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Pharmacological activities of Catharanthus roseus: A perspective review
Abstract
India possess a rich biodiversity of the medicinal plants that were still not explored
completely. The need for the novel pharmaceutical products out from the plant has
attained a great interest in the present research world due to the cost and the higher
side effects that are associated with the chemically manufactured drugs. Catharanthus
roseus,which is a potent medicinal plant many of the pharmacological actions such as
antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antifeedant, antisterility, antidiarrheal,
antidiabetic effect etc. That is used to treat many of the fatal diseases. Alkaloids were
the major phytochemical constituent of the above medicinal plant and have different
types possessing various medicinal uses. The pharmacology of the plant was found to
be associated mostly especially with the alkaloids that occupies almost most of the
parts of the plant. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the
pharmacological effect of the above plant against various disease starting from the
antimicrobial to that of the antineoplastic diseases in a precise way to help the scientist
and learners to understand the basis medicinal value of the plant.
... Additionally, this versatile plant is also cultivated as an ornamental species due to its vibrant flowers and ability to thrive in diverse climates [1]. The plant contains around 400 alkaloids, which are utilized as medications, agrochemicals, taste ingredients, fragrance components, food additives, and insecticides [2]. Actineoplastidemeric, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine, Vindeline Tabersonine are commonly found alkaloids in the aerial portions of C. roseus and Ajmalicine, Vincente, Vineamine, Raubasin, Reserpine, Catharanthine are commonly found in its roots. ...
... In 1910, Peckolt wrote about how the leaves were infused and used in Brazil to treat chronic wounds, regulate bleeding and scurvy, and relieve toothache-related mouth pain. Related species of C. roseus have been utilized for the commercial reduction of milk flow in Europe [2]. It is reportedly an efficient oral hypoglycemic medication in the Philippines and has been used to treat diabetic ulcers in the British West Indies. ...
... It is reportedly an efficient oral hypoglycemic medication in the Philippines and has been used to treat diabetic ulcers in the British West Indies. Chopra et al. found more recently that the alkaloids present in C. roseus had a considerable and prolonged hypotensive impact in addition to moderate antibacterial activity [2]. ...
Introduction: Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca Rosea or Madagascar periwinkle, is a significant
plant species within the Apocynaceae family, known for its diverse medicinal properties and ornamental attri-
butes, long embraced by Chinese traditional medicine practices.
Methodology: Electronic records of papers published in various databases like Scopus, Pubmed, and Google
scholar were searched from 2011 onwards and compiled to give a comprehensive overview of the pharmaco-
logical significance of C. roseus in Cancer management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of
traditional uses and pharmacological importance of various alkaloids obtained from C. roseus against Cancer and
Diabetes mellitus.
Results: The alkaloids derived from C. roseus exhibit a wide range of medicinal importance, including antihy-
pertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Specifically, Vinblastine and Vincristine,
derived from C. roseus, have shown significant efficacy in the treatment of various cancers, including Hodgkin’s
lymphoma and leukemia, which along with vindesine and vinorelbine are known anti-tumor drugs derived from
Chinese traditional medicine. Treatment of inflammations, skin conditions, excretions, respiratory symptoms and
elevated blood sugar levels are other uses of C. roseus in Chinese traditional medicine. This paper covers stra-
tegies for enhancement of Alkaloids production from C. roseus and highlights their drug delivery systems.
Discussion: This paper elucidates various important alkaloids obtained from C. roseus and their biological role.
Further, it highlights the signaling pathways effected by Vinca alkaloids found in C. roseus and provides in-depth insights on MiRNA activity and nuclear pathways of Cancer.
... India has a wide and interesting variety of different biodiversity of beneficial plant sources that are still yet to be investigated totally. Because of the cost and higher optional impacts connected with the misleadingly manufactured prescriptions, the necessity for novel medication stuffs out by the plant achieved an uncommon notice in the current investigation [15]. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), regularly recognized as Vinca rosea, Rosy or Pink Periwinkle, and Madagascar Periwinkle, a persistent species that are started in Madagascar and are local to Madagascar and Southern Asia [12]. ...
... With such an objective, an undertaking has been thru to join the methanolic extracts exploiting usually existing ordinary things by aapplying the C. roseus plant leaves. The leaves of C. roseus show supportive and automatic activities because of the occurrence of pharmacological and phytochemical activities [15,43]. Consequently, current examination shows antimicrobial and apoptotic exercises of the isolated C. roseus plant leaves extractions (CrPLE) against the bacterial strains -Escherichia coli -ATCC 8739, and Staphylococcus aureus -ATCC 6538; Aspergillus niger -ATCC 6275 and Candida albicans -ATCC 10231. ...
... Consequently, our study has shown that the CrPLE displayed the most noteworthy antimicrobial activities such as antibacterial and antifungal actions, and hence, could be helpful in natural applications. Accordingly, alcoholic extract of C. roseus could be utilized as a likely antimicrobial source [15,17,22,48,49,63]. Similar kinds of results were obtained by Khalil [24] from the investigation of the antimicrobial action from ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus towards some human pathogenic microorganisms (S. aureus and E. coli) as well as pathogenic fungi (C. ...
Background
Biological synthesis of natural products from plants has made us an inspiring methodology in the field of science and biotechnology.
Methods
The methanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don plant leaves (CrPLE) were extracted and characterized by utilizing the phytochemicals estimation, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis; and further evaluation for an understanding of the biomedical uses of CrPLE was done.
Results
The evaluation of the seven phytochemicals designates the presence of secondary metabolites in the CrPLE. The CrPLE (test samples) exhibited the Catechin and Caffeic acid contents of 0.0055 and 0.0149 mg/g respectively. The CrPLE revealed the highest antimicrobial activity and showed a mortal effect against the tested microorganisms. Cytotoxicity of the breast cancer cell lines was exposed that CrPLE as a respectable anticancer specialist and metabolically vigorous cells.
Conclusion
Consequently, the biological synthesized methanolic leaf extracts of the C. roseus plants would be appreciated and have incredible contributions to the field of medicinal applications.
Graphical Abstract
... C. roseus, native and also endemic to Madagascar, is a herb, 30-100 cm tall. It grows wild in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world and is widely cultivated (1). There are two common cultivars of C. roseus named based on their flower color that is the pink-flowered 'Rosea' and the white-flowered 'Alba' (1,2). ...
... It grows wild in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world and is widely cultivated (1). There are two common cultivars of C. roseus named based on their flower color that is the pink-flowered 'Rosea' and the white-flowered 'Alba' (1,2). C. roseus is propagated by seeds or cuttings (3). ...
... Because of its therapeutic usefulness, it has attracted a lot of attention from scientific researchers. Published studies show that C. roseus is a medicinal plant with many pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antifeedant, antisterility, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic (1). Therefore, the research on C. roseus will be further invested in to exploit the more herbal value of this plant. ...
Catharanthus roseus L. is a medicinal plant that produces numerous indole terpenoid alkaloids, including vincristine and vinblastine, which are used for cancer treatment. The effect of specified precursors (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine) and elicitors (chitosan, methyl jasmonate) on C. roseus hairy roots (CHR) growth has been examined in order to increase the content of vincristine and vinblastine. Our results showed that CHR generated by an Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain isolated in Vietnam was capable of producing both vincristine and vinblastine when subjected to precursors, but only vinblastine when exposed to elicitors. However, both precursors and elicitors were evaluated to have an effect on increasing the accumulation of TIAs in CHR. In particular, the use of elicitors required more time to find the appropriate induction conditions, while the use of precursors gave outstanding efficiency in the treatment with 1 µM phenylalanine. The greatest yields of vincristine (51.99 µg g-1 DW) and vinblastine (699.92 µg g-1 DW) were obtained in the 7th week (with 0.306 g DW biomass). This result is the first time we might boost the levels of vincristine and vinblastine in our CHR clone generated by the Vietnam strain of A. rhizogenes.
... Free radical reactions' part in biological processes is becoming a hotly debated topic [7]. This plant has anti-oxidative properties [8,9] and is also used as an anti-arthritic agent, In a study, the substantial soft tissue swelling and joint space constriction was observed in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats is indicative of bone damage in the arthritic condition. This bone deterioration is unpreceded in those treated with the conventional medication methotrexate (0.75 milligrams/kilogram), and there is also only a little joint swelling. ...
... Free radical reactions' part in biological processes is becoming a hotly debated topic [7]. This plant has anti-oxidative properties [8][9] also used as an anti-arthritic agent, in a study, the substantial soft tissue swelling, and joint space constriction was observed in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats is indicative of bone damage in the arthritic condition. This bone deterioration is unpreceded in those treated with the conventional medication methotrexate (0.75 milligrams/kilogram), and there is also only a little joint swelling. ...
... India has a rich biodiversity of the bene cial plants that are still yet to be explored completely. In view of the cost and the higher optional impacts are connected with the misleadingly manufactured prescriptions, the necessity for novel medication stuffs out from the plant has achieved an uncommon interest in the current investigation world (Gajalakshmi et al. 2013). ...
... Consequently, our study has shown that the CrPLE displayed most noteworthy antimicrobial activities such as antibacterial and antifungal activities and hence, can be helpful for natural applications. Accordingly, the alcoholic extract of C. roseus can be utilized as likely antimicrobial sources (Govindasamy and Srinivasan 2012;Gajalakshmi et al. 2013;Wagay et al. 2013;Pham et al. 2017;Kale et al. 2018;Pham et al. 2018). Similar kind of results were obtained by Khalil (2012) from the investigation on the antimicrobial activity from ethanol leaf extract of C. roseus against some human pathogenic microorganisms (S. aureus and E. coli) as well as pathogenic fungi (C. ...
Background: Biological synthesis of natural products from the plants has made us an inspiring methodology in the arena of science and biotechnology.
Methods: The methanolic leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don plants (CrPLE) were isolated/extracted and characterized utilizing phytochemicals estimation, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis; and further in understanding the biomedical uses of CrPLE. The evaluation of the seven phytochemicals clearly designates that the presence of secondary metabolites in the CrPLE.
Results: The CrPLE (test samples) exhibited the Catechin and Caffeic acid contents of 0.0055 and 0.0149 mg/g respectively. The CrPLE unveiled highest antimicrobial activity and confirmed with mortal effect against the tested microorganisms. A cytotoxicity known against the breast cancer cell lines of exposed that CrPLE as a good anticancer agent and metabolically vigorous cells.
Conclusion:
Consequently, the biological synthesized methanolic leaf extracts of the C. roseus plants would be appreciated and have the incredible contributions in the field of medicinal applications.
... Vinblastine and vincristine also called Vinca alkaloids are mainly produced in Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle) plant. They are reported to demonstrate strong cytotoxic activity and anticancer activities and used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer [1][2][3]. The mechanism by which they exert anticancer effects involves their binding with tubulins and inhibiting microtubule assembly. ...
This study focuses on the microbial biotransformation of vinblastine to vincristine, a compound with enhanced anticancer efficacy compared to vinblastine utilizing a fungal endophyte Fusarium equiseti , isolated from Catharanthus roseus . Additionally, the antiangiogenic properties of the resulting vincristine were evaluated in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The biotransformation was conducted in liquid medium containing vinblastine (0.6–2.4 mM), and F. equiseti spore suspension (50–150 µL) by incubating at 30 °C, pH 5.6, and 200 rpm for eight days. After the reaction was over, products were extracted using methanol and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results confirmed the production of vincristine from vinblastine in different sets of biotransformation reactions. In biotransformation reaction-1, which comprised of vinblastine (0.6 mM) and fungal inoculum 150 µL (82 × 10 ⁴ spores/mL), 92 % of vinblastine was converted into vincristine on 8th day of incubation. The vincristine produced demonstrated significant antiangiogenetic properties in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay in a dose-dependent manner. The antiangiogenic properties of vincristine produced was comparable to standard vincristine. Hence, the study revealed that F. equiseti present a viable alternative to produce vincristine from vinblastine. To our knowledge, this is the first report on F. equiseti highlighting its vinblastine biotransformation potential.
... Insecticides from botanical sources may serve as potential substitutes for synthetic versions in the future as they are abundant in nature, relatively safe, and biodegradable [27] . Catharanthus roseus has been widely utilized for its medicinal properties, including anti-microbial, antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-helminthic, and anti-fungal activities [9] . This herb has been explored extensively since ancient times across various regions of the world. ...
The vector-borne disease control program heavily relies on insecticides. However, the increasing resistance to insecticides as a result of prolonged exposure and injudicious usage presents a critical challenge. This situation underscores alternative vector control tools that are sustainable, eco-friendly, effective, and economical. Plants may present a promising solution. This study investigates the insecticidal efficacy of Catharanthus roseus methanolic extract against Phlebotomus argentipes. The wild sandflies were reared for F1 generation and a CDC bottle bioassay was performed eventually. The knockdown rate was assessed after 1 hr of exposure and 24 hr of holding phase. Finally, qualitative tests for phytochemicals were performed with the crude extract. This extract exhibited potential adulticidal activity with LC50 at 50.22 mg/ml and LC90 at 272.18 mg/ml. The extract contains flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Further studies on purified compounds may provide insights into the development of eco-friendly vector control interventions.
... 11 C. roseus exhibits a wide range of medicinal qualities properties, including vasodilation, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, 12 antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. 13,14 Specific examples include: Methanol leaf extract, which promotes wound healing; vincamine and vindoline, which prevent ulceration; leaf juice, which possesses antiatherosclerotic properties; vinpocetine, which effectively treats Alzheimer's disease; vincamine alkaloids, which provide neuroprotective and vasodilatory effects; and vinculin, which demonstrates hypoglycemic activity. 15 In studies using Pheretima posthuma, C. roseus extracts have shown anthelmintic, anti-diarrheal, and hypotensive effects. ...
... Vinblastine and vincristine were isolated from the Catharanthus roseus G. Don. (Apocynaceae) [28,29]. Another helpful plant medicine, Paclitaxel, has shown promising results in treating ovarian cancer, advanced breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer [30]. ...
Breast cancer is the biggest cause of death among women worldwide. Natural chemicals from medicinal plants offer promise for cancer therapy. This research screens 29 Dryopteris species plant-derived chemicals, mostly phloroglucinols, for breast cancer therapy potential. First, we used Gaussian09 and DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p) calculations to evaluate compound stability and reactivity. We conducted molecular docking experiments to identify drugs with high binding affinity for the PI3Kα protein’s active pocket. DJ1–DJ22 were found to be the most effective PI3Kα inhibitors, with energies ranging from −8.0 to −9.2 kJ/mol. From in silico pharmacokinetic and bioactivity screening, DJ3, DJ7, and DJ18 were identified as promising PI3Kα inhibitors. PI3Kα backbone stability was tested in a water model using molecular dynamics simulations employing DJ3, DJ7, DJ18, and Trastuzumab as a pharmacological reference. Synthesis of target-hit DJ3, DJ7, and DJ18 derivatives may lead to breast cancer drug-like molecules for related cancers. The work uses in silico methods to find natural phloroglucinols for breast cancer therapy, enabling new chemotherapeutic drugs.
... The stretching band at 3431 cm − 1 corresponds to O-H vibration. Two characteristic stretching bands at 2734 and 2355 cm-1 arise from O-H stretch from carboxylic acids [22,23]. Two peaks at 1636 and 1514 cm − 1 correspond to C --C stretching vibrations from aromatic rings, all from plant metabolites. ...
In the power electronic system, coated solar panels attracted a lot of interest in present times. The proposed work aims to achieve two key objectives: maximal power extraction and solar panel coating. To reduce the cost of coating material for solar panels, Silver Nano Particles (AgNPs) are first collected from the leaves of Rose periwinkle plants. This strategy aims to achieve maximal power extraction by coating solar panels with green synthesized silver nanoparticles. To reduce the cost of coating material, Rosy periwinkle plant leaves are used to synthesize silver nanoparticles or AgNPs. To ascertain the framework's capacity for measuring energy both before and after the panels are coated with AgNP, this study theoretically analyses the data. The power current and voltage-current characteristics of the study were validated, enabling an examination of the study's effectiveness. The coated type outperformed the normal solar panel by 2%, according to the results. With a new approach called Farmland Fertility Optimization – Maximum Power Position Tracking, the precise peak site for increased energy yield is discovered. The bi-directional converter is also utilized to mitigate stress and increase voltage gain. To improve the power quality with fewer harmonics, the 3-phase inverter and the LC filtering circuits are used. Finally, a variety of performance measures are used to confirm the results of coated solar panels using power-tracking control techniques. The findings suggest that AgNP-coated solar panels provide the best possible electrical energy with improved voltage, current, and power quality. Performance evaluation shows that the coated solar panel's power tracking efficiency has increased to 99% with decreased harmonics of 2.52%.
... Moreover, a report from the WHO [15] stated that nearly 80% of the global population relies on medications derived from plants, either entirely or partially. Antimicrobials, cancer, diabetes, fever, hemostasis, and hypertension are only some of the conditions that have been treated using the plant C. roseus during traditional medical practices in a number of different societies [16,17]. However, few reports have addressed the effects of C. roseus crude aqueous extract in the field of food preservation. ...
The plant produced powerful secondary metabolites and showed strong antibacterial activities against food-spoiling bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities and to identify metabolites from the leaves and stems of Catharanthus roseus using NMR spectroscopy. The major metabolites likely to be observed in aqueous extraction were 2,3-butanediol, quinic acids, vindoline, chlorogenic acids, vindolinine, secologanin, and quercetin in the leaf and stem of the Catharanthus roseus. The aqueous extracts from the leaves and stems of this plant have been observed to be most effective against food spoilage bacterial strains, followed by methanol and hexane. However, leaf extract was observed to be most significant in terms of the content and potency of metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (20 µg/mL) and bactericidal concentrations (35 g/mL) of leaf extract were observed to be significant as compared to the ampicillin. Molecular docking showed that chlorogenic acid and vindolinine strongly interacted with the bacterial penicillin-binding protein. The docking energies of chlorogenic acid and vindolinine also indicated that these could be used as food preservatives. Therefore, the observed metabolite could be utilized as a potent antibacterial compound for food preservation or to treat their illness, and further research is needed to perform.
... Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), commonly known as bright eyes, belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is an important medicinal plant harboring multiple chemical compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antidiarrheal activities (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013). C. roseus extract has a potential to treat wounds and sheep-biting louse in rats (Parihar et al., 2022), while lumpy skin disease in cattle and buffalo (Malabadi et al.). ...
... Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), commonly known as bright eyes, belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is an important medicinal plant harboring multiple chemical compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antidiarrheal activities (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013). C. roseus extract has a potential to treat wounds and sheep-biting louse in rats (Parihar et al., 2022), while lumpy skin disease in cattle and buffalo (Malabadi et al.). ...
Enterotoxigenic E. coli-derived heat-stable enterotoxin not only alters intestinal barrier functions and produces secretory diarrhea but also causes production losses in livestock. This study aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of Catharanthus roseus extract on Cl- secretion in an in vitro model. Isolated jejunal epithelia from goats (N=10) and buffaloes (N=4) were divided into four groups: A) control; B) 1.5% C. roseus extract; C) 10% E. coli toxin, and D) 10% E. coli toxin and 1.5% C. roseus extract. The jejunal epithelia were mounted on Ussing chambers with an exposed surface area of 0.95 cm2 and treated with E. coli toxin on the mucosal side to invoke Cl- channels. Transepithelial potential difference (Pdt), tissue conductance (Gt), and short circuit current (Isc) were determined under voltage-clamped conditions. E. coli toxin produced a significant increase in the Pdt, Gt, and Isc for both goat and buffalo jejunal epithelia, whereas C. roseus extract on the mucosal side alone or followed by the E. coli toxin decreased these parameters, which were comparable with the control. The change in Isc was more pronounced in goats than buffaloes (ΔIscgoat > ΔIscbuff). In experiments with the goat jejunal epithelia, replacement of Cl- from the mucosal buffer decreased Isc, similar to a decrease observed for the C. roseus extract groups. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that C. roseus extract has a potential to attenuate E. coli-induced Cl- secretion in isolated jejunal epithelia of goats and buffaloes. Keywords: Catharanthus roseus extract; Electrophysiology; Secretory diarrhea; Small intestine, Ruminants
... The stretching band at 3431 cm − 1 corresponds to O-H vibration. Two characteristic stretching bands at 2734 and 2355 cm-1 arise from O-H stretch from carboxylic acids [22,23]. Two peaks at 1636 and 1514 cm − 1 correspond to C --C stretching vibrations from aromatic rings, all from plant metabolites. ...
Coated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are currently receiving interest because of their numerous uses in various fields of electronics, antimicrobials, manufacturing sectors, optical science, and pharmaceuticals. Among others, it gained significant attention in the power electronic system. The goal of the proposed study is to use a cost-effective coating material for solar panels; to accomplish this, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the leaves of the Rosy Periwinkle plants. Green synthesis and characterization, such as Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV–Vis) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), were carried out after the silver nanoparticles have been collected prior coating. As a consequence, the effectiveness is determined based on the conductivity test, and the resulting Ag NPs are then applied to the c-si layer of the solar panel. Additionally, a modelling and experimental analysis are performed in this study to ascertain the suggested framework's ability to measure energy before and after coating panels with Ag NPs. Specifically, the Voltage Current (VI) and Power Voltage (PV) characteristics were validated in this study for analyzing the effectiveness and the obtained results revealed that the coating of green synthesized Ag NPs generated 2 % more power than the reference solar panel under the same conditions. Further, hardware testing and simulation were both used to confirm the outcomes and effectiveness of the suggested method. The open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), maximum peak voltage (Vmp), maximum peak current (Imp), and efficiency are taken into account when assessing how well the suggested system performs at tracking. Moreover, the current density characteristics were evaluated with respect to various irradiation conditions for both the typical solar as well as Ag NPs coated panels. From the observation, it is noted that the efficiency level of coated panel was improved up to 19.20 %, 18 %, and 17.20 % for the irradiations of 200 W/m², 500 W/m², and 1000 W/m² respectively.
... and mitraphylline (<0.1% approximately) ( Figure 2) [5,51,58,59]. Other substances that kratom covers likewise have various pharmacological effects: ajmalicine (cerebro-circulant, anti-aggregant, anti-adrenergic, sedative, anti-convulsant, smooth muscle relaxant) [60,61]; akuammigine (stimulant, analgesic, anti-malarial) [62]; ciliaphylline (anti-tussive, analgesic, mild sedative and anti-diarrheal) [63]; corynantheidine (anti-hypertensive, α-1 and α-2 Adrenergic) [64]; corynoxeine (calcium channel blocker, anti-locomotive, anti-Parkinson's effect) [65]; epicatechin (antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory) [66,67]; 9-Hydroxycorynantheidine (partial opioid agonist) [68]; isomitraphylline (immune-stimulant, anti-leukemic) [69]; isomitrafoline (auxiliary immune-stimulant), isopteropodine (immune-stimulant, antibacterial) [70]; isospeciofoline (analgesic, anti-tussive), mitrafoline (anti-hypertensive, antiamnesic, anti-leukemic), mitraciliatine, mitraphylline (strong muscle relaxant, vasodilator, diuretic), mitraversine, rhynchophylline (calcium channel blocker) [71]; isorhynchophylline, speciofoline, speciophylline (anti-leukemic); stipulatine; tetrahydroalstonine (hypoglycemic, anti-adrenergic) ( Figure 2) [10,36,[72][73][74][75]. The primary alkaloid in kratom, mitragynine, a corynanthine-like indole alkaloid, was initially isolated by Field in 1921 and has subsequently shown opioid receptor affinity and partial agonist activity. ...
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes’ upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.
... Its application ranges widely from the prevention of diabetes to the treatment of stomach aches. 5 ...
Medicinal plants have a long history of usage in traditional medicine, and Catharanthus roseus L. (G.) Don is one such plant. However, to understand its homoeopathic therapeutic effect, it was important to find the pathogenetic powers by conducting a drug proving trial. To elicit the pathogenetic response of C. roseus in homoeopathic potencies on healthy human provers, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at four centers under the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy. The proving trial involved 60 relatively healthy provers. All provers were given placebo in the first phase. After randomization, 40 provers in the intervention group were given C. roseus in 6C, 12C, 30C, and 200C potencies in four phases. The control group of 20 provers were administered unmedicated globules in all the phases. A maximum of 12 doses divided into 4 doses/day for 3 days were administered in all phases of the trial. The symptoms and signs manifested during the trial were noted down by the provers, elaborated by the proving masters, and the data were finally processed at the proving-cum-data processing cell of the Council. Among the 40 provers of the verum group, only 15 provers manifested 22 pathogenetic and 10 placebo symptoms, whereas 30 symptoms were reported by 12 provers in the control group. The symptoms have been manifested predominantly in 200C potency. The pathogenetic response elicited during this trial expands the scope of the use of C. roseus and needs to be further validated by a clinical verification study.
... About 400 varieties of alkaloids are identified till date (Das and Sharangi, 2017), which are used in flavour, pharmaceuticals, fragrance, agrochemicals, food additives and pesticides (Aruna et al., 2015). Alkaloids obtained from this plant show anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antifeedant, antioxidant and antidiabetic effects (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013;Barkat et al., 2017). Advanced researches revealed anti-cancerous effects of several alkaloids found in C. roseus, including vincristine, vindoline, vinblastine, catharanthine, vindesine, tabersonine, ajmalicine, vinpocetine, raubasine, reserpine etc. (Mishra and Verma, 2017;Dey et al., 2019). ...
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is an ornamental and pharmacologically important plant. It contains large amount of indole alkaloids having pharmaceutical activities. Production of vinblastine and vincristine, two important anti-cancerous secondary metabolites of C. roseus, are very less and hampered due to pathogen invasion. To overcome this problem here attempt has been made to boost innate immunity and secondary metabolite production in C. roseus by foliar application of three eco-friendly elicitors viz. Calcium chloride (CaCl2), L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA) and Isonicotinic acid (INA), each at two different concentrations. Augmentation of immune responses was observed in terms of increased production of defense related enzymes like PPO (polyphenol oxidase), PO (peroxidase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase assay), and β-1,3 glucanase; defense related compound production (total flavonoid and phenol content) and antioxidant enzyme activity (ascorbate peroxidase, APX and catalase, CAT) in C. roseus plant. Increased defense responses were noted in INA (1.25 mM), L-AA (5 mM) and CaCl2 (0.5%) treated plants compared to control. Same concentrations of elicitors were also found effective in the induction of vinblastine and vincristine production which was detected by both qualitative (using dragendroff reagent) and quantitative methods using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). During this study, nitric oxide (NO) production was also found increased in elicitor treated plants and indicating its signalling role. Finally, challenge inoculation with Alternaria alternata showed significantly reduced disease incidence in elicitor treated plants which indicates their potentiality to combat against this pathogen.
... The purpose of drying is to reduce the water content so that the plant can be stored. Plant must be dried for processed as soon as possible after harvest because they being to deteriorate immediately (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013). The type of plant or plant parts being used will determine the appropriate drying technique (Gireesh Kamath et al., 2015). ...
A Lab experiment was conducted at Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, and Tamil Nadu during 2015-2016 with an objective of studying the effect of different drying methods on quality parameters in periwinkle. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with eight treatments. The purple colour flower varieties of periwinkle leaves are envisaged in this study. Four different types of drying methods like Hot air oven drying method (30ºC, 40ºC, 50ºC, 60ºC, 70ºC), sun drying, solar drying, shade drying (control) and the percentage change in alkaloid content were investigated in this study. The study revealed that there were significant differences in drying of periwinkle leaves and it leads to change in the alkaloid content like Vincamine and Vinorelbine. The observations were recorded on various parameters like time duration of drying, colour change during drying and quality parameters. The drying time period varies from 2 hours to overnight. Results indicated that, the low drying period of 4 hours is noted in Hot air oven drying of 70 0 C (T5) and high drying period of 76 hours is noted in shade drying which is used as control (T7). Colour change during drying of leaves varies from dark green to dark brown of different treatments (T1 to T8) has noted. The alkaloid content Vincamine and Vinorelbine were extracted from the dried leaves of different treatments. The Vincamine and Vinorelbine content was high in the treatment T3 (0.075 and 0.434 %) and Vincamine content was low in T5 (0.033 and 0.351 %). It was noted that increasing in drying temperature at hot air oven leads to decrease in alkaloid content in the dried leaf samples.
... This plant is commonly known as "Sadabahar" or "Nayantara" or "Madagascar periwinkle", also known by the names includes Vinca rosea, Ammocallis rosea and Lochnera rosea (Nejat et al., 2015). The water or organic solvent of different parts of the plant confers therapeutic activity such as anti-oxidant, antiviral, anti-tumour, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypotensive and anti-helminthic, so it is used for the treatment of various diseases (Aslam et al., 2010;Gajalakshmi et al., 2013;Aruna et al., 2015;Das and Sharangi, 2017). Being a repository of nearly 130 alkaloids which are belong in a group of heterocyclic nitrogenous compound (obtained from amino acids) C. roseus is also the producer of the anticancer alkaloids, like vinblastine and vincristine (Kumar et al., 2013;Amirifar et al., 2022). ...
Title "Induced Systemic Response in Plants against Biotic Stress"
Edited by Chetan Keswani, Raffaella Balestrini, Tatiana Minkina, Satyendra Singh, Ugo De Corato, Estibaliz Sansinenea
Description
Microbial biopesticides reduce disease incidence by triggering host response. This phenomenon is known as Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). During this elevated state of resistance, several defense pathways are co-activated in the host system. The proposed special issue will focus on the role of phenylpropanoid derivatives in plant defense and plant–microbe (++) interactions for overcoming biotic stress. In addition, the SI will also explore the metabolic regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway at the molecular level, and in response to phytohormones under biotic stress.
... In this study, we have selected three important medicinal plants Catharanthus roseus, Adathoda vasica and Wedelia trilobata for screening of alkaloid biosynthesis genes strictocidine synthase and lysine decarboxylase. Catharanthus rosea (L) belonging to Apocynacea family is a popular ornamental flowering plant cultivated commercially in India, Australia, Africa and Southern Europe for medicinal purposes such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and antidiarrheal activities 11 and throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of world as ornamental purpose. The plant is cultivated widely due to presence of important indole alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine having anticancer activity 2 . ...
Alkaloids are naturally occurring nitrogenous organic compounds of plant and display vast range of pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Medicinal plants are the main source of secondary metabolites and the enzymatic pathway involved in its production may be enhanced to increase synthesis of metabolites. The strictocidine synthase (STR) and lysine decarboxylase (LDC) gene are involved in biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and quinolizidine alkaloid respectively. In the present study, STR and LDC gene were analyzed in Catharanthus roseus, Adathoda vasica and Wedelia trilobata using real time PCR. The PCR results showed S shaped curve with Ct value for amplification of target gene which was found in Catharanthus roseus for STR gene and in Catharanthus roseus and Adathoda vasica for LDC gene. For further confirmation of target, gene samples were separated on agarose gel for size determination and the size of STR gene was found to be 1.1 kb and LDC gene was 1.3 kb respectively. Thus this study should be beneficial for academic as well as industrial point of view from production of alkaloids in plants by enhancing STR and LDC gene synthesis and alkaloids should also be used for isolation and characterization for pharmaceutical applications.
... This plant is commonly known as "Sadabahar" or "Nayantara" or "Madagascar periwinkle", also known by the names includes Vinca rosea, Ammocallis rosea and Lochnera rosea (Nejat et al., 2015). The water or organic solvent of different parts of the plant confers therapeutic activity such as anti-oxidant, antiviral, anti-tumour, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypotensive and anti-helminthic, so it is used for the treatment of various diseases (Aslam et al., 2010;Gajalakshmi et al., 2013;Aruna et al., 2015;Das and Sharangi, 2017). Being a repository of nearly 130 alkaloids which are belong in a group of heterocyclic nitrogenous compound (obtained from amino acids) C. roseus is also the producer of the anticancer alkaloids, like vinblastine and vincristine (Kumar et al., 2013;Amirifar et al., 2022). ...
Catharanthus roseus L. (G.) Don is an ornamental plant with a source of medicinally important secondary metabolites i.e., bis-indole alkaloids. Whereas, Catharanthus provides itself as a single source of two anti-cancerous alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine). Elicitors are low molecular weight compounds, can able to induce systemic resistance by accelerating the defense related enzymes activity and defense compound production with accumulation of several signalling molecules like NO, JA, SA etc, simultaneously increases the production of secondary metabolites. In present study, fungal elicitors are prepared from the culture filtrate of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, where three dilutions (crude, 50% and 1%) are made followed by the autoclave and applied to the detached leaves of C. roseus. Phenol (1.37 fold), flavonoid (1.45 fold) along with defense related enzymes (2 fold, PO; 1.38 fold, PPO; 1.4 fold, PAL; 2.68 fold, β-1,3 glucanase) increases their activity in comparison to control set. NO, the signalling molecule was monitored using biochemical method and fluorescence microscopy.
Vinblastine and vincristine content are analysed via biochemically, microscopically and by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) where CFA-crude treated set shows about 1.5 fold increases in vinblastine and vincristine production. The obtained result showed higher NO, defense compounds and secondary metabolites induce a defense response in fungal elicitor treated set.
... The roots, shoots and leaves of C. roseus plant extracts are being used against several diseases such as diarrhoea, alzheimer's disease, asthma, coughs, throat ailments, sore throat, prevention of dementia, water retention (edema), dysentery, rheumatism, flatulence, tuberculosis, dyspepsia, tonsillitis, chest pain, intestinal pain, toothache, insect's sting, for external use to tr eat skin problems like dermatitis, eczema and acne, swelling (anti-inflammatory), brain stimulatory actions, cardio tonic, CNS depressant, anti-angiogenesis effects, anti-feedant, antisterility, anti-malarial, also potent anti-microbial, anti-oxidant activity, possess anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cytotoxic, high blood pressure, hypolipidemic activity, etc. (Senbagalakshmi et al., 2017). Consequently, C. roseus is a potent medicinal plant known for its pharmacological actions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antifeedant, antisterility, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic activities etc., used for the treatment of several fatal diseases (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013;Rajashekara et al., 2021). Barrales-Cureño et al. (2017) exploited the diverse methods of in vitro cultures of the medicinal plant C. roseus and thus, primary and secondary plant metabolites are obtained from the suspension cell cultures of C. roseus, along with major pharmacological studies. ...
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) commonly called as “flower of immortality”, “the flower of death”, “violet of the sorcerers” and “an emblem of friendship”. It is a well-known weed to employed for treating various disorders. The study aims at far-reaching review on phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, ethnopharmacology, characterization, chemical composition, and biological applications of C. roseus plants which aids to provide scientific evidence for the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be conducted as a future research requirement. Most of the traditional and systematic uses obtained from the extraction of C. roseus plants were validated by the scientific studies such as antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, antidiabetic activity, antileukemia activity, antioxidant activity, chemotherapeutic drugs and therapy, wound healing, production of nanoparticles and nanoproducts, etc. Isolated compounds, mainly terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA) such as ajmalicine, anhydrovinblastine, catharanthine, serpentine, vindoline, vinblastine, vincristine, and vindolinine were confirmed and showed potent activity. This review article explores the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacological, pharmacological and biological activities of C. roseus plants which gives the evidence of a potent and commercial drug which up on further research leads to the most viable drug for variety of treatments.
... The rose genus Pegasus patio has about 20 species, including annual or perennial species, which originated in South America, and produce pink and purple flowers that bloom from spring to autumn [16,17]. In recent years, P. patio rose, Vinca rosea valiant, and P. peltatum outdoor plants are the most preferred ornamental plants all over the world, and it has become very important to improve the cultivation conditions of these plants. ...
Vermicompost (VC) is a nutrient-rich material that is mixed with soil, and it is used in this study. Four different environments were created such as control (Soil:VC:100–0%), mix one (Soil:VC:70–30% w/w), mix two (Soil:VC:50–50% w/w), and mix three (Soil:VC:40:60% w/w), and three well-developed roses (Vinca rosea valiant, Pelargonium peltatum, Pegasus patio) seedlings were transferred to individual pots. Plant growth parameters, i.e., the number of flowers, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll reading value, fresh flower weight, and flower dry weight height, were compared with respect to control seedlings. The improvement in the number of flowers, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll reading value, fresh flower weight, and flower dry weight height by 264, 71, 58, 255, and 193% for Vinca rosea valiant rosea, 138, 12, 160, 13, 55 and 112% for P. patio rose, and 50, 14, 23, 8, 61, and 41% for P. peltatum, respectively, grown in soil mixed with VC as compared to control. As a result of the research, the optimum growth parameter values and chlorophyll Meter SPAD values were obtained from the mix-three mediums for all three roses species. These results showed that 40% soil and 60% VC application could be proposed as the most effective medium in ornamental plant production.
... When compared to dichloromethane and methanol extracts, which reduced blood glucose levels by 49-58 percent, the aqueous extract was observed to lower blood glucose by roughly 20% in diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic effects have appeared as a result of the liver's enhanced glucose consumption 17 . ...
Catharanthus roseus a species, a well-known home-grown herb in India, that belong to the genus Catharanthus of the Apocynaceae family. The Catharanthus roseusroots, stems, flowers and leaves are employed in herbal therapy, and also used as a herbal plant and ornamental plant. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, although it is also planted as an ornamental and therapeutic plant in other parts of the world. Pharmacological and therapeutic research, on the leaf of the Catharanthus roseusand its active components are presented in this overview.
... Hence, Catharanthus roseus have been looked as a very important source of new lead compounds for drug development and discovery (Gajalakshmi et al., 2013). ...
Abstract:
The paper is aimed to supply a comprehensive review on the traditional and novel
approaches for delivering the drug to skin through transdermal route. Transdermal route of drug
delivery within the era transdermal route of drug delivery has gained popularity over other
methods. Various dosage forms are available for transdermal delivery of drug like creams,
poultices, ointements, paste, jellies, transdermal patches, emulgels to call a couple of. Main
advantage of TDDS is that it reduces the load placed commonly by oral route on alimentary
canal and liver. Patient compliance is increased and also harmful side effects are decreased.
TDDS offer improve bioavailability, uniform plasma levels, longer duration of action. The main
difference between oral dosage forms and TDDS is that there's decline in plasma level in oral
dosage forms but with TDDS plasma levels are improved. Various other advantages of TDDS
are limitations of first Pass metabolism, increase in therapeutic efficacy, steady plasma levels are
maintained
Objective: To explore the molecular targets of plant chemicals and their role in regulating hyperglycemia, providing insights into potential strategies for developing new treatment for this condition. Result and Discussion: Understanding the biochemical pathways involved in sugar regulation is crucial for developing treatments for conditions such as hyperglycemia. Phytochemicals derived from plants have shown promise in regulating blood sugar levels through various molecular targets. By targeting specific enzymes and pathways involved in glucose metabolism, these phytochemicals offer potential therapeutic benefits for managing hyperglycemia. Plant chemicals have demonstrated the ability to influence key enzymes and pathways in glucose metabolism. Phytochemicals have been found to modulate glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and gluconeogenesis, offering the potential for regulating blood sugar levels. Additionally, these plant extracts have shown effects on processes such as cholesterol synthesis, glycogen synthesis and degradation, carbohydrate metabolism and absorption, as well as insulin production and release. The diverse impact of these medicinal plants on multiple physiological processes highlights their potential to address hyperglycemia through a multi-faceted approach. In this review, we will further explore the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these plant chemicals, which can provide valuable insights for developing novel treatments for hyperglycemia.
The research highlights the importance of exploring endophytic microbiomes of medicinal plants to uncover their potential for secondary metabolite production and their role in the biosynthesis of host-derived compounds. This study was aimed to isolate leaf endophytic bacteria of Rauvolfia serpentina, investigate their antibacterial, antioxidant potentials and detect host-origin compound reserpine using Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RPHPLC). Untargeted analysis via Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) was conducted for profiling main phytochemicals in the leaves and to explore potential bioactive compounds in bacterial extracts. Nine bacterial isolates were obtained from R. serpentina leaves. These isolates exhibited positive results in various biochemical tests including indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, catalase and oxidase production, nitrate reduction, oxidative fermentation, and citrate reduction tests. Endophytic isolates RSLB3 and RSLB18 exhibited most potential antibacterial activity against tested human pathogenic bacteria and were identified as Bacillus sp. The extract of RSLB3 and RSLB18 also showed significant antioxidant activity compared to leaf extract. The total phenol content was similar in both these isolates while flavonoids content and DPPH scavenging activity was higher in isolate RSLB3. RPHPLC analysis confirmed the presence of reserpine in bacterial metabolites when compared to a standard reference. UHPLC-HRMS profiling unveiled a diverse range of host-derived compounds and reaction intermediates with known and unknown bioactive properties in leaf extract, RSLB3, and RSLB18. To our knowledge, this is the first study to achieve a comprehensive profiling.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-84893-0.
Ethnomedicinal plants have been the source of drugs since the dawn of human civilization. A number of systems of traditional medicine have evolved from the application of ethnomedicinal plants for treating human disorders. Producing drugs from medicinal plants largely relied on chemical techniques like solvent extraction, distillation, fermentation, digestion, decoction, percolation, and chromatography until the advent of omics technologies during the early twenty-first century. The availability of human genome sequence data has propelled drug discovery, where knowledge of disease-susceptibility genes can be used to design drugs with minimal off-target effects. Understanding biochemical pathways using the genome sequence data can help identify new targets for drug development. Sequencing of medicinal plant genomes can help in understanding the metabolite pathways and uncover key intermediates that can be tweaked to enhance the production of bioactive chemicals. Metabolomic approaches are playing a crucial role in discovery of new drug molecules, as a major category of plant drugs are secondary metabolites. Metabolic engineering, combining the power of genetics, biochemistry, and system biology, has facilitated the development of novel drug molecules. Using a semi-synthetic approach to drug production involving metabolic engineering, we can scale up the production of plant-based drugs without negatively affecting endangered or threatened plant species. A lot of plant proteins have been discovered to play a role in combating diseases like cancer, diabetes, HIV, and microbial diseases. Developments in proteomic technologies like 2D-PAGE, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, NMR, and protein interaction networks can minimize the time period required to develop new drugs and help in studying drug interactions and biosafety. We are witnessing a new era in the identification, purification, and production of plant-based medicinal compounds, greatly assisted by omics technologies enabling the mankind to effectively fight against severe and emerging diseases.
Plants have been utilized for their medicinal properties across cultures for millennia, forming the basis of traditional remedies. Recent years have witnessed a surge in interest toward alternative therapies, particularly those sourced from natural products, notably plants, esteemed for their rich repository of biologically active compounds. Phytochemical screening, a vital process in drug discovery, has been instrumental in identifying novel bioactive molecules within medicinal plants, subsequently subjected to rigorous pharmacological evaluation, resulting in the discovery of new drugs and expanded therapeutic applications. Despite the escalating global demand for herbal medicines, large-scale production of medicinal plants and their derivatives remains constrained. The advent of modern technology has sparked multi-omics research in medicinal plants, yielding pivotal insights into the genes, metabolites, and enzymes governing the biosynthesis and regulation of active compounds. This interdisciplinary approach spans genomics for species variation and evolution, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for dynamic molecular profiling, alongside the exploration of natural resources for drug discovery. These multi-omics endeavors provide a comprehensive understanding of medicinal plant adaptation to diverse environments, shedding light on the chemical diversity and composition of bioactive compounds. However, many phytochemical constituents and their potential health benefits remain untapped. Given the vast diversity and global distribution of medicinal plants, coupled with the influence of growth duration and environmental factors on bioactive compounds, leveraging multi-omics technologies is imperative for addressing fundamental and applied research gaps. Such an approach is pivotal for advancing the development of novel medicinal plant resources and the discovery of therapeutically promising compounds.
A biotransformation pair consisting of vinblastine: vincristine present in the Catharanthus roseus plant is of immense pharmacological significance. In this study, we successfully transformed vinblastine into vincristine outside the plant using Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8485 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2421 and evaluated the antiangiogenic potential of thus produced vincristine through the CAM assay. The toxicity assay showed that both Pseudomonas spp. can tolerate varying concentrations (25–100 µl of 1 mg/ml) of vinblastine. The biotransformation was performed in a liquid nutrient broth medium containing vinblastine (25–100 µl), and Pseudomonas spp. inoculums (50–150 µl) by incubating at 30 °C and 37 °C, respectively for 8 days. The process was optimized for substrate and culture concentrations, pH, temperature, and rotation speed (rpm) for the highest conversion. Analysis using LC–MS/MS confirmed the presence of vincristine as a product of the vinblastine biotransformation by two Pseudomonas spp. P. fluorescens 2421 showed a faster conversion rate with 95% of vinblastine transformed within 24 h than P. aeruginosa 8485, which demonstrated a conversion rate of 92% on the 8th day. From LC–MS/MS analysis, the optimal conditions for the reaction were determined as vinblastine (25 µl), microbial inoculums (150 µl or 200 × 10⁶ and 210 × 10⁶ CFU/ml), pH 7.4, rotation speed of 180 rpm, and temperatures of 30 °C and 37 °C with incubation time of 8 days. The vincristine produced exhibited potent antiangiogenic activity in the CAM assay reducing the thickness and branching of blood vessels in a dose-dependent manner. The study concludes that both Pseudomonas spp. showed promise for vincristine production from vinblastine, without compromising its antiangiogenic properties.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Catharanthus roseus (also called Sadabahar in India), is utilized as a common traditional medicine in India, England, Thailand, Japan and Australia. It was traditionally used to treat wasp string, gonorrhoea, hypertension and menstrual cycle. Various compounds obtained from this plant are utilizeds for medicinal purposes. It is even commercially formulated for its anticancer properties.
Aims: This review aims to provide a systematic summary of Catharanthus roseus and to reveal the correlation between the traditional uses and pharmacological activities so as to offer inspiration for future research.
Materials and methods: All corresponding information about Catharanthus roseus was collected using Google Scholar and from various scientific databases including Springer, Science Direct, Wiley, and PubMed. Local dissertations and books were searched as well.
Results: According to classical ayurvedic text, Catharanthus roseus dominantly displays antidiabetic effect in diabetes mellitus person and its hypertension properties which were verified in modern medicine for their use. In modern research, more than 200 compounds were identified from Catharanthus roseus. Leaves contain large number of alkaloids along with flavonoids, sterols, saponins, amino acid, polyphenols and anthocyanins. Alkaloids such as vindoline, vincristine, vinblastine, and catharanthine, are considered as the characteristic and active constituents of this plant. They exhibited anticancer, antidiabetic, antivirus, antibacterial effects, etc. Vinblastine and vincristine acts on the cancer cells by disrupting the mitotic spindle fibres thereby inhibiting cell division. Currently, there is no lethal effect of Catharanthus roseus at lower dosage on human i.e., less than 5000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: Due to pantropical distribution of C. roseus, it has wide range of traditional uses in different countries. Among these uses antitumor, anticancer and antidiabetic potentialswere further supported by scientific research and clinical trials to develop commercial medicine. For future research, still other traditional uses are yet to be authenticated so more in vivo experiments and clinical studies are encouraged to further clarify the relation between these traditional uses and their modern applications.
From the ancient period, nature has always blessed human beings with a variety of medicinal plants having no or less side effects. Catharanthus roseus (Apocyanceae) is a well-known ayurvedic herb that can be found in vast quantities all around the world. The common name for C. roseus are periwinkle, pink periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, graveyard plant, cape periwinkle, and bright eyes. The present research has aimed to review the presence of phytochemicals, ethnopharmacological, traditional, and important medicinal information on C. roseus. This plant has traditionally been used to treat muscle discomfort, central nervous system depression, and wasp stings. Recent research has revealed that C. roseus contains more than 70 different types of alkaloids (indole alkaloids), saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and chemotherapeutic agents that are effective in treating life-threatening diseases like cancers. The phytoconstituents present in C. roseus exhibited antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other pharmacological effects in different in vitro and in vivo studies. Vinca alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine) are one of the prominent phytoconstituents present in this plant which highly contribute to cancer chemotherapy. This mini-review will provide valid and crucial information about C. roseus to future research in natural drug discovery processes and also for clinical researchers to find vital and effective medication to treat life-threatening conditions.
Medicinal Plants: Microbial Interactions, Molecular Techniques, and Therapeutic Trends is a comprehensive exploration of the fascinating world of medicinal plants, their therapeutic advancements, and the application of molecular techniques to unlock their full potential. This book is structured into three illuminating sections, each shedding light on different facets of this rapidly developing field.
Section 1: Exploring Plant-Microbe Interactions
Covers the relationship between microbes and plants, the historical context and the pivotal role of microbes in shaping the future of medicinal plants. Discover the diverse array of bacteria associated with these plants and grasp their significance in enhancing the medicinal value of plants.
Section 2: Harnessing Molecular Techniques
Covers cutting-edge molecular techniques such as genome editing and modern breeding methods to optimize the genetic traits of medicinal plants. By understanding these techniques, readers will learn how to enhance plant growth, yield and quality.
Section 3: Nanotechnology for Therapeutic Enhancement
Covers nanotechnology and its transformative impact on medicinal plants. The section highlights emerging nano-engineering technology that can revolutionize the therapeutic properties of these plants.
Medicinal Plants: Microbial Interactions, Molecular Techniques, and Therapeutic Trends is a book for Interdisciplinary readers: students, scientists, academics, and industry professionals alike.
Whether you're a student, scientist, academic, or industry professional, this book is your gateway to the evolving world of plant-based medicine.
The most common and serious metabolic disorder nowadays is diabetes. More than 300 million people of the world having this disease and the number is still go on increasing at a rapid rate. Long-term use of insulin and other oral hypoglycemic agents will cause many side effects and complications with heart diseases. Also diabetics are highly prone to different types of microbial infections due to low immunity. To avoid such problems herbal drugs has greater importance, Instead of using these types of allopathic formulations. According to World Health Organization, in developing countries, 80% of the population has still depended on traditional or folk medicines for prevention or treatment of diseases, because of their affordable price, clinically effectiveness and relatively low side effects than modern drugs. This review aims to focus the significance of herbal folk medicinal plants traditionally used in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus in Indian Medicine.
Instead of providing medication, plants have always provided humans with food, clothing, shelter and other basic requirements. Complex traditional medical systems, such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Chinese and others, have their roots in plants. Some of the most significant medications that are still used today were developed by these medical systems. African, Australian, Central and South American medical systems are among the lesser-known medical systems. Today, the search for novel molecules has gone a somewhat different route, with chemists employing the study of ethnography and ethnopharmacology as a guide to find new sources and classes of chemicals. Due to its richness, the flora of the tropics plays a significant role in offering fresh hints in this context. However, the Convention on Biological Diversity must also address the issues of sovereignty and property rights. This page emphasises this, offers an overview of plant molecule types and gives examples of molecules and secondary metabolites that have contributed to the creation of these pharmacologically potent extracts. The publication also discusses the necessity for plant extract validation and some information on the use of herbal products in the creation of functional foods, while consistently emphasizing the safety, effectiveness and quality of phytopharmaceutical products.
Catharanthus Roseus is one of the prime plants in ayurveda. It is also known as Madagascar periwinkle which belongs apocynaceae family. It is used to treat a fatal disease, and also has a good antioxidant. This plant is very much essential for its therapeutic effects like anticancer properties, antidiabetic properties, antimicrobial properties, hypolipidemic properties etc. The aim of the experiment is to establish preclinical evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of Catharanthus roseus leaves for its tropic effect on isolated heart of Albino Wister rat. The powder sample was collected from hydroalcoholic extract of leaves by percolation process. Catharanthus Roseus itself shows its cardiotropic action. The effect of Catharanthus Roseus's extract on the heart was very satisfactory in this experiment.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of Kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from Krat-om, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at oth-er central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated gene’s upregulatory cascades leading to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while its long-high dose is evident to cause the neuronal disorder. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibac-terial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve the ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom to demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurodisorders connecting with other pharmacologi-cal effects.
Natural products and structural counterparts have long played an important role in pharmacotherapy. Nonetheless, designing novel leads for drug discovery utilising natural chemicals is a difficult challenge. It covers the phytochemical analysis, characterisation, and pharmacological research of bioactive substances originating from natural resources. Because plant-derived metabolites and bioactive chemicals are readily available in a wide range of forms at low cost and do not cause major immune system responses, indigenous wisdom has a wealth of information about many plants with various medicinal properties. That is why they are a viable and preferable alternative to synthetic substances as therapeutic medications. Drug discovery research requires the development of robust and viable lead molecules that go from a screening hit to a drug candidate by structural elucidation and structure identification using GC–MS, NMR, IR, HPLC, and HPTLC. The discovery of new medications has been transformed by the introduction of new technology for screening natural compounds. Utilising these tools, we will be able to conduct research into new molecule screening using software and databases, establishing natural products as a primary source for drug development. It eventually leads to the identification of lead structures. As research progresses, difficulties are thoroughly investigated in order to overcome the obstacles to obtaining therapeutic plant metabolites and then large-scale production of the same must be designed for industrial purposes. Here, we review recent technological advances that have made natural product-based drug discovery possible, highlight certain applications, and identify major potential.KeywordsHerbalDrug discoveryCharacterisationPhyto-chemistryphytochemical analysisnatural compounds
Effect of Feeding Functional Snack “Khakhra” on Blood Glucose and Antioxidant Status of Type II Diabetic Males Residing in Anand
Antisense is the non-coding strand of the DNA in some cases RNA which is used by the cell as a template to produce mRNA that directs the synthesis of proteins. DNA/RNA can be read in only one direction. This is called the sense strand and the strand which is opposite to this readable strand is called the antisense strand. The sense strand has the information that can be read on the RNA and it is called the coding side and the antisense strand is called the non-coding strand. But the antisense strand will be read by the proteins made by the specific RNA in order to create a new sense strand of RNA. It is commonly referred to as a method of silencing the genes which involves the silencing of the target gene so that a second strand is introduced that produces an mRNA complementary to that of the target gene. These two mRNAs interact and forms a double stranded structure which cannot be used to direct protein synthesis. Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short strands of DNA/RNA which is made in the laboratory by solid-phase chemical synthesis can be used in genetics testing, forensic and for research purposes. These mRNA‘s can be targeted using antisense oligonucleotides and is used as therapy for various diseases called the Antisense Therapy. This is done by changing the mRNA through various mechanisms such as mediate decay of the pre-mRNA by ribonuclease H, direct steric blockage and exon content modulation through splicing site binding on pre-mRNA. ASO-based drugs use highly modified, single-stranded chains of synthetic nucleic acids that attain wide tissue distribution with very long half-lives. Several Antisense Oligonucleotides have been approved in the European Union, the United States and in another places. In this review we have focused on the potential of this antisense oligonucleotide therapy for various diseases, its approved therapies, ongoing clinical trials and advancements in this technology.
KEYWORDS: Antisense Oligonucleotide, mRNA, antisense drugs, gene therapy.
Seaweeds are macro marine algae with lots of essential nutrients and mainly they are rich in NPK - nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium which promotes them as a Bio-fertilizer. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of seaweed extract as a bio-stimulant of Catharanthus roseus by comparing them with nitrogen-fixing bacteria as a bio-fertilizer.Catharanthus roseus is particularly chosen for its anti-cancerous properties. Totally three plants were taken in that one plant was fed with seaweed extract from Sargassum natans, Another one plant was subjected to nitrogen-fixing bacteria as bio-fertilizer, and one plant was grown without any supplements. Seaweed fertilizer is an organic fertilizer produced by accurate processing of marine plant seaweed as the primary raw material. The main component is the natural organic active material extracted from kelp. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the roots of leguminous plants and form root nodules. This is a symbiotic relationship between them. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria help in nitrogen fixation or conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by the plants. Hence they restore the lost nutrition from the soil. Plants grown with help of N2 fixing bacteria had given the yield within 85 days Growth of the plant subjected to seaweed suppressed after some time as it could not take all the nutrients supplied by seaweeds. Not only do these fertilizers influence the results, environmental conditions (such as humidity, temperature, rain, sunlight) also play an important role in plant growth. By adding fertilizers and suitable conditions to the plant had given the faster and maximum yield.
Cancer is the second most reason for huge mortality in human life which has attributed to a drastic drift in anticancer drug discovery and development. Small molecules as anticancer agents have contributed tremendously for the treatment of cancer however plants based natural products have the cardinal foundation for traditional medicine schemes and still offer relief to cancer patients. Medicinal plants are known for producing numerous bioactive secondary metabolites that have been used since antiquity due to their medicinal properties. Copious advantages of natural products over conventional anticancer drugs have expanded their use in the health care industry which has been witnessed by the extensive use of natural products in the treatment of multiple cancers. The pleiotropic effects of plant products on targets in multiple ways, phytochemicals are considered as suitable source candidates for anticancer drug design and development. In this review, we attempted to compile structural and functional attributes of natural products with an emphasis on their anticancer properties.
Cancer, one of the leading illnesses, accounts for about 10 million deaths worldwide. The treatment of cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and drug therapy, along with others, which not only put a tremendous economic effect on patients but also develop drug resistance in patients with time. A significant number of cancer cases can be prevented/treated by implementing evidence-based preventive strategies. Plant-based drugs have evolved as promising preventive chemo options both in developing and developed nations. The secondary plant metabolites such as alkaloids have proven efficacy and acceptability for cancer treatment. Apropos, this review deals with a spectrum of promising alkaloids such as colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, and vincamine within different domains of comprehensive information on these molecules such as their medical applications (contemporary/traditional), mechanism of antitumor action, and potential scale-up biotechnological studies on an in-vitro scale. The comprehensive information provided in the review will be a valuable resource to develop an effective, affordable, and cost effective cancer management program using these alkaloids.
Current study aimed to Botanical features, applications in traditional medicinal
plants, used to treat and prevent many types of diseases and systematically review
publications indicating the viability of traditional medicinal plants. The leaves,
fruits, seeds and bark of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to treat
disorders affecting many systems, including blood circulation, the immune system,
the heart, and digestive, respiratory, genetic, musculoskeletal, and conjunctive
systems. Some herbal plants are used as pleasant spices, flavors, dyes, and
preservatives food etc. Virtually every part of the plant has its own medicinal
properties. Various types of phytochemicals found in medicinal plants play a
key role in many types of diseases and are also used to produce medicines. The
plant has various functions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
ant-diabetic, antibiotic, hemolytic properties that are widely used by indigenous
peoples around the world. The folk medicinal plant uses of 12 herbal species
belonging to various families are reported in this review article
Drought is one of the hot topics needing urgent attention in the current era of climate change. Crop plants are frequently exposed to a range of abiotic and biotic stresses during the cropping season. Among the various abiotic stresses, drought stress is a key environmental constrain that has detrimental effect on plant growth and development. With the emergence of drought, plants give a plethora of responses for survival resulting in modifying a series of reactions for survival, resulting in changing physiological, molecular, and biochemical processes. Drought affects most physiological functions including reducing CO2 assimilation rates and disrupting primary photosynthetic processes and pigments. It also accelerates reactive oxygen species production, which triggers the formation of an antioxidative mechanism. The purpose of this chapter is to provide insight on the effects of drought on plant growth and development, photosynthesis (decrease or increase photosynthesis directly influence the amount of assimilate production), antioxidative defense mechanism (enzymatic, nonenzymatic antioxidant, and other protective mechanisms), oxidative stress (elevated the formation of reactive oxygen species under drought stress), ROS as a signaling molecule, water relation of the plant (leaf water potential, water use efficiency), and the development of transgenic drought plants.
Background
Medicinal plants have been used countless times for curing diseases mainly in developing countries. They are easily available with little to no side effects when compared to modern medicine. This manuscript encompasses information on ethnomedicinal plants in Champhai district, located in the North East Region (NER) of India. The region lies within Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. This study will be the first quantitative report on the ethnomedicinal plants used by the local tribes of this region. Knowledge of medicinal plants is mostly acquired by word of mouth, and the knowledge is dying among the local youths with the prevalence of modern medicine. Hence, there is urgency in deciphering and recording such information.
Methods
Information was gathered through interviews with 200 informants across 15 villages of the Champhai district. From the data obtained, we evaluate indices such as used report (UR), frequency of citation (FC), informant consensus factor (Fic), cultural values (CVs) and relative importance (RI) for all the plant species. Secondary data were obtained from scientific databases such as Pubmed, Sci Finder and Science Direct. The scientific name of the plants was matched and arranged in consultation with the working list of all plant species (http://www.theplantlist.org).
Results
Totally, 93 plant species from 53 families and 85 genera were recorded. The most common families are Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae with six and five species representatives, respectively. Leaves were the most frequently used part of a plant and were usually used in the form of decoction. Curcuma longa has the most cultural value (27.28 CVs) with the highest used report (136 FC), and the highest RI value was Phyllanthus emblica. The main illness categories as per Frequency of citation were muscle/bone problem (0.962 Fic), gastro-intestinal disease (0.956 Fic) and skin care (0.953 Fic).
Conclusion
The people of Mizoram living in the Champhai district have an immense knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants. There were no side effects recorded for consuming ethnomedicinal plants. We observed that there is a scope of scientific validation of 10 plant species for their pharmacological activity and 13 species for the phytochemical characterisation or isolation of the phytochemicals. This might pave the path for developing a scientifically validated botanical or lead to semisyntheic derivatives intended for modern medicine.
Medicinal plants, being a fundamental treatment system since ancient times, are abundantly found in our locality. Though these plants are immensely important, documentation of home garden medicinal plants is not done properly and the majority of people are ignorant of the medicinal use of these locally accessible plants. The main objective of the study was the documentation of valuable species, their ethnomedicinal importance and plant parts used for the treatment of different ailments. This study was conducted in Rampur municipality, Palpa district during May-June 2021. Households (30) having home-gardens near residential areas were surveyed and highlighted 56 species of medicinal plants belonging to 35 families categorized as herb, shrub, tree, climbers and grass. Reported medicinal plants were valued for the treatment of different 92 ailments such as diabetes, epilepsy, fever, asthma, ulcers, bronchitis, syphilis, kidney stone, urinary insufficiency and many others. The most preferred plant part for treatments is leaf followed by fruit and root. Some of these species like oxalis (Amilo Jhar) is considered as weed and removed from fields. Due to developmental activities and inadequate knowledge about medicinal plants, the abundancy of these species is quickly dwindling and protection of those species should be prioritized by every sector.
The prevalence of lifestyle disorders such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and overweight/obesity is rising rapidly. Recently the popularity of herbal supplements among patients with lifestyle disorders has been increasing. Consumption of a plant-based diet consisted of appropriate phytochemicals has been accepted as a reliable means for the prevention and management of several disorders. Phytochemicals play a crucial role in disease prevention, especially when lifestyle changes alone are not found effective. Various human and animal trials have established the pharmacological action of phytonutrients present in herbal plants. Several bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and stilbenes. are present in plants such as garlic, Aloe vera, turmeric, tulsi, and drumstick. that have shown a significant beneficial effect on DM, metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders, etc. This review focuses on the therapeutic effect of some of the high potential herbal plants and their phytochemicals in the management of lifestyle disorders and the challenges with the use of herbal medicines.
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the in vivo antidiarrheal activity of C. roseus ethanolic leaf extract in Wistar rats. Castor oil was used to induce experimental diarrhea in rats pretreated with extracts administered at 200 and 500 mg/kg to determine antidiarrheal effect. Loperamide and atropine sulphate were used as standard drugs in the two experiments. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and saponins. The antidiarrheal effect of ethanolic extract of C. roseus revealed a dose dependant inhibition of castor oil induced diarrhea at doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg. On comparison of the extract with the negative control, there was a significant difference at 200 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and a more significant difference at 500 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Test extract's effect was further evaluated on intestinal transit and it exhibited dose dependant inhibition of transit motility of charcoal meal. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. roseus possesses significant antidiarrheal effect and corroborate the use of this herbal remedy as non-specific treatment for diarrhea in folk medicine.
Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) is an important medicinal plant for novel pharmaceuticals since most of the bacterial pathogens are developing resistance against many of the currently available anti microbial drugs. Plants have proved to be significant natural resources for effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. This study aims to investigate some of the anti microbial properties of this plant. The anticancer properties of Catharanthus roseus has been the major interest in all investigations. The antimicrobial activity has been checked against microorganisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2036, Salmonella typhimurium NCIM 2501, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021. The findings show that the extracts from the leaves of this plant can be used as prophylactic agent in many of the diseases, which sometime are of the magnitude of an epidemic.
The literature concerning the regulation and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in cell and tissue cultures of Catharanthus roseus is reviewed. The aim of this review is to summarise the progress achieved since the previous review of this subject from 1988 to December 1993. Several factors influencing the production of indole alkaloids are discussed. Special attention is given to large-scale cultivation methods. Some economic considerations on the production of ajmalicine are also discussed.
The subcellular localization of enzymes involved in indole alkaloid biosynthesis in leaves of Catharanthus roseus has been investigated. Tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase which together produce strictosidine, the first indole alkaloid of this pathway, are both cytoplasmic enzymes. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine: 16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine-N-methyltransferase which catalyses the third to last step in vindoline biosynthesis could be localized in the chloroplasts of Catharanthus leaves and is specifically associated with thylakoids. Acetyl-coenzyme-A-deacetylvindoline-O-acetyltransferase which catalyses the last step in vindoline biosynthesis could also be localized in the cytoplasm. The participation of the chloroplast in this pathway suggests that indole alkaloid intermediates enter and exit this compartment during the biosynthesis of vindoline.
In Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don each tissue is known to produce a distinct spectrum of terpenoid indole alkaloids. Since the invaluable antineoplastic
bisindole alkaloids are restricted to the aerial parts of the plant and do not occur in its underground tissues, identification
of the structural and regulatory factors operating distinctly in the shoot/leaf of the plant will be a necessity for modulation
of bisindole alkaloid biosynthesis. This study aimed at elucidating the differential gene expression in the two main tissues
(leaf and root) of the plant, well known for their distinct terpenoid indole alkaloid profiles. The leaf and root transcriptomes
of C. roseus were comparatively analysed using two different approaches: (i) indirectly through construction and characterization of separate
cDNA libraries; and (ii) directly through a strategically designed suppression subtractive hybridization, using the leaf and
root cDNA populations as tester and driver, respectively. A total of 155 ESTs (55 and 45 from the separate leaf and root cDNA
libraries, respectively, and 55 from the subtracted leaf-specific cDNA library) were subjected to homology-based classification
and submitted to dbEST. The direct approach yielded an EST for sgd (strictosidine β-D-glucosidase) and 16 novel ESTs. Dat (acetyl-CoA: 4-O-deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyl-transferase) and sgd transcripts could not be detected in the root system of the plant (cv. ‘Dhawal’) at any developmental stage (6 d, 6 weeks,
or 6 months). The growth-related decrease in shoot/leaf dat and sgd transcript levels was paralleled by a concomitant decrease in shoot/leaf vindoline content.
Although medicinal plants have been historically used for diabetes treatment throughout the world, few of them have been validated by scientific criteria. Recently, a large diversity of animal models has been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and new drugs have been introduced in the market to treat this disease. The aim of this work was to review the available animal models of diabetes and some in vitro models which have been used as tools to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs with potential antidiabetic properties. In addition, a MEDLINE/PUBMED search for articles on natural products, pancreatectomy and diabetes mellitus treatment published between 1996 and 2006 was done. In the majority of the studies, natural products mainly derived from plants have been tested in diabetes models induced by chemical agents. This review contributes to the researcher in the ethnopharmacology field to designs new strategies for the development of novel drugs to treat this serious condition that constitutes a global public health.
Free radicals are fundamentals to any biochemical process and represent an essential part of aerobic life and metabolism and play a dual role in our body as both deleterious and beneficial species. In low/moderate concentrations, free radicals are involved in normal physiological functions but excess production of these species or decrease in antioxidant level leads to oxidative stress. The adverse effects of oxidative stress on human health have become a serious issue. Majority of the diseases/disorders are mainly linked to oxidative stress generated due to free radicals. The plant sources are rich of antioxidants, phyto-constituents which are capable to terminate free radical reactions and prevent our body from oxidative damage. Current research is therefore directed towards finding naturally occurring antioxidant of plant origin. In Indian system of medicine Catharanthus roseus is used in Ayurvedic medicines for number of ailments. The present study deals with comparative evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of the roots of the two varieties of Catharanthus roseus L. namely 'rosea'(pink flowers) and 'alba'(white flowers) using different systems of assay, e.g. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, superoxide radical-scavenging activity, DPPH radical- scavenging activity and nitric oxide radical inhibition method. The results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of the roots of Periwinkle varieties extracts exhibited satisfactory scavenging effect in all the radical scavenging assays in a concentration dependent manner; however Catharanthus rosea had more antioxidant activity than Catharanthus alba.
AIM: To evaluate the antioxidant potential and indole alkaloid variations in different parts of two varieties (rosea and alba) of Catharanthus roseus. METHODS: The antioxidant potentials were examined in terms of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules studied were ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and reduced glutathione. The estimated antioxidant enzymes were superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The analyses were carried out in the field-collected samples. The antioxidant and alkaloid profiles were estimated from roots, stems, leaves, flowers and pods. RESULTS: The roots and stems had higher antioxidant content when compared with other parts of the plant. The lowest content was found in flowers and pods. The rosea variety was good performer in terms of antioxidant and alkaloid contents. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in leaves when compared with other parts. But indole alkaloid content was found to be higher in the roots of rosea variety. CONCLUSION: The pink-flowered rosea variety of Catharanthus roseus is more suitable for cultivation in terms of antioxidant and alkaloid contents.
Seeds of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don cv. Little Delicata were germinated in the presence of different dark-light regimes. Alkaloid profiles as well as tryptophan decarboxylase and acetyl-CoA: deacetylvindole 0-acetyltransferase were monitored. Growth of seedlings in the dark resulted in an early ubiquitous accumulation of tabersonine as a major alkaloid and in the subsequent day 5–10 cotyledon restricted accumulation of vindoline and its immediate precursors. Transfer of 5-day old seedlings to the light resulted in rapid loss of vindoline precursors followed by a more gradual disappearance of tabersonine and the subsequent enhanced accumulation of vindoline. Although light enhanced vindoline biosynthesis, it was not essential. This sequence of biogenetic events suggested the following biosynthetic pathway: tabersonine → 16-hydroxytabersonine → 16-methoxytabersonine → 16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine → N(1)-methyl-l6-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine (i.e. desacetoxyvindoline) → deacetylvindoline → vindoline. The time course of induction indicated that increase of tryptophan decarboxylase activity coincided with tabersonine accumulation, whereas increase of acetyl-CoA: deacetylvindoline 0-acetyltransferase activity coincided with vindoline accumulation. Results suggested that tabersonine biosynthetic pathway enzymes occur in all plant parts whereas the last 5 steps in vindoline biosynthesis are restricted to aerial parts of the plant and that the whole pathway to vindoline biosynthesis is developmentally regulated.
This chapter studies the biosynthesis of the terpenoid indole alkaloids in C. roseus. On the level of the enzymes, certain steps have now been well characterized, but others remain unknown. The conversion of loganin into secologanin is one of the intriguing unresolved problems, although it is not a rate-limiting step. Considering the activities of the enzymes tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), strictosidine synthase (SSS), and strictosidine glucosidase (SG) in cultured C. roseus cells, it is found that the actual production of alkaloids is considerably lower than that which could have been produced by these enzymes. The chapter deals with alkaloid biosynthesis in C. roseus; the biochemistry of this plant has also been studied for other aspects, such as anthocyanin production, phosphate metabolism, cell growth, and cell division cycle. Most of the studies concerning the primary metabolism are not linked with those of secondary metabolism. However, one may expect that in the future the studies on secondary metabolism, such as chorismate-derived products and terpenoid-derived products such as the alkaloids, will be integrated.
Five fractions from the root of the common periwinkle were evaluated for their antifeedant activity, growth regulatory potential, and effect on fecundity and fertility against various stages of a lepidopterous insect, Spilarctia obliqua. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were highly effective as antifeedants, growth inhibitors and caused sterility in treated male adults. Initial instars of the test insect were quite susceptible to the chloroform fraction at 5% concentration, whereas late instar larvae were unaffected. Negative growth rate values were observed for both the fractions at 5000 ppm concentration. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. 12, 270-274 (1998)
The binary indole-indoline alkaloids vinblastine (1), leurosidine (13), 20′-epi-vincovaline (14a), and vincovaline (14b) were obtained by coupling of vindoline (3) to the tetracyclic intermediates 7a, 7b or 22a, 22b, followed by reduction and cyclization steps (60% overall yield for these reactions). The intermediates were obtained by enantioselective establishment of C20′ through a first-step Sharpless oxidation (10a,b) and followed by a subsequent diastereomeric separation (20a,b or 21a,b). Alternatively, enantioselective control of the key secodine-type cyclization in the reaction sequence provided the tetracyclic intermediates 54 and 60 for coupling to vindoline. Selective generation of the natural (1,13,14a,b) or unnatural (30, 34, 35a,b) atropisomeric forms of the alkaloids was achieved through alternative closures of ring D′. The natural products were also obtained from the higher energy atropisomers by conformational inversion on heating. For the vinblastine synthesis, the overall yield was 22%.
The alder yellows phytoplasma (ALY) was transmitted to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) via dodder (Cuscuta odorata) bridges from naturally infected alder trees. The identity of the dodder-transmitted phytoplasma has been confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified ribosomal DNA.
The production of plant secondary metabolites by means of large-scale culture of plant cells in bioreactors is technically feasible. The economy of such a production is the major bottleneck. For some costly products it is feasible, but unfortunately some of the most interesting products are only in very small amounts or not all produced in plant cell cultures. Screening, selection and medium optimization may lead to 20- to 30-fold increase in case one has producing cultures. In case of phytoalexins, elicitation will lead to high production. But for many of the compounds of interest the production is not inducible by elicitors. The culture of differentiated cells, such as (hairy) root or shoot cultures, is an alternative, but is hampered by problems in scaling up of such cultures. Metabolic engineering offers new perspectives for improving the production of compounds of interest. This approach can be used to improve production in the cell culture, in the plant itself or even production in other plant species or organisms. Studies on the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids have shown that the overexpression of single genes of the pathway may lead for some enzymes to an increased production of the direct product, but not necessarily to an increased alkaloid production. On the other hand feeding of such transgenic cultures with early precursors showed an enormous capacity for producing alkaloids, which is not utilized without feeding precursors. Overexpression of regulatory genes results in the upregulation of a series of enzymes in the alkaloid pathway, but not to an improved flux through the pathway, but feeding loganin does result in increased alkaloid production if compared with wild-type cells. Indole alkaloids could be produced in hairy root cultures of Weigelia by overexpression of tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase. Alkaloids could be produced in transgenic yeast overexpressing strictosidine synthase and strictosidine glucosidase growing on medium made out the juice of Symphoricarpus albus berries to which tryptamine is added. Metabolic engineering thus seems a promising approach to improve the production of a cell factory.
Thirty two accessions of periwinkle Catharanthus roseus collected from different semitemperate to tropical geographical areas of Indian subcontinent, Madagascar, Singapore and Malaysia were characterized under field conditions for 53 growth, development, morphogenesis and alkaloid yield related characters over a few seasons at Lucknow, India. Large differences were observed among the accessions for each of the characters examined. The differences among the accessions ranged 3, 80 and 15 fold for the alkaloid yield related traits – leaf dry matter yield and leaf vincristine and vinblastine concentration, respectively. Strong correlations were observed between leaf area and leaf yield with leaf alkaloid, root and root alkaloid yields, contents of dimeric alkaloid in leaves with yields of respective alkaloids, leaf number and root alkaloid content with leaf vinblastine yield and leaf vinblastine content with leaf vincristine and vinblastine yields. Multi-variate analyses allowed classification of the accessions into 5 to 7 morphologically and presumably genetically distinct groups. Generally, the accessions coming from tropical agro-climates tended to get separated from those having origins in subtropical to semi-temperate environments. Three clusters were observed to bear complementary characters for possibly cross-parenting high alkaloid yielding transgressive segregants. One of the accessions of C. roseus in which the leaf vincristine content was 5 fold and vinblastine content one and a half fold of the respective all accession means appeared suitable for the domesticated cultivation. It was proposed that accumulation of high amounts of total alkaloids and one or more dimeric alkaloids in leaves of certain accessions may be a reflection of reproductive fitness achieved under the biotic and abiotic stresses imposed on their parent populations, sometime in their evolutionary pathway.
The effects of triadimefon, a triazole compound on the antioxidant potentials and root alkaloid ajmalicine content were studied in two varieties, rosea and alba of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., an important medicinal plant. The plants of both the varieties were subjected to 15 mg l−1 triadimefon treatment by soil drenching on 53, 68 and 83 days after planting (DAP). The plants were harvested on 60, 75 and 90 days after planting and the antioxidant potentials and ajmalicine content were estimated. The antioxidant potentials viz., ascorbic acid (AA), α-tocopherol and reduced glutathione (GSH) were found increased under triadimefon treatment. The antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities showed slight changes in both the varieties under triadimefon treatment when compared to control plants. Indole alkaloid ajmalicine content increased significantly under triadimefon treatment. The increase in ajmalicine content was more in rosea variety than in alba variety. These preliminary results suggest that, the application of triadimefon may be a useful tool to increase the alkaloid production in medicinal plants.
Oral administration of water fraction of alcoholic extract of leaves of Vinca rosea (fam. apocynaeceae) led to marked lowering of blood glucose level in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic effect of the fraction was comparable with that of tolbutamide.
The naturally occurring cytostatic dimer alkaloids vinblastine 1 and vincristine 2 were photochemically synthesized in slightly acidic aqueous solution from the monomer alkaloids catharanthine 3 and vindoline 4. Multi-centre reactions should obviously be involved and some of the principal photochemistry-associated phenomena here discussed are quite likely to be characteristic even to the biosynthetic reactions yielding vinblastine 1 and vincristine 2 in the cells of Catharanthus roseus.
A radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of pmol amounts of the indole alkaloid catharanthine has been developed. The antiserum was raised against a conjugate of catharanthinic acid-human serum albumin. The measuring range of the assay extends from 0.02 to 20 ng of catharanthine, and as little as 196 fmol may be detected. The antiserum is highly specific for catharanthine showing no cross reactivity with typical Catharanthus alkaloids. This assay allows the rapid, sensitive and precise quantitation of catharanthine in unpurified plant extracts. The distribution of catharanthine in Catharanthus roseus plants and the catharanthine concentration of various Catharanthus species have been investigated. Preliminary experiments indicate that the catharanthine specific radioimmunoassay will be a useful tool in cell culture studies as well.
Thirty-six alkaloids isolated either from Catharanthus roseus or C. lanceus were evaluated for in vitro activity against vaccinia and polio type III viruses. Nine of these alkaloids were effective as antiviral agents, with pericalline being the most effective.
Additional and confirming chemical and spectroscopic evidence for vindolicine (4), roseadine (5), and leurosine-N'b-oxide (6) is presented. Leurosine-N'b-oxide (6) was found to be exceptionally active in the B-16 melanoma test system in vivo. Roseadine (5), a new isolate of Catharanthus roseus, and 6 displayed significant activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system in vivo. Preliminary spectral studies on the new alkaloid roseamine are also described.
The isolation and structure elucidation of catharanthamine (3), a new bisindole alkaloid with antitumor activity from Catharanthus roseus, is described.
Plants produce unique natural products as a result of gene mutation and subsequent adaptation of metabolic pathways to create new secondary metabolites. However, their biosynthesis and accumulation remains remarkably under the control of the biotic and abiotic environments. Alkaloid biosynthesis, which requires the adaptation of cellular activities to perform specialized metabolism without compromising general homeostasis, is accomplished by restricting product biosynthesis and accumulation to particular cells and to defined times of plant development. The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis, which is remarkably complex, evolved in part by recruiting pre-existing enzymes to perform new functions.
The aqueous extracts of 24 herbs traditionally used as curing ischemic heart disease in clinic in China were screened for their in vitro angiogenic activity, another twenty-four traditionally used as anti-tumor or anti-inflammatory remedies in China were screened for their in vitro anti-angiogenic activity. The activity of angiogenesis was determined by quantitation of vessels on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and cell proliferation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Among the herbal extracts examined, the aqueous extracts of Epimedium sagittatum, Trichosanthes kirilowii and Dalbergia odorifera showed the strong angiogenetic activity both in CAM and BAECs models; and the aqueous extracts of Berberis paraspecta, Catharanthus roseus, Coptis chinensis, Taxus chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum and Scrophularia ningpoensis elicited significant inhibition at a concentration of 1g dry herb /ml.
The clinical interest of Vinca alkaloids was clearly identified as early as 1965 and so this class of compounds has been used as anticancer agents for more than 30 years. Today, two natural compounds, vinblastine and vincristine and two semi-synthetic derivatives, vindesine and vinorelbine, have been registered and thus Vinca alkaloids can be considered to represent a chemical class of definite utility in cancer chemotherapy. Today, relatively few groups actively research in the chemistry of Vinca alkaloids. However, using superacidic chemistry, a new family of such compounds was synthesised and vinflunine, a difluorinated derivative, was selected for clinical testing. A consideration of the pharmacological data relating to these new derivatives appears to reveal a lack of any marked correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. Furthermore, structure/activity relationships have failed to assist the chemist in the rational design. Such rational design of new derivatives is limited by the fact that the Vinca binding site(s) on tubulin and the exact mechanism(s) of action of Vinca alkaloids remain unclear. Nevertheless, the preclinical evaluations of the new derivative vinflunine have already suggested that certain in vitro assays, in addition to in vivo experiments, could be proposed to select more rationally newer generation Vincas. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that certain newly identified properties, such as antiangiogenic activities, could enlarge the therapeutic usage of natural and semi-synthetic Vinca alkaloids. Thus, Vinca alkaloids remain a drug family with a continuing interest for future anticancer therapy.
Investigation was made on the effect of partial depletion of polyamines (PAs), induced by treatment with inhibitors of the biosynthesis of PAs, on the distribution of cells at each phase of the cell cycle in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. cells in suspension cultures, using flow cytometry. More cells treated with inhibitors of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were accumulated in the G(1) phase than those in the control, while the treatment with an inhibitor of spermidine (SPD) synthase showed no effect on the distribution of cells. The endogenous levels of the PAs, putrescine (PUT), SPD, and spermine (SPM), were determined during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of C. roseus. Two peaks of endogenous level of PAs, in particular, of PUT and SPD, were observed during the cell cycle. Levels of PAs increased markedly prior to synthesis of DNA in the S phase and prior to cytokinesis. Activities of ADC and ODC were also assayed during the cell cycle. Activities of ADC was much higher than that of ODC throughout the cell cycle, but both activities of ODC and ADC changed in concert with changes in levels of PAs. Therefore, it is suggested that these enzymes may regulate PA levels during the cell cycle. These results indicate that inhibitors of PUT biosynthesis caused the suppression of cell proliferation by prevention of the progression of the cell cycle, probably from the G(1) to the S phase, and PUT may play more important roles in the progression of the cell cycle than other PAs.
The Madagascar periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] is a commercially important horticultural flower species and is the only source of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), vinblastine and vincristine, key pharmaceutical compounds used to combat a number of different cancers. The present study uses high performance liquid chromatography for metabolic profiling of the MIAs extracted from seedlings and young leaves of 50 different flowering cultivars of C. roseus to show that, except for a single low vindoline cultivar (Vinca Mediterranean DP Orchid), they accumulate similar levels of MIAs. Further enzymatic studies with extracts from young leaves and from developing seedlings show that the low vindoline cultivar has a 10-fold lower tabersonine-16-hydroxylase activity than those of C. roseus cv. Little Delicata. It is concluded that rapid metabolic and more selective enzymatic profiling of Catharanthus mutants could be useful for the identification of a range of altered MIA biosynthesis lines.
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Soil Salinity Regimes Alters Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Two Varieties of Catharanthus 52
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- Alinda T Hassan
- Vudriko Brenda
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