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Typhonium Flagelliforme: a multipurpose plant

April 2013
International Research Journal of Pharmacy 4(3):45

DOI:10.7897/2230-8407.04308

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

Mankaran Singh

Punjab Technical University

Dinesh Kumar

Institute of Microbial Technology

Deepak Sharma

ESI Hospital, Phagwara

Gurmeet Singh

Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy

Typhonium flagelliforme is a prominent plant candidate from aroid family, endowing various curative properties against a variety of illness and infections. This tropical plant found in damp, shady habitats and population of south east asian countries used it as alternative curative health supplement. Traditionally, this plant is used as a alternative remedy for cancer. Also, antibacterial and antioxidant activities are well established. This plant has shown promising results as a cough suppressant, which can be helpful in various respiratory tract problems. This review focuses on various biological activities of Typhonium flagelliforme.

Inhibition e ff ects of selected fraction (DCM/F7, DCM/F11 and DCM/F12) on proliferated human peripheral blood lymphocytes 2

…

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Singh Mankaran et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (3)

Page 45

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407

Review Article

TYPHONIUM FLAGELLIFORME: A MULTIPURPOSE PLANT

Singh Mankaran*, Kumar Dinesh, Sharma Deepak, Singh Gurmeet

Research Scholar, CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Shahpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Email: mankaran_220@yahoo.com

Article Received on: 19/01/13 Revised on: 08/02/13 Approved for publication: 12/03/13

DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.04308

IRJP is an official publication of Moksha Publishing House. Website: www.mokshaph.com

ABSTRACT

Typhonium flagelliforme is a prominent plant candidate from aroid family, endowing various curative properties against a variety of illness and infections.

This tropical plant found in damp, shady habitats and population of south east asian countries used it as alternative curative health supple ment. Traditionall y,

this plant is used as a alternative remedy for cancer. Also, anti bacterial and antioxidant activities are well established. This plant has shown promising results

as a cough suppressant, which can be helpful in various respiratory tract problems. This review focuses on various biological activities of Typhonium

flagelliforme.

Keywords: Typhonium flagelliforme, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Chemical Constit uents

INTRODUCTION

Herbs are staging a comeback and herbal ‘renaissance’ is

happening all over the globe. The herbal medicines today

symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are

regarded as unsafe to human and environment. The past two

decades have seen a worldwide upsurge in the use of

traditional medicine (TM) and complementary and

alternative medicine (CAM) in both developed and

developing countries. Although herbals had been priced for

better compatibility with the human body, lesser side effects

and better cultural acceptability, about 75–80% of the world

population, showed interest and relies mainly on plants and

plant extracts for their primary health care1.

A plant from Malaysian lowlands got recent taxonomic and

pharmacological attention2. Typhonium flagelliforme is an

entire medicinal herb which belongs to the Araceae

(Arum) family, commonly known as ‘rodent tuber’ in

Malaysia. This plant grows widely in disturbed wastelands

including soft, damp and shady habitats. And is native to the

South East Asian countries and the southern part of India and

Sri Lanka to Australia.2, 3, 4.

Typhonium ﬂagelliforme plant can grows up to 30 cm in

height and has yellow coloured spadix enclosed in spathe,

leaves are triangular in shape and tubers are whitish and

oblong3. The spathe is 15.37 ± 1.17 cm long and 1.44 ±

0.07 cm broad at the widest portion. The spadix is

divided into four portions: a lower 0.41±0.03 cm pistillate

portion, an intermediate 1.48 ± 0.14 cm portion with sterile

flowers, a 0.34 ± 0.05 cm staminate portion and

terminated with lemon yellow 12.92 ± 1.25 cm rodent tail-

like appendix 5.The distinguishing feature of araceae family

which is bizarre combination of spathe and spadix which is

useful in trappment of pollinators because of their particular

morphology and organization of their inflorescences.

Southern-east asian countries including India and China used

this traditional plant from years for alternative cancer

therapies. Typhonium flagelliforme is potential healthcare

supplement to cure breast, lung, rectum, liver, prostate,

pancreas and cervical cancers and leukemia’s 2.

Being endowed with detumescence, detoxification, anti-

inflammation, antivirus and anticancer bioactivities, plant is

usually taken orally for treatment of cough, asthma and to

soothe swelling of respiratory tract. To sweeten and increase

patient acceptability, juice of the fresh whole plant is mixed

with honey. Also, leaves are wrapped in longan ﬂesh and

taken raw 3, 6, 7, 8. The flowers of T. flagelliforme have been

used as anticoagulant by ‘Filipinos’ and Chinese used this

plant as remedial for the treatment of injury4. Antibacterial

and antioxidant activities of T. flagelliforme were reported in

tuber extracts 6.

Chemical Constituents

In order to assess its phytochemical components, an

experiment was conducted on one to six month old ex vitro

and in vitro extracts of T. flagelliforme. The active (ex vitro

and in vitro) extracts of T. flagelliforme were screened for

phytochemicals components such as alkaloids, flavonoids,

terpenoids and steroids. Alkaloids and flavonoids are the

main phytochemical constituents of T. flagelliforme which

are found to be in the highest amount in two and four month

old of ex vitro plants. High amounts of main phytochemical

constituents were observed during the flowering process

which started in two month old plant and finished at the end

of the three month old plant5. The other phytoconstituents

include chain of saturated fatty acids like methyl esters of

linoleic acid9, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-

octadecenoic acid and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid. In

addition, several common aliphatics were identified as

dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane,

heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane and eicosane. None of

the above identified compounds showed or are known to have

cytotoxic behavior2. A variety of intercellular and

extracellular enzymes also present in T. flagelliforme include

peroxidase, laccase, tyrosinase, reductase, azo reductase, and

riboﬂavin reductase10. Other include an acyclic diterpene

alcohol, phytol and amino acids like arginine, tryptophan

were also reported in different studies11, 3. In addition,

phenylpropanoid glycosides, sterols and a cerebroside were

also found in the root of this plant2.

Therapeutic Activities of Typhonium ﬂagelliforme

It is a medicinal herb which is endowed with curative

properties against a variety of illness including injuries,

oedema, pulmonary ailments and bleeding5.

Singh Mankaran et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (3)

Page 46

Anticancer Activity

Antiproliferative action

Typhonium flagelliforme have been reported to act as

anticancer in a recent study conducted in Centre for Drug

Research, University Sains Malaysia with School of

Chemical Sciences, Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals

and Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science Technology and

Innovation collaboration by Choon-Sheen Lai et al. They

investigated antiproliferative activity of plant in vitro on a

human lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H23) and a non-

tumorigenic ﬁbroblast cell line (BALB/c 3T3) using the

bioactivity guided approach. For that, extracts of typhonium

flagelliforme were fractioned by using flash column

chromatography and each fraction was evaluated for

antiproliferative activity using MTT assay. The apoptotic

effect of the active fraction was determined microscopically

and by using TUNEL colorimetric assay. GC–MS

(Hyphenated gas chromatography and mass spectrometry)

and NMR (1H NMR) were used to determine the chemical

constituents of this active fraction. Finally studies revealed

that Several fractions of the hexane and dichloromethane

extracts were found to inhibit the growth of NCI-H23 non-

small cell lung carcinoma cell line signiﬁcantly, with IC50

<15µg/ml (IC50 means half maximal inhibitory

concentration). However most of these active fractions were

also found to inhibit the growth of non-tumorigenic BALB/c

3T3 mouse ﬁbroblast cell line except for fraction 21 of the

dichloromethane extract (D/F21). This particular fraction was

not only less cytotoxic to the non-tumorigenic cells where the

IC50 was 48.6µg/ml compared to IC50 7.5µg/ml for NCI-H23,

but it was also found to induce apoptosis in the cancer cell

line. GC–MS analysis revealed that D/F21 contains

hexadecanoic acid, 1-hexadecene, phytol and a derivative of

phytol. The presence of non-saturated fatty acids in this

fraction was conﬁrmed by nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy3.

Cytotoxic activity

This plant was often included as an essential ingredient in

various herbal remedies recommended for cancer therapies in

Malaysia. Choo et al. performed an experiment which proved

cytotoxic activity of T. flagelliforme. Experimentation

methodology include testing of activity on murine P388

leukaemia cells using the MTT assay method. Various

extracts prepared from either the roots, tubers, stems or

leaves for research purpose. Both the chloroform (IC50 = 6.0

microg/mL) and hexane (IC50 = 15.0 microg/mL) extract

from the 'roots and tubers' exhibited weak cytotoxic activity.

The hexane extract (IC50 = 65.0 microg/mL) from the 'stems

and leaves' exhibited weaker cytotoxic activity than the

chloroform extract (IC50 = 8.0 microg/mL). Further analysis

using an amino acid analyser revealed that the juice extract

contained a high concentration of arginine (0.874%). A high

tryptophan content (0.800%) was confirmed by NMR and

HPLC analysis11.

For cytotoxic action one more study was performed by

Mohan et al, to investigate the potential in vitro cytotoxic

effect of leaves and tubers of T. flagelliforme extracts against

human T4-lymphoblastoid cell line CEM-ss. Only

Dichloromethane and Ethyl acetate extracts of T.

flagelliforme showed significant anti proliferative effect

against CEM-ss cells, from eight extracts. Finally concluded

that T. flagelliforme appears to be a promising plant

demonstrating anti cancer activity 8.

Induction of Apoptosis

Induced by linoleic acid fraction of Typhonium

flagelliforme in human T4 lymphoblastoid (CEMss)

A study was conducted by Syam Mohan et al which

confirmed anti-leukemic activity by preparing Typhonium

flagelliforme dichloromethane extract from tubers and tested

on human T4 lymphoblastoid (CEMss) cell line. The

dichloromethane (DCM) extract of tuber has been

fractionated by column chromatography and evaluated for its

cytotoxicity toward CEMss cells as well as human primary

blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Phase-contrast Inverted

Microscopy, SEM, TEM were used to assess Apoptosis and

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end

labeling (TUNEL) assay was used for further confirmation of

apoptosis. The data revealed that only few fractions showed

significant cytotoxicity against the selected cell line CEMss,

in which fractions DCM/F7, DCM/F11 and DCM/F12

showed exceptional activity. Further studies in the non-

cancerous PBL (primary blood lymphocytes) exhibited

significant selectivity of DCM/F7 compared to other

fractions. Double-staining of acridine orange (AO)/propidium

iodide (PI), SEM and TEM were collectively used to confirm

cytological observations showed events like chromatin

condensation, cell shrinkage, abnormalities of cristae,

membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic extrusions and formation of

apoptotic bodies. Results indicate that T. flagelliforme

possess a valuable anti-leukemic effect and was able to

produce distinctive morphological features of cell death that

corresponds to apoptosis2.

Figure 1: Inhibition eﬀﬀﬀﬀects of selected fraction (DCM/F7, DCM/F11 and DCM/F12) on proliferated human peripheral blood lymphocytes 2

Singh Mankaran et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (3)

Page 47

Apoptotic effect on murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells

This plant had shown to induce antiproliferative effect as well

as apoptosis in cancer cells. Mohan et al. got success, when

they investigate in vitro and in vivo effects of Typhonium

flagelliforme on murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells. It was found

that various extracts of Typhonium flagelliforme were used to

detect in vitro inhibition of growth of leukemia cells. Only

dichloromethane (DCM) tuber extracts had demonstrated

apoptogenic effect when observed under fluorescent

microscope. The results showed that the counts of immature

granulocytes and monocytes were significantly decreased in

peripheral blood of BALB/c leukemia mice after the oral

administration of DCM tuber extracts of TF for 28 days with

three doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg). These results were

confirmed by observing the spleen histopathology and

morphology of enlarged spleen and liver in leukemia mice

when compared with the control. Furthermore, the cell death

mechanism in the spleen tissue of treated mice was found via

apoptosis12. Mechanistic approach from Syam Mohan et al

revealed that activation of caspase-3 and-9, PARP cleavage

and cytochrome C release were responsible for induction of

apoptosis in CEMss cells13.

Typhonium flagelliforme was not efficient to destroy every

cell-line, an in-vitro cytotoxicity screening of the Typhonium

flagelliforme extracts indicated high cytotoxicity effect on

human lung carcinoma NCI-H23 cells and human mammary

gland carcinoma T-47D cells, but the extracts were not active

on human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells14.

Antibacterial Activity

Both leaves and tubers of Typhonium flagelliforme exhibits

antibacterial activity. Researchers used cold macerated

extracts of solvents in the order of increasing polarity. The

extraction was done for 7 days and evaluated. Finally, they

found that only hexane extract shown anti bacterial activity

against the selected strains. The hexane extract from

Typhonium flagelliforme tuber had interesting activity

against both the gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa (11±1.0 mm diameter) and Salmonella

choleraesuis (12±1.1 mm diameter). The positive control,

Streptomycin had shown zone of inhibition of 20±1.5

mm, 20±1.3 mm, 23±1.5 mm and 23±1.0 mm in

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and Bacillus subtilis

respectively6.

The same experiment was performed for Typhonium

flagelliforme leaves using same conditions and leaves’

hexane extract was capable to show antibacterial activity

against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.

Antioxidant Activity

For testing the antioxidant activity, Researchers used two

methods namely DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

hydrate) free radical scavenging and total phenolic

compounds, were used for the antioxidant analysis. All the

extracts were subjected to screening for their possible

antioxidant activity. The DPPH assay showed that the

inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate (77.6±0.9%) and

dichloromethane (70.5±1.7%) extracts were having

comparatively admirable inhibition capacity when

compared to the positive control BHT (95.3±1.3%). Total

phenolic content of all extracts was also evaluated, and

dichloromethane extracts (5.21±0.82 GAE mg/g extract) was

superior to all other extracts, followed by hexane (3.27±0.85

GAE mg/g) and ethyl acetate (2.49±0.33 GAE mg/g)(Mohan

et. al, 2008). Above experiment was related with Typhonium

flagelliforme tubers and same experiment was performed for

Typhonium flagelliforme leaves using same conditions and

results shows the Total phenolic content of Methanol

extracts(5.69±0.15 GAE mg/g extract) was superior to all

other extracts, followed by dichloromethane (5.31±0.82 GAE

mg/g) and ethyl acetate (4.24±0.26 GAE mg/g)6-7.

Seeing all above results Typhonium flagelliforme appears to

be a promising plant demonstrating antibacterial and

antioxidant activity that requires further investigation.

Miscellaneous Activities

Typhonium flagelliforme is plant with various

pharmacological activities. Zhong et al performed an

experiment in Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and

Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanning which shows that All the

water, alcohol and ester extracts of Typhonium flagelliforme

could significantly decrease cough times, increase phenol red

outage in trachea, prolong asthma incubation period, decrease

twisting times, inhibit ear swelling and decrease autonomic

action times. Finally, they concluded that All water, alcohol

and ester extracts of TFB have effects of relieving a cough,

eliminating expectoration, antiasthmatic, analgesia, anti-

inflammation and sedation15.

CONCLUSION

Typhonium flagelliforme is a multipurpose plant having a

great potential as anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial and

cough suppressant. In addition to being good candidate for

acquiring various properties, efforts are being in process

which can make it as new hope in therapeutics.

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Cite this article as:

Singh Mankaran, Kumar Dinesh, Sharma Deepak, Singh Gurmeet.

Typhonium flagelliforme: A multipurpose plant. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013;

4(3):45-48

Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

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Mar 2022
MINI-REV MED CHEM

Leukemia or blood cancer was initially discovered in 1845 and this malignancy was reported in patients who had an amplified number of blood cells, in particular, white blood cells (WBC), due to this disease. The event of leukemia was further identified as a malignant hematopoietic disorder due to both uncontrolled and unlimited proliferation in combination with lack of differentiation of the leukemic stem cells.Furethermore, 75 to 80% of the global population use herbal remedies as primary therapy, mainly because of their better efficiency and satisfaction, which elevate the human body symmetry with the minimum unwanted adverse effects. For the control of cancer, plant products, and fruits have been considered promising tools and are being consumed for centuries. Several plant extracts are also being used for the therapy and prevention of different types of known cancers. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural material obtained from Brassica diversity of vegetables and has been reported to serve as a promising cancer preventative agent. In the present review, theauthors mainly tried to focus and emphasize I3C applications in the leukemia treatment.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Typhonium Flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume Tuber 1

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2008

Problem Statement: Multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic micro organisms has developed due to indiscriminate use of modern antimicrobial drugs generally used in the management of infectious diseases. This increases the importance of exploiting the natural sources instead modern drugs. Approach: The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts from of Typhonium flagelliforme (L.) Blume tuber (family: Araceae) commonly called 'Rodent Tuber' was assessed towards selected bacteria as well as in different antioxidant models. The antibacterial screening was carried out by disc diffusion method. Two complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenolic compounds, were used for the antioxidant analysis. Results: Except hexane extract none of the other extracts shown anti bacterial activity against the selected strains. The hexane extract from Typhonium flagelliforme tuber had interesting activity against both the gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11±1.0 mm diameter) and Salmonella choleraesuis (12±1.1 mm diameter). The positive control, Streptomycin had shown zone of inhibition of 20±1.5 mm, 20±1.3 mm, 23±1.5 mm and 23±1.0 mm in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and Bacillus subtilis respectively. All the extracts were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity. The DPPH assay showed that the inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate (77.6±0.9%) and dichloromethane (70.5±1.7%) extracts were having comparatively admirable inhibition capacity when compared to the positive control BHT (95.3±1.3%). Total phenolic content of all extracts was also evaluated, and dichloromethane extracts (5.21±0.82 GAE mg/g extract) was superior to all other extracts, followed by hexane and ethyl acetate. Conclusion: Considering all the results collectively T. flagelliforme appears to be a promising plant demonstrating antibacterial and antioxidant activity that requires further investigation. INTRODUCTION Plants are more important in human's life and fulfil his every day's needs. They are used as cosmetic, food, flavours, ornamental and medicine. The higher plants are used to treat a number of infectious diseases around the world. They provide an innumerable of natural products, which are used in extensive applications in combating the diseases. Medicine is used for treating diverse ailments. Malaysia possesses an immense number of medicinal plants [1] . Even if medicinal plants are used and distributed throughout the world, they are more plentifully present in tropical countries like Malaysia. These medicinal plants are one of the best resources for the invention and development of novel bioactive substances [2] . Several studies indicated that medicinal plants contain substances like peptide, unsaturated long chain fatty acids, aldehydes, alkaloids, essential oils, phenols and water or ethanol soluble compounds. These compounds are potentially significant in therapeutic applications against human and animal pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses [3,4] . Oxidation is essential in many living organisms for the production of energy to fuel biological processes. However, the uncontrolled production of oxygen

In vitro mass propagation of Typhonium flagelliforme as affected by plant growth regulators

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011
AFR J BIOTECHNOL

Tubers were used as explants in in vitro mass propagation of Rodent Tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme). The explants were obtained from sterile plantlets and placed in shoot induction medium containing basal salts of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Treatment containing 5 mg/l (w/v) of BAP with 1 mg/l (w/v) of NAA produced the highest number of shoots per explant (29.17) after 12 weeks of culture and also the highest mean fresh weight of shoots formed in treatment containing 5 mg/l (w/v) of BAP with 1 mg/l (w/v) of NAA. For ex vitro establishment, well- rooted plantlets were transferred in potting medium containing peatmoss, perlite and vermiculite (3:1:1).

Anticancerous Effect of Typhonium flagelliforme on Human T4-Lymphoblastoid Cell Line CEM-ss

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Full-text available

Jun 2008
J Pharmacol Toxicol

yphonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, commonly known as rodent tuber in Malaysia, is one of the widely used alternative medicines in cancer therapy by South East Asian population. Intake of this plant is common among patients with malignancies especially Leukaemia, breast and cervical cancer; however no data available regarding the possible direct effect of T. flagelliforme in these cancers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential in vitro cytotoxic effect of leaves and tubers of T. flagelliforme extracts against human T4-lymphoblastoid cell line CEM-ss. Among the 8 extracts Dichloromethane and Ethyl acetate extracts of T. flagelliforme demonstrated significant anti proliferative effect with a marked level for both leaves (10.8 and 5.8 Î¼g mL-1) and tuber (6.5 and 8.2 Î¼g mL-1), against CEM-ss cells. Considering all the results collectively T. flagelliforme appears to be a promising plant demonstrating anti cancer activity, that requires further investigation.

Investigations of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume Leaves

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008

The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different extracts from of Typhonium flagelliforme (L.) Blume leaves (family: Araceae) commonly called ‘Rodent Tuber’ was assessed towards different antioxidant models as well as in selected bacteria. None of the extracts showed significant activity against the selected strains. The only exception is hexane extract (2.0±0.15 mm diameter) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The positive control, Streptomycin had shown zone of inhibition of 20±1.5, 20±1.3, 23±1.5 and 23±1.0 mm in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. All the extracts were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity. Two complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenolic compounds, were used for the analysis. The results showed that the inhibitory activity of Dichloromethane (60.7±3.2%) and Methanol (60.1±2.3%) extracts were comparatively commendable inhibition capacity when compared to the positive control BHT (95.3±1.3%). The total phenolic content of Methanol extracts (5.69±0.15 GAE mg g 1 extract) was superior to all other extracts, followed by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Considering all the results collectively T. flagelliforme appears to be a promising plant demonstrating antioxidant activity that requires further investigation.

In Vitro Ultramorphological Assessment of Apoptosis on CEMss Induced by Linoleic Acid-Rich Fraction from Typhonium flagelliforme Tuber

Article

Full-text available

May 2011
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

The plant Typhonium flagelliforme, commonly known as "rodent tuber" in Malaysia, is often used as a health supplement and traditional remedy for alternative cancer therapies, including leukemia. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro anti-leukemic activity of dichloromethane extract/fraction number 7 (DCM/F7) from T. flagelliforme tuber on human T4 lymphoblastoid (CEMss) cell line. The DCM extract of tuber has been fractionated by column chromatography. The obtained fractions were evaluated for its cytotoxicity toward CEMss cells as well as human primary blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Assessment of apoptosis produced by the most active fraction was evaluated by various microscopic techniques and further confirmation of apoptosis was done by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Phytochemical screening was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results shows that 7 out of 12 fractions showed significant cytotoxicity against the selected cell line CEMss, in which fractions DCM/F7, DCM/F11 and DCM/F12 showed exceptional activity with 3, 5 and 6.2 μg ml(-1), respectively. Further studies in the non-cancerous PBL exhibited significant selectivity of DCM/F7 compared to other fractions. Cytological observations showed chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, abnormalities of cristae, membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic extrusions and formation of apoptotic bodies as confirmed collectively by double-staining of acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI), SEM and TEM. In addition, DCM/F7 has increased the cellular DNA breaks on treated cells. GC-MS revealed that DCM/F7 contains linoleic acid, hexadecanoic acid and 9-hexadecanoic acid. The present results indicate that T. flagelliforme possess a valuable anti-leukemic effect and was able to produce distinctive morphological features of cell death that corresponds to apoptosis.

Studies on phytoremediation potentiality of Typhonium flagelliforme for the degradation of Brilliant Blue R

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2010
PLANTA

In vitro culture plants of Typhonium flagelliforme were found to decolorize a variety of dyes, including Malachite Green, Red HE 8B, Methyl Orange, Reactive Red 2, Direct Red 5B (DR5B), Red HE 7B, Golden Yellow HER, Patent Blue, and Brilliant Blue R (BBR), to varying extents within 4 days. The enzymatic analysis of plant roots of aseptically raised plantlets performed before and after degradation of the dye BBR by these plantlets showed a significant induction in the activities of peroxidase, laccase, tyrosinase, and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reductase, which indicated the involvement of these enzymes in the metabolism of the dye. Comparative study of the enzyme status of the plants Typhonium flagelliforme and Blumea malcolmii during the degradation of DR5B and BBR showed marked variations in the enzyme profile with respect to the use of different sources of the enzyme. Phytoremediation of BBR using Typhonium flagelliforme was confirmed with high performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis performed before and after the degradation of the dye. One of the products of the metabolism of the dye was identified as 4-(4-ethylimino-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidinemethyl)-phenylamine with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Significant decrease in the American Dye Manufacturer's Institute, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand values of synthetic mixture of textile dyes and industrial effluent confirmed the decolorization and detoxification. Phytotoxicity studies also revealed the nontoxic nature of the metabolites of BBR.

Analysis of preliminary phytochemical screening of Typhonium flagelliforme

Article

Mar 2010
AFR J BIOTECHNOL

Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae) is a medicinal herb which is endowed with curative properties against a variety of illness including injuries, oedema, coughs, pulmonary ailments, bleeding and cancer. In order to assess its phytochemical components, an experiment was conducted on one to six month old ex vitro and in vitro extracts of T. flagelliforme. The active (ex vitro and in vitro) extracts of T. flagelliforme were screened for phytochemicals components such as alkaloids, flavonlids, terpenoids and steroids. Alkaloids and flavonoids are the main phytochemical constituents of T. flagelliforme which are found to be in the highest amount in two and four month old of ex vitro plants. High amounts of main phytochemical constituents were observed during the flowering process which started in two month old plant and finished at the end of the three month old plant.

Comparison of cytotoxic activities between in vitro and field grown plants of Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume

Article

Mar 2005

Anin vitro cytotoxicity screening of theTyphonium flagelliforme extracts indicated high cytotoxicity effect on human lung carcinoma NCl-H23 cells and human mammary gland carcinoma T-47D cells, but the extracts were not active on human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells. NCl-H23 cells were more susceptible toT. flagelliforme extracts than T-47D cells. EDP50 values of the hexane fractions of the mature plant and thein vitro plantlet ofT. flagelliforme on NCl-H23 cells were less than 2 μg/mL Extract from the mature plant was relatively more cytotoxic than the one fromin vitro plantlet except for the hexane fraction. The chloroform and butanol fraction of the mature plant had higher cytotoxicity effect than the fraction fromin vitro plantlet on NCl-H23 cells. All the 3 fractions (hexane, chloroform, and butanol) of the mature plant exhibited higher cytotoxicity effects on human mammary gland carcinoma T-47D cells than the 3 fractions ofin vitro plantlet. However, the human liver carcinoma cells were resistant toT. flagelliforme extracts except for higher concentration of hexane fractions of both the mature and thein vitro plants and the chloroform fraction of the mature plant. Micropropagated plantlets ofT. flagelliforme could hence be used as herbal materials for the treatment of human lung and breast cancers.

Typhonium flagelliforme induces apoptosis in CEMss cells via activation of caspase-9, PARP cleavage and cytochrome c release: Its activation coupled with G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest

Article

Oct 2010

The plant Typhonium flagelliforme (TF), commonly known as 'rodent tuber' in Malaysia, is often used as traditional remedy for cancer, including leukemia. We had previously identified morphologically that the linoleic acid rich fraction (DCM/F7) from the tubers of this plant induces selective anti-proliferative effects and apoptosis in CEMss cells. In this present study, we subjected the same DCM/F7 fraction to cell based activity analyses in order to determine the possible mechanism of cell death in leukemic CEMss cells in vitro. Extraction of Typhonium flagelliforme tuber has done and fractionation has been done by vacuum liquid column chromatography. The anti-proliferative activity was assayed using MTT and the apoptosis detection was done by Annexin V and DNA laddering assay. Colorimetric caspase assay and immunoblot analysis were employed to detect the expression of protein associated with cell death. Cell cycle analysis was done using flow cytometry. We found that the cancer inhibitory effect of the DCM/F7 fraction in CEMss cells was 3 ± 0.08 μg/ml (IC(50)). An early apoptotic induction in CEMss cells was observed by Annexin V assay, which showed a clear dose-dependent DNA fragmentation being observed in gel electrophoresis at 10 and 20 μg/ml. The DCM/F7 fraction at 3 μg/ml significantly arrested CEMss cells at G0/G1 phase (p<0.05). A constant but increasing pattern-related Sub-G0/G1 index was observed between 12 and 72 h treatment. In relation to this, we further investigated the biochemical events leading to cell death and found that the DCM/F7 fraction increased the cellular levels of caspase-3 and -9 on treated cells. Our results indicated that cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol increased gradually as the DCM/F7 concentration increases, which later lead to the subsequent cleavage of PARP in to 85kDa fragments. On the contrary, Bcl-2 protein was found to decrease concomitantly during treatment. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the DCM/F7 fraction inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells, leading to the programmed cell death, which was confirmed to be through the mitochondrial pathway.

Typhonium flagelliforme inhibits the proliferation of murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and induces apoptosis in vivo

Article

Nov 2010

Typhonium flagelliforme (TF) is a tropical plant, traditionally used by the ethnic population of Malaysia for the cure of various cancers. This plant had shown to induce antiproliferative effect as well as apoptosis in cancer cells. However, there is no available information to address that TF affects murine leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated in vitro and in vivo effects of TF on murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells. It was found that the growth of leukemia cells in vitro was inhibited by the various extracts of TF. Among these fractions, the dichloromethane (DCM) tuber extracts of TF showed the lowest IC(50) (24.0 ± 5.2 μg/ml) and had demonstrated apoptogenic effect when observed under fluorescent microscope. We investigated the in vivo effects of DCM tuber extracts of TF on murine leukemia cells, and the results showed that the counts of immature granulocytes and monocytes were significantly decreased in peripheral blood of BALB/c leukemia mice after the oral administration of DCM tuber extracts of TF for 28 days with three doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg). These results were confirmed by observing the spleen histopathology and morphology of enlarged spleen and liver in leukemia mice when compared with the control. Furthermore, the cell death mechanism in the spleen tissue of treated mice was found via apoptosis.