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of immortality (Panchamruta). Honey is poured over the statues
of deities in a ritual called ‘Madhu Abhisheka’. In Jewish tradition,
honey is the symbol of new year, ‘Rosh Hashana’. Traditionally
slices of apples dipped in honey are eaten to bring a sweet new
year. In Islam, Prophet Mohammad strongly recommended honey
for healing purposes and Quran promotes it as a nutritious and
healthy food. As bee’s honey has wide and vivid values, the present
survey is conducted in order to view some benefits of honey as a
medicine, cosmetic, nutrient and a preservative.[2]
Materials and Methods
Method of data collection
Details of bee’s honey are collected from Ayurvedic and
Traditional medical books, Ayurvedic physicians of Southern
and Western provinces, villagers of Kalehe, Galle district and
from internet.
Observations and Results
Synonyms of bee’s honey
Synonyms of bee’s honey in Sanskrit are Madhu, Madvika,
Kshaudra, Saradha, Makshika, Vantha, Varati, Bhrungavantha
Introduction
Forest is the heart of environment. Though silent, it provides
an everlasting, priceless service to the world. Environment
supplies every need of the forest and reproduction is essential
in maintaining this chain. The reproduction of plants helps to
maintain the equilibrium of the environment and bees help this
process by pollinating flowers. The flowers which give beauty to
the forest also provide foods to bees. Apis cerana, Apis dorsata,
Apis mellifera, Apis floria, Apis andreniformis, Apis koschevnikov,
and Apis laborisa are the varieties of bees that make honey.
They suck nectar from flowers and convert it into honey.
Honey is one of the foods which have religious significance.
Buddhists in India and Bangladesh celebrate a festival called
‘Madhu Purnima’ by giving bee’s honey to monks. This is to
commemorate the offering of honey by a monkey to Lord Buddha
when he retreated to wilderness due to a dispute among his
disciples.[1] Hindus consider bee’s honey as one of the five elixirs
Address for correspondence:
Address for correspondence: Prof. E.R.H.S.S. Ediriweera,
Department of Nidana Chikitsa, Institute of Indigenous
Medicine, University of Colombo, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka.
E-mail: ayurvedadocsujatha@yahoo.com
Review Article
Medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee’s Honey - A review
E. R. H. S. S. Ediriweera, N. Y. S. Premarathna1
Professor, Department of Nidana Chikitsa, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Rajagiriya,
1Intern Medical Offi cer, Disanayaka Ayurveda Hospital, Megalle, Galle, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Bee’s honey is one of the most valued and appreciated natural substances known to mankind
since ancient times. There are many types of bee’s honey mentioned in Ayurveda. Their effects
differ and ‘Makshika’ is considered medicinally the best. According to modern scientifi c view,
the best bee’s honey is made by Apis mellifera (Family: Apidae). In Sri Lanka, the predominant
honey-maker bee is Apis cerana. The aim of this survey is to emphasize the importance of bee’s
honey and its multitude of medicinal, cosmetic and general values. Synonyms, details of formation,
constitution, properties, and method of extraction and the usages of bee’s honey are gathered
from text books, traditional and Ayurvedic physicians of Western and Southern provinces, villagers
of ‘Kalahe’ in Galle district of Sri Lanka and from few search engines. Fresh bee’s honey is used
in treatment of eye diseases, throat infections, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, hiccups, thirst,
dizziness, fatigue, hepatitis, worm infestation, constipation, piles, eczema, healing of wounds, ulcers
and used as a nutritious, easily digestible food for weak people. It promotes semen, mental health
and used in cosmetic purposes. Old bee’s honey is used to treat vomiting, diarrhea, rheumatoid
arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus and in preserving meat and fruits. Highly popular in cosmetic
treatment, bee’s honey is used in preparing facial washes, skin moisturizers, hair conditioners and
in treatment of pimples. Bee’s honey could be considered as one of the fi nest products of nature
that has a wide range of benefi cial uses.
Key words: Bee’s honey, Mee Peni, Makshika
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Ediriweera and Premarathna: A review on medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee’s Honey
AYU |Apr-Jun 2012 | Vol 33 | Issue 2 179
and Pushparasodbhava. It is called Mee Peni in Sinhala and
Thein Paani in Tamil.[3]
Scientifi c classifi cation of bee
Kingdom : Animal
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hymenoptera
Suborder : Apocrita
Superfamily : Apoidaea
Family : Apidae
Subfamily : Apinae
Tribe : Apini
Genus : Apis
Species : Mellifera, cerana etc.
Binomial name : Apis mellifera, Apis cerana etc.
Honey bee’s life cycle
The life of a honey bee colony is perennial. There are three
castes of honey bees: queens, which produce eggs; drones or
males which mate with new queens; and workers, which are
non-reproducing females. The queen lays eggs singly in cells of
the comb. Larvae hatch from eggs in three to four days. They
are then fed by worker bees and develop through several stages
in the cells. Cells are capped by worker bees when the larva
pupates. A colony may typically consist of tens of thousands
of individuals. Development from egg to emerging bee varies
among queens, workers and drones. The average lifespan of a
queen is three to four years. Drones usually die upon mating.[4]
Formation of bee’s honey
Bees produce honey by collecting sugar-rich nectar from
flowers, which is a clear liquid consisting of nearly 80% water
and complex sugars. In the hive, the bees use their ‘honey
stomachs’ to ingest and regurgitate the nectar many times until
it is partially digested. They continue this process until the
product reaches desired quality. After the final regurgitation,
the honeycomb is left unsealed. This partly processed raw
honey is still high in water content and natural yeast which,
unchecked, would cause fermentation. Raw honey is then
stored in honeycomb cells to dry. The process continues as bees
inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across
the honeycomb which enhances evaporation of about 80%
of the water from the raw honey. Once dried, the cells of the
honeycomb are sealed (capped) with wax to preserve the honey.
Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by a beekeeper, has a
long shelf life and will not ferment if properly sealed.[4]
Extraction of bee’s honey
There are two methods to extract Bee’s Honey. The traditional
method is to calm or chase the bees away by introducing smoke
into the beehive. When the bees have left the beehive or fully
calm down, the combs are taken out and squeezed to drain the
honey. Some people place the combs in a metallic bowl which has
a hole at the base. Burning embers are put on the combs. Honey
and beeswax melt and drains down the hole and is collected.[5]
Other method is to use a mechanical honey extractor. This
extracts honey without destroying the comb. Extractors work by
centrifugal force. A container holds a frame basket which spins,
flinging the honey out. With this method, the wax comb stays
intact within the frame and can be reused by the bees.
Chemical composition of bee’s honey
Honey is a mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, aminoacids,
vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other compounds. It
contains a number of enzymes, including invertase, glucose
oxidase, catalase, and acid phosphorylase. Honey also contains
eighteen free amino acids, the most abundant of which is
proline.[6]
It contains trace amounts of the vitamins B2, B4, B
5, B6,
B11 and vitamin C. Minerals like calcium, iron, zinc,
potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium
and manganeseare also found in honey. The main group of
antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which, pinocembrin
is unique to honey and bee propolis. Naturally darker honey has
greater antioxidant properties.[6]
Acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic,
pyroglutamic, gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids
are found in honey. Bee’s honey is free of cholesterol.[6]
Chemical composition of royal jelly
Royal jelly is an emulsion of proteins, sugars and lipids in a
water base, and is synthesized by the bee from pollen. 82-90%
of the protein content is made up of a group of proteins found
only in royal jelly and worker jelly, known as the major royal
jelly proteins (MRJPs), which has five main members. These are
rich in essential amino acids which cannot be biosynthesized.
However, the lipids present are unusual, in that they are unlike
the lipids of typical insect fats. Royal jelly lipids are composed
mainly of 8-10 carbon acids, hydroxy acids and diacids, which
may be saturated, unsaturated, linear or branched. The unusual
lipids of royal jelly make it highly acidic, and give it good
antimicrobial properties.[6]
Types, Qualities and Properties of bee’s honey according
to Ayurveda
According to the Charaka Samhita, honey is of four types. They
are Makshika, Bhramara, Kshaudra and Paittaka. Makshika, the
best type of honey is produced by reddish variety of honey bee.
This type of honey is of the color of Tila Taila (sesame oil).
Bhramara honey is produced by the Bhramara type of bee. It is
Guru (heavy) and is of white color. Kshaudra honey is produced
by a small type of honey bee and is brown in color. Paittaka
honey is produced by a large type of bee and is of the color of
ghee.[7]
According to Susrutha Samhita, honey is of eight types.
Pauttika, Bhramara, Ksaudra, Makshika, Chatra, Arghya,
Auddalaka and Dala Madhu. Pauttika honey is Ruksha (dry),
Ushna (hot), it increases Vata, Rakta and Pitta, and this is also
Chedana (liquefaction), produces heart burn and is intoxicative
due to inherent poisonous nature. Bhramara honey is Guru
(heavy - not easily digested) because of its Picchila (slimy)
and Ati Swadu (excessively sweet) properties. Kshaudra honey
is specially Sheetha (cold), Laghu (light - easy to digest) and
Lekhana (anti-obesive). Makshika honey is Laghu (lighter than
Kshaudra), Ruksha (dry), is the best and especially beneficial
in diseases like asthma. Chatra honey is Madhura (sweet after
digestion), Guru (heavy), Sheetha (cold) and Picchila (slimy). It
cures bleeding disorders, leucoderma, urethritic discharges and
worm infestations. Arghya honey is beneficial for eyes, eliminates
vitiated Kapha and Pitta Dosha, Kashaya (astringent in taste),
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Ediriweera and Premarathna: A review on medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee’s Honey
180 AYU | Apr-Jun 2012 | Vol 33 | Issue 2
Katu Vipaka (pungent after digestion) Balya (strengthening)
and does not aggravate Vata. Auddalaka honey bestows taste,
good for voice and cures skin diseases. It is Kashaya (astringent)
and Amla Rasa (sour), Katu Vipaka (pungent after digestion)
and aggravates Pitta. Dala honey is Ruksha (dry). It mitigates
vomiting and diabetes mellitus.[8]
According to Sushruta, some actions of new and old bee’s
honeys are very much opposite to each other. New bee’s honey
has Vrumhana guna (nourishing the body) but it does not
eliminate vitiated Kapha Dosha much and is a laxative. Old bee
honey is Grahi (anti diarrheal), reduces fat and obesity.[8]
Properties of mature and immature bee’s honey according
to Ayurveda
According to Sushruta, mature honey eliminates vitiated Tridosha
while immature honey vitiates Tridosha and is sour in taste.[8]
It is the best Yogavahi substance. That is to say, while without
changing its own properties, honey carries the effects of the
drugs added to it. It means it enhances the properties and
actions of the substances with which it combines.[8]
Properties according to modern science
Experiments and studies on honey have shown that honey
is antiseptic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
antiallergent, antitoxic, sedative, laxative, antianemic,
antioxidant, healing and cleansing (external and internal),
moisturizing and blood-purifying. It promotes rehydration,
easily digestable, stimulates immunity, and is beneficial for all
types of skins diseases.[9]
Value of bee’s honey in diabetes mellitus
Use of honey in medications for diabetes is mentioned in
Ayurveda since ancient times. In various localities, patients
suffering from diabetes mellitus use honey in place of sugar.
Bee’s honey is beneficial for diabetic patients in two ways. One
is; honey being three times sweeter than sugar, one may need a
much smaller quantity of honey as a sweetener and w/w, honey
contains lesser calories than sugar. The other is, by providing
vitamins B2, B4, B
5, B6, B11 and vitamin C, and minerals like
calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium,
selenium, chromium and manganese. The nutritional values
of honey could be altered by feeding the bees with selective
food.
[10]
Medicinal uses of bee’s honey
Bee’s honey is used in treatment of various ailments and as a
popular home remedy. Some of these uses are given below.
1. Stress / fatigue: 15 ml of bee’s honey orally to reduce stress
and fatigue.[11]
2. Weakness: 15 ml each of bee’s honey and fruit juice of
Punica granatum
twice a day before meals.[11]
3. Sleep disturbance: Intake of 15 ml of bee’s honey leads to
sound sleep.[11]
4. Eyesight: 10 ml of honey mixed with 10 ml of carrot juice
and consumed regularly will improve eyesight.[12]
5. Bad breath: 5 g of powdered cinnamon bark and 5ml of
bee’s honey mixed with water and use as a mouth wash.[13]
6. Teething pain: Massage gums gently with bee’s honey.[14]
Should not use in children below one year.
7. Sore throat: 5 ml of bee’s honey and 10 ml of lime juice is
mixed and given. Swallow the concoction (without water)
every few hours until symptoms clear up. Add a pinch of
black pepper to increase blood circulation to the throat.[9]
8. Cold and cough: Mix 10 ml of honey with equal quantity
of ginger juice and consume twice a day.[12]
9. Bronchial asthma: A mixture of 2.5g of black pepper
powder, 5ml each of honey and juice of ginger consumed
thrice daily help to relieve the symptoms of asthma.[12]
10. Hiccough: 5 ml of bee’s honey is mixed with 10 ml of
breast milk. Nasya Karma (nasal douche) is performed
with this mixture in treatment of hiccough. This is used
by traditional physicians of Sri Lanka.
11. Stomach ulcers: 5 ml of new bee’s honey diluted in 10 ml
of water and given twice a day before meals.[9]
12. Vomiting: 2.5g each of powder of fruit of
Piper longum
and popped rice is ground with 15ml of bee’s honey and
given orally as an antiemetic.[15]
13. Dehydration: Fresh bee’s honey diluted in water is given
to rehydrate.[9]
14. Diarrhea: Drink 5 ml of old bee’s honey thrice a day before
meals.[16]
15. Diarrhea/Dysentery: 15 ml of bee’s honey mixed with 120
ml of decoction of tubers of
Cyperus rotundus
is given in
treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.[17]
16. Bed-wetting: Give 5ml of old bee’s honey daily just before
going to bed.[18]
17. Polyuria: 5 ml of bee’s honey, 20 ml of fresh juice of fruits
of Phyllanthus emblica and 6g of pulp of P. emblica are
mixed together and consumed twice a day.[19]
18. Diabetes mellitus: 5 ml of bee’s honey mixed with a pinch
of powdered seeds of Gossypium herbaceum and is given to
reduce blood sugar in diabetic patients.[19]
19. Hypertension: Daily intake of 10 ml of honey mixed with
5 ml of garlic juice helps to control blood pressure.[12]
20. Hemiplegia: 240 ml of bee’s honey is dissolved in 960 ml
of water and is boiled down to total volume of 960 ml.
In Unani system of Medicine, this is known as Mavul
Asal. 30ml of this is given twice a day during early stages
of hemiplegia. This prescribed for patient suffering from
hemiplegia at Ayurveda Teaching Hospital, Borella, Sri
Lanka.
21. Obesity: Keep garlic immersed in bee’s honey for one year.
Then, use 1 clove of garlic daily before breakfast. This is
used as a home remedy. One glass of warm water taken
with 10 ml of honey and 5 ml of lemon juice in early
morning reduces fat and purifies blood.[12]
22. Arthritis: 30 ml each of bee’s honey and coconut vinegar is
mixed in 100ml of water and given twice a day to reduce
arthritis and arthralgia.[11]
23. Burns: Apply fresh bee’s honey directly.[9]
24. Cut and wounds: Apply bee’s honey on cuts and wounds.
[9]
25. Eczema: Apply fresh bee’s honey on the lesion.[13]
26. Dermatitis: Bee’s honey is mixed with ash obtained by
burning stem of Pterocarpus santalinus and applied on the
lesion.[15]
27. Allergies due to seasons: Bee’s honey should be collected
from the area where the patient lives. 5ml of this honey is
to be given daily before breakfast.[9]
28. Sub fertility due to lack of semen: Add 5 ml of bee’s honey
to a glass of goat’s milk and drink.[13]
29. Morning sickness: 15 ml of bee’s honey before breakfast.[20]
30. Relief from hangover: Mix 10ml of bee’s honey with half
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Ediriweera and Premarathna: A review on medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee’s Honey
AYU |Apr-Jun 2012 | Vol 33 | Issue 2 181
a cup of orange juice and half a cup yogurt. Blend them
together properly and drink.[9]
31. Jaundice, bleeding disorders: 15ml of bee’s honey mixed
with 120 ml of fresh juice of Adhathoda vasica, is given
twice a day in treatment of jaundice and bleeding
disorders. (60g each of fresh leaves and flowers of A. vasica
are taken, pounded well, and fresh juice is extracted after
adding 100 ml of water).[17]
32. Burning sensation in the body and thirst: Unpolished rice
is washed with water and 100ml of this water is taken. 15
ml of bee’s honey, 5g of sugar and 10g of powder of stem
of Santalum album are added to this and mixed well. This
mixture is given twice a day after meals.[17]
Cosmetic uses of bee’s honey
Honey and beeswax are used in the beauty industry as a skin
moisturizer, softener and to heal the skin tissue. Some cosmetic
applications of bee’s honey are given below-
1. Face wash: Mix a small quantity of lemon juice into 5ml
of bee’s honey and apply on face before washing. This is
used as a home remedy.
2. Facial cleansing scrub: Mix 5g of almond seed powder into
5ml of bee’s honey, scrub softly and then wash.[9]
3. Facial to improve smoothness: A tablespoon of honey
whisked together with white of an egg, 1 teaspoon of
glycerin and 1/4 cup of flour makes an excellent firming
mask. Just smooth on the face, leave on 15 min, and rinse
off with warm water.[9]
4. Facial to improve softness: Mix one or two tablespoons
of honey with one-third cup finely ground oatmeal. Add
a teaspoonful of rose water. Clean face thoroughly. Spread
facial mixture evenly over face. Relax for 10 min to 1.5 h.
Remove with a soft washcloth and warm water. Rinse with
cold water.[21]
5. Facial moisturizing pack: Mix 2 tablespoons of honey with
2 teaspoons of whole milk. Apply over the face and keep
for 15 min. Rinse off with warm water, and then with cold
water.[9]
6. Pimples: Apply bee’s honey on pimples.[9]
7. Cracked lips: Apply bee’s honey on cracked lips.[9]
8. Lotion for dry patches of skin: Mix 5ml of bee’s honey,
5ml of olive oil and 2.5 ml of lemon juice. Apply on skin
and wash after 15 min.[9]
9. Hair lustre: Mix 5ml of bee’s honey into 4 cups of warm
water. Use as a hair rinse.[9]
10. Conditioner: Mix 10 ml of olive oil into 5ml of bee’s
honey and apply on hair. Wash after 15 min.[9]
Discussion
Bee’s honey is a valuable product of nature with time-proven,
universally accepted medicinal, dietary and cosmetic properties.
It has some cultural and religious significance too. Honey can be
used singly or in combination with other ingredients in treatment
of various diseases. It also has the rare and invaluable quality of
enhancing the properties and actions of the medicinal substances
with which it combines. While due to its antioxidant properties
bee’s honey acts as a rejuvenator, it is also an important
ingredient in beauty culture as a moisturizer and a conditioner.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that bee’s honey is an invaluable natural
substance with many diverse usages. It is an effective medicine,
a safe home remedy, cosmetic and a nutrient usable by people
of all ages.
References
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Ediriweera and Premarathna: A review on medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee’s Honey
182 AYU | Apr-Jun 2012 | Vol 33 | Issue 2
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Author Help: Reference checking facility
The manuscript system (www.journalonweb.com) allows the authors to check and verify the accuracy and style of references. The tool checks
the references with PubMed as per a predefined style. Authors are encouraged to use this facility, before submitting articles to the journal.
• The style as well as bibliographic elements should be 100% accurate, to help get the references verified from the system. Even a
single spelling error or addition of issue number/month of publication will lead to an error when verifying the reference.
• Example of a correct style
Sheahan P, O’leary G, Lee G, Fitzgibbon J. Cystic cervical metastases: Incidence and diagnosis using fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:294-8.
• Only the references from journals indexed in PubMed will be checked.
• Enter each reference in new line, without a serial number.
• Add up to a maximum of 15 references at a time.
• If the reference is correct for its bibliographic elements and punctuations, it will be shown as CORRECT and a link to the correct
article in PubMed will be given.
• If any of the bibliographic elements are missing, incorrect or extra (such as issue number), it will be shown as INCORRECT and link to
possible articles in PubMed will be given.
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