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REDVET Rev. electrón. vet. http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet
2012 Volumen 13 Nº 9 - http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912.html
Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912/091202.pdf
1
REDVET - Revista electrónica de Veterinaria - ISSN 1695-7504
Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of
Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
Prevalencia de la fasciolosis bovina en el matadero municipal de
Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
Gebrecherkos, Berihun Aferaa*
Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine
a*Correspondence to: e-mail: berihun414@yahoo.com
Fax: +251-344-401595
Tel: +251-910-276541/914-214278
Po. Box: 3189, Mekelle, Ethiopia
RESUMEN
Se realizó una investigación cruzada para determinar la prevalencia de la
fasciolosis bovina y sus factores de riesgo asociados en el matadero
municipal de Adigrat. Los resultados han revelado que prevalencia en el
matadero fue 21.50 % (112/522). De modo semejante, la prevalencia de los
parásitos en hembra y en el macho resultó ser 22.2 % (2 / 9) y 20.50 %
(105/513) para la F. hepática y 1 % (5/513) y 0 % (0/9) respectivamente.
Al mismo tiempo la prevalencia de parásitos en adultos y crías en el
matadero para F. hepática fue 20.9 % (104/498) y 12.5 % (3/24). La F.
gigantica fue 1 % (5/498) y 0 % (0/24). La prevalencia de los dos parásitos
en el matadero, relacionados con el sexo y la edad no fueron
estadísticamente significativas. De modo semejante se determinó la
prevalencia en las razas locales y cruzadas, la que fue del 19 % (80/421) y
26.7 % (27/101) para la F. hepática y 1.2 % (5/421) y 0 % (0/101) para F.
gigantica respectivamente. Sin embargo, tal variación de la prevalencia
entre las razas locales y cruzadas no fue estadísticamente significativa (P >
0.05). Además, los animales procedentes de la región montañosa y de las
zonas bajas tiene tienen prevalencia de 21.7 % (107/494) y 0 % (0/28)
para F. hepatica y 0 % (0/494) y 17.9 % (5/28) para F. gigantica
respectivamente. La diferencia entre las regiones montañosa y bajas fueron
estadísticamente significativa (P < 0.05). Los resultados también muestran
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2012 Volumen 13 Nº 9 - http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912.html
Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912/091202.pdf
2
el predominio de F. hepática en las áreas con animales de pobre condición
corporal, media y buena condición corporal fueron 46.7 % (7/15), 19.4
medio % (79/407), y de 21 % (21/100) y con buena condición corporal :
46.7 % (7/15), 19.4 % (79/407), y 21 % (21/100) respectivamente pero en
la F. gigantica fue 0 % (0/15), 1 % (4/407) y 1 % (1/100) respectivamente.
Estos resultados también muestran que la diferencia de la prevalencia entre
las condiciones corporales no fue estadísticamente significativa (P > 0.05).
Los resultados actuales expresan que la fasciolosis es una enfermedad
parasitaria que afecta la mayor parte de ganado y la más común en la región
por lo tanto, las estrategias de control deberían ser diseñadas para
minimizar el predominio de la infestación mediante la desparasitación de los
animales, y el desagüe de áreas húmedas. Los datos fueron procesados
mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 17.
Palabra sclaves: Edad condición, raza, ganado, F. gigantica, F. hepatica,
pevalencia, sexo.
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the abattoir prevalence
of bovine fasciolosis and its associated risk factors in Adigrat municipal
abattoir. The current finding revealed that the overall abattoir prevalence
was 21.50 % (112/522). Similarly, the abattoir prevalence of the parasites
in female and male also showed it was 22.2% (2/ 9) and 20.50%
(105/513) for F. hepatica and 1% (5/513) and 0% (0/9) respectively. At
the same time the abattoir prevalence of the parasites in adult and young
for F. hepatica was 20.9% (104/498) and 12.5% (3/24) but that of
F.gigantica was 1% (5/498) and 0% (0/24). The abattoir prevalence of the
two parasites between sex and age was not statistically significant. Similarly
the abattoir prevalence in local and cross breeds were also determined and it
was 19% (80/421) and 26.7% (27/101) for F. hepatica and 1.2% (5/421)
and 0% (0/101) for F. gigantica respectively. Even though, such variation of
prevalence between local and cross breeds exist it was not statistically
significant (P>0.05). In addition, animals originated from highland and
lowland has the prevalence of 21.7% (107/494) and 0% (0/28) for F.
hepatica and 0% (0/494) and 17.9% (5/28) for F.gigantica respectively. The
difference of the prevalence between highland and lowland was statistically
significant (P<0.05). The current finding also showed the prevalence of
F.hepatica in poor, medium and good body condition animals was 46.7%
REDVET Rev. electrón. vet. http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet
2012 Volumen 13 Nº 9 - http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912.html
Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912/091202.pdf
3
(7/15), 19.4% (79/407), and 21% (21/100) respectively but that of F.
gigantica was 0% (0/15), 1%( 4/407) and 1% (1/100) respectively. This
result also showed the difference of the prevalence among the different body
condition was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The current finding
showed fasciolosis is the most common and economical parasitic disease
affecting cattle in the region hence, control strategies should be designed to
minimize the prevalence of the infection via deworming of animals, drainage
of swampy areas and practicing of zero-grazing and application of molluscide
drugs in the environment.
Key words: Age, body condition, breed, cattle, F.gigantica, F. hepatica,
prevalence, sex.
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia have an estimated livestock population of approximately 49.3
million cattle, 25.02 million sheep, 27.88 million goats, 8.41 million equines,
1.06 millions camels, 20,000 pigs, and 58 millions chickens, which stands
first in Africa and tenth in the world (CSA, 2008). The population of animals
in Tigray region is 4,201,501 cattle, 34, 506,64 shoats, 400,334 equines,
14,889 camels, 2,452,012, poultry 155,434 dogs, and 185,373 cats
(BOARORT, 1997) of which the wereda Ganta afeshum have the proportion
of livestock consists of 51, 514 cattle, 60, 040 sheep, 30, 050 goats, 7,008
equine and 67, 769 poultry (GBOANR , 1999)
In the country, the main agricultural output is generated from crop and
livestock integrated systems. Livestock contribute over 40% of the value of
annual agricultural production and not less than 15% the gross national
production, and it covers about 19% of the export earnings (CSA, 2008).
Though, Ethiopia has substantial livestock resources, its level of productivity
is low due to constraints of disease. Out of these diseases, fasciolosis is one
of the significant diseases of animals. Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease
mainly of sheep, cattle, goats and buffaloes caused by two major species
namely F. hepatica and F. gigantica which are responsible for the disease in
cattle and sheep, characterized by weight loss, anemia and hypoproteinemia
(Urqauhrt et al., 1996). The distribution of liver flukes depends on the
presence of intermediate snail (Lymnaea truncata and Lymnaea natalensis)
hosts.
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Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Different factors are contributing for the outbreaks of fasciolosis such as
availability of suitable snail habitats as trunculata prefers wet mud to free
water, and permanent habitats include the banks of ditches or streams and
the edges of small ponds. Following heavy rainfall or flooding, temporary
habitats may provide by hoof marks, wheel ruts or rain ponds. Fields with
clumps of rushes are often suspect sites. In addition, a slightly acid pH
environment is optimal for L. truncatula, excessively acid pH levels are
detrimental, such as occur in peat bogs, and areas of sphagnum moss.
(Urquhart et al., 1996). The ideal moisture conditions for snail breeding and
the development of F. hepatica with in snails are provided when rainfall
exceeds transpiration, and field saturation is attained. Such conditions are
also essential for the development of fluke eggs, for miracidia searching for
snails and for the dispersal of cercariae being shed from the snails.
(Urquhart et al., 1996).
Generally, the distribution of fasciolosis is worldwide, however, the
distribution of F.hepatica, is limited to temperate areas and highlands of
tropical and sub-tropical regions (Soulsby, 1982).The geographic distribution
of trematode species is dependent on the distribution of suitable species of
snails. The genus Lymnaea in general and L.trancatula in particular is the
most common intermediate hosts for F. hepatica. This species of snail was
reported to have a worldwide distribution (Urquhart el al., 1996). The
presence of fasciolosis due to F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Ethiopia has
long been known and its prevalence `has been reported by several workers;
different works so far conducted. In Ethiopia reported variable prevalence
rates of bovine fasciolosis in different localities of the country (Getu, 1987;
Abebe 1988; Mulugeta, 1993; Dagne, 1994; Wondwosen, 1990; Yosef,
1993; Adem, 1994; Mezgebu, 1995).
The economic losses due to fasciolosis throughout the world are enormous
and these losses are associated with mortality, morbidity, reduced growth
rate, condemnation of liver, increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and expense due to control measures (Malone et al., 1998). A rough
estimate of the economic loss due to decreased productivity caused by
bovine fasciolosis is about 350 million birr per annual (Bahiru and Ephrem,
1979).
In the study area the livestock population is very high and the management
of the animals is extensive type of system. Besides there are numerous
marshy areas which serves as water sources for the animals due to the
irrigation system which helps them as means of food security hence, this will
serve as conducive environment for the multiplication of the intermediate
hosts. In addition, there are high condemnation rates of liver due to this
parasite in the municipal abattoir and also there is no study conducted to
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2012 Volumen 13 Nº 9 - http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n090912.html
Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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5
asses the prevalence of the parasites in the study site except few study
conducted around Adwa and Mekelle. Therefore the objectives of the
research is
9 To determine the prevalence of the parasite and its associated risk
factors in the abattoir
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study area
The study was conducted in eastern zone of Tigray, called Adigrat abattoir.
The wereda has different agro-ecological areas namely sub moist dry, sub
moist cool and sub dega. The annual rain fall ranges from 400-600mm and
the minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 6-21.8OC with an
altitude of 2000-3000 meter above sea level. In the study area the
maximum rain fall occurs from mid June up to September and between
March and May but the minimum rain fall occurs from April to May. The
farming system is mixed farming system; crop cultivation and animal
husbandry similar to that of most Ethiopian husbandry system are practiced
(GBOANR, 1999).
2.2. The Study Animals
The study animals were cattle’ brought to the abattoir from different market
of the zone such as Edagahamus, Hawzen, Wukro, and Atsbi-wemberta.
2.3. Study design
The cross sectional study was employed to examine animals which were
slaughtered in the abattoir and the observation at each and every individual
animal were both ante-mortem and postmortem examination. Complete
ante-mortem examination of the animals was carried out a day before or
shortly prior to slaughter. Inspection of the animals was made while at rest
or in motion for any obvious sign of disease. During the postmortem the
liver of the animals were examining for detection of the presence of adult
fasciola from the bile ducts in the abattoir.
2.4. Sampling techniques and sample size determination
For the antimortem examination of animals so as to observe the external
abnormalities like emaciation, submandibular edema animals were
examining before slaughter and each and every animals were tagged with
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Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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identification number before the slaughter commences and each animal
which was examining during the antimortem were also observed for the
postmortem results and in-order to determine the sample size of the animals
expected prevalence of 24.32% which was reported by Gebretsadik et al.
(2009) was used with absolute precision of 5% and confidence level of 95%
hence the sample size of the animals were 282 according to the formula
given by Thrustfield (2005). But to increase the precision of the result a total
of 522 cattle were examined
n= 1.962 (Pexp) (1-Pexp )
d2
Where n= total number of sample size
Pexp=expected prevalence
d= absolute precision
3. RESULTS
The study revealed that the overall abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis
was 21.50% (112/522). The prevalence between female and male cattle
also showed that it was 22.2%) (2/9) and 20.50% (105/513) for F.hepatica
and 0% (0/9) and 1% (5/513) for F.gigantica in as indicated in (Table1).
Table1. Abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis by sex.
Prevalence in%
Sex
Total examined F.hepatica F.giganti
ca P-value
Male 513 105(20.5%) 5(1.0%) 0.950
Female 9 2(22.2%) 0(0%)
Over all 522 107(20.5%) 5(1.0%)
Total 522
The abattoir prevalence of fasciolosis between the age group also indicated
that the prevalence of F. hepatica was 12.5% (3/24) and 20.9% (104/498)
in young and adult cattle respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of
F.gigantica in young and adult cattle were 0% (0/24) and 1% (5/498) and
the difference between the prevalence of the parasites in both sex are not
statistically significant (P>0.05) (Table 2)
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Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Table 2. Abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis by age.
Prevalence in%
Age Total
examined
animals F.hepatica F.gigantica
P-value
Young 24 3(12.5%) 0(0%)
Adult 498 104(20.9%) 5(1.0%)
Total 522 107(20.5%) 5(1.0%)
0.527
Similarly, the abattoir prevalence of the parasites between the different
breeds were also assessed and the prevalence of F. hepatica in local and
cross breeds were 19% (80/421) and 26.7% (27/101) respectively and that
of F. gigantica was 1.2% (5/421) and 0% (0/101) respectively. The
statistical result also showed that there was no significance difference
between breeds (P>0.05).
Table 3. Abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis by breed.
Prevalence
Breed
F.hepatica F.gigantica
P-value
Local 421 80(19.0%) 5(1.2%)
Cross 101 27(26.7%) 0(0.0%)
Total 522 107(20.5%) 5(1.0%)
0.134
In addition, the abattoir prevalence of the different parasites were also
assessed based on the origin of the animals and it was found that these
originated from highland and low land have the prevalence of 21.7%
(107/494) and 0% (0/28) for F. hepatica and 0% (0/494) and 17.9% (5/28)
for F. gigantica respectively. The difference between the prevalence of the
parasites between the two origin is statistically significant (P<0.05) as
indicated in (Table 4).
Table. 4. Abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis by origin
Prevalence
Origin Total
examined
animals F.hepatica F.gigantica
p.value
High land 494 107(21.7%) 0(0.0%)
Low land 28 0(0%) 5(17.9%)
Total 522 107(20.5%) 5(1.0%)
0.000
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Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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The abattoir prevalence of both fasciola based on the body condition of the
animals were also assessed and the prevalence for F. hepatica was 21%
(21/100), 19.4% (79/407) and 46.7% (7/15) in medium, good and poor
body conditioned animals and its rate for F. gigantica was 1% (1/100), 1%
(4/407) and 0% (0/15) in medium, good and poor body condition cattle
respectively. The difference among the body condition of the animals were
not statistically significance (P>0.05).
Table 5. Abattoir Prevalence of bovine fasciolosis by body condition
Prevalence
Body
condition Total
examined
animals F.hepatica F.gigantica
P.value
Good 100 219(21.0%) 1(1.0%)
Medium 407 79(19.4%) 4(1.0%)
Poor 15 7(46.7%) 0(0.0%)
Total 522 107(20.5%) 5(1.0%)
0.154
4. DISCUSSION
Fasciolosis is widespread ruminant health problems and causes significant
economic losses to the livestock industry in Ethiopia. As reported by (Brook
et. al., 1985; Heinonen et al., 1995) water logged and poorly drained areas
with acidic soils in the highlands are often endemic areas for fasciolosis.
The overall abattoir prevalence of fasciolosis in the present study was 21.5%
which is lower than that of the study conducted by Abdul (1992) and Adem
(1994) with the rates of 47% and 56.6% at Sodo and Ziway municipality
abattoir respectively but it is higher as compared to the study conducted by
(Daniel, 1995) having a prevalence of 14.4% more or less similar prevalence
with the current study. More ever the current study is lower than that of the
study conducted by Gebretsadik et al. (2009) with the prevalence of
24.32%.
The abattoir prevalence of the parasites in female and male also showed it
was 22.2% (2/ 9) and 20.50% for F. hepatica and 0% and 1% for
F.gigantica respectively. This finding was in agreement with the study
conducted by (Daniel, 1995) with the prevalence of these parasites higher in
male than female. This might attributed to the proportion of animals
sampled during the post mortem examination as most of the time male
animals were slaughtered in the slaughter houses as compared to female
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Prevalence of bovine fascilosis in municipal Abbatoir of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
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9
animals. The variation of the prevalence between male and female animals
was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
The abattoir prevalence of the parasites in adult and young for F. hepatica
was 20.9% and 12.5% but that of F.gigantica was 1% and 0%. This finding
was lower than that of the study conducted by Abebe et al. (2011) with the
prevalence of 30.04% and 35.97% in adult and young animals respectively.
Even though such variation of the prevalence was exist it is not statistically
significant (P>0.05).
More ever, the abattoir prevalence in local and cross breeds was also
determined and it was 19% and 26.7% for F. hepatica and 1.2% and 0% for
F. gigantica respectively. This variation might be due to the management of
the animals as most of the animals were reared in the extensive system of
management which makes them easily susceptible to the parasites. Even
though, it was higher in cross breeds than local breeds it was not statistically
significant (P>0.05)
Similarly, animals originated from highland and lowland has the prevalence
of 21.7% and 0% for F. hepatica and 0% and 17.9% for F.gigantica
respectively. The current finding is lower than the study conducted by
Rahmeto et al. (2008) with the prevalence of 58.9% and 10.6%
respectively. This might be due to the geographical variation which is
important for the multiplication of the intermediate host. Similarly, variation
in climate-ecological conditions such as altitude, rainfall, temperature,
livestock management system, and suitability of the environment for
survival and distribution of the parasite as well as the intermediate host
might have played their own role in such differences. One of the most
important factors that influence the occurrence of fasciolosis in a certain
area is availability of suitable snail habitat (Urquhart et al., 1996). In
addition, optimal base temperature to the levels of 10 ºC and 16ºC are
necessary for snail vectors of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica,
respectively. These thermal requirements are also needed for the
development of Fasciola with in the intermediate host. The ideal moisture
conditions for snail breeding and development of larval stages within the
snails are provided when rainfall exceeds transpiration and field saturation is
attained. Such conditions are also essential for the development of fluke
eggs, miracidiae searching for snails and dispersal of cercariae (Urquhart et
al., 1996). The difference of prevalence of the parasites exist in the two agro
ecological zones its rate was statistically significant (P<0.05)
The prevalence of the parasites in the different body condition of the animals
were also determined and its prevalence for F.hepatica and F.gigantica in
poor body condition was 46.7% and 0% but in medium body condition
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19.4% and 1% and in that of good body condition animals it was 21% and
1%, respectively. The current finding was lower for F.hepatica and F.
gigantica in animals having poor body condition 23.1% and 11.9%
Mihreteab et al. (2010). This might be due to due to the fact that animals
with poor body condition are usually less resistant and are consequently
susceptible to infectious diseases. The prevalence of the parasites in medium
body condition in the present finding was higher for F. hepatica with the rate
of 14.5% but lower than that of previous finding with the prevalence of
F.gigantica 8.1% respectively but as compared to the current study the
finding in the previous study conducted by Mihreteab et al. (2010) was lower
than that of the current finding with the prevalence of 13.9% and 3.9%
respectively. Even though, the prevalence in the different body condition of
the animals was varied it was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Fasciolosis is a serious health problem of cattle which causes liver
condemnation in the abattoir, reduction in the production of the animals. In
the current finding the abattoir prevalence of the parasites showed the
disease is common in most parts of the zone as most of the animals were
originated from the different sites of the zone. The most predominant
Fasciola in the zone was F.hepatica which might be due to suitability of the
environment for multiplication of the intermediate hosts. The prevalence in
the different breeds of the animals also indicate the existence of the parasite
which was higher in local breeds than cross breeds and it is also common in
female animals as compared to male. Similarly, the parasite mostly affects
animals originated from high land and adult animals. This shows the disease
is common in the region due to different activities such as irrigation and
ponds which merits attention by the responsible bodies to control the
parasites.
There fore based on the current finding the following points were
recommended
Standard regulations and functional meat inspection policies should be
formulated for organs and carcass approval/ rejection.
Awareness creation for farmers should be advocated
Improving of the veterinary service and infrastructure in prevalence
area with provision of modern antihelemntics and treatment is giving
based of the weight of the animal.
Control of intermediate host snails through drainage.
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Practicing zero grazing is important in the control of the disease
Regular deworming of animals before and after the rainy season is
important
Application of molluscide drugs are important in the control of the
intermediate hosts
Drainage of swampy area is also important in the reduction of the
intermediate host
Further epidemiological investigation should be encouraged to assess
the worm burden, its associated risk factors and its indirect economic
loss
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Adem, A. 1994. Prevalence of Bovine and ovine Fasciolosis: A Preliminary
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Fasciolosis in Debre Berhan region, DVM thesis, Faculty of Veterinary
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REDVET: 2012, Vol. 13 Nº 9
Recibido 20.07.2012 / Ref. prov. JUL1214_REDVET / Aceptado 03.08.2012
Ref. def. 091202_REDVET / Publicado: 01.09.2012
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