); Marshall, Buck, Skevington & Grimaldi 2009: 55 (revision).
Redescription. Based on a male specimen from Brazil, São Paulo State, São Paulo, Barreto col., deposited at
MZUSP.
Head (Fig. 11) orange except dark brown ocellar tubercle and reddish eyes. Vertex almost straight, aligned with
posterior border of eyes in dorsal view. Ocellar tubercle gray pruinose, with a pair of proclinate and divergent
bristles. Ocellar triangle subshiny. Frons gray-brown pruinose. Medial surface of pedicel shiny. Parafacial with
many small scattered setulae around vibrissal angle. Gena narrow, with no row of fine bristles. Hypostomal bridge
length larger than diameter of foramen.

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FIGURES 11–19. Syringogaster papaveroi. 11, habitus , lateral view. 12, fore femur and tibia, lateroventral view. 13, wing.
14, epandrium and associated structures, left lateral. 15, hypandrium and associated structures, dorsal view. 16, detail of
distiphallus processes. 17, ejaculatory apodeme. 18, female abdomen, ventral view. 19, spermathecae.

Zootaxa 3014 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 31
A NEW SYRINGOGASTRIDAE FROM THE AMAZON BASIN
Thorax (Fig. 11) with prothorax and anterior region of mesothorax orange, remainder dark brown with black
stripes along some sutures. Mesoscutum, subscutellum, and anatergite gray pruinose, remainder of thorax shiny,
except anepisternum sparsely gray pruinose posterodorsally and katepisternum gray pruinose ventrally.
Anepisternum, katepisternum, and anepimeron with scattered pale bristles. Dorsocentral row of setulae
inconspicuous. Supra-alar carina distinct but low. Pronotal collar with a distinct transverse carina on each side.
Postpronotum slightly raised. Notopleural carina distinctly protuberant. Humeral carina black, small but distinct.
Laterotergite with carinate anterior margin raised well above anepimeron. Anterior prespiracular process small and
indistinct. Posterior prespiracular process distinctly raised, rather triangular in ventral view, shiny anteriorly, gray
pruinose posteriorly. Posterior subspiracular carina low, anterior half bare and posterior half gray pruinose.
Fore leg light yellow; femur (Fig. 12) with distal anteroventral margin with a row of 2–4 short spinules. Mid
leg with coxa and trochanter light yellow, femur and tibia yellow to orange, tarsus yellow; mid tarsomeres 1–4 with
antero- and posteroventral sawlines. Hind leg with base of femur light yellow, remainder of leg orange to brown,
except apex of tibia and tarsus yellow; femur 4.3 times as long as wide in lateral view; femur with antero- and
posteroventral row of slender white bristles and anteroventral row of 6 spines extending over distal half of femur,
posteroventral row with 4 spines; tarsus with anteroventral sawlines on tarsomeres 1–3, posteroventral sawlines on
tarsomeres 2–3 and basal half of tarsomere 4.
Wing (Fig. 13) clear, with medium dark patches over all crossveins. A large, dark suboval discal patch from
apex of R2+3 reaching dm-cu, connected at level of M with brown spot around r-m. R2+3 running to costa at an acute
angle, not distinctly turned up near apex. Vein R4+5 sinuous. Crossvein r-m, approximately half as long as dm-cu.
Fork of CuA slightly distal to bm-cu. CuA1 extending 1/3 distance to wing margin. A1+CuA2 extending around ½
distance to wing margin.
Abdomen (Fig. 11) with syntergites 1–3 elongate and sub-shiny. Tergites 2 and 3 fused but delineated by a
distinct suture. Tergites 4–5 shiny dorsally and gray pruinose laterally. Tergite 6 entirely pruinose. Tergites 1 and 2
parallel-sided and granulated. Tergites 1–6 with sparse and slender lateral scattered bristles and tergite 4–6 with
few, easily overlooked microtrichia. Background color brown.
Terminalia with tergites 5 and 6 unmodified, ventrolateral margins straight. Spiracles 5 half in the membrane,
half in the tergite. Spiracles 6 in tergite. Sternites 5 and 6 reduced, largely separated, with no bristles. Synsternite
7+8 narrow, but forming a complete ring. Epandrium (Fig. 14) brown, almost 1.5 times wider than long. Cercus
almost sessile, long-setose, much smaller than surstylus. Surstylus suboval, outer surface with sparse bristles
shorter than length of surstylus, except apical margin with long bristles. Subepandrial sclerite small, comma-
shaped. Hypandrium (Fig. 15) subcircular, with one break or weakening between hypandrial bridge and mesal base
of each anterior hypandrial arm; dorsal half rather U-shaped, slightly wider than ventral half. Ventral lobe of
anterior part of hypandrial arm long, expanded,with rounded apex and with distinct slender bristles at apex
medially. Posterior part of hypandrial arm shorter than anterior part of hypandrial arm, articulating with trilobate
pregonite. Postgonite reaching level of pregonite articulation. Basiphallus cylindrical except flattened at base,
larger at apex with two subequal lobes, sinistral lobe shorter. Distiphallus directed sinistrally, with three medial
processes (Fig. 16): one ventral process, spanner-shaped as seen at a certain angle; one slender and needle-shaped;
and one stouter and “spur”-shaped. Posterior process of phallapodeme very peculiar and rather membranous
connected to the phalapodeme. Phallapodeme narrow, simple, rather translucent. Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 17),
simple, rather translucent.
Specimen length: 4.7 mm; Wing length: 3.4 mm.
Female. Similar to male. Terminalia (Fig. 18) with tergite and sternite 7 simple, cercus elongated, parallel-
sided. Spermathecae (Fig. 19) with two pairs of smooth, hat-shaped capsula, each pair set closely together. Duct
well sclerotized near capsula.
Body length: 4.6 mm.
Type material. Paratypes: BRASIL, SP, Barueri, 8.viii.1955, K. Lenko col. (1 , MZUSP). Brasil, SP, Osasco,
6–8.iv.[19]39. J. Lane col. (1 , MZUSP).
Other specimens examined. Brasil, SP, São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, 16.ix.1969, C.G. Froehlich col. (1 ,
MZUSP). Brasil, SP, Salesópolis, Est. Biol. Boracéia, 23.viii.1969, N. Papavero col. (6 , 9 , MZUSP). Brasil,
SP, São Paulo, Jaraguá / 09.xii.[19]90, A. Baptiste & R. Baptiste cols. (2 , MZUSP). Brasil, SP, São Paulo, Cid.
Jardim, Barretto col. (10 , 12 , MZUSP). Brasil, SP, S. Cantareira, Cantareira, Barretto col. (2 , 2 , MZUSP).
Brasil, SP, São Paulo, Jaraguá. Barretto col.(1 , 12 , MZUSP).

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Comments. S. papaveroi differs from other species of the figurata and rufa-group by the proepisternum with
the ventral half shiny and the dorsal half pruinose, sternite 6 divided medially, hypandrial bridge with one break or
weakening between hypandrial bridge and mesal region to hypandrial arm, posterior process of phallapodeme very
peculiar and rather membranous connected to the phalapodeme.
Variations: Some specimens with 5 spinules on fore femur. Hind femur with 5–7 anteroventral spines and 3–5
posteroventral spines. Male specimens with body length varying from 4.7 to 4.8 mm, and female specimens from
4.2 to 5.3 mm.
Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall & Buck
Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall & Buck, 2009 In: Marshall, Buck, Skevington & Grimaldi 2009: 22.
Geographical records. Bolivia (La Paz), Brazil (Acre, Pará, Amazonas), Ecuador (Napo), Peru.
Material examined. Brasil, Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Moa, 07º37’02’’S – 72º46’15’’W, 19–28.xi.1996 /
Varredura (mata) / J.A. Rafael, J. Vidal & R.L. Menezes. (3 , INPA). Brasil, Amazonas, S. Isabel do R. Negro,
Maturacá, 11–13.x.1990 / Arm. Malaise, J.A. Rafael (1 , INPA).
Syringogaster apiculata Marshall & Buck
Syringogaster apiculata Marshall & Buck, 2009 In: Marshall, Buck, Skevington & Grimaldi, 2009: 20.
Geographical records. Ecuador (Napo), Peru (Madre de Dios) and Brazil, new record (Amazonas).
Material examined. Brasil, AM, Barcelos, Rio Padauari, Com. Ararinha, 00º30’18’’N – 64º03’30’’W / 04–
08.vi.2010, Varredura, S.S. Oliveira, J.T. Câmara, V. Linard & J.A. Rafael (1 , 2 , INPA). Brasil, AM, Barcelos,
Rio Aracá, Boca do Curuduri, 00º05’50.2’’N – 63º17’22.33’’W / 15–19.vi.2010, Malaise, R. Machado, J.A. Rafael,
D. Takiya & P. Dias (1 , INPA). Brasil, AM, Manaus, Res. Km 41, PDBFF. 08–09.xii.2004, R. Querino (1 ,
INPA).
Phylogenetic analysis
The new species S. fapeam was added. New information for S. papaveroi, for which only incomplete data were
available in the previous analysis of Marshall et al. (2009), was completed as follows.
1234 5
Character # 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 12345
papaveroi 1111100110 1010100000 0001110111 0000110110 1111121010 00030
fapeam 1010200111 1010021000 0001110111 0100010110 0101100010 01310
This morphological phylogenetic analysis resulted in 12 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 148) and three well
defined groups (Fig. 20) different to the analysis of Marshall et al. (2009) that showed four groups. The consensus
tree shows S. fapeam n. sp. in a polytomy with the figurata-group and the rufa-group. The new group
encompassing figurata and rufa- group is very well supported (BrS = 6) and is defined by pedicel shining strip
mesal to dorsal seam (character 3.1; convergent in brunneina-subgroup), proepisternum entirely shining (character
5.2), anepimeron shining (character 9.1), subspiracular lamella and small area just below shining (character 11.1),
hind femur with surface dorsal entirely shining (character 16.2) and epandrium wider than long (character 38.1;
convergent in S. nigrithorax). The placement of S. papaveroi is confirmed as the sister-group of S. lanei as in
Marshall et al. (2009).

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A NEW SYRINGOGASTRIDAE FROM THE AMAZON BASIN
FIGURE 20. Phylogeny of Syringogaster species based on morphological characters of adults; strict consensus tree, matrix
modified from Marshall et al. (2009). Statistics: tree length = 148, consistency index = 0.47, retention index = 0.82, rescaled
consistency index = 0.39.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Steve Marshall, Dr. Mathias Buck and Dra. Daniela Maeda Takiya for essential comments during
previous version. We also thank the curator of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) for
the loan of the specimens. The authors are most grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq): J.A. Rafael has a researcher fellowship (grant 300305/2007–9), J.T. Câmara and M.J.A.
Holanda have a Master fellowship. To Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência (Pronex) of the Fundação de
Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM, Edital 016/2006, Proc. 1437/2007) and CNPq for the
financial support.

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34 · Zootaxa 3014 © 2011 Magnolia Press
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