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EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 4
187
Romanian Soil and Land Information
System – an overview
Introduction
The Romanian Research Institute for
Soil Science and Agrochemistry has
developed a soil/land information
system which is used in research
activity, and for studies on Romanian
land at national, district/zone and local
levels for: land evaluation, land use
planning, formulating
recommendations for soil/land
improvement/reclamation, pollution
control, assessing technological
cropping methods, etc.. The
development of this system has passed
through different stages (Vlad et al.,
1986, 1988, 1992) and took into
consideration other earlier works
concerning data processing on soil
profiles and land units (Canarache et
al., 1981; Teaci, 1980).
C.RăuŃă
V.Vlad
I.Munteanu
S.Cârstea
M.Dumitru
R.Lăcătuşu
C.Simota,
Ruxandra Vintilă
D.M.Motelică
Research Institute for Soil
Science and Agrochemistry
Bd. Marasti 61,
RO-71331 Bucharest;
ROMANIA
The present system operates on
three levels (Figure 1):
• national level (implemented at
the Research Institute for Soil
Science and Agrochemistry) for
research purposes, national-
level decision support and
special studies);
• district level (to be implemented
at the district agricultural
departments) – for district-level
decision support;
• sub-district level (to be
implemented at sub-district
agricultural centres) for local-
level decision support and
advising farmers.
All system levels are built with a
common structure, having common
modules and specific modules, as
required. The structure of the
national level (the most complete) is
presented in Figure 2. Each of its
subsystems is presented in the
following. The different components
(which are or will be more or less
interconnected) are implemented on
personal computers or, some of
them, on a Coral 4021/4030
minicomputer (DEC PDP-11
compatible) under an RSX-11M
operating system.
Soil Analysis Subsystem
Primary processing
of analytical data.
(Basic and F77 programs on PC
or minicomputer.)
The main functions are:
calculating parameters from
measured data and reports
printing. Data acquisition may be
manual and automatic (analytical
instruments with incorporated
computer). The analysis reports
provided are: particle-size
distribution, physical parameters
“in cylinders”, chemical
parameters, etc.
Soil Micromorphology
Image Analysis
The image processing software
used is IDRISI on PC. The
applications are:
• image classification
(identification of
micromorphology elements):
void shapes (irregular,
circular, elongated), soil
aggregates, soil pedofeatures
(nodules, coprolites);
• image quantification
(distribution of
micromorphology elements) on
shape and size.
Experimental Data
Subsystem
The main interest has been on
Management and Statistical
Processing of Experimental Data.
A software package – STATIS
(Basic programs on PC) has been
elaborated for this purpose
(Motelica et al., 1994). It is
oriented towards soil/agricultural
EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU
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188
experiments and provides the
following functions:
• data management
(experiment-oriented): data
entry, updating, display,
conversion and printing;
• descriptive statistics;
• regression analysis (24
regression equations using the
least squares method);
• analysis of variance (9
ANOVA models):
one/two/three way,
randomised block design, split
plot design, Latin square;
field/greenhouse experiments
may all be taken into
consideration.
Point Databases
Database of Soil
Profiles (PROFISOL).
(F77 programs on minicomputer
and Paradox 3.5 application on
PC.)
The provided functions are
(Canarache et al., 1997a; Vlad et
al., 1997b):
• Data entry/updating/retrieval:
for each profile: 31 general
data (identification, location,
etc.), 64 land data, 12 profile
morphology data, analysis
method for each analytical
parameter; for each horizon
(of 10 possible): 135 data on
profile horizons and
morphology, 41 physical data,
34 chemical data; for
groundwater: 13 chemical
data;
• Data validation (type, codes,
coherence, etc.);
• Calculation of input data (if
missing): for each horizon: 18
physical data, 3 chemical data;
• Estimation (pedotransfer
functions) of input data (if
missing): for each horizon: 12
physical data;
• Calculation of new data (not
input data): for each profile:
12 profile morphology data
(stored data); 4 land data
(stored data); for each
horizon: 20 physical data and
8 chemical data;
• Calculation of data for pre-
defined depths (various
combinations of layers of 10,
20, 50 cm depths): for each
horizon: 48 physical data;
• Statistical processing on
groups of profiles: for each
pre-defined depth – for each
of 26 physical properties: 8
statistical parameters;
• Transformation of measuring
units: for each horizon: 8
physical data;
• User reports printing:
directory of database; data
dictionary of database; for
each profile: 8 reports; for
each group of profiles: 4
reports;
• Management of codes
dictionaries.
Stored data: over 4,200 soil
profiles, of which: all profiles
have general and physical data
(ca. 200), over 450 profiles have
also chemical data (ca. 125) and
over 170 profiles have all types of
data (ca. 1000); acquisition
period: 1965-1996.
Database of the
National Integrated Soil
Monitoring System
This database contains soil profile
data as defined in the PROFISOL
database and, also, some specific
data according to the
methodology of the Pan-
European network for soil
monitoring: for each horizon: 4
physical data, 12 chemical data
(heavy metals, soluble sulphur
and fluorine, pesticides, etc.) and
5 microbiology data (selective, if
this is the case). 944 soil profiles
(agricultural and forestry land)
have been described and analysed
(70% of them stored), having
over 300 data/profiles. These soil
profiles are included in the Pan-
European network (regular grid,
16km x 16km). Data processing
(Excel) has permitted calculation
of data for pre-defined depths and
different syntheses and prognoses
(Råutå et al., 1994).
Pedo-GeoChemical
Database
(Paradox 3.5 application on PC)
This database (Låcåtusu and
Lungu, 1997) contains soil profile
data as defined in the PROFISOL
database and an extension with
geochemical data: for each
horizon 8 geochemical data (total
forms of heavy metals). Data on
about 1200 profiles (ca. 200
data/profile) have been stored. Data
processing (Quattro-Pro, Excel) on
groups of profiles provide 7
statistical parameters, abundance
classes based on frequency
histogram, geochemical threshold,
abundance index (local, zone),
loading/pollution index, etc.
(Låcåtusu, 1997).
Micro-organisms
Database
(Paradox 3.5 application on PC).
This database is MINE
(Microbial Information Network
Europe) compatible and is used as
a specialised extension of the
PROFISOL database. The
provided functions are (Tapalagå
et al., 1997c):
• Data entry/updating: 19 data
on nomenclature, 12 data on
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history (micro-organism
obtaining), 22 data on location
(origin), 38 data on
maintenance, 13 data on
mutations, 9 data on
pathogeny, 4 data on media, 7
data on special features and
usage, 4 data on references;
• Data retrieval: various pre-
defined queries (menu-
driven).
Land units databases
Database of land units
at 1:50,000 scale
(Paradox 3.5 application on PC.)
This database (Tapalagå et al.,
1997a) contains the following
main data:
• Homogenous land units
characteristics: 2 land unit
identification data, 4 relief
data, 8 climatic data, 4
groundwater data, 2 parental
rocks/material data, 4 soil
taxonomy data, 24 soil data,
12 technological
characterization data, 25
current land suitability indices
(for 25 crops and land uses),
25 potential land suitability
indices (for 25 crops and land
uses);
• Land units (sub-units) areas,
referring to: district, sub-
district (commune), owners’
group, 7 land uses,
homogenous land unit, main
river basin;
• Synthetic data at sub-district
(commune) level: for each of
4 land uses and total
agricultural: land area, mean
current land suitability index,
mean current land suitability class.
Stored data: the whole
agricultural land of the country
(over 125,000 homogenous land
units); acquisition period: 1953-
1975.
Pre-defined functions (menu
driven) provide data
retrieval/selection (various
criteria) and reports printing.
Database of land units
at 1:10,000 scale
(F77 programs on minicomputer.)
This database (Marian et al.,
1997) contains the following
main data:
• Homogenous land units
characteristics: 3 land unit
identification data, 4 relief
data, 4 climatic data, 3
hydrology data, 4 soil
taxonomy data, 22 soil data, 2
anthropogenetic parameters;
• Land units (sub-parcel) areas,
referring to: district, sub-
district, farm/production unit,
6 land uses, cadastral parcel,
homogenous land unit,
planned land reclamation
works;
Stored data: over 35% of the
agricultural land of the country
(over 40% of the arable land);
acquisition period: 1980-1996.
The functions provided are:
• Data entry/validation;
• Data retrieval/updating;
• Calculation of land suitability
(parametric-multiplicative
method): for each of 25 crops
and land uses: current
suitability index, current
potential suitability index,
ideal potential suitability
index;
• Calculation of 8 parameters for
technological characterisation;
• Data aggregation (areas,
averages of land suitability);
• 15 reports printing.
Database for monitoring
main soil agrochemical
qualities
(Paradox 3.5 application on PC.)
This database (Tapalagå et al.,
1997b) contains the following
data: for each district: areas of 5
land uses for 5 quality classes of
5 parameters (pH, N, P, K,
humus). Stored data: whole
country; Acquisition period:
1987-1995. Provided functions:
data entry/validation, data
retrieval, reports printing.
Geographical Information
Subsystem
(ArcInfo application on Sun
Sparc-20 station and on PC;
GRASS application on PC.)
Different studies have defined the
approach to build a geographical
information system for Romanian
soil/land resources (Vlad et al.,
1989-1990; Vintila et al., 1991;
Munteanu et al., 1992-1993;
Munteanu and Zota,1994; Vlad,
1994; Vintila et al., 1994-1996).
Up to now, the following layers
have been stored (using digitizers
and scanners for spatial data
entry):
a) Scale 1:1,000,000:
• Districts;
• Subdistricts (attributes: for
each of 4 land uses and total
agricultural: land area, mean
current land suitability index,
mean current land suitability
class);
• Localities (partially entered);
• Roads (partially entered);
• Railways (partially entered);
• Main rivers and lakes
(partially entered);
• Main relief units;
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• Eco-regions (attributes:
identification, areas on land
uses, current land suitability
classes);
• Pedoclimatic microzones
(attributes: identification,
area, climate, relief, soil);
• Soil units.
b) Scale 1:500,000:
• Vegetation (partially entered).
c) Scale 1:200,000:
• Soil units: (25% of the area of
the country entered; attributes:
erosion, gleyzation,
salinization, alkalinization,
texture, etc.; different
thematic maps and areas on
soil types and characteristics
classes have been obtained);
• Soil-terrain, according to
ROMSOTER-200 (Munteanu
et al.,1997), an adapted
SOTER methodology
(attributes: 16 general data,
32 soil mapping unit data and
soil typological unit data and
78 soil profiles data; different
pilot areas have been used for
applications to obtain
thematic maps).
d) Scales 1:10,000 and 1:25,000:
• Land Units (different land
characteristics have been
taken into consideration;
different pilot areas have been
tested; some pilot tests have
been carried on concerning
classification and integration
of remote sensing images in
GIS).
Applications
Modelling/Simulation
(Soil water dynamics and crop
yield formation)
• SIBIL Model (Simota and
Canarache, 1988; Simota,
1992) (Basic programs on PC;
Hot Java programs on PC and
Sun station): The main
processes simulated are: soil
water dynamics, soil-subsoil
water exchange, potential/real
evapo-transpiration,
infiltration, root system
development (soil mechanical
resistance, root density profile
in soils with compact layers),
plant water stress, dry water
synthesis (water use
efficiency), dry water partition
between organs, phenology;
Original submodels
concerning root system
development, soil compaction,
climate daily data generation
and soil parameters estimation
using different pedotransfer
functions are included. The
model is calibrated and tested
for the following crops:
wheat, maize, soybean, sugar-
beet, alfalfa, bean; Time
resolution is one day. Yield
prediction has been +/-5%
(different sites – with/without
irrigation).
• SIBQUICK Model (Simota,
1994): Simplified algorithm
(SIBIL variant) for soil water
dynamics, based on available
water dynamics in root layer.
• SOS Model (Spreadsheet
oriented SIBIL): Spreadsheet
macro-functions (Excel 5.0).
Two options for input data:
(1) monthly weather data and
one-layer soil profile
(2) daily weather data and
layered soil profile; Soil water
balance is based on monthly
climate data according to the
Thornthwaite-Mather method.
SIBIL, SIBQUICK, SOS and
other simulation models (EPIC,
NLEAP, DSSAT3, CERES, etc.)
are used for different predictions
and studies.
Land evaluation expert
system ExET:
This application implements on
PC (Vlad et al., 1997a) the
Romanian land evaluation
methodology for natural
conditions (parametric-
multiplicative method) using the
ALES expert system shell
(Rossiter, 1990) and, for some
extended functions, C++
programs. The application can
use the data from the database of
land units at 1:10,000 scale. The
evaluation of land units
(homogenous or compound) is
performed for 24 crops or land
uses – taken into account 23
primary land characteristics.
Physical suitability subclasses
(FAO), physical suitability
indices (Romanian methodology)
and economic suitability (based
on gross margin and a reference
technology of medium-current
level in Romania) are provided.
Computer-aided
diagnosis of nutritional
disorders in crops.
(Paradox 3.5 application on PC.)
This application implements
(Vintila et al., 1994) an empirical
(expert type) model concerning
about 50 mineral nutrition
disorders (deficiencies, excesses
and syndromes) for the main
annual/perennial crops in
Romania. It takes into account
130 visual symptoms, 50 soil
conditions, 46 crop management
conditions and 18 climate
conditions and provides 23
correcting recommendations and
40 preventing recommendations.
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Computer-aided
technological
recommendations:
a) Technological
recommendations for soil tillage.
(C++ and Actor programs on PC.)
This application (Canarache et al.,
1997b; Vlad et al., 1997c) provides
different recommendations based on
soil physical properties: equipment
type, workability, ploughing
type/depth, trafficability, necessity
for special tillage works, etc.
b) Recommendations for fertiliser
and liming material use.
(Basic and Actor programs on
PC.)
This application (Budoi et al.,
1992; Vlad et al., 1997c), based
on empirical/statistical models,
provides:
• Economic-optimal rates of
fertilisers (N, P, K, manure)
to obtain a given yield of a
crop (based on soil
agrochemical properties,
crop/manure in preceding year
and input/output prices ratio);
• Rates of micro-elements;
• Rates of liming materials;
c) Soil Agrochemical Properties
Evolution.
(C++ programs on PC.)
This application (Gavriluta et al.,
1997) assesses the evolution of
main agrochemical properties of
soil (Humus, pH, available P and
K), over a time period,
with/without fertilisers use.
Concluding remarks
For designing a nation-wide
soil/land information system, a
systematic approach is necessary
to avoid having to re-design
because of interfacing needs or
the necessity of complex
conversion programs.
Consequently, a design team at
system level is necessary to co-
ordinate subsystems and software
component designing. For
development of complex
systems/subsystems/applications,
an interdisciplinary approach is
necessary in most cases.
Good modular structuring of a
system/subsystem/application can
facilitate the development
process, to solve such problems
as: utilization requirement
changes, development
distribution among different
people, development team
changes (especially during the
long period of software
development).
Future development of the
Romanian Soil/Land Information
System will comprise (among
others):
• GIS development: soil map
and ROMSOTER-200 at
1:200,000 scale; DEM and
spatial analysis applications,
etc.;
• Modelling/simulation;
• Decision support system for
land evaluation and
sustainable land use planning
(Vlad, 1996);
• Integration of models and
decision support systems with
GIS.
EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 4
192
STAR-N
(Res. Inst. for Soil Sci. & Agrochem./)
(/Ministry of Agriculture and Food)
- research
- national level decisions
- special studies
STAR-C
1
(Comm. Agr. Centre)
- local level decisions
- farmers advising
. . . . . .
Levels
National
District
SubDistrict
(Comune)
STAR-J
1
(District. Agr. Dept.)
- district level decisions
STAR-J
41
(District. Agr. Dept.)
- district level decisions
. . .
Figure 1. Levels of the Romanian Soil/Land Informational System
1. SOIL
ANALYSIS
SubSystem
2. EXPERIMENTAL
DATA
SubSystem
5. GIS
Field
Users
6. APPLICATIONS
3. POINTS
DB S
4. LAND UNITS
DB S
sample
direct. sensing
descriptions
maps
manual procedure/processing
direct/computer interface
remote sensing
Figure 2. Structure of the Romanian Soil/Land Informational System
EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 4
193
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