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University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1-1-2012
Alumni Participation in LIS Program Review: e
Case of MLIS at University of the Punjab
Khalid Mahmood
University of the Punjab, khalid@dlis.pu.edu.pk
Farzana Shaque
Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, alakhdarem2001@yahoo.com
Follow this and additional works at: hp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac
Part of the Library and Information Science Commons
Mahmood, Khalid and Shaque, Farzana, "Alumni Participation in LIS Program Review: e Case of MLIS at University of the
Punjab" (2012). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 683.
hp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/683
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/
Library Philosophy and Practice 2011
ISSN 1522 -0222
Alumni Participation in LIS Program
Review: The Case of MLIS at
University of the Punjab
Khalid Mahmood
Professor
Department of Library and Information Science
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Farzana Shafique
Lecturer
Department of Library and Information Science
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Introduction
Emergence of the digital era has posed rapid social, cultural and technological changes and challenges
to the human society. The library as a social institution and librarianship as a service-oriented
profession are now at the focal point of revolutionary changes. These changes not only added a new
dimension of information science to the library education during the mid 1960s but further
crystallization of the information and retrieval systems during 1970s caused the information science
component to gain an upper hand, transforming the discipline and introducing new concerns, issues
and challenges. Keeping this reality in view Rehman [1] pointed out that in today’s world we have no
choice but to be open, creative and enterprising in our outlook. The process of curriculum design and
implementation is complex and intricate. However, if we do not tread this difficult course, we will
become irrelevant.
Department of Library and Information Science at the University of the Punjab, Lahore is the oldest LIS
education provider in Pakistan. It initiated a certificate program for librarians in 1915 in the British
regime under the supervision of Asa Don Dickinson, a pupil of Melvil Dewey. After independence this
program was converted into a postgraduate diploma. A master program was started in 1974. Since
then more than 1500 students got master degrees and have been serving various types of libraries,
information centers and library schools throughout the country. Lahore is the second largest city of
Pakistan having an approximate population of 10 millions. A large number of LIS graduates are working
in Lahore. The second largest cluster of the graduates of this department is Islamabad, the country
capital 288 kilometers away from Lahore. Other graduates are mainly working in university and college
libraries in cities and towns of all sizes in the Punjab province. The remaining professionals serve
some organizations in other provinces and even in abroad particularly the oil rich countries of Middle
East.
The Higher Education Commission of Pakistan is responsible for revision and recommendation of a
common curriculum. It has set up a National Curriculum Revision Committee LIS consisting of
representatives from all library schools and some working librarians. The last revision made by this
committee was in 2002. This committee is only a recommendatory body and it is up to the individual
universities to implement the curriculum as such or further revise it. The Department of LIS at the
University of the Punjab immediately implemented the new curriculum. After some time, the senior
professionals, particularly from large university and special libraries, started to insist for further revision
and effective implementation of the LIS curriculum. Flaws in LIS education have been a common topic
in professional gatherings and seminars. Practitioners were criticizing the quality of education by
claiming that library schools were not keeping pace with the technological and environmental
developments in libraries. They were feeling difficulties in finding manpower possessing required
knowledge, skills and attitude. Even graduates with good grades were lacking in some basic skills.
Keeping in view the situation the principal researcher conducted some surveys to assess educational
needs at entry level and experienced manpower (i.e., References 2 and 3). Meanwhile, the principal
author got an opportunity to become head of the department. He decided to conduct a thorough review
of the MLIS program and design and implement a new curriculum. The review and design process
included seeking practitioners’ feedback through an LIS listserv, a questionnaire survey of the alumni,
a detailed literature search, a review of course contents of LIS schools all over the world available on
the World Wide Web, and two focus group interviews of chief librarians considering them the potential
employers of the department’s graduates. This paper presents results of the alumni survey conducted
for this purpose.
Review of Literature
Library and information science (LIS) education focuses on developing a workforce suitable to the
demands of the contemporary information environment. There is a need to audit the LIS curriculum for
its relevance to the twenty-first century hybrid environment [4]. This reality is also pointed out by many
authors. For example Singh [5] stressed that if we look around, we find that there is a paradigm shift
from traditional libraries to digital/virtual libraries, from standalone libraries to library and information
networks, from printed publications to digital documents, from ownership to access, from just-in-case to
just-in-time access, from linear to non-linear interaction, from intra-active to interactive systems, from
exclusive to inclusive society, from analogue to digital documents, from atoms to bits, from intermediary
to end-user, from hot to cool medium, from library to web, from order to chaos, and from open source
to WIKI-Space. But theses changes are not comprehensively visible in the LIS curricula of the
developing world.
Most Third World countries are lacking behind to prepare themselves to face the new problems and
fulfill rapidly changing requirements of library and information science profession. One such country is
Pakistan, where the scene is not very different. Mahmood [2] stated that the literature of LIS in
Pakistan did not show an encouraging view of LIS curricula in the country. Curriculum development
was not taken seriously in library schools and practitioners always criticized library schools in Pakistan
for not producing manpower of quality. Out-dated and irrelevant curriculum was one of the charges
they leveled. While criticizing the teaching methods used in the library schools of Pakistan, Haider [6]
pointed out that the traditional lecture method was the most common form of teaching in our
universities. Teachers spent hours standing in front of the class discussing different reference sources
without having a practical use of them. According to him, the courses on management were taught
without making use of case study method. The cataloging of special material was taught without using
the actual material; the course on “Comparative classification” was taught without having necessary
classification schedules. The courses on “Bibliography” were taught without sources like CBI, BNB,
Book Review Digest, Ulrich, etc. Even the old editions of these bibliographies were not available to the
students. The same situation was found in the courses on “Library automation.” Students were just
theoretically introduced to the basics of computing without any sort of demonstration, and no hands-on
experience. Only one library school had, in the true sense, the facility of a computer lab and a part-
time teacher qualified in computer science. The other schools only had two to four computers each,
which were not used for instruction purposes. Similarly, Ameen [7] mentioned many factors hindering
the curriculum revision process in Pakistan. According to her it has been due to the non-availability of
senior faculty members/experts in new disciplines, lack of faculty development opportunities, as well as
poor infrastructure to implement changed curricula and lengthy procedure of curriculum reviewing
through different bodies of the universities. Furthermore, some faculty members did not exert
themselves to keep abreast with the new developments in their area of specializations. She believes
that this state directly hampered the quality of Library and Information Science Education programs at
all library schools in Pakistan.
In spite of these gloomy glimpses few efforts were made in the near past for overcoming such
problems. Qarshi [8] reviewed the curriculum revision efforts at DLIS, PU. He categorized these
revisions in four phases. According to him, the first phase is spread over the initial 32 years of 1915-
1947. The curriculum almost remained constant despite major advancements in the professional field.
In the second phase of 1950-74 although curriculum designers departed from the initial framework of
Asa Don Dickinson but again the changes were minimal and inconsistent with the concomitant pace of
changes in the field. The third phase, 1974-90 was significant due to the introduction of Master’s
degree. Although during 1980s, this curriculum had become obsolete. An initiative taken in 1989
resulted in an overall change in the thrust and content of the academic program. In 1997, a curriculum
was designed on the basis of revision by the National Curriculum Committee in the subject of Library
and information Science, which took three years to finally implement it. In the year 2002, the
Department decided to shift to semester system and the courses were designed according to the
requirements of the system. Another revision was incorporated in 2004 [9]. Shafique [10] conducted
interviews with the students of DLIS, PU to find out their views about the future trends in the field.
According to her the future professionals believed that LIS curricula would be changed completely. It
would be more ICT focused and comprehensive knowledge of the field of specialization would be
provided using state of the art equipments and technology labs. They out looked that dependence on
continuing education programs would increase and online multimedia resources would be integrated
into the learning process. These trends would enable the students to choose to study at their own
time, place and pace. Moreover professional chat rooms, online instructions, guides, workshops and
seminars would expand.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to review and improve MLIS program of DLIS, PU in the light of
feedback provided by its alumni. The specific objectives of this study are:
To survey the nature of job currently performed by various alumni of the program.
To seek alumni feedback on usefulness of various courses offered in MLIS program in their
present jobs.
To explore alumni perception on effectiveness of different delivery and teaching methods.
To seek alumni suggestions to improve the quality of MLIS program.
Method
To achieve the objectives of this study a survey of the alumni of the MLIS program was conducted. In
the absence of a comprehensive directory of librarians in Pakistan 250 graduates of MLIS program at
DLIS, PU were identified in the cities of Lahore and Islamabad with the help of current MLIS students.
The survey instrument was distributed through e-mail by the authors and personal visits of MLIS
students. An 84 percent response from the alumni was received (n=209). The high response rate
shows higher level of affiliation and concern of the alumni towards their alma matter.
Results and Discussion
Personal profile of the participants
According to the results (shown in Table 1) most of the participants of this study belonged to university
libraries (49%), while others were from special libraries (21%), college libraries (15%) and public
libraries (11%). It was found that the participants passed their MLIS/MLS during 1975-2007. Most of
them (46%) passed their masters during recent years, i.e., 2001 to 2007. The participants’ professional
experience varied between one year and above 31 years. The largest group (43%) had experience up
to five years. These figures reveal that most of the participants of this study were young librarians who
were fresh graduates of the DLIS and had less professional experience. However, senior professionals
also participated in a reasonable number.
Table 1. Personal profile of the participants
Percent
Type of institution:
University library 49
Special library 21
College library 15
Public library 11
Information Center 1
Others 1
Year of passing MLIS:
Up to 1980 5
1981-1990 20
1991-2000 19
2001 onward 46
Professional experience:
Up to 5 years 43
6-10 years 14
11-15 years 8
16-20 years 7
21-25 years 7
26-30 years 7
31 years and above 2
Present job activities
All participants were librarians by profession. They were provided with a list of activities most of the
librarians do in their job. Figure 1 presents a bar-chart of the job activities they performed their libraries
with a percent score of the respondents. The activities performed by at least 50 percent of the
respondents include cataloging, classification, administration, acquisitions, reference work, automation,
management of staff, supervision, planning, circulation, collection development and assessing
information needs. This list mainly includes the house-keeping routines and management of a library.
Usefulness of MLIS courses in present job activities
The participants were asked to show their perception on the usefulness of various MLIS courses in
their present job activities. Percent scores given in Table 2 reveal that the courses found ‘very useful’
by at least 70 percent of the respondents include ‘reference services and sources,’ ‘information
science,’ ‘information technology and libraries,’ ‘management,’ ‘applied library automation,’ and ‘applied
classification.’ The courses which were found useful by most of the librarians belong to the areas of
technical services, technology and management. This trend corresponds with the previous studies on
needed competencies of librarians in Pakistan.
Table 2. Usefulness of different MLIS courses in present job activities of the participants (Percent)
Rank Course Very useful Somewhat useful Not useful No opinion
1. Reference services and sources 86 10 1 4
2. Information science 84 11 1 5
3. Information technology and libraries 79 11 1 10
4. Management 76 17 3 4
5. Applied library automation 73 13 2 12
6. Applied classification 70 20 0 10
7. Collection development and management 64 20 4 12
8. Applied cataloging 62 23 4 11
9. Resource sharing and networking 61 16 7 16
10. Practicum 57 20 6 17
11. Advanced management techniques 56 23 6 16
12. Theory of classification 55 36 3 7
13. Research methods 54 28 6 13
14. Theory of cataloging 51 40 4 5
15. Database structure and design 51 22 7 20
16. Management of serial publications 50 32 5 13
17. Marketing of library & information services 47 29 6 18
18. Academic libraries 46 28 8 18
19. Communication and media librarianship 46 28 8 19
20. Indexing and Abstracting 45 32 6 17
21. Thesis and viva voce 42 21 8 30
22. Web publishing 41 24 11 24
23. Special libraries 39 34 11 17
24. International and comparative librarianship 39 30 10 22
25. Public records and their conservation 36 30 12 22
26. Public libraries 35 29 15 21
27. Foundation of librarianship 35 38 16 11
28. Literature of science and technology 34 39 10 18
29. Literature of Islam and Pakistan 31 36 13 20
30. Theory and practice of bibliography 30 48 8 14
31. Science and technology libraries 28 37 12 23
32. Literature of social sciences 24 47 12 16
33. Health and medical sciences libraries 24 30 23 23
34. School libraries 24 33 21 23
35. Children libraries 21 28 22 29
36. Literature of humanities 21 43 15 22
37. Law libraries 19 37 22 22
38. Agricultural libraries 14 35 26 24
Effectiveness of delivery and teaching methods
The participants found multiple delivery and teaching methods effective. The methods which could
attract the attention of more than 70 percent respondents include class discussions, class lectures,
hands on computer practice and student presentations (Table 3).
Table 3. Effectiveness of different delivery and teaching methods (Percent)
Rank Delivery and Teaching Methods Very effective Somewhat effective Not effective No opinion
1. Class discussions 82 12 0 6
2. Class lectures 81 13 0 6
3. Hands on computer practice 76 13 1 10
4. Student presentations 75 17 1 7
5. Books and journals reading 67 23 2 8
6. Library tours 64 32 1 3
7. Consultation with teachers outside classroom 55 34 2 10
8. Home assignments 50 27 3 20
9. Guest lectures 48 43 2 7
Suggestions to improve the quality of MLIS program
The participants’ opinions were sought on a list of measures to improve the quality of MLIS program.
Most of the them strongly recommended that teachers should be trained in latest technologies (92%)
for improving the quality of MLIS program. They also strongly recommended that more hardware and
software should be provided in computer lab (89%), more books and journals should be provided in
library (83%), more focus should be given to research (79%), and curriculum should be revised more
frequently (73%). They also emphasized on the provision of more physical facilities, evaluation of MLIS
program by employers, and co-curricular activities. While the alumni were not clear on the change in
entry requirements and the introduction of admission test (Table 4).
Table 4. Suggestions to improve the quality of MLIS program (Percent)
Rank Suggestion Strongly
recommended
Somewhat
recommended
Not
recommended
No
opinion
1. Teachers should be trained in latest technologies 92 3 0 5
2. More hardware and software should be provided
in computer lab
89 8 0 3
3. More books and journals should be provided in
library
83 12 0 5
4. More focus should be given to research 79 14 1 6
5. Department should coordinate with other
organizations to share resources
76 13 1 10
6. Curriculum should be revised more frequently 73 18 2 7
7. More physical facilities (Building, air-conditioning,
etc.) should be provided
67 25 2 5
8. MLIS program should be evaluated by employers 67 22 7 5
9. More focus should be given to co-curricular
activities of students
57 35 1 8
10. Entry requirements should be changed 37 34 12 16
11. Admission test should be introduced 34 32 23 11
An open space was also provided to the participants to give their suggestions to make MLIS program
better and in line with the requirements of practical librarianship. A reasonable number of respondents
(67%) gave their suggestions in this regard. Most of the respondents suggested that more emphasis
should be on practice of theoretical contents. They also suggested that IT and communication skills
(written and oral) of students should be improved and teachers’ training should be a regular
component along with the revision of the curriculum.
Conclusion
The results of this study reveal that alumni were performing a wide range of tasks in their job settings.
They perceived not only the traditional course contents as very useful in their present jobs but they
have also mentioned a variety of IT and communication related contents as very useful for their work.
They stressed on new teaching and delivery methods and class discussions besides the routine class
lectures. They believed that the quality of MLIS program will improve only when teachers will be
trained according to the changing trends. Besides this they recommended the provision of more and
latest facilities and more focus on practice.
The researchers found the results of this alumni survey very useful to review and improve the standard
of MLIS program of the department. In the light of the findings of this study and some other research
activities an entirely new curriculum was designed which was successfully passed through a long
journey for its approval (Departmental faculty – Board of Studies in LIS – Board of Faculty of
Economics & Management Sciences – Academic Council) and now has been implemented. On the
request of the department the Higher Education Commission has also provided some amount to
purchase ICT equipment and reference tools. Following the example of the University of the Punjab
two library schools at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur and Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad are also making arrangements to update their MLIS curricula on the same lines.
References
[1] S. Rehman, Developing new competencies among LIS professionals: Challenges for educators.
Pakistan Journal of Library and Information Science, 10 (2008), 67-81.
[2] K. Mahmood, A comparison between needed competencies of academic librarians and LIS curricula
in Pakistan. The Electronic Library, 21 (2003), 99-109.
[3] K. Mahmood & M. A. Khan, ICT training for LIS professionals in Pakistan: A needs assessment.
Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, 41 (2007), 418-427.
[4] R. S. R. Varalakshmi, Educating 21st century LIS professionals-Needs and expectations: A survey
of Indian LIS professionals and alumni. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 47
(2006), 181-199.
[5] J. Singh, LIS education and knowledge management: Issues and implications. In C. R. Karisiddappa
& B. D. Kumar (Eds.), Building curriculum with a difference: A vision for LIS education in the 21st
century: Conference papers and proceedings- 23 IATLIS National Conference, (pp. 417-429).
Dharwad: IATLIS, 2006.
[6] S. J. Haider, Educating future librarians in Pakistan: A library educator’s perspective. Education for
Information, 16 (1998), 29-44.
[7] K. Ameen, Issues of quality assurance (QA) in LIS higher education in Pakistan. South Asian
Libraries & Information Networks (SALIN-an electronic journal) (1998),Retrieved 24th June, 2008, from:
http://www.punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pages/dlis/salin/kanwalammen.htm
[8] A. H. Qarshi, Development of curriculum at the University of the Punjab: Dickinson’s contributions
and afterwards. In S. Rehman, A. Sattar, A. H. Qarshi (Eds.), Library education in Pakistan: Past,
present and future, (pp. 77-94). Lahore: PULSAA, 1992.
[9] A. H. Qarshi, Voyage through history. Pakistan Journal of Library and Information Science, 7
(2006), 1-4.
[10] F. Shafique. (2007). Librarianship: How is the future perceived by librarians in Pakistan? Library
Review, 56 (9), 811-820.
