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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
33
A Study on People Skills Enhances Learning Outcomes
and Peps up Job Placement using Combined Overlap
Block Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (COBFCMS)
Akkara Sherine*
Assistant Professor
Research Scholar
Hindustan University
Chennai – 603 103
A. Rajkumar
Assistant Professor
Hindustan University
Chennai – 603 103
N. Jose Parvin Praveena
Assistant Professor
KCG College of Technology,
Chennai – 600 097
ABSTRACT
The imperative effect of people skills that enhances learning
outcomes and peps up the job prospects using Combined
Overlap Block Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (COBFCMS) defined
by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy is analyzed in this paper. The
combined overlap block FCM’s defined in this method
become effective when the number of concepts can be
grouped as they are in large numbers. This paper discusses the
concept of people skills and the results obtained by
incorporating the people skills through teaching strategies in
the classroom that resulted in better learning outcomes of the
students. This paper has six sections. The first section gives
the information about the development of fuzzy cognitive
maps. The second section gives preliminaries of fuzzy
cognitive maps and combined overlap block fuzzy cognitive
maps. In section three is an explanation of the people skills
components. Section four discusses the method of
determining the hidden pattern, in section five; the concept of
the problem is explained. The final section is dealt with the
conclusion based on the research study.
Index Terms— FCMS, COBFCMS, People Skills.
1. INTRODUCTION
Political scientist R. Axelrod[1] introduced cognitive maps for
representing social scientific knowledge and describing the
methods that are used for decision making in social and
political systems. Then B. Kosko[2,3] enhanced the power of
cognitive maps considering fuzzy values for the concepts of
the cognitive map and fuzzy degrees of interrelationships
between concepts. FCMs can successfully represent
knowledge and human experience, introduce concept to
represent the essential elements and cause the effect
relationships among the concepts to model the behavior of
any system. It is a very convenient, simple and powerful tool,
which is used in numerous fields such as social economic and
medical etc. the purpose of study is to identify risk groups.
English has emerged as a global language and the demand for
the language is universal and youngsters from around the
globe have realized that mastery in English would result in
world wide recognition and better job prospects. According to
Sherine, in the paper titled, “A Perspective on Communicative
Competence and Soft Skills Among Engineering Students”,
states that young engineers in the campuses have become
fully conscious of the need for mastering English . . . the
awareness that in addition to getting better grades in technical
subjects, the importance of communicative competence and
soft skills in present day context has dawned on them [4]. This
research paper attempts to portray the importance of Personal
Ethics and Intercommunication that are components of people
skills or soft skills as the most vital skills to excel in
academics, workplace and life. This study gives a wide scope
for research work in all fields of study and provides a
platform for bridging the skill gap requirement of the
employers from the employees. The University offers
programmes to improve communication skills, guided by
qualified and experienced faculty. The role of language
teachers in imparting people skills training apart from
communication skills that is the most sought after skill by
employers is dealt in this paper. According to Hofstrand, some
people refer to employability skills as “core skills,” “key
skills,” transferable skills,” “general skills,” “non-technical
skills,” and/or “soft skills” today’s college students are
expected to learn work related content at a faster rate than
ever before[5]. They are expected to quickly develop job
related technical skills and the people skills necessary to
succeed on the job. The paper also discusses the teaching
strategies and the dire need for the implementation of people
skills program as part of the curriculum. In “The Study Skills
Handbook” Stella Cottrell highlights the fact that skills can be
developed by the learners through practice. A continued study
and a reflective, active, self-evaluating approach to learning
can develop a deeper understanding in the longer run. Cottrell
exhorts the learners to be largely responsible for their own
learning[6]. Gardner Brenda and Sharon quotes (Jenkins,
1992; Southerst, 1993) in their article, “Classroom Strategies
That Facilitate Transfer of Learning to the Workplace”
regarding the skill requirement of organization and the role of
educational institutions. Organizations want people with
"people skills," who can be effective team members and team
leaders. . . However, they feel that academic programs have
not been providing employees with these skills and abilities
and need to fundamentally change their way of preparing
students for the workplace[7] According to Chadha regarding
the demands of the employers from graduates he opines that
‘to meet this demand, students will be required, as part of
their course, to demonstrate their communication and team-
working abilities on more than one occasion; this is in
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
34
addition to the more technical skills required of their
disciplines[8]. People skills taught in an explicit manner may
be termed as general education for preparing the students for
the world of work and for their personal effectiveness
According to Bradshaw David in the research paper titled,
“Transferable Intellectual and Personal Skills.” From 1978 to
1981 the American Society for Values in Higher Education
committed itself to the General Education Models (GEM)
project. . . emphasis on skills was one of the distinctive factors
of the project[9]. The main focus of this study is to analyse
and evaluate the people skills needs of the engineering
graduates so as to enhance their career prospects and frame a
curriculum incorporating the aspects identifying the needs of
the learners. The paper highlights the importance of people
skills and has identified nine important people skills to be
implemented in all institutions of higher learning across the
globe. Moreover the data is an unsupervised one and also
there is uncertainty in the concepts. Hence fuzzy tools alone
have the capacity to analyze these concepts so it is chosen
here.
2. PRELIMINARIES
Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are more applicable when the
data in the first place is an unsupervised one. The FCMs work
on the opinion of experts. FCMs model the worlds as a
collection of classes and causal relation between classes.
Definition 2.1: An FCM is a directed graph with concepts
like policies, events etc. as nodes and causalities as edges. It
represents causal relationship between concepts.
Definition 2.2: When the nodes of the FCM are fuzzy sets
then they are called as fuzzy nodes.
Definition 2.3: FCMs with edge weights or causalities from
the set {-1, 0, 1} are simple.
Definition 2.4: The edges e
ij
take values in the fuzzy causal
interval [-1,1]. e
ij
= 0 indicates no causality e
ij
> 0 indicates
causal increase C
j
increases as C
i
increases (Or C
j
Decreases
as C
i
Decreases). E < 0 indicates causal decrease or negative
causality. C Decreases as C increases (And or C
j
increases as
C
i
Decreases). Simple FCMs have edge values in {-1, 0, 1}.
Then if causality occurs, It occurs to a maximal positive or
negative degree. Simple FCMs provide a quick first
approximation to an expert stand or printed causal knowledge.
If increase (Or decrease) in one concept leads to increase (or
decrease) in another, the value 1 is given. If there exists to
relation between the two concepts, The value 0 is given. If
increase (or decrease) in one concept decreases (or increases)
another, then we give the value -1. Thus FCMs are described
in this way. Consider the or concepts C
1
, …, C
n
of the FCM.
Suppose the directed graph is drawn using edge weight e
ij
{0, 1, -1}. The matrix E be defined by E= (e
ij
), Where the e
ij
is the weight of the directed edge C
i
, C
j
. E is called the
adjacency matrix of the FCM, also known as the connection
matrix of the FCM. It is important to note that all matrices
associated with an FCM are always square matrices with
diagonal entries as zero.
Definition 2.5: Let C
1
, C
2
,…. C
n
be the nodes of an FCM. Let
A=(a
1
, a
2
,…., a
n
), where a
i
{0,1}. A is called the
instantaneous state vector and it denoted the on off position of
the node at an instant
a
i
=0 if a
i
is off=1
a
i
=1 if a
i
is on, where i = 1, 2, …, n.
Definition 2.6: Let C
1
, C
2
, …, C
n
be the nodes of an FCM.
Let C
1
C
2
, C
2
C
3
, …, C
i
C
j
, be the edges of the FCM (i
j).
Then, the edges form a directed cycle. An FCM s said to be
cyclic if it possesses a directed cycle. An FCM is said to be a
cyclic if it does not possess any directed cycle.
Definition 2.7: An FCM with cycles is said to have a
feedback.
Definition 2.8: Where there is a feedback in an FCM, i.e.,
When the causal relations flow through a cycle in a
revolutionary way, The FCM is called a dynamical system.
Definition 2.9: Let C
1
C
2
, C
2
C
3
,…, C
i
C
j
, be a cycle when C
i
is switched on and if the causality flows through the edges of
a cycle and if it again causes C
i
, the dynamical system goes
round and round. This is true for any node C
i
, for i = 1, 2, …,
n. The equilibrium state for this dynamical system is called
the hidden pattern.
Definition 2.10: If the equilibrium state of a dynamical
system is a unique state vector, Then it is called a fixed point.
Consider a FCM with C
1
, C
2
, …, C
N
as nodes. For example let
us start the dynamical system by switching on C. Let us
assume that the FCM settles down with C
1
and C
n
on, i.e.
the state vector remains as (1, 0, 0,…, 0, 1). This state vector
(1, 0, 0, …, 0, 1) is called the fixed point.
Definition 2.11: If the FCM settles down with a state vector
repeating in the form A
1
A
2
… A
I
A
1
. Then this
equilibrium is called limit cycle.
Definition 2.12: Finite number of FCMs can be combined
together to produce the joint effect of all the FCMs. Let E
1
,
E
2
, …, E
p
be adjacency matrices of the FCMs with nodes C
1
,
C
2
, …, C
n
. Then the combined FCM [11] is got by adding all
the adjacency matrices E
1
,…, E
p
. The combined FCM
adjacency matrix is denoted by E = E
1
+E
2
+…+E
p
.
Definition 2.13: Let P be the problem under investigation. Let
{C
1
, C
2
, …, C
n
} be n concepts associated with p (n very
large). Now divide the number of concepts {C
1
, C
2
, …, C
n
}
into classes S
1
,…, S
t
where classes are such that
(1) S
i
S
i+1
where (i = 1, 2, …, t-1)
(2)
s
i
= (c
1
, …, c
n
)
(3) (s
i
) s
j
if i
j in general
Now the FCM is obtained associated with each of the classes
S
1
, …, S
t
. The relational matrix associated with each S is
determined. Using theses matrices n n matrix is obtained.
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
35
This n n matrix is the matrix associated with the combined
overlap block FCM (COBFCM) of blacks of same sizes.
Definition 2.14: Suppose A= (a
1
,…, a
n
) is a vector which is
passed into a dynamical system E. Then AE = (
1n
a ,...,a
).
After thresholding and updating the vectors (b
1
,…, b
n
) is
obtained. It is denoted (
1 2 n
a ,a ,...,a
)
(b
1
,b
2
,…,b
n
). Thus
the symbol
means that the resultant vector has been
threshold and updated. FCMs have several advantages as well
as some disadvantages. The main advantage of this method it
is simple. It functions on experts opinions. When the data
happens to be an unsupervised one the FCM comes handy.
This is the only known fuzzy technique that gives the hidden
pattern of the situation. FCM is a well known theory, and the
strength of the data depends on the number of experts
opinions we can use combined FCMs with several experts
opinions. At the same time the disadvantage of the combined
FCM is when the weightages are 1 and -1 for the same C
i
C
j
.
The sum is added to zero, thus at all times the connection
matrices E
1
,…, E
k
may not be comfortable for addition. This
problem will be easily overcome if the FCM entries are only 0
and 1.
3. PEOPLE SKILLS
A Study on People Skills enhances learning outcomes and
peps up job placement using Combined Overlap Block Fuzzy
Cognitive Maps(COBFCMS)[10,11,12].
In this research paper the tools used are the linguistic
questionnaire and the expert’s opinion taking into account the
following nine concepts that pertains to people skill
components { C
1,
C
2
,...,C
9
}.
The following concepts are taken as the main nodes for our
problem.
C
1
- Adjusting to Change/ Adaptability
C
2
- Sensitive to others/Tact
C
3
- Self motivation/ Initiative
C
4
-.Dynamic expression/ Intercommunication
C
5
-Self discipline/Hallmark of Leadership
C
6
-Positive Ethical behavior/Personal Ethics
C
7-
Dealing Impartially/ Objectivity
C
8
-Earning trust/ Credibility
C
9
-Convincing with Credibility/Persuasiveness
George W. Fotis in the book titled, “9 Most Powerful ways
to Improve Your People Skills” explains that the nine people-
skills namely personal ethics, adaptability, tact, credibility,
intercommunication, persuasiveness, objectivity, initiative and
self-discipline contribute most to winning confidence, respect
and cooperation - whether within a family , or in a
community, business or employment environment[13].
This research paper employs the concept of people skills in
academic environment and incorporates the same in
classroom as a teaching strategy to develop the confidence
among the students to do well in academics and make them
readily employable. The concept of adaptability is emphasized
to help the students accommodate in the new environment of
learning as it is evident that students from various cultural and
academic environment after the completion of schooling
finds it an herculean task to adjust to the education system in
the university. The tact refers to the ability of students to deal
with others in different circumstances especially in classroom
sessions when a project is assigned or it requires teamwork to
complete an assignment, or a group discussion and debates.
Initiative is an important component of people skills which is
essentially a quality of leadership skills. Motivation is the key
to take initiative it helps the students to move up the ladder of
success in academics and also career. Intercommunication
involves the ability of the students to express their views to
others, it helps the students develop the language skills and
also gain confidence to express and share the knowledge.
Self-discipline is essentially a very important component of
people-skills. Self-discipline develops the character of an
individual and it would reflect in their performance in all the
three worlds namely the world of academics, the world of
work and the real world. Personal Ethics involves ethical
behavior and it is a universal concept of people skills
applicable not only to the students and employers it is
essentially the most important people skill that develops a
person as a wholesome personality to lead a quality life.
Objectivity another important component of people skills
need to be practiced in several circumstances in real life by
people in all walks of life. It helps in decision making and
also solving problems in varied situations with ease without
the interference of emotions, beliefs and personal preference.
Credibility is an essential component of people skills that
depends on the elements of integrity, reliability, veracity,
competence and commitment. The ability to persuade people
to accept the view points is an important people skill and it
develops the interpersonal skills and capabilities of students
and it also gives the confidence to present ideas of individuals
in a comprehensive and effective manner that would result in
acceptance of viewpoints.
4. METHOD OF DETERMINING
HIDDEN PATTERN
Let C
1
, C
2
, …, C
n
be the nodes of an FCM, With feedback.
Let E be the associated adjacency matrix. Let us find the
hidden pattern when C
1
is switched on. When an input is
given as the vector A
1
= (1, 0, 0, …, 0), the data should pass
through the relation matrix E. this is done by multiplying A
1
by the matrix E. Let A
1
E= (a
1
,…., a
n
)with the threshold
operation that is by replacing a
i
by 1 if a
i
> k and a
i
by 0 if a
i
<k (k is a suitable positive integer). We update the resulting
concept, The concept C
1
is included in the updated vector by
making the first coordinate as 1 in the resulting vector.
Suppose A
1
E
A
2
then consider A
2
E and repeat the same
procedure. This procedure is repeated till a limit cycle or a
fixed point is obtained.
5. CONCEPT OF THE PROBLEM
Using the linguistic questionnaire and the expert’s opinion we
have taken the following nine concepts {C
1
, C
2
, ..., C
9
}
C
1
- Adjusting to Change/ Adaptability
C
2
- Sensitive to others/Tact
C
3
- Self motivation/ Initiative
C
4
-.Dyamic expression/ Intercommunication
C
5
-Self discipline/Hallmark of Leadership
C
6
-Positive Ethical behavior/Personal Ethics
C
7-
Dealing Impartially/ Objectivity
C
8
-Earning trust/ Credibility
C
9
-Convincing with Credibility/Persuasiveness
Now we proceed on to apply the effect of combined overlap
block. FCM of equal length. Let us consider the eleven
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
36
concepts
1 2 9
C ,C ,...,C
. These concepts are divided into
cyclic way of classes, each having just four concepts in the
following way.
1.The directed graph and the relation matrix for the class
C = {C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
}. the expert opinion of corporate
officer is given as follows:
:
Figure 1
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
1
0 1 1 1
C
2
0 0 0 1
C
3
1 0 0 1
C
4
1 1 1 0
2. The directed graph and the relational matrix for the class C
= { C
3
, C
4
, C
5
, C
6
}. Given by the expert is as follows:
(faculty)
Figure 2
C
3
C
4
C
5
C
6
C
3
0 1 0 1
C
4
1 0 1 1
C
5
0 1 0 0
C
6
1 1 1 0
3.The directed graph and the relation matrix for the class C
={C
2
, C
7
, C
8
, C
9
} Given by the expert is as follows: employer
Figure 3
C
2
C
7
C
8
C
9
C
2
0 1 1 1
C
7
1 0 0 1
C
8
1 1 0 1
C
9
1 1 1 0
The directed graph and the relational matrix for the class C =
{C
4
, C
7
, C
8
, C
9
}. Given by the expert is as follows:
A student
Figure 4
C
4
C
7
C
8
C
9
C
4
0 1 0 0
C
7
0 0 1 1
C
8
0 0 0 1
C
9
1 1 1 0
The combined direct graph and combined overlap block
FCM of equal sizes as follows
C
2
C
3
C
1
C
4
C
3
C
4
C
5
C
6
C
2
C
7
C
9
C
8
C
4
C
7
C
8
C
9
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
37
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
c
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
c
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
c
1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 0
c
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
c
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
c
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
c
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2
c
0 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 0
c9
Figure 5
C(m) C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
5
C
6
C
7
C
8
C
9
Now using the matrix A of the combined overlap block FCM,
We determine the hidden pattern. Suppose the concept S
1
is in
the on state and another nodes are in the off sate.
Let the initial input vector be X={ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 }
X C(m) = {0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 }=X1
X1 C(m) = {2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 0 }
{1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 }
=
X2
X2 C(m) = {2 4 4 8 2 1 3 2 5 }
(1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 }=X3
X3 C(m)= {2 5 4 9 2 1 5 4 5}
(1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 }=X3
Where
Denotes the resultant vector after thresholding
and updating.
X3 is the hidden pattern which is the fixed point
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF PEOPLE
SKILLS
A sample of 71 students of Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering students of Hindustan University, of Batch 2008-
2012, the Pilot Study Group were administered specific
training in People Skills with emphasis on Personal Ethics and
exposure to experiential learning in language classroom by the
research scholar*, the first author of this research paper, as
part of the research study on the effect of People Skills
training on engineering students. The Main Study Group
representing other engineering streams were not exposed to
people skills training. The interpretation of the survey
questionnaire related to the importance of the various
components of people skills indicated that 99.8% of the
employers opined that Personal Ethics as the most important
people-skills. 97.5% employers claimed importance for
intercommunication skills and this indicates the importance of
language skills that students should possess before entering
the world of work as shown in Figure 6. Personal Ethics was
given the maximum priority over other people skills such as
adaptability, tact, initiative, intercommunication, self-
discipline, objectivity, credibility and persuasiveness. A
marked improvement in the percentage of each component of
people skills by the Pilot Study Group over the students with
traditional teaching practice namely the Main Study Group
(MSG) proved that people skills need to be taught in an
explicit manner. Table 1 indicates the pass percentage of the
engineering students of various courses that represents the
learning outcomes of the students after the first year English
exams. The PSG, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering (EIE) students shows the highest pass percentage
of 92.96% after exposure to People Skills training module in
the language classroom during the first year.
Figure 6: Comparative account of the people skills possessed
by students and expected by employers
93
87
90.7
89
78.9
89.7
88.5
82.7
84.5
97.3
80.9
97.5
94.5
93.5
93.8
96.2
86
99.8
89.6
85
95.6
84.5
82
94.8
86.7
75.8
89.9
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Students with People Skills
Training
Students with Traditional
Teaching Practice
Employers expectations of
skills
Persuasiveness
Credibility
Objectivity
personal ethics
self-discipline
Intercommunic
ation
Initiative
Tact
C
1
C
2
C
9
C
3
C
8
C
5
C
7
C
4
C
6
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 57– No.8, November 2012
38
Table 1: Pass Percentage of engineering students
Batch 2008-2012 in the first year English exams
Engineering Courses
Number of
students
Pass
percentage
Mechanical
229
85.17
Aeronautical
209
95.52%
Automobile
60
77.59%
Civil
74
89.47%
Information
Technology
154
83.77%
Electronics and
Communication
Engineering
224
91.96%
Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
65
83.78%
Electronics and
Instrumentation
Engineering
71
92.96%
Computer Science
Engineering
129
88.32%
7. CONCULSION
While analyzing FCM, When the concept C
6
“Positive
Ethical Behavior is in the on state, the other conceptsC
1,
C
2,
C
3
, C
4
, C
5
, C
7
, C
8
, C
9
, are in the on state. The necessity of
imparting people skills training such as developing Personal
Ethics or Positive Ethical Behaviour represented as C
6
has
become inevitable for the engineering students. Positive
Ethical Behaviour and Intercommunication will help the
students to be trained as industry ready graduates with good
Personal Ethics and a sufficient command over language.
According to Weegar Anne Mary, in the article, “Promoting
Ethical Practices within Institutions of Higher Education”,
views that the concept of teaching of Ethics , many would
agree that students should have learned values and ethics
before they entered college. For the most part, students have
learned their values in the home, school, church, and through
their interaction with members of the society in which they
live.[14] Robert D. Brown and LuAnn Krager states in the
article , “Ethical Issues in Graduate Education Faculty and
Student Responsibilities” that, if higher education is to fulfill
its ethical obligations to society, a logical starting place is the
day-to- day interaction between professors and students.[15]
This circumstance is particularly true for graduate education,
in which the relationship between student and advisor is
especially important.
Therefore Personal Ethics is the Golden Rule and above all
the People skills. Personal Ethics develops the Personal
Effectiveness of the students and it results in effective
learning outcomes and peps up their job prospects. The
placement record of 91.8% of the PSG students the highest
when compared to rest of the students of varied engineering
streams of the University proved that people skills training
enhanced learning outcomes and placement record. The
research study has proved that Personal Ethics is the most
vital people skill to excel in the world of work and academics.
7. REFERENCES
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[2] Kosko,B., 1986. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, International
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[3] Kosko, B. 1997 Neural Networks and Fuzzy System
Prentice Hall of India.
[4] Akkara Sherine. 2010. A Perspective on Communication
Competence and Soft Skills among Engineering
Students, Hindustan Journal, Vol. 3 May 2010, 103.
[5] Hofstrand, R. 1996. Getting all the skills employers
want Techniques: Making Education & Career
Connections, 71(8), 51.
[6] Cottrell, Stella. 2008 The Study Skills Handbook.3
rd
ed.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-2.
[7] Gardner S Brenda and Sharon J. Korth, 1997 Classroom
Strategies That Facilitate Transfer of Learning to the
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