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History and current state of metal adhesion systems used in prosthesis fabrication and placement
Abstract
The adhesion techniques used in prosthetic dentistry have substantially improved with respect to retention of veneering resin to the metal framework of resin-veneered restorations and the bonding of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) to abutment teeth. In the early 1970s, prostheses relied on macromechanical retention for veneering surfaces and the retention holes of retainers. Later, retention was achieved by using small spherical particles. In addition, the use of small pits created by electrochemical corrosion was tested in resin-veneered restorations and RBFPDs. Thus, micromechanical retention gradually supplanted macromechanical retention. First-generation adhesive monomers were introduced at the end of the 1970s and were succeeded in the early 1980s by the marketing of adhesive resin cements, which were effective for use with non-noble alloys when surface oxidation procedures were used. In 1994, a second-generation adhesive primer for noble alloys was introduced, which prompted development of other adhesive primers. These primers were applied mainly to silver-palladium-copper-gold and type IV gold alloys and improved the reliability of RBFPDs. Recent studies have confirmed the effectiveness of such primers when used with high-gold-content metal ceramic alloys. Due to these developments, RBFPDs now have excellent esthetic characteristics. (J Oral Sci 55, 1-7, 2013).
... The first layer contains diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A crosslinked with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and the second layer contains 2-hydroxy-ethylmethacrylate, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and tetraethoxysilane to form covalent bonds with PMMA [8]. The third approach is to use an acid metal conditioner containing a functional adhesive monomer to increase bonding between metal and acrylic resin [9][10][11][12]. Representative monomers are 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), which were invented at the end of the 1970s and classified as the first-generation adhesive monomers for bonding non-noble metal alloys [11]. ...
... The third approach is to use an acid metal conditioner containing a functional adhesive monomer to increase bonding between metal and acrylic resin [9][10][11][12]. Representative monomers are 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), which were invented at the end of the 1970s and classified as the first-generation adhesive monomers for bonding non-noble metal alloys [11]. The second-generation representative adhesive monomer is 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VBATDT), which was developed at the end of the 1980s for bonding noble metal alloys [11]. ...
... Representative monomers are 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), which were invented at the end of the 1970s and classified as the first-generation adhesive monomers for bonding non-noble metal alloys [11]. The second-generation representative adhesive monomer is 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VBATDT), which was developed at the end of the 1980s for bonding noble metal alloys [11]. In addition, 10-MDP is considered the most appropriate for bonding tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to magnetic stainless steel alloys [13,14]. ...
Magnetic attachment system is used to embed in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin denture base to improve denture stability. However, dislodgement of magnetic attachments from denture base is a major clinical problem. This study is to evaluate the bond strength between PMMA and stainless steel using metal primer and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment. Stainless steel discs were treated with Single Bond Universal Adhesive; Palfique Universal Bond; Alloy Primer; heat treatment with Alloy Primer; and 10-s, 20-s, and 30-s APPJ treatment with Alloy Primer. The shear bond strength between PMMA and surface-treated stainless steel was measured using universal testing machine. The effects of N2 flow rate (60, 50, 40, 30 SLM), thermal cycling, and air quenching on shear bond strength were also investigated. The surface of each disc was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a goniometer. Finally, the temperature of plasma with various N2 flow rates was measured and the optical emission spectra of the plasma were measured using spectrometer. Alloy Primer produced the highest bond strength. APPJ treatment was effective at enhancing bond strength by cleaning the surface of contaminants. Moreover, APPJ treatment with air quenching increased surface O²⁻/OH- and Fe2O3/FeOOH ratios, reducing the negative influence of thermal cycling on bond strength. Alloy Primer with 20 s of APPJ treatment with a 50-SLM N2 flow rate and air quenching was the most effective at increasing bond strength.
... An early bonding technique between the veneer material and noble metal alloys consisted of the metal being air-abraded with alumina (50 μm grain size), electroplated with tin, and then primed with a functional monomer, e.g., 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) 9,10) or 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) 7,10) . The functional monomers, such as carboxylic anhydride or phosphate were effective for bonding base metal alloys 11) , metal oxide ceramics 12) , enamel 13) , and dentin 14) . ...
... An early bonding technique between the veneer material and noble metal alloys consisted of the metal being air-abraded with alumina (50 μm grain size), electroplated with tin, and then primed with a functional monomer, e.g., 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) 9,10) or 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) 7,10) . The functional monomers, such as carboxylic anhydride or phosphate were effective for bonding base metal alloys 11) , metal oxide ceramics 12) , enamel 13) , and dentin 14) . ...
... For the successful performance of RBFPDs, a strong bond to the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy is important. The application of airborne-particle abrasion and priming agents containing functional monomers e.g., VTD or MTU-6, improves the bond strength and durability between the noble alloy and luting materials 10,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] . In addition, clinical results showed considerably long survival periods for RBFPDs and restorations made of noble alloys that were bonded with primers containing VTD or MTU-6 [28][29][30][31][32][33] . ...
The current study evaluated the effect of primers on the shear bond strength of an indirect composite material joined to a silverpalladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell). Disk specimens were cast from the alloy and were air-abraded with alumina. Eight metal primers were applied to the alloy surface. A light-polymerized indirect composite material (Solidex) was bonded to the alloy. Shear bond strength was determined both before and after the application of thermocycling. Two groups primed with Metaltite (thione) and M. L. Primer (sulfide) showed the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength (8.8 and 6.5 MPa). The results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis suggested that the thione monomer (MTU-6) in the Metaltite primer was strongly adsorbed onto the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy surface even after repeated cleaning with acetone. The application of either the thione (MTU-6) or sulfide primer is effective for enhancing the bonding between a composite material and Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy.
... Most earlier studies on selective laser sintering have focused on Co-Cr dental alloys (1,2) . Some studies have focused on the evaluation of the marginal and/or internal fit of the restorations (6,10) ,whereas others have tested the bond strength with dental porcelain (4,8,23) , internal porosity (24) and effect of surface treatments on microroughness (25) . However, their clinical behavior is still needed to be investigated. ...
... Use of sulfur with noble metals originated 18 with coating of a copper plate with 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) 19 amino 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VTD) in 1983 [1]. Ever since, 20 sulfur-containing monomers due to the fact that they interact 21 directly to noble metal elements, have been used at the field of 22 clinical dentistry [2][3][4][5]. A primer including both sulfur-containing 23 and acidic adhesive monomers was developed as an effective 24 primer for noble and non-noble metals, achieving a stronger 25 adhesion to noble metals than a sulfur-containing monomer alone 26 [6][7][8][9][10][11]. 27 In recent years, metal allergy problems caused by a dental 28 metal, and problems with aesthetics have resulted in material 29 diversity for restorations and the use of FDP at dental clinics. ...
Purpose:
This study investigated the influence of an interaction between sulfur-containing monomers and other monomers in multipurpose primers on the bond durability of a tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated acrylic resin to a gold alloy.
Methods:
The disk-shaped adherend materials were prepared from a gold alloy (Casting Gold M.C. Type IV). Two multipurpose-primers (Universal Primer, Monobond Plus), four metal primers containing an organic sulfur compound (M.L. Primer, Alloy Primer, Metaltite, and V-Primer), and three acidic primers (Estenia Opaque Primer, Acryl Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid) were used. The shear bond strengths were determined pre- and post-thermocycling to evaluate the bond durability. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using a non-parametric procedure, and the cohesive failure ratios of the debonded surfaces were compared.
Results:
Among the pre-thermocycling groups, M.L. Primer, Metaltite, Monobond Plus, Universal Primer, and Alloy Primer showed the greatest bond strengths. Among the post-thermocycling groups, M.L. Primer, Metaltite, Monobond Plus, and Universal Primer showed the greatest bond strengths, whereas Acryl Bond, Super-Bond Liquid, Estenia Opaque Primer, and the unprimed control showed the lowest. Similarly, the primers that did not contain either a sulfur compound showed an obvious reduction in the cohesive failure ratio.
Conclusions:
Multi-purpose primers containing a sulfur-containing monomer increased the bond strength of a TBB-initiated acrylic resin to a gold alloy. The proportion of the area of cohesive failure to the bonded area showed an interrelationship with the shear bond strength testing results.
... The continuous technological development promotes the improvement of dental materials in order to create luting agents and alloys surface conditioners that significantly increase and maintain the adhesion between them. Besides that, there is an interest in developing resin cements mainly with new physical and chemical properties that presents greater resistance to degradation in oral environment [1,4]. ...
Objective: This study evaluated the hypothesis that different treatments of surface upon three metal alloys for metal ceramic dental prostheses (Gold; Nickel-Chromium; Titanium) do not Influence the values of bond strength with resin cement. Material and Methods: Twenty blocks, 5x5x5 mm, of each alloy were divided into two subgroups (n = 10) according to surface treatments: 1 (Primer): sandblasting with aluminum oxide particles 110 µm (Al2O3) + Alloy Primer (Kuraray); 2 (Cojet): sandblasting with silica oxide particles with Cojet-Sand + Silane ESPE-Sil. The conditioned blocks of each group were cemented, with Panavia F, to resin blocks under constant load of 750 g/10 min. The sets were cut to obtain 4 samples with dimensions of 10x1x1 mm per block (n = 10) and the adhesive surface with approximately 1 mm2. The microtensile test was done in the universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. The values of bond strength and standard deviation (MPa) were: Au P: 7.33 ± 1.93d; Au C: 13.35 ± 2.18c; NiCr P: 23.56 ± 6.5b; NiCr C: 42.6 ± 5.84a; Ti P: 26.17 ± 1.94b; Ti C: 44.30 ± 2.3a. Data were analyzed by variance test (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test, p < 0.05. Results: The results indicated that the conditioning with treatment 2 increased the bond strength between the resin cement and alloys. The lowest bond strengths values were obtained with gold alloy, regardless the surface treatment. Conclusion: The results denied the hypothesis that the metallic alloys surface treatments do not alter the bond strengths values.
... The VBATDT monomer has affinity for only some metal elements, such as Au, Ag, Pd, Pt [16] and Cu [17]. The MDP is effective for use with nonprecious metal alloys [18] and its ester phosphate group increases the chemical bonding affinity with the surface layer of chromium oxide formed of the cobalt-chrome alloy surface [19]. ...
Aim
Cast metal-based resin-retained bridgework (RRB) offers a practical, conservative approach when restoring edentulous spaces. This review examines the debonding of cast metal-based RRB, comparing cantilever resin-retained bridgework (CRRB) and fixed-fixed resin-retained bridgework (FRRB) designs taking into context developments in RRB design, construction, and cementation over time.
Methods
An electronic search was conducted through Medline and Embase with the aid of Boolean operators to combine the following key words: “adhesive bridges”, “resin-bonded bridges”, “resin-retained bridges”, “resin-bonded fixed partial dentures”, “cantilever”, “debond”, “fixed-fixed”, “decementation”, “failure”, “success”, “outcome”, “longevity” and “survival”. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles written in English and published from 1995 through to 2019.
Main findings
Thirty-one studies were included. Five studies compared the longevity of CRRB versus FRRB, five assessed the clinical performance of CRRBs alone, and 21 studies assessed the clinical performance of FRRBs. There was great variability in study design and the reporting of clinical outcomes, and an analysis and critique of the included papers is provided. Overall, CRRB tend to debond less and hence provide longer-term and more reliable clinical service when compared to FRRB.
Principal conclusions
More high-level, long-term, prospective and clinical controlled trials are required to further analyse and evaluate the long-term outcomes of cast metal-based RRB.
To evaluate the success of a direct chairside method for repair of esthetic facings in NuSmile(®) and Kinder Krowns(®) pediatric crowns.
A rapid direct chairside technique was developed for repair of fractured facings of preveneered primary molar crowns using the Co-Jet system to pretreat the exposed metal subsurface and composite resin (Herculite XRV). A total of 19 posterior crowns were included in the pilot sample. The loss of veneer was categorized as less than 50 percent and over 50 percent of the surface area. All clinical repairs were completed by one operator and evaluated by one examiner after three months.
Clinically, all patients accepted the repair process achieved within 15 minutes. The repair was either fully intact (N=5) or completely lost (N=14) by three months. No crowns showed partially lost repairs. This protocol had a low success rate of 26 percent. The two successfully repaired Kinder Krowns(®) had the greatest occlusal surface area rebonded, exposing more fenestrations of the metal subsurface.
Due to poor retention of the repaired composite, this protocol cannot be recommended routinely for in vivo repair of preveneered stainless steel crowns with fractured facings. It could be considered as an interim procedure in selected cases.
Many self-adhesive cements have been introduced in the past few years, with little or no data regarding their clinical performance. This study investigated the shear bond strength of some recently introduced self-adhesive resin cements.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of self-adhesive and conventional resin-based cements to a base metal alloy.
Four groups (10-12 each) that comprised 3 self-adhesive cements (SmartCem2; RelyX Unicem; seT SDI) and a conventional resin-based cement (RelyX ARC) were tested. Cylindrical cement specimens (diameter, 3 mm; height, 3 mm) were applied to nickel-free base metal alloy (Sheradent) disks with a diameter of 12 mm, and the surface was treated with airborne-particle abrasion of 50 μm aluminum oxide. The metal disks were fixed in brass molds specifically designed for the shear bond test device. Test specimens were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and then the shear bond was tested with a Zwick Roll testing machine at a 0.8 mm/min cross-head speed. In addition, bond failures were investigated and categorized as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. Shear bond strengths were calculated by dividing the maximum debonding force over the cross-sectional area of each specimen. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey (honestly significant difference) post hoc test were used to test statistical significant differences among the groups (α=.05).
Statistical analysis showed significant differences among different resin cements (F=14.34, P<.001). The highest mean shear bond strength was observed for SmartCem2 (14.18 MPa), and the lowest was reported for seT (3.52 MPa). The observed failure mode in all the materials was adhesive in nature, which occurred at the resin-metal interface.
The early bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements varied significantly among the tested materials. SmartCem2 showed the highest bond strength, which was 4 times the strength observed for seT SDI.
1) A new adhesive opaque resin containing a reactive monomer, 4-methacryloxy-ethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), was prepared, and its application to thermosetting acrylic resin veneer crowns was studied. 2) The 4-META opaque resin was applied to a variety of nickel-chromium dental alloy specimens which had undergone different treatment, and endurance tests were conducted to evaluate the durability of adhesion. 3) Stable adhesion against water penetration was achieved with metal surfaces first etched with HCl and then oxidized with HNO3. A bond strength of 250 kg/cm2 was maintained even after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 30 wk or at 80 degrees C for ten wk. Furthermore, this value did not decrease even after the specimens were subjected to 500 thermal cycles. 4) The 4-META opaque resin studied can eliminate the necessity for retention devices on metal castings. 5) The smooth 4-META opaque resin should have no adverse effects on gingivae.
This in vitro study evaluated the bond strength of metal frameworks cast using Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Be, Cu-Al, type IV gold, and noble metal ceramic alloy with and without tin electroplating. The castings were luted to human teeth using Panavia Ex resin. It was found that tin electroplating had a negative effect for the Cu-Al and type IV gold alloys and a positive effect for gold for metal ceramic restorations. The best results were obtained using the Ni-Cr alloy.
This study aimed to determine the influence of metal conditioners on the polymerization behavior of bonding agents. Bonding agents of two-step self-etching primer systems and metal conditioners for adhesion of dental metal alloys were used. Double bond conversion was determined by Fourier transform-ation infrared spectroscopy. The percentage of residual double bonds, including pendant and monomeric double bonds, was calculated by comparing the obtained ratio with that of the uncured bonding agent. The degree of conversion of the bonding agents was obtained by subtracting the remaining double bonds from 100%. ANOVA followed by a Tukey HDS test was performed. Degree of conversion of the bonding agents ranged from 86.0 to 87.8%. When the bonding agents were mixed with metal conditioners or solvents of the metal conditioners, double bond conversion of the bonding agents tended to decrease. Within the limitations of this study, which was far removed from clinical situations, the presence of metal conditioners and remaining solvents had adverse effects on the polymerization reaction of bonding agents. Clinicians should be cognizant of the various factors that can influence bond strength of restorative resins to dentin.
Polymerization of some monomers adsorbed on inorganic materials such as silica gel, metal oxides, and metal sulfates has been investigated previously. However, little is known of the polymerization or the copolymerization of monomers adsorbed on or reacted with metal surfaces. Previously, the authors reported that triazine thiols react easily with metal surfaces to give films with excellent adhesion and ability to protect the surfaces against corrosion. In this article, the preparation of copper plates with polymerizable vinyl groups by this reaction is described. Data are presented which show that this method described is very effective in giving high corrosion resistance on metal plates and tubes. This method, however, has the defect that graft copolymerization still occurs considerably in the aqueous solution.
Adhesive bonding of a light-cured fixed prosthodontic composite resin joined to silver- and gold-based alloys was investigated with the use of a metal primer and an adhesive opaque resin. The primer contained an adhesive bonding promoter for precious alloys, 6- (4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol (VBATDT). The cast metal specimens were alumina-blasted and primed with VBATDT acetone solution. A self-curable 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin was used to bond the primed metals and a light-cured composite resin. Prepared specimens were thermocycled in water and bond strengths were determined. The shear bond strengths after 100,000 thermocycles (4 °C to 60 °C for 1 minute) were 28.4 MPa for Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and 20.8 MPa for type III gold alloy. This simple method may be used to bond silver or gold alloy and light-activated fixed prosthodontic composite resin.
Bond strengths of an adhesive resin bonded to two types of gold alloys wereinvestigated in vitro with two different metal primers. Disk specimens were cast in a type IV gold alloy designed for resin-bonded restorations and in a low-temperature age-hardenable gold alloy. The specimens were primed with either a vinylthiol primer or a thiophosphate primer, then bonded with an adhesive resin initiated with tri-n-butyl borane derivative. Both primers effectively enhanced bond between gold alloys and the adhesive. The use of metal primers in conjunction with type IV gold alloys is useful for resin-bonded fixed partial dentures
Although the effectiveness of primers for resin bonding to noble alloys has been demonstrated, no effective clinical technique for bonding to noble metal ceramic alloys has been established.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metal primers on the shear bond strength of an adhesive resin to noble metal ceramic alloys after thermal cycling.
Sixty-three disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2.5 mm) were cast from high-gold-content alloys (Super Metal W-85: W85 or IFK88 GR: IFK88), a high-palladium-content alloy (Super Metal N-40: N40), and an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (Castwell M.C.12: MC12). Smaller-sized disk-shaped specimens (8 × 2.5 mm) were fabricated with MC12. Bonding surfaces were finished with 600-grit SiC-paper and airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm alumina. Pairs of disks were primed (V-Primer: VP; ML Primer: ML; or Metaltite: MT) and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B). The bond strengths were determined before and after 20,000 and 50,000 thermal cycles (n=7). Data were analyzed by using a 3-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α=.05). Failure modes were determined by optical microscope and SEM observation.
Bond strengths to high-gold-content alloys with VP and MT significantly decreased after the thermal cycling (P<.001). Bond strengths to W85 (35.27 ±4.25 MPa) and IFK88 (33.57 ±3.56 MPa) after 50,000 thermal cycles obtained by ML were the highest (P<.001), and these groups showed combination failures. Bond strengths to N40 significantly decreased after 50,000 thermal cycles (P<.001), regardless of primers.
Shear bond strengths (SBS) to high-gold-content alloys were not degraded up to 50,000 thermal cycles when primed with ML. None of the primers evaluated was effective for high-palladium-content alloy.
This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.
1. Nine different sizes of spherical powder were prepared, and their effectiveness as retentive devices was evaluated against those available commercially. 2. Smaller-diameter spherical powder (No. 5) gave the best results of all retaining devices tested. 3. The physical properties of the resins play an important role in the retentive strength with No. 5 retention beads. The retentive strength was reduced when brittle resin was used. 4. The retentive strength of the resin veneer was greatly affected by the angle of stress at the incisal resin. The retentive strength increased as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the specimen and the direction of stress decreased.
1. Pitting corrosion provides undercuts suitable for retaining a resin facing. 2. Using a cathode with a proper shape, pits were uniformly distributed on the surface of a metal casting. The size of pits varies, depending on the time of pitting treatment. 3. The retentive pits were excellent in both retentive strength and marginal sealing when compared with spherical powder and beads.
The present study was carried out for investigation of the tensile bond strength of resin-bonded non-precious alloys after their surfaces were roughened by sand-blasting, chemical etching, or sugar crystal impressions. Fifty test specimens were cast in a Ni-Cr (Wiron 88) alloy and 50 in a Co-Cr (Wirobond) alloy. Twenty specimens of each alloy were surface-treated according to the sugar crystal impression method. The remaining specimens were first sand-blasted, and 20 specimens of each alloy were thereafter allocated for chemical etching and divided into subgroups with different etching conditions. The samples were chemically etched in strong inorganic acid solutions. After being etched, the specimens were bonded together in pairs by a chemically-curing resin cement (Panavia EX) with a force of 2 kg/cm2. After cementation, the specimens were stored under humid conditions at 37 degrees C for three wk. Prior to being tested, the specimens were subjected to 1000 thermal cyclings at temperatures between 10 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The tensile bond strength tests showed that Ni-Cr specimens sand-blasted and thereafter etched with a 50% conc. of HNO3 and a 50% conc. of HCl for two min and Co-Cr specimens sand-blasted and etched (conc. HCl for 15 min or three h) or sand-blasted alone resulted in similar high bonding values ranging between 33.3 and 37.2 MPa. Surface roughening with use of the sugar crystal impression method resulted in statistically significant lower bond strength values for both alloys (Ni-Cr, 17.9 MPa; Co-Cr, 10.2 MPa).
This in vitro study compared three methods of surface treating gold alloys to improve resin adhesion. The tensile bond strengths and modes of failure between specimen pairs cemented with a chemically adhesive resin were recorded. Heat-treated gold alloy specimens were significantly more resistant to bond failure under tensile loading than were either alumina-blasted or tin-plated gold specimens. There was no statistically significant difference in bond failure between alumina-blasted and tin-plated gold specimens. The surface treatment altered the mode of failure from adhesive and/or adhesive-cohesive for alumina-blasted and tinplated gold specimens to cohesive (within the resin) for heat-treated gold specimens. Three case reports are presented to illustrate clinical applications of heat-treated gold alloys.
This report describes a technique for fabricating a splint or fixed partial prosthesis splint on mandibular anterior teeth without tooth reduction. The fixation is attained by applying a coupling agent to the gold and etching the enamel to enhance attachment with Sevriton. Clinical experience and judgment provide the final standard.
A technique was described for a retentive mechanism that etches the inner side of cast fixed partial denture frameworks. The etched metal ceramometal restoration was then bonded to the enamel surface utilizing the technique for acid etching enamel. Improved resin-bonded retainers provide innovative, conservative, and viable alternatives to traditional fixed prosthodontics.
This study evaluated the tensile bond strength of resin composites to a noble alloy for ceramic bonding after various surface treatments. The flat end of bars cast in the alloy were used as test specimens. Eighteen clinically relevant combinations of luting agent, airborne particle abrasion, and surface treatment were applied. After surface treatment, two bars were bonded together. Resin cement, either dual-polymerizing (Twinlook) or chemically polymerizing (Panavia EX, Panavia 21, or RBBC), was used as a luting agent. The specimens were subjected to 1,000 thermal cycles between 15 degrees C and 60 degrees C before tensile bond strength testing. The highest median bond strengths were obtained using the Silicoater MD method/Twinlook (20.6 to 26.1 MPa) or with tin-plating/ Panavia EX (24.0 MPa), but more low values were recorded among the latter specimens. Tin-plating/Panavia 21 gave median tensile bond strengths (18.1 MPa) similar to tin-plating/Panavia EX. The Silicoater MD method resulted in similar bond strengths with or without the addition of a layer of Opaquer. The traditional Silicoater method (8.0 to 12.4 MPa) gave significantly lower median tensile bond strength values, and the lost sugar crystals method resulted in a tensile bond strength of 15.4 MPa.
This in vitro study elevated the effect of two primers on bond strengths and durability of luting agents joined to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. One primer (Metal Primer) contained methacryloyloxyalkyl thiophosphate derivative (MEPS). The other primer (V-Primer) contained 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VTD). The luting agent was a methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based adhesive resin that contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and was initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB). In order to evaluate the function of 4-META, MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used as a control. The alloy specimens were bonded with six combinations of two primers and two luting agents. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling. Both primers significantly elevated the bond strengths of the luting agents joined to the alloy. For unprimed groups, 4-META resin showed a more durable bond than did MMA-TBB resin. Combined use of Metal Primer with 4-META resin reduced the bond strength, while combination of V-Primer and 4-META resin did not affect the bond strength.
Usually, shear or tensile tests are used to assess bond strengths between resin and metal. In this study, a cleavage test, the Double Cantilever Beam test, was performed to measure the adherence energy in air and in water between a 4-META resin, and five alloys (palladium, palladium-silver, gold, cobalt-chromium and nickel-chromium alloys) whose surfaces have been treated by sandblasting only or by two methods of silica coating (Silicoater MD, Rocatec) or by painting with a primer (V-Primer). Results showed that, after storage in water, it is difficult to divide the studied alloys into a dental base alloys group and a noble alloys group. Therefore, the silica coating has significantly limited the propagation of fissures in water. Higher values of adherence energy were recorded with the Rocatec system except with the palladium alloy which must be treated with the Silicoater MD system. The treatment with V-Primer was sensitive to hydrolytic attack.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two metal conditioners on the bond durability of an adhesive resin joined to noble metal alloys by comparing pre- and post-thermocycling bond strengths.
Two different sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8mm in diameter by 2.5mm thickness) were prepared from silver-indium (Ag-In-Zn, Salivan), silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu, Castwell M.C.12), metal-ceramic gold (Au-Pt-Pd, Degudent-Universal), metal-ceramic palladium (Pd-Ga-Co, PTM 88), type IV gold (type IV, Casting Gold) alloys, and pure silver (pure Ag). The specimens were air-abraded with 50-microm grain sized alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite) or with a thione-phosphate primer (Alloy Primer), then bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after repeated thermocycling (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C, 1min each, 100, 000cycles). The results were compared by analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparison intervals.
The average post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (n=8) generated with the thiouracil primed and thione-phosphate primed groups, respectively, were: 3.4 and 5.8 for the Ag-In-Zn alloy, 40.4 and 37.7 for the Ag-Pd-Cu alloy, 26.4 and 33.5 for the Au-Pt-Pd alloy, 27.4 and 36.6 for the Pd-Ga-Co alloy, 40.2 and 40.3 for the type IV alloy, and 37.3 and 32.4 for the pure Ag. The Ag-In-Zn alloy exhibited significantly lower bond strength than the other alloys, whereas the Ag-Pd-Cu and type IV alloys exhibited the greatest magnitude of bond strength for both primers (p<0.05).
It can be concluded that the combined use of either of the two thione primers and the adhesive resin is effective for bonding the metal/alloys examined, with the exception of the Ag-In-Zn alloy.
Although adequate surface preparation is indispensable to achieve a consistent and durable bond between resin composite materials and the metal substructures of veneered restorations, information on the bonding performance of current metal adhesive systems is limited.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface preparation effects of 4 metal conditioners and 1 adhesive system on bonding between a prosthetic resin composite veneering material and a gold casting alloy.
Four primers containing sulfur derivative monomer and designed for conditioning noble metal alloys (Alloy Primer, Infis Opaque Primer, Metal Primer II, and Metaltite) and a surface modification technique (Siloc) were assessed. Cast disk specimens made of gold alloy (Pontor LFC) were either primed with 1 of the 4 primers or treated with the Siloc system and bonded with a light-activated prosthetic resin composite material (New Metacolor Infis). Control specimens were also prepared without the use of a bonding agent. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling (20,000 cycles) for evaluation of bond durability.
All of the primed and Siloc-treated groups showed improved 24-hour shear bond strengths compared with the control group. After thermocycling, the groups either primed with the Metaltite conditioner or treated with the Siloc system exhibited the highest mean shear bond strengths.
The Metaltite conditioner and Siloc system each represent a useful method for improving the bond between the gold alloy and resin composite material tested.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for enhancement of bonding strength to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy.
Two different sized disk specimens (10- and 8-mm diameter by 2.5-mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy (Castwell M.C. 12, GC). The specimens were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm-grain alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite, Tokuyama Dental) or with a triazine dithione primer (V-Primer, Sun Medical), and then bonded with 1 of 3 acrylic resins: a benzoyl peroxide-amine redox-initiated resin adhesive (Multi-Bond, Tokuyama Dental) or a tri-nbutylborane-initiated resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick, Sun Medical). For each adhesive, unprimed specimens were prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strength was determined after thermocycling (100,000 cycles).
Use of primers significantly (P < .05) enhanced the bond strength of specimens in all adhesives. Irrespective of the type of primer, the strength of Multi-Bond adhesive was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick adhesives. The strength of the 2 tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives did not differ significantly (P > .05). The mean strength of the Super-Bond C&B adhesive was 40.4 MPa with Metaltite and 37.8 MPa with V-Primer; that of Super-Bond Quick adhesive was 40.9 MPa with Metaltite and 36.5 MPa with V-Primer.
Use of thione primers effectively enhanced the strength of the bond to the silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. Furthermore, the combinations of primers and tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives were found to be more efficient for bonding.
An in vitro comparison of tensile bond strengths of noble and base metal alloys to enamel
- R Z Parsa
- G R Goldstein
- G M Barrack
- R Z Legeros