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Purpose To survey fundraising activities of government sector libraries in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey of randomly selected 100 large university, college, public and special libraries of Pakistan is conducted. Findings The review of literature reveals that no formal survey of such activities was carried out before. However, general library literature in the country mentions the examples of donations and gifts received in libraries. Data collected through survey show that very few libraries are involved in fundraising activities. Significant donations are given by foundations, international agencies and some individuals. The reasons for non‐engagement of most of the libraries in such activities are shortage of staff and parent organizations' involvement through other offices. Most of the libraries have no future plans for fundraising. Research limitations/implications The survey only focuses on large libraries in the public sector. Small libraries, school libraries and private sector libraries are not covered. Practical implications This is the first paper on this topic in Pakistan. It will help LIS decision makers plan for fundraising activities in libraries. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on fundraising in Pakistan. It is the first survey of such activities in this country. The experiences shared by libraries can be helpful for other developing countries.
Library fundraising in Pakistan
Khalid Mahmood
Department of Library and Information Science, University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Abdul Hameed
Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan, and
Syed Jalaluddin Haider
Department of Library and Information Science, University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract
Purpose – To survey fundraising activities of government sector libraries in Pakistan.
Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey of randomly selected 100 large
university, college, public and special libraries of Pakistan is conducted.
Findings – The review of literature reveals that no formal survey of such activities was carried out
before. However, general library literature in the country mentions the examples of donations and gifts
received in libraries. Data collected through survey show that very few libraries are involved in
fundraising activities. Significant donations are given by foundations, international agencies and some
individuals. The reasons for non-engagement of most of the libraries in such activities are shortage of
staff and parent organizations’ involvement through other offices. Most of the libraries have no future
plans for fundraising.
Research limitations/implications – The survey only focuses on large libraries in the public
sector. Small libraries, school libraries and private sector libraries are not covered.
Practical implications – This is the first paper on this topic in Pakistan. It will help LIS decision
makers plan for fundraising activities in libraries.
Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on fundraising in
Pakistan. It is the first survey of such activities in this country. The experiences shared by libraries
can be helpful for other developing countries.
Keywords Fundraising, Libraries, Pakistan
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The environment in which libraries operate today has changed in many ways. In
addition to the traditional function of libraries to provide a safe place for the
accumulated knowledge of humans libraries also have to play the role of a modern
information center. Scholarly communication has gone through some major changes
because of the development of communication networks, technology-based forms of
knowledge, increased production of scholarly information, and the capacity of libraries
to deliver and preserve the last century’s knowledge that was primarily printed on
paper. The electronic library is fast approaching. Libraries, throughout the globe, are
faced not only with the rapid growth rate of information, but also with continued
increases in costs of materials and services which most often exceed the rate of
The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister www.emeraldinsight.com/0143-5124.htm
Library
fundraising in
Pakistan
429
Received 16 December 2004
Revised 21 March 2005
Accepted 1 April 2005
Library Management
Vol. 26 No. 8/9, 2005
pp. 429-438
qEmerald Group Publishing Limited
0143-5124
DOI 10.1108/01435120510631729
inflation. Meeting these needs demands additional resources that appear not to be
available from traditional sources.
Private support for libraries is more important in Pakistan where libraries in the
government sector have never been funded adequately. Causes of poor library funding
in Pakistan include overall poor economy of the country and lack of interest of the
government in development of libraries. Poor funding has not only badly affected the
quality of library services, but also has made them less attractive place for readers. It
has lost its potential for viable marketing. Most devastating effects include inadequate
and poor collection, cancellation of periodical subscriptions, less space, reduction in
library opening hours, closure of libraries, staff cuts, conservation problems, lack of
proper organization of material, and poor standard of service.
In the past, Pakistani libraries have obtained funds, although not to a greater extent,
from alternative sources. They have enjoyed private funding mostly in the form of
personal collections. Foreign governments, non-government organizations and
international organizations also supported libraries in various projects. Some of
them include the United Nations, Unesco, the World Health Organization (WHO), the
United States Information Service (USIS), the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Colombo Plan, the
Asia Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the United States Educational Foundation, the
British Council, the United States Agency for International Development (US-AID),
Netherlands Library Development Project (NLDP), Library of Congress and the library
associations of England and Australia.
Despite the fact that some libraries have been involved in fundraising activities no
study was conducted to measure the extent of these endeavors in Pakistan. A research
study was urgently needed which could collect and review the stray literature on the
topic and conduct a survey of various types of public sector libraries in the country.
Objectives
Objectives of this study were to answer the following questions:
.How does library literature report fundraising activities in Pakistani libraries?
.How many donations/gifts did Pakistani libraries receive during previous three
fiscal years?
.Who gave donations/gifts to Pakistani libraries?
.Which kind of donations/gifts did Pakistani libraries receive?
.How did Pakistani libraries experience their formal involvement in fundraising
activities?
.For what reasons libraries were not involved in fundraising?
.What is the future plan of libraries regarding fundraising?
Methodology
A questionnaire survey was designed to collect data for this study. University, college,
public and special libraries, set up in government sector, with a reasonable collection
were selected as population for this survey. There was no comprehensive list of
libraries in Pakistan. However, a list of 128 such libraries with at least a collection of
25,000 volumes was prepared with the help of available directories. A sample of 100
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libraries was randomly drawn for survey by drawing lots. The sample included 19
university, 46 college, 15 public and 20 special libraries. The sample fairly represented
various geographical locations of the country.
On the basis of literature review a semi-structured questionnaire was designed to
obtain required data. The questionnaires were sent through mail to the libraries. At
first the response was very poor. After two follow-up letters, numerous telephone calls
and various personal visits of the researchers to some local libraries did generate a
reasonable return rate of 60 percent. The 60 libraries, which responded, included ten
university, 31 college, eight public and 11 special libraries (Table I). The data were
statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer
software.
Review of literature
The US National Society of Fund Raising Executives (1996) defines fundraising as “the
raising of assets and resources from various sources for the support of an organization
or a specific project”. Libraries have been benefited from the support of individuals for
centuries. In 1638, John Harvard donated 400 books and half of his estate to Harvard
University. In 1701, Yale University was founded when ten ministers came together
and each donated books from his own library. The first friends group for a university
was established at Harvard in 1925 (Hood, 1991, p. 11). Andrew Carnegie is considered
one of the major benefactors of libraries in US history. Between the years 1882 and
1919 he donated $56,162,622 to construct 2,509 library buildings in the
English-speaking world. Except for a few instances, Carnegie donated money only
for buildings and did not support or endow libraries (Sessa, 1978). Publicly supported
institutions in the USA are continuing to depend on private support to supplement
traditional funding sources. In the last 40 years fundraising in state-assisted colleges
and universities has accelerated. Dependence on voluntary support such as gifts from
alumni, friends, and corporations is growing (Heyns, 1994).
During the last two decades, the number of groups offering assistance to and
communication among library administrators and development personnel has
increased. These groups include the Association of College and Research Libraries
(ACRL) Fund Raising and Development Discussion Group, the Library Administration
and Management Association (LAMA) Fund Raising and Financial Development
Section, the Development Officers of Research Academic Libraries, North America
(DORAL), and the Academic Library Advancement and Development Network
(ALADN). All these organizations focus primarily on fundraising and development
issues in libraries (Alexander, 1998; Leighty, 2002).
Surveys of fundraising activities in US libraries provide information on techniques
and methods used, sources contacted, types of funds raised and many other important
Library type Sample Response Percent response
University 19 10 53
College 46 31 67
Public 15 8 53
Special 20 11 55
Total 100 60 60
Table I.
Number of libraries
which participated in the
survey
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aspects regarding the issue. Based on a study visit to North America, funded by the
British Library’s Research and Development Department, Wilkinson (1993) describes
fundraising activities in both university and public libraries in USA. She notes the role
that funds raised takes in the income and capital expenditure of these libraries. She
describes the techniques used to raise funds, the individuals involved and the skills
required. She considers why people give to libraries. She notes the different types of
program supported by funds raised. Claassen (1993) reports the result of a survey, by
the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), on developmental fundraising activities.
Among 87 ARL members, who responded, only 5 percent indicated they had no
development program at all. Libraries raised funds for a wide variety of programs: 79
percent raised money for collections; 77 percent raised funds for endowments; 56
percent for automation; 51 percent for preservation; 49 percent for library buildings;
and 30 percent managed to raise money for library operations.
Potts and Roper (1995) compare American and British practice and strategies of
fundraising used in public libraries. They found that: “methods of raising funds in US
are: government grants; endowment funds; donations from individuals, corporations
and foundations; foundations/trusts specially established for public library projects;
friends of the library groups; and special events and positive merchandizing; while UK
methods of raising funds are: sponsorship; grants; donations; Friends of the Public
Library; and various joint ventures” (Potts and Roper, 1995, p. 13). They concluded that,
“American libraries tend to have a more organized and aggressive approach to
fund-raising ...Asking for money is a much more acceptable practice in the USA than
in Britain” (Potts and Roper, 1995, p. 21). Latour (1995) surveyed fundraising activities
in 517 college and university libraries in the USA. Responses indicated that
approximately 66 percent of all academic libraries engaged in fundraising, and research
libraries being more likely to engage in fundraising than other types of libraries. Most
libraries took part in fundraising activities because of the rising cost of information
technology, along with the fact that they were encouraged to do so by their parent
institution. They engaged themselves in a wide variety of activities in order to raise
funds. The most popular fundraising techniques were: seeking private foundation
grants; having a library component within an institution-wide fundraising campaign;
seeking government grants, sponsoring a friends group; and holding a used book sale.
For all libraries that were engaged in fundraising activities, approximately 6.33 percent
of their operating budget was derived from fundraising activities and endowments.
Library Journal’s budget report for the fiscal year 1998, based on data from 533 libraries,
shows that since 1993, “fundraising is up 228 percent, illustrating the increased need for
fundraising as a source of revenue. More than two-third of survey respondents
confirmed having a fundraising arm, up from 62 percent in FY98” (Lifer, 1999, p. 51).
In Pakistan, no formal study was conducted library fundraising activities. However,
mention of donations and gifts are found in general literature of librarianship
published in Pakistan. Donovan (1984) found that many of the libraries of Pakistan
receive donations. He recommends that “the Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development should explore and encourage efforts to have the tax laws amended to
give tax credits for donations to public libraries and to libraries of educational
institutions” (Donovan, 1984, p. 23). Recognizing the importance of library fundraising
the Government of Pakistan has added it, for the first time in the history of Pakistan, in
the policy provisions given in the National Education Policy 1998-2010. The policy
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provides that, “Endowment fund for the development of libraries in collaboration with
donor agencies will be created” (Pakistan Ministry of Education, 1998, p. 119). Pakistan
Library Association (n.d.a) recently has decided to set up an endowment fund
suggested in the education policy and launched a campaign. Through a brochure the
Pakistan Library Association has requested each Pakistani family to donate Rs10 to
this fund. “In this way an amount of Rs.1,350 million can be raised. Provision of quality
books and furniture to the school and rural public libraries will be on priority”
(Pakistan Library Association, n.d.b). According to a news report, the Punjab Public
Library, Lahore has planned to hold a library day to help generate funds (American
Libraries, 2000, p. 32).
Literature shows that there have not been any concerted efforts for fundraising in
Pakistani libraries. Discussing the gifts and exchange activities in university libraries
in Pakistan, Haider (1993, p. 171) comments that:
Acquisition of gifts and process of exchange are the responsibility of acquisition departments
in the present administrative structure of university libraries in Pakistan, but there is not
much work done in this connection. Excluding casual gifts of single titles by their authors,
there are neither gifts fund, as found in Western countries, requiring accounting and
book-keeping, nor does the prevailing environment offer many chances for solicitation,
particularly in the scientific and technical fields.
Majid (1993) gives details of a USAID project in Pakistan which provided 17
agricultural libraries with computer equipment, software, CD-ROM databases, and
training. A grant of one million US dollars was approved for this project. Khokhar et al.
(1987, p. 30) mention that:
There are instances of donations in university libraries in Pakistan, but they are not regular.
In some cases donations in the form of materials such as books and equipment are received. A
good example of this is the British Book Presentation Programme sponsored by the UK
Overseas Development Administration through the British Council in Pakistan.
The statistics of library collection of the Allama Iqbal Open University, given by
Hasan (1982), shows that between 1974 and 1982 the library acquired 60 percent of its
collections through donations, and only 40 percent books were purchased. The Sind
University Library also got material through gifts/donations. Butt (1986, p. 26)
mentions that:
During the year 1980-81 nearly 267 books/publications were received under this head. Most
notable among donors was Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, Riyadh, who presented a
sizeable gift of 93 Arabic books ...The gift of Urdu books from Delhi University is also worth
mentioning. Various learned bodies and research organizations in private and public sector in
and outside the country also keep on sending their publications/reports to the library.
The library of the University of Peshawar, according to the statistics given by Khan
(1986), received more than 43,000 books through gifts and exchanges from 1951 to
1982. In Anwar’s (1983) survey of urban public libraries of Pakistan, it was found that
30 out of 68 libraries received books through donations. A total of 11 libraries received
book gifts from the Asia Foundation. Some other libraries got books from
organizations like M. Ibrahim Trust, Karachi, USIS, Franklin Publications, Rifa’t
Sultana Memorial, Unesco, individual philanthropists and general public (Anwar,
1983, pp. 72-3). The General Library at Sukkur received every year a cash donation of
Library
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Rs10,000 from Hakeem Saeed of the Hamdard Foundation. This donation was stopped
later. “The 1992-93 annual report of the library contains more than one hundred names
of institutions, newspapers, and individual lovers of this library who supported the
library with the donations in shape of cash or books” (Butt et al., 1996, pp. 56-7).
Regarding training on fundraising, one can find only one example in the entire
country. In June 1996, the British Council invited a fundraising consultant from UK and
held two two-day workshops in Islamabad and Karachi. Fundraising personnel from
various non-government organizations (NGOs) participated in the workshops. To give
an idea of fundraising in library profession The NLDP sponsored office-bearers of the
Pakistan Library Association to attend the workshop held in Islamabad. A total of 11
librarians participated with this sponsorship (The British Council Management
Programme, 1996).
Various international organizations have been granting money for the development
of libraries in Pakistan. Haider (1993, p. 171) names some of them:
Some organizations like Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization,
have helped the Agricultural University at Faisalabad, and the Faculty of Health Science at
the Aga Khan University respectively, to enrich their collections by providing their own
publications. The British Council has also helped several libraries to procure British
periodicals by paying subscriptions on their behalf and by donating books and periodicals.
Ford Foundation too, is assisting Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and Applied
Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, in this regard.
During 1991 to 1996, the NLDP has been active in the development of various areas of
librarianship in Pakistan particularly in the development of information technology in
the form of providing hardware, software, and assisting in expansions of training
facilities to libraries (Mahmood, 1996).
Mughal (1985) summarizes the role of Unesco in the development of librarianship in
Pakistan. Unesco had been instrumental in the establishment of many important
agencies and organizations in Pakistan such as Pakistan Bibliographical Working
Group (PBWG), National Book Centre of Pakistan (NBC)/National Book Council of
Pakistan (NBCP), Pakistan Scientific and Technological Information Centre (PASTIC),
Regional Office of Cultural and Book Development in Asia (ROCBA), and Unesco
Regional Centre for Reading Material in Asia. Unesco also organized some training
courses from time to time for Pakistani librarians. On the request of the Pakistan
Government Unesco invited experts to formulate plans for library development in
Pakistan. In 1989, a network of business and economics libraries of Lahore
(LABELNET) was set up with the joint sponsorship of International Development
Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the Lahore University of Management Sciences
(LUMS). Under this project bibliographic databases were established, union list of
serials was published, an inter-library loan system was set up, and training to the staff
of participating libraries in information technology was imparted (Riaz, 1990).
To provide assistance to libraries in the Punjab province, the Punjab Library
Foundation was established in 1985 with a capital of Rs100 million. In the shape of
books, furniture and equipment the Foundation has allocated, between the years 1986
and 1991, Rs56.4 million to 237 public libraries of the province. Other projects of the
Foundation include training, workshops, prize competition for research articles on
librarianship, publication of books, computerization, free textbook service, award of
foreign scholarships, and a mobile library service (Taj, 1991).
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Fundraising in libraries
Data regarding fundraising activities of libraries surveyed during three fiscal years are
presented and analyzed in this section.
Donations/gifts received
The libraries in the sample were asked to list donations of Rs10,000 or above they
received during previous three fiscal years. A total of 16 libraries (27 percent)
mentioned a total number of 45 gifts of such kind. Of these 16 libraries five were
university, seven were college and four were public libraries. A further 73 percent of
libraries did not mention any donations or gifts they received during the period of three
years. Further analyses of these 45 gifts are given below.
A total of 29 (64 percent) gifts were made by foundations. Ten (22 percent) gifts
were made by individuals (Table II). The Punjab Library Foundation made 20 gifts and
the Asia Foundation made seven gifts. Other donors include Agricultural Development
Bank of Pakistan, Syed Babar Ali Foundation, Chinese Consulate in Pakistan, Japan
Foundation, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, United States
Information Service, and individuals. In response to another question, libraries
mentioned that 24 (53 percent) of total gifts were received in the form of in-kind
donation while 21 (47 percent) gifts were in the form of cash.
Library material (books, journals, etc.) was purchased from donated money in 34
cases (76 percent). In seven cases (16 percent) equipment (computers, printers, etc.) was
purchased from this money. Other uses of donation include hiring of staff and purchase
of furniture (Table III).
Formal fundraising activities
Only five libraries (8 percent of 60) reported that they were formally involved in
fundraising activities during previous three years. Of these three were public libraries
and two were university libraries. In response to the question, “How would you rate the
success of your library’s fundraising activities?” three libraries valued their success as
Rank Donor type Frequency of gifts Percent
1 Foundation 29 64
2 Individual 10 22
3 International agency 3 7
4 Other 2 4
5 Commercial firm 1 2
Total 45 100
Table II.
Frequency distribution of
type of donors
Rank Use Frequency Percent
1 Material 34 76
2 Equipment 7 16
3 Staff 3 7
4 Furniture 1 2
Total 45 100
Table III.
Frequency distribution of
uses of donation money
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moderate, while the other two stated as “moderately unsuccessful”. In response to the
question, “To what extent your library has authority to launch a fundraising activity?”
two libraries made mention that fundraising was a centralized activity, two said that it
was a decentralized activity, while one stated that it was a shared activity between the
library and its parent institution. All the libraries answered to the question, “Which
staff member has primary responsibility for fundraising activities?” said that it is the
chief librarian who was responsible for such activities. Another question was
“Whether libraries used the services of a fundraising consultant outside the
institution?” All libraries responded in negative.
Four libraries stated, in response to a question about the friends of the library
organization, that they had no such organization. Only one library mentioned that it
had a group of library friends. Primarily it was a social group and not at all active.
Three libraries stated that they had prepared a fundraising plan while two stated that
they had not. There were only two libraries that had a donor recognition program
while the other three had no such program.
Reasons for not engaging in fundraising activities
The respondents that were not engaged in fundraising activities during past three
fiscal years were asked to mention reasons for not doing this. Out of 55 libraries that
were not involved in fundraising 38 gave such reasons. A total of 15 (39 percent)
libraries mentioned that they had insufficient staff to engage in such activities; 13 (34
percent) libraries could not raise funds because it was the responsibility of the parent
institution. Seven libraries reported that they had adequate funding and three libraries
stated that they launched a fundraising campaign in the past but result was not
encouraging (Table IV). Other reasons mentioned by six libraries include:
.fundraising is not allowed by the government (four responses);
.fundraising is not common in libraries;
.fundraising is not possible; and
.library staff did not think about fundraising.
Future plan for fundraising
Libraries that were not engaged in fundraising activities were asked if they were
planning to engage in such activities during next three years. Out of 55 libraries 47
responded to this question. Only 12 libraries stated that they were planning to engage
themselves in these activities while other 35 had no future plan regarding fundraising.
Rank Reason Frequency Percent
1 Library staff is insufficient to engage for fundraising activities 15 39
2 The parent institution manages fundraising through a different
department/office 13 34
3 Library receives adequate funding 7 18
4 Other 6 16
5 Library launched fundraising campaign in the past but the result
was not encouraging 3 8
Table IV.
Frequency distribution of
reasons for not engaging
in fundraising activities
(n¼38)
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Conclusion
The results of this study show that library fundraising, which is now very popular in
developed countries, has not gained ground in Pakistan. Most of the libraries were not
aware of the benefits of seeking private money. A small number of libraries received
some donations and gifts, but very few formally engaged themselves in such activities.
The study indicates that there were potential library donors in the form of foundations,
international agencies and individuals but libraries, due to one or other reason, did not
pay attention to seeking money or equipment from them.
It is recommended that the potential of fundraising for Pakistani libraries should be
explored. Librarians should be made aware of the success stories of library
development in advanced countries. Library schools and professional associations can
play an important role in this regard. Government should also encourage such
activities in libraries.
It is a fact that the government has to face dragons of illiteracy, national defense,
internal terrorism, poor health, insufficient food, and miserable living conditions of
millions of people in Pakistan. Librarianship is a low priority area for the government
in such a poor social milieu. On the other hand, despite all these deficiencies in
Pakistan, many hospitals, educational institutions, and other institutions of social
service are being run successfully through private funding. Philanthropists give
millions of rupees for social cause and welfare of the humanity. Libraries can also get
benefit from this money.
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... (p. 165) Mahmood, Hameed, and Haider (2005) claim that though, considering the importance of adequate funding for public libraries, Government of Pakistan has added it for the first time in National Education Policy 1998-2010. The policy provides that: "Endowment fund for the development of libraries in collaboration with donor agencies will be created" (Pakistan Ministry of Education 1998, 119 as cited in Mahmood, Hameed, and Haider 2005). ...
... 165) Mahmood, Hameed, and Haider (2005) claim that though, considering the importance of adequate funding for public libraries, Government of Pakistan has added it for the first time in National Education Policy 1998-2010. The policy provides that: "Endowment fund for the development of libraries in collaboration with donor agencies will be created" (Pakistan Ministry of Education 1998, 119 as cited in Mahmood, Hameed, and Haider 2005). However, the situation is not encouraging as Warraich, Malik, and Ameen (2018) also identified the lack of funds as a big hurdle for public libraries and suggested for the provision of sufficient funds for these local knowledge hubs. ...
... The studies, i.e. Hussain and Idrees (2021), Mahmood, Hameed, and Haider (2005), Rana and Bhatti (2020), Taufeeq, Rehman, and Ashiq (2020), Warraich (2013), Warraich, Haq, and Ameen (2016), Warraich, Malik, and Ameen (2018) support the results of present study as they also agree that lack of ICT in public libraries is a major problem in providing required services. Likewise, lack of equal accessibility was also another challenge for public libraries to play their role in mitigating digital divide and information poverty. ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate the information services provided by public libraries to information-poor in the most populous province of Punjab. In addition, the challenges faced by public libraries in providing desired information services to information-poor were reviewed. Methodology The study was quantitative in nature. The survey research method was used. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Findings The results indicated that public libraries were struggling to provide the required information services to information poor. Lack of government funding was one of the biggest challenges in providing required services, as reported by public libraries. Further lack of information policy and inadequate information and communication technology infrastructure were identified as key challenges in providing required information services to information poor. Originality The present study addressed the information services of public libraries to information-poor which is unique in its nature.
... Fundraising is also experiencing a very strong growth in the form of face-to-face fundraising, but some forms of fundraising such as online fundraising have also emerged in recent years. Mahmood (2005) suggested that fundraising efforts for libraries can be accomplished as part of their institutional fundraising efforts via special capital campaigns. Sekyere (2009) noted that the library must be visible, with a mission and goals identified and clearly understood to create a successful environment for fundraising. ...
... The university librarians indicated that they do fundraising activities to get funds for certain projects. Case 1 stated that there is a fundraising team to coordinate the activities but lack of grant writing skills was the greatest barrier to successful fundraising as stated by Mahmood (2005) Case 2 stated that There has been little or no support from parent organizations where opportunities to fundraise require seed money. Between 2014 and 2018 motivation from the staff was very low to fundraise because of inadequate remuneration and this impacted heavily on new fundraising initiatives. ...
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The study examined the survival strategies employed by state university libraries in Zimbabwe in the face of limited funding in 2014-2018. Financial and other challenges have had adverse effects on the provision of effective library services in most academic libraries world over. This study explored the funding models used by state university libraries in Zimbabwe and established fund raising strategies employed by such libraries. The research was qualitative in nature and used a multiple case-study methodology focusing on eight university libraries which were purposively selected. The data was collected using face to face and telephone interviews, and document analysis. The data was analysed using the Taguette Software and graphs and tables were used to present the findings. The study findings acknowledged state university libraries efforts and initiatives in resource mobilization though limited. Most of these libraries expected much more funding from the mother institutions through annual budget allocations and grants, and very minimal fundraising activities were done. The study recommends that state university libraries work together with other libraries and push for the revision and revamp of the National Library and Documentation Services Act of 1985. The revision of this Act and its revamp to suit the current 21st century information needs could aid in the financing and development of academic libraries and other libraries in Zimbabwe at large. State university libraries should also put more effort into seeking unrestricted fundraising activities. The authors proposed a Three Layer Library Survival Strategies (TLLSS) Model for adoption by libraries facing funding challenges.
... Fundraising is defined as the sourcing of assets and resources from different sources for the furtherance of an organization's objective or towards a defined project [26]. Possible multiple sources for NGOs include foundation grants, international donor agencies awards, national government grants, corporate sponsorship and contributions from friends. ...
... The third parameter examined the influence of fundraising efforts on organization process efficiency, and the results were positively significant. This research corresponds to the results of [26], who asserts that fundraising is a source of assets and resources from different sources for achieving the objectives of an organization. Reference [54] found that the reasons why resources from fundraising enhance organizational effectiveness had to do with a requirement that an NGO sourcing for funds had to have a written plan indicating the purposes and objectives of the fundraising. ...
... Alternatively, other sources of funding provided by international organizations, foundations and individuals are diminishing day in and day out, forcing academic libraries to consider fundraising (Dewey, 2006;Mahmood et al., 2005). Silverman (2010) has observed that donor supports towards libraries has shifted from collection development towards facilities, technological improvements, research and book collection awards, collection endowments, class reunion gifts, and the myriad forms in which information is shared. ...
... Reid (2010) observed that academic libraries' fundraising and development programs are relatively new trends resulting from declining state appropriations and a competitive fiscal climate in which libraries have to compete for funding with other academic units and services. Mahmood et al. (2005), in a study of government sector libraries in Pakistan, posit that libraries also faced similar problems due to poor economic factors and lack of government interests in library development, resulting in inadequate and poor collections, cancellations of periodical subscriptions, staff cuts, and poor standards of service among other problems. The libraries in Pakistan benefited mainly from alternative sources of funding provided by international organizations, foundations and individuals. ...
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look at the impact of the Government subvention to the University of Malawi (UNIMA) from 2004 to 2009 financial years on its libraries and assess levels of fund raising initiatives in the libraries. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a case study approach. Interviews were conducted with five college librarians in the University of Malawi libraries. University budget estimates from 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 financial years were used to assess the amount of income generated by the libraries. Data are presented in the form of tables and analysed by calculating percentage increases and decreases. Findings UNIMA as a whole has done extremely well in generating income equivalent to subvention. On the other hand, UNIMA libraries are on the receiving end. From 2004/2005 to 2007/2008 financial years, no income was captured in the university budgets from the libraries. In the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 financial years, UNIMA libraries realised 7.2 per cent and 5.4 per cent of the income. This means UNIMA libraries were heavily dependent on government subvention for their operations. Fundraising is not emphasised despite being an appropriate and alternative source of funding. Practical implications The study recommends that college librarians should consider diversifying income‐generating activities and consider fund raising activities as well. Heavy reliance on government subvention is not sustainable. Libraries should seriously consider fundraising. Originality/value There is an information gap on fund raising activities in UNIMA libraries. This information bridges the gap on sources of income for UNIMA libraries and provides an assessment of fund raising initiatives taken by UNIMA libraries.
... Based on the results of the present study, most types of libraries use financial aid and donations as the most significant source of income (Mahmood et al., 2005a;Mahmood et al., 2005b;Munstedt, 2019;Pape and Shoaf, 2009;van den Boogaard et al., 2019). Therefore, libraries need to develop their relationships with people, organizations, and donors for absorbing financial aid as much as possible (Best, 2001;Neto, 2019;Pautz, 2014). ...
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Many libraries are currently facing challenges in obtaining sufficient financial support to continue and develop their services. Libraries around the world employed new strategies for overcoming this issue by adopting various revenue generation and marketing activities. This study is a systematized review conducted on revenue generation methods used in different types of libraries. To identify the relevant studies, two authors independently searched scholarly databases including Medline, Web of Science, Emerald, Science Direct, ERIC, ProQuest, Scopus, LISTA, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar search engine for published articles from 1995 to 2020. Articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 3461 articles were retrieved from which 56 were included for final analysis. This study identified 10 main categories with 75 sub-categories as different types of revenue generation methods suggested or used by various libraries around the world. Academic and public libraries were mostly reported in the reviewed articles as using different types of revenue generation. The most commonly used methods in libraries for revenue generation were public or governmental financial aid and receiving fees for providing services. The use of social networks, web space, and utilizing e-commerce principles were identified as the newest revenue-generating method, which were being implemented and developed in some public and academic libraries. Budget plays an important role in keeping library resources and services active and up to date. Therefore, discovering new opportunities for marketing and fundraising, as well as showing the value and return on investment of libraries is very important. Adopting and using methods introduced in this paper for revenue generation can help libraries to overcome some of their financial challenges well into the future.
... Researchers have been studying the impact of family rudeness on counterproductive work behavior but little mental focus has been paid to mechanisms which can act as stabilize and soften the Impact of negative outcomes (Mahmood, Hameed, & Haider, 2017).. First of all, mediating role of workplace aggression and mediating Role of workplace aggression support has not been addressed in literature in this relation. Secondly studies generally conducted in developing countries but in under develop countries like Pakistan studies conducted are infrequent. ...
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This study was primarily conducted to understand the impact of psychopathy on counterproductive work behavior. Data were collected from 130 personnel through convenience sampling technique, using adopted questionnaires consisting of measuring each variable on five-point likert scales. For data analysis statistical tools such as reliability, correlation and Regression were used. Results indicate psychopathy has significant relationship with counterproductive work behavior. The mediating role of workplace aggression between psychopathy and counterproductive work behavior was also supported by results. Therefore, organization should be used psychopathy as an important mental focus to reduce the negative emotions of the employees for managing the counterproductive work
... There appeared to be a high level of dissatisfaction among librarians with the present state of library funding. This issue was also mentioned by Mahmood et al. (2005). In this study, two-thirds of the interviewees mentioned finances as the most important barrier in digitization activities. ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify barriers that are hindering digitization initiatives in university libraries of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The study opted a mixed-methods research design based on quantitative (QUAN) and qualitative (QUAL) strands by using a survey research method. The subjects of the study were central libraries of the universities (both public and private sector) of Pakistan. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for QUAN data collection in the QUAN strand. In the QUAL phase, in-depth interviews of purposely selected 25 library experts from different parts of the country were conducted. Findings Meta-inferences were drawn from the findings of both QUAN and QUAL strands. Both of the research designs provided the requisite data to answer research questions of the study. The finding revealed the barriers which were hindering the digitization activities in university libraries of Pakistan. Originality/value The findings of the study are helpful for funding bodies, university libraries and university administration. The findings are also helpful for other developing countries with similar economic and/or social landscapes.
... There appeared to be a high level of dissatisfaction among librarians with the present state of library funding. This issue was also mentioned by Mahmood et al. (2005). In this study, two-thirds of the interviewees mentioned finances as the most important barrier in digitization activities. ...
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Objective: The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors and barriers affecting banefactpors’ participation in the construction and equipment of public libraries in East Azerbaijan province. Method: The present applied research was carried out with a qualitative approach and conventional qualitative content analysis method. The participants of the study included all the benefactors partaking in the construction and equipment of public libraries in East Azerbaijan province who had two conditions; participation within the years 1389 to 1400 and participation valued more than one hundred million Rials. The samples were purposefully selected for a semi-structured interview. The interview was conducted up to the theoretical saturation stage and a total of eleven benefactors were interviewed. In order to validate the findings, criteria such as credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability were used. The findings were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis methods. Findings: Based on analyzing interview transcripts, 88 semantic codes, 20 sub-categories (regulations and statutes, activation of the Association of Library Benefactors, advertising, training and veneration, organizational support for employees, the ability to communicate with government officials, the skills of attracting benefactors, the skills of retaining benefactors, the function of country laws, the function of governance, benefactors’ cultural contexts, benefactors’ economic and social contexts, cultural beliefs, personality beliefs, religious and moral beliefs, bureaucratic obstacles, financial obstacles, lack of proper management, inefficient culture-making, governance shortcomings, and the shortcomings of the country’s laws), seven general categories (the role of public libraries foundation in the motivation of benefactors, the role of library officials in the motivation of benefactors, the effect of governance and laws in the motivation of benefactors, impact of cultural, economic and social contexts on the motivation of benefactors, personal beliefs of benefactors, shortcomings of the public libraries foundation in the motivation of benefactors and shortcomings of governance and laws in the motivation of benefactors) and two main components (motivational factors in attracting benefactors and barriers to attracting benefactors) were identified. Based on the emphasis of the participating benefactors, it can be concluded that among the effective factors in benefactors’ participation in the construction and equipment of public libraries, the cultural, economic and social context as well as personal beliefs were the most two important motivational factors. Also, according to participating benefactors, the most important obstacle to non-participation of benefactors in the construction and equipment of the library was the lack of sufficient enlightenment for the necessity of the library, which indicates a weakness in culture building. Originality/value: In order to expand library benefactors’ participation, it is necessary that the Institution of Public Libraries (as the guardian of the expansion of public libraries) should pay special attention to the effective motivational factors in this participation and the obstacles in this path. The present study adopted a qualitative approach to identify the factors affecting the benefactors’ participation in the construction and equipment of public libraries from the viewpoint of participating benefactors. The findings of this research can provide the managers and experts of the Institution of Public Libraries with more accurate information and perspective for more precise planning and removing obstacles and shortcomings in this field. It can also provide a basis for conducting future research in this field and expanding its theoretical foundations.
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The study aimed to evaluate the bibliometric research of Library and Information Science (LIS) research contributed by the authors affiliated with the University of Karachi (UoK), Pakistan. The dataset was limited to 22 years from January 2000 to December 2021 and a list of evaluated papers has been proved from various online and print sources. Google Scholar has been employed to access the record of citation(s). Ninety-two papers were identified with at least one author affiliated with the UoK on the subject category of LIS and these papers were cited 707 times. Two-author collaboration was found to be the preferred authorship pattern and the papers written in this pattern got a better citation result. A number of research articles' contributions have been found that female authors are more than male authors. Syed Jalaluddin Haider, Munira Nasreen Ansari and Farhat Hussain emerged as the most prolific authors with 26, 25 and 15 papers, respectively. The papers published in international journals got higher citations and about three-fourth of the papers were published in the top 11 sources which in found from these research. The subject dispersion revealed that LIS Education and Library Management were the favorite areas. The characteristics of the ten most cited papers revealed that 60% citations were gained by these papers. The findings of this paper support understanding the research trends in LIS at UoK. There is a need to accelerate the research activities, revisit the research policies and promote the research culture in the UoK.
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Describes the activities of the Netherlands Library Development Project (NLDP) for the promotion of information technology in Pakistan. During a period of five years, NLDP made great efforts in the fields of manpower training, hardware supply, software development, information networks, and curriculum development in Pakistan. It set up computer training centres for training librarians, introduced electronic mail and CD-ROM technology in Pakistani libraries, information centres and library schools, sponsored courses on library automation in Pakistan and sent librarians abroad for training. The project encouraged a group of librarians to work on information technology projects in the country, and suggested a framework for information networking in Pakistan.
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Fund-raising is becoming an integral part of contemporary library management, particularly for academic and research libraries. Libraries are establishing or strengthening development operations and seeking information on best practices in fund-raising. In response to this growing priority of library directors and deans, and to meet demand for a forum in which development staff can share ideas and successes with each other, the Academic Library Advancement and Development Network (ALADN) was formed in 1996. This article highlights: the origins and purpose of ALADN; prime benefits of ALADN to the profession of library development; and a summary of the 2001 ALADN Conference in Washington, DC.
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At a time of increasing cutbacks, libraries are under pressure to investigate alternative sources of funding. Compares American and British practice and strategies. Finds that US methods of raising funds are: government grants; endowment funds; donations from individuals, corporations and foundations; foundations/trusts specially established for public library projects; Friends of the Library groups; and special events and positive merchandising; while UK methods of raising funds are: sponsorship; grants; donations; Friends of the Public Library; and various joint ventures. Concludes that British libraries should take a good look at the American picture and learn some of its lessons.
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Inflow of current information is vital to support agricultural research for sustaining an adequate level of productivity. Agricultural libraries in Pakistan have extremely deficient collections. Little application of information technology has been made in these libraries. Deficiency of trained manpower has been another area of critical concern. These problems have prevented these libraries to cater tbr the information needs of the Pakistani's scientific community in an efficient manner. A library strengthening project, with financial assistance of USAID, was designed to elevate the status of agricultural libraries in Pakistan. One of the objectives was to develop multi-media collections in these libraries by providing core journals on microform and other electronic media. This paper discusses different facets of the project related to project design and development, and strategies used for collection development and application of information technology. It also discusses the criteria for the selection of library application software. The paper also recommends measures to improve library cooperation and resource sharing among agricultural libraries of Pakistan. Needs for appropriate funding and application of promotional activities are also highlighted.
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Presents the annual budget report for public libraries for 1999, including budget projections; local taxes; rise of technology budgets; materials, salary, and operating budgets; per capita funding; fundraising; net costs; and the role of the Gates Library Foundation. (LRW)
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The newer and smaller academic library presents features that increase the library's value as a fundraising entity, providing a strategic advantage regarding institutional advancement and development. The article analyzes the evolving academic library's strategic fundraising advantage and provide a basis for positioning the library within the campus development strategy.
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Photocopy. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 1994. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-188). Vita.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 1995. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-268). Microfilm.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 1995. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-268). Vita. Photocopy.