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In vitro antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract by tube Dilution Method

Authors:
Satyajit G. Patil at International Institute for Biotechnology and Toxicology
Satyajit G. Patil
Deshmukh A. A
Deshmukh A. A
Deshmukh A. A
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Amol R. Padol at Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Amol R. Padol
Dnyaneswar Kale at Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Dnyaneswar Kale
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Abstract

The study was carried out to assess in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic namely acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits against four commonly encountered pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida by tube dilution method. The present study revealed that there was significant reduction in the mean colony count of E.coli (293 ± 1.86 to 108.33 ± 0.67) and P. multocida (301.67 ± 2.03 to 139.67 ± 2.40) by the acetone extract, whereas there was significant reduction in the mean colony count of S. aureus (134.33 ± 2.40 to 256.33 ± 2.33) by the methanol extract and significant reduction in the mean colony count of K. pneumoniae (201.00 ± 2.31 to 267.33 ± 3.28) by the aqueous extract. The aqueous, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extract were found to be effective against all the microorganisms under test where as chloroform extract was effective against E.coli and P.multocida but S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were found to be resistant against chloroform extract of E. officinalis. The outcome of the present investigation concludes that the E. officinalis fruit contain the antibacterial active ingredients.
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49
International Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2012; 2(4): 49-51
ISSN 2249–9709
Original Article
In vitro antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract by
tube Dilution Method
Satyajit G. Patil, Deshmukh A. A., Amol R. Padol1, Dnyaneshwar B. Kale2
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Maharashtra
1Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka
2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Akola, Maharashtra (India)
E-mail: patil.satyajit@rediffmail.com
Received 20 October 2012; accepted 09 November 2012
Abstract
The study was carried out to assess in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic namely acetone, chloroform, ethyl
acetate and methanol extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits against four commonly encountered pathogenic strains of
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida by tube dilution method. The
present study revealed that there was significant reduction in the mean colony count of E.coli (293 ± 1.86 to 108.33 ± 0.67)
and P. multocida (301.67 ± 2.03 to 139.67 ± 2.40) by the acetone extract, whereas there was significant reduction in the
mean colony count of S. aureus (134.33 ± 2.40 to 256.33 ± 2.33) by the methanol extract and significant reduction in the
mean colony count of K. pneumoniae (201.00 ± 2.31 to 267.33 ± 3.28) by the aqueous extract. The aqueous, acetone, ethyl
acetate and methanol extract were found to be effective against all the microorganisms under test where as chloroform
extract was effective against E.coli and P.multocida but S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were found to be resistant against
chloroform extract of E. officinalis. The outcome of the present investigation concludes that the E. officinalis fruit contain
the antibacterial active ingredients. © 2012 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key Words: Emblica officinalis, antibacterial activity, tube dilution, bacterial resistance.
1. Introduction
The plant Emblica officinalis (Synonym- Phyllanthus
emblica linn.) known as Indian gooseberry and Amla in
India. The medicinal properties of E. officinalis can be
traced back in the ancient medical treatise like
Ayurveda, Ramayana, Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita
and other archaic literatures. The plant belongs to family
Euphorbiaceae and is one of the most celebrated herbs in
the Indian traditional medicinal system widely distributed
throughout India. Almost all parts of the plant are of great
medicinal and nutritive values and being used in ayurvedic
preparations for human and animal therapeutics.
The varied literature on the medicinal plant reveals that the
plant E. officinalis have the antibacterial [1, 2, 3] antifungal
[1, 4], antioxidant [5], cardio-protective [6], anthelmintic
[7] and anti-inflammatory properties [8]. The plant E.
officinalis is useful in conjunctivitis, inflammation,
dyspepsia, ulcerative stomatitis, gastrohelicosis, cough,
diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis,
opthmopathy, colic, jaundice, emaciation, cardiac disorder,
intermittent fever, hepatopathy, hemorrhages, menorrhagia
and skin diseases [9, 10]. The major active principles of E.
officinalis fruit are flavonoids (quercetin), phyllemblin,
ascorbic acid, gallic acid alkaloids (phyllantine,
phyllantidine) and tannins (emblicanin A and emblicanin
B). Vitamin C, tannins and flavonoids are found in
maximum concentration and are antioxidant in action [11].
Various reports are available confirming the in vitro and in
vivo antibacterial potency of E. officinalis. In an
experimentally induced pneumonia with Klebsiella
pneumoniae in mice, the fruits of E. officinalis was
reported to inhibit the colonization of organism in lungs
[12].
Present day antibacterial therapy for bacterial diseases is
mainly focused by use of antibiotics and numerous
synthetic antibacterial drugs. In spite of national and
international policies for use of antibacterials,
indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antibacterials is of
great concern due to the development of resistant strains of
organisms, toxicity, side effects and accumulation of drug
residues in the body tissue and fluids. Resistance has
emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents
like carbapenems. This situation demands the need of more
safe and effective therapeutics for treating the infectious
Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com
International Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
50
International Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2012; 2(4): 49-51
diseases. The need for new therapeutics for infectious
diseases has encouraged the drive to examine the nature
and value of E. officinalis fruits. Therefore, an attempt was
made to assess the antibacterial property of E. officinalis
using tube dilution method against some common bacterial
pathogens of both human and farm animals.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Preparation of extract
The fruit powder of E. officinalis was procured from the
authorized Ayurvedic pharmacy. The fine powder of fruit
of E. officinalis was subjected for preparation of different
extracts namely aqueous, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate
and methanol. The extractability percentage was
determined as per the method suggested by Rosenthaler
[13].
2.2. Test organism
The test organisms selected in the present study based on
their pattern of occurrence in the dairy animals and poultry.
S. aureus and E. coli are the common pathogens causing
mastitis, metritis, pyometra and other economically
important infectious diseases in the dairy animals.
Haemorrhagic septicemia caused by P. multocida leads to
heavy economic losses in terms of reduced production and
mortality especially in the buffalos. K. pneumoniae is the
other important pathogen infecting the respiratory and
reproductive system.
Pure cultures of Escherichia coli (MTCC,
No.723) Staphylococcus aureus, (MTCC No.96),
Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC No.106) and Pasteurella
multocida (MTCC No.1161) were obtained from Institute
of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. The
pathogenic bacterial culture was sub cultured and
maintained on nutrient agar and in nutrient broth.
2.3. Preparation of extract impregnated disc
The sterile blank discs of filter paper were procured from
M/s Hi Media Laboratories Ltd. Mumbai. These blank
discs were separately impregnated with different extracts
until the disc get fully saturated. The discs were weighed
before and after impregnation of the extract. The amount of
the E. officinalis extract actually got impregnated on to the
disc was 19.79 ± 0.37 for methanol, 13.87 ± 0.29 for
acetone, 12.26 ± 0.21 for aqueous, 9.91 ± 0.11 for ethyl
acetate and 6.83 ± 0.47 for chloroform.
2.4. Determination of antibacterial activity
The antibacterial effectiveness of fruit extract of E.
officinalis was determined by tube dilution method [14].
The test tube containing 3 ml of nutrient broth was added
with a loop full of 24 hr old broth culture of each bacterium
under test. The tubes were then incubated for 4 hrs. The
bacterial dilutions were made ranging from10-6 to 10-3. Two
extract impregnated discs were placed in each tube and
incubated at 37 0C for 24 hr. The broth in the tube was then
plated on the nutrient agar taken in petri plates. After 24 hr
of incubation at 37 0 C, the bacterial growth in each petri
plate was assessed by counting the bacterial colonies.
Based on the observations the bacterial dilution of 10-6 was
selected for the final test.
For the final tube dilution test bacterial culture (10-6) taken
in tubes were added with two extract impregnated discs and
incubated at 37 0C. After overnight incubation the cultures
(broth) were poured on nutrient agar taken in petri plates.
The excess of broth was drained off after 3 minutes. After
further incubation of 24 hr, the colonies were counted for
each plate.
The data of this investigation were statistically analyzed by
student t test and the results were represented as mean ±
standard error [15].
3. Results
The mean colony count of E. coli without treatment was
293 ± 1.86. The mean colony count of E. coli with
treatment of chloroform extract of E. officinalis fruit was
212 ± 1.15 followed by treatment of ethyl acetate (163 ±
3.79), aqueous (130.33 ± 0.88), methanol (12.67 ± 1.76)
and acetone (108.33 ± 0.67) fruit extract of E. officinalis.
The mean bacterial colony count of S. aureus without
treatment was 256.33 ± 2.33.The mean bacterial colony
count with methanol fruit extract was 134.33 ± 2.40
followed by acetone (148.33± 1.20), aqueous (160.67 ±
2.60), ethyl acetate (189.33 ± 1.20) and chloroform (227.00
± 1.53) fruit extracts.
The mean colony count of K. pnumoniae without any
treatment was 267.33 ± 3.28.The mean colony count by
treatment of aqueous extract of E. officinalis (201.00 ±
2.31) was the lowest among all the extracts. The mean
bacterial colony count by the treatment with methanol
extract of E. officinalis fruit (210.33 ± 1.45) was
statistically similar to the mean colony count by the
treatment with Acetone fruit extract of E. officinalis
(213.67 ± 3.18). The mean colony count by the treatment
with ethyl acetate was 225.00 ± 2.31. The mean colony
counts without treatment and with the chloroform extract
(260.00 ± 3.18) were statistically similar to each other.
The mean colony count of P. multocida without treatment
was 301.67 ± 2.03.The mean colony count of P. multocida
by the treatment with Methanol fruit extract (142.33 ±
1.45) was statistically similar to the mean colony count of
P. multocida by the treatment with Acetone extract of fruit
of E. officinalis (139.67 ± 2.40). The mean colony count of
P. multocida by the treatment with chloroform was highest
among all the extract followed ethyl acetate, aqueous,
methanol and acetone.
4. Discussion
The antibacterial activity of E. officinalis fruit extract was
evaluated against four pathogenic bacteria belonging to
both Gram positive and Gram negative group.
The acetone fruit extract has maximal activity against E.
coli and P. multocida. The methanol extract has maximal
antibacterial activity against S. aureus where as the
aqueous extract have maximum antibacterial activity
against K. pneumoniae. The results of the present
investigation were in accordance with the reports of Saeed
and Tariq [16], wherein, the E. officinalis have been found
to be active against a range of bacteria including
Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus,
Micrococccus varians, Bacillus subtilis and also against
Candida albicans.
It was also apparent from the studies by the tube dilution
that out of different extracts of E. officinalis the acetone
fruit extract has the maximal antibacterial activity against
E.coli than by other extract against other test organisms.
51
International Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2012; 2(4): 49-51
The antibacterial activity exhibited by the E. officinalis
could be attributed to the presence of bioactive components
namely flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins in the fruit
extract [17]. Among these active principles the saponins are
known to have potent bactericidal potency among the
others. The fruit also contains tannins Emblicanin A and B,
which are known to have potent antimicrobial activities
[18].
Various investigators have reported that the fruits of E.
officinalis have immune-modulatory activity [19, 20, 21].
The properties of immunomodulation and antibacterial
potency of E. officinalis could be utilized synergistically
for the treatment of infectious diseases in the immune-
compromised individuals.
5. Conclusion
In the present investigation, the different solvent extracts of
E. officinalis shown to have antibacterial activity against
commonly encountered pathogens. The use of E. officinalis
in the treatment of could be the safe, potent and cost
effective way to treat infectious diseases of livestock,
poultry and human.
6. References
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2. J. Philip, Sheila John and Priya Iyer, Antimicrobial
Activity of Aloevera barbedensis, Daucus carota,
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Microbiol, 8 (2012) 141-147.
3. N.P. Usha, K.J. Bibu, S. Jose, A.M.C Nair, G.K. Nair,
N.D. Nair, Antibacterial activity of successive extracts
of some medicinal plants against field isolates of
Pasteurella multocida, Indian J. Ani. Sci. 82(2012)
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4. Z. Mehmood, I. Ahmed, F. Mohammad, S. Ahmed,
Indian medicinal plant a potential source for
anticandidal drugs, Pharm. Biol. 37(1999) 237-242.
5. M. Golechha, J. Bhatia, D. Arya, Studies on effects of
Emblica officinalis (Amla) on oxidative stress and
cholinergic function in scopolamine induced amnesia
in mice, J. Environ. Biol. 33(2012) 95-100.
6. S.K. Bhattacharya, A. Bhattacharya, K. Sairam, and S.
Ghosal, Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of
Emblica officinalis on ischemia-reperfusion-induced
oxidative stress in rat heart, Phytomedicine, 9(2002)
171 - 174.
7. G. Dwivedi, A.A. Noorani, D. Rawal, H. Patidar,
Anthelmintic activity of Emblica officinalis fruit
extract, Int. J. Pharma. Res. Dev. 3(2011) 50-52.
8. L.C. Mishra, Scientific basis of Ayurvedic therapies,
second ed., CRC press, 2004.
9. C. Parmar, M.K. Kaushal, Wild fruits, first ed.,
Kalyani Publication, New Delhi, 1982.
10. J. Anjaria, M. Parabiam, S. Dwivedi,
Ethnovet Heritage, first ed., Prathik Enterprizes,
Ahemadabad, 2002.
11. S. Kaur, S. Arora, K. Kaura, The in vitro
antimutagenic activity of Triphlaan Indian herbal drug,
Food Chem. Toxicol. 40(2002) 527-534.
12. A. Saini, S. Sharma, S. Chhibber, Protective efficacy
of Emblica officinalis against Klebsiella pneumoniae
induced pneumonia in mice, Indian J. Med. Res.
128(2008) 188-193.
13. L. Rosenthaler, The chemical investigation of plants,
first ed., Bell and Sons, London, 1930.
14. R. Cruickshank, J.P. Duguid, B.P. Marmion, R.H.A.
Swain, Medical Microbiology, twelfth ed., The English
Language Book Society and E and S, Churchill
Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1975.
15. G.W. Snedecor, W.G. Cochran, Statistical Methods,
third ed., Oxford and IBM publication Co., Calcutta,
1967.
16. S. Saeed, P. Tariq, Antimicrobial activities of Emblica
officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram
positive bacteria and Candida albicans, Pak. J. Bot.,
39(2007) 913-917.
17. P. Javale, S. Sabnis, Antimicrobial properties and
phytochemical analysis of Emblica officinalis, Asian J.
Exp. Biol. Sci. (2010) 91-95
18. K.S. Jyothi, B. Subba Rao, screening of antibacterial
activity of Emblica officialis fruits,
Pharmacologyonline, 3(2011) 848-852.
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immunity therapy, Proceedings of international
seminar on complimentary medicine in AIDS, MAPA
20 (1998) 28-35.
20. M.D. Sairam, B. Neetu, B. Yogis, B. Anju, P. Dipti,
Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of
Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: An in
vitro study, J. Ethnopharmacol. 81(2002) 5-10.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared
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Triphala Churna consisting Triphala and its constituents have been revealed to have antibacterial properties against human pathogens. The phenolic ring of phytochemicals has been confirmed to be toxic against microorganisms and hence responsible for antibacterial effect. It has also been found to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and other properties. The objective of this project is to investigate which bioactive compounds of Triphala churna have antibacterial action and can protect humans from infection. The majority of the molecules in phytochemical examination were positive for ethanolic and acetone extracts and the physicochemical characteristics were within the acceptable limits. In silico data clearly explains that the compounds of Triphala churna follows Lipinski’s rule of five. The toxicity profile and ADME parameters of the compounds revealed that most of the compounds were nontoxic towards carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive effect. Based on the energy type of interaction between these molecules and the study protein, molecular docking revealed that the three compounds from Triphala churna own the highest docking score against InhA protein: Terflavin B (-9.67 Kcal/mol), Ellagic acid (-9.37 Kcal/mol), and Corilagin (-8.57 Kcal/mol).
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... The anti-microbial activity of Haritaki, Amalaki, Daruharidra and Yastimadhu showed significant results on Haemolytic staphylococcus, Citrobacter, staphylococcus. Recent research conducted proved that extract of Amalaki significantly reduced mean colony count on Escherichia coli, Staphylococus, Klebsiella, Pnemoniae and Pastuerellamultocida by tube dilution [11] . ...
Efficacy of Haritakyadi eye drops in Kukkunaka W.S.R to ophthalmia neonatorum – An open label clinical trial
Article
  • Jun 2020
An open label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Haritakyadieye drops on Kukkunakaw.s.r to Ophthalmia Neonatorum in newborns at Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Kuthpady, Udupi. This trial was conducted on 30 newborns. The drops were instilled 8th hourly in a 3 divided doses per day for 3 days. The response was assessed by using various subjective and objective parameters and analysed statistically using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Statistically significant results were obtained in subjective parameter and conjunctival swab culture. Study showed Haritakyadi eye drops is effective in relieving the clinical symptoms as well as controlling the growth of gram positive and negative organisms.
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Natural Immunomodulators for Infections and Other Diseases
Chapter
  • May 2023
Natural Immunomodulators: Promising Therapy for Disease Management discusses the use of natural immunomodulators as a promising therapy for managing various diseases. The book begins with an introduction to the immune system and the ways in which it can be modulated. This is followed by a discussion on the various diseases and disorders associated with the immune system, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, and immune deficiency conditions. The natural sources of immunomodulators, including plants, herbs, and other natural substances is also explained along with the importance of standardizing natural immunomodulator drugs, including the methods used to ensure their quality and consistency. The book also delves into the chemistry and analytical techniques used to study immunomodulators, clinical and pre-clinical bioassays. The next couple of chapters focus on the use of natural immunomodulators in cancer, the therapy of cancer and infectious diseases. Drug delivery and the strategy and regulatory perspective for natural immunomodulators. The final 2 chapters round up the contents with information about synthetic immunomodulators and the future perspective for the use of immunomodulators in disease management. Natural Immunomodulators: Promising Therapy for Disease Management is a comprehensive guide to the use of natural immunomodulators as a therapy for various diseases, and is a valuable resource for professionals and students interested in this topic. The book is aimed at health care professionals such as medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and life science and nutritionist professionals, as well as students.
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ALTERNATIVAS RECENTES PARA O TRATAMENTO DA FUSARIOSE
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Sep 2022
Em face a uma população mundial crescente e altos padrões de segurança alimentar, ambos sob influência de fatores complexos e mutáveis como a notável resistência a agroquímicos por doenças de culturas por pragas, ervas daninhas e microrganismos patogênicos, há uma necessidade urgente de novas estratégias apropriadas para enfrentá-los. O Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis é o agente causador de uma das principais doenças nas plantações de pimenta-do-reino. Este fungo filamentoso pode causar a podridão da raiz, a murcha amarela e até a morte das plantas infectadas, causando perda da lavoura e prejuízos econômicos aos pipericultores. Os métodos empregados no combate a fusariose da pimenta-do-reino são realizados com a prevenção ao fungo, com o uso de mudas de alto padrão, monitoramento da plantação e erradicação de plantas sintomáticas. Entretanto, estes cuidados apresentam pouca eficiência e até o momento não há nenhum registro de cultivares resistentes ou fungicida específico para doença cadastrado no sistema de agrotóxicos fitossanitários. Neste capítulo são apresentadas questões sobre resistência fúngica a agroquímicos e planejamento racional e síntese orgânica na direção de novos candidatos a agroquímicos que atendam aos quesitos recém exigidos, alta eficiência e seletividade, frequência de uso e toxicidade reduzidas e custo-benefício.
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Antibacterial activity of successive extracts of some medicinal plants against field isolates of Pasteurella multocida
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2012
The outbreak of duck pasteurellosis caused by avian strains of Pasteurella multocida, which occur during monsoon period, is a serious problem with high mortality and morbidity affecting younger age groups. Medicinal plants reported to have antibacterial action were tested for their efficacy against Pasteurella multocida by in vitro methods. Successive extraction of whole plant materials of Leucas aspera, Vernonia cineria and Ocimum sanctum, leaves of Syzigium cumini, and bark of Polyalthia longifolia were performed with petroleum benzine, choloroform, acetone, methanol and water, and were tested for their antibacterial effect using microtitre plate technique (to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) and disc diffusion method (to estimate the zone of inhibition). The results from the above in vitro assay revealed the efficacy of different plant successive extracts against duck pasteurellosis.
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Antimicrobial Activity of Aloevera barbedensis, Daucus carota, Emblica officinalis, Honey and Punica granatum and Formulation of a Health Drink and Salad
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2012
Aims: Indian folk medicine has been in practice from time immemorial. Traditional medicine interconnects our body with nature for a healthy living. The naturally occurring antimicrobials in food vary in their efficacy and function, toxicology, safety and mechanism of action against microorganisms. Methodology and Results: The study revitalizes the traditional system of medicine in order to achieve self reliance in health care and health for all by analyzing the antimicrobial property of aqueous extracts of aloevera (Aloevera barbedensis), carrot (Daucus carota), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), honey and pomegranate (Punica granatum), and to assess the reason for inhibition of growth of pathogenic organisms by DNA and protein analysis. Various aqueous extracts showed inhibition to microrganisms like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion significance and impact of study: The study also formulated and standardized a nourishing health drink and salad using the tested foods and estimated their shelf life and nutritive value. The health drink and salad had a low protein, low fat and moderate carbohydrate content. Therapeutically this drink and salad can be used to treat obesity.
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Studies on effects of Emblica officinalis (Amla) on oxidative stress and cholinergic function in scopolamine induced amnesia in mice
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2012
Emblica officinalis, commonly known as amla, is an important medicinal plant of India. Its fruits have potent antioxidant activity due to the presence of tannoids, tannins, vitamin C and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the fruits of Emblica officinalis (EO) on memory impairment in Swiss albino mice. Scopolamine (1 mg kg(-1), i.p)was administered to induce amnesia and the memory was evaluated by using elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance tests. Piracetam (200 mg kg(-1), i.p.) was used as a standard nootropic agent. The EO extract was administered intraperitoneally in four graded doses (150, 300, 450 and 600 mg kg(-1)) for 7 consecutive days to different groups of mice. The mice were sacrificed on the 8th day following assessment of memory. The brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AchE)) activity was determined. It was observed that EO extract reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. The mean transfer latency and retention latency in the EO extract 600 mg kg(-1) group vs the vehicle treated scopolamine group was 13.46 sec (p<0.001) and 134.4 sec (p<0.001) vs 23.99 sec and 44.55 sec, respectively. EO extract treatment also significantly (p<0.001) ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by scopolamine administration. The mice brain MDA and GSH levels in the EO extract 600 mg kg(-1) group vs the scopolamine group were 29.95 nmol g(-1) of wet tissue and 51.87 microg g(-1) tissue vs 55.22 nmol g(-1) of wet tissue and 28.33 microg g(-1) tissue, respectively. Further, EO extract (300, 450 and 600 mg kg(-1), i.p) significantly (p<0.001) reversed the rise in brain acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) level induced by scopolamine. The mice brain Ach E levels in the EO extract 600 mg kg(-1) group as compared to the scopolamine group was 70.23 vs 151.49 U mg(-1) protein(-1), respectively. These results suggestthat EO possesses memory enhancing, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity. It may be useful for the treament of cognitive impairments induced by cholinergic dysfunction. Its potential in the management of dementia and Azheimer disease needs to be further explored.
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Chemical investigation of medicinal plants
Article
  • Jan 1997
Since his existence on this planet man has had to depend on Nature for sustenance and survival. Medicinal plants have been used by him to keep himself healthy. According to the studies on ethnomedicine and folk medicine about 2000 species are newly identified as drug yielding plants and are well known for their use in about 4000 drug industries of various Indian systems of medicine. Phytochemical examination of a number of them has been carried out and active ingredients, isolated, identified are being currently used as drugs. Chemical examination of hitherto unexplored medicinal plants will help in discovering new drugs.
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Antimicrobial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans
Article
  • Jun 2007
Present investigation focused on antimicrobial potential of aqueous infusions and aqueous decoctions of Emblica officinalis (amla) and Coriandrum sativum (coriander) against 186 bacterial isolates belonging to 10 different genera of G +ve bacterial population and 2 isolates of Candida albicans isolated from urine specimens. The well diffusion technique was employed. Aqueous infusion and decoction of Emblica officinalis exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (80), S. haemolyticus (8), S. saprophyticus (65), Micrococccus varians (12), M. lylae (6), M. roseus (3), M. halobius (1), M. sedenterius (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), B. megaterium (1) and Candida albicans (2). The aqueous infusion and decoction of coriander did not show any antimicrobial activity against G -ve urinary pathogens as well as against Candida albicans.
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Protective efficacy of Emblica officinalis against Klebsiella pneumoniae induced pneumonia in mice
Article
  • Aug 2008
  • INDIAN J MED RES
Emblica officinalis (amla), which is a good source of vitamin C, has been shown to be beneficial due to its immune system enhancing property coupled with its tonifying and antiageing effect. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of E. officinalis feeding on the susceptibility of experimental mice to respiratory tract infection induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effect of short- (15 days) and long (30 days)-term feeding of amla in mice on the course of K. pneumoniae ATCC43816 infection in lungs was studied, in terms of bacterial colonization, macrophage activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite production in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha level in serum was also assessed. Though there was a decrease in bacterial colonization after short-term feeding, it was not significant. On the contrary, the decrease in bacterial load was significant (P < 0.05) on long-term feeding. The operative mechanisms in terms of lipid peroxidation, phagocytosis and nitrite production were studied by estimating their levels in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Maximum decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in phagocytic activity and nitrite levels on long-term feeding was seen. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with amla protects against bacterial colonization of lungs on long-term feeding in experimental model. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the actual mechanism.
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The in vitro antimutagenic activity of Triphala - An Indian herbal drug
Article
  • May 2002
  • FOOD CHEM TOXICOL
A study to evaluate an antimutagenic potential of water, chloroform and acetone extracts of Triphala has been made in an Ames histidine reversion assay using TA98 and TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium against the direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) and sodium azide, and the indirect-acting promutagen, 2-aminofluorene (2AF), in the presence of phenobarbitone-induced rat hepatic S9. A combination drug 'Triphala' - a composite mixture of Terminalia bellerica, T. chebula and Emblica officinalis, has been used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of many malaises, such as heart ailments and hepatic diseases. The drug was sequentially extracted with water, acetone and chloroform at room temperature. The study revealed that water extract was ineffective in reducing the revertants induced by the mutagens. The results with chloroform and acetone extracts showed inhibition of mutagenicity induced by both direct and S9-dependent mutagens. A significant inhibition of 98.7% was observed with acetone extract against the revertants induced by S9-dependent mutagen, 2AF, in co-incubation mode of treatment. Various spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H-NMR, normal 13C-NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT-90 and DEPT-135), UV and IR, are under way to identify the polyphenolic compounds from an acetone extract.
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Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in rat heart
Article
  • Apr 2002
  • PHYTOMEDICINE
The tannoid principles of the fruits of Emblica officinalis have been reported to exhibit antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, an emblicanin-A (37%) and -B (33%) enriched fraction of fresh juice of Emblica fruits (EOT) was investigated for antioxidant activity against ischemia-reperfusion (IRI)-induced oxidative stress in rat heart. Vitamin E (VE) was used as the standard antioxidant agent. IRI was induced in isolated rat heart by perfusing it with modified Kreb-Hensleitt's solution for 5 min, followed by a period of ischemia (stoppage of perfusion) for 10 min and then restoring the perfusion (reperfusion) for 15 min. IRI induced a significant decrease in the activities of cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation. These IRI-induced effects were prevented by the administration of EOT (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt.) and VE (200 mg/kg body wt.) given orally twice daily for 14 days prior to the sacrifice of the animals and initiation of the perfusion experiments. The study confirms the antioxidant effect of E. officinalis and indicates that the fruits of the plant may have a cardioprotective effect.
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Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: An in-vitro study
Article
  • Jul 2002
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
The fruits extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla) has been reported to have strong anti-oxidant properties. There is a paucity of studies on the immunomodulatory properties of fruit extracts of Amla in immuno-compromised states, with the emphasis on lymphocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Amla using chromium (VI) as an immunosuppressive agent. Chromium (Cr) treatment results in enhanced cytotoxicity, free radical production, lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and diminished glutathione (GSH) levels. There was a significant inhibition of both lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Chromium also inhibited Con A stimulated interleukin-2 and gamma-interferon production significantly. Further, there was enhanced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in the presence of Cr. Amla significantly inhibited Cr-induced free radical production and restored the anti-oxidant status back to control level. Amla also inhibited apoptosis and DNA fragmentation induced by Cr. Interestingly, Amla relieved the immunosuppressive effects of Cr on lymphocyte proliferation and even restored the IL-2 and gamma-IFN production considerably.
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