Content uploaded by Sevgan Subramanian
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sevgan Subramanian on Feb 04, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Pest thrips in East Africa - Identification and information tools (CD-ROM)
Abstract
Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera) are key pests of highly value horticultural and staple food crops worldwide. Thrips inflict substantial qualitative and quantitative losses due to their feeding, transmission of tospoviruses and their relevance as quarantine pests. The cryptic feeding behavior, small size and diverse character states of nearly 6000 recognized thrips species has made difficult their detection and identification during phytosanitary inspections.
Further a declining group of thrips taxonomists world-over has made precise identification of thrips an uphill task. Rapidly expanding trans-border trade of crop produces in addition to constraints associated with detection and identification has resulted in thrips emerging as a rapidly growing group of invasive organisms.
Precise and timely identification is very critical for better understanding of thrips diversity, formulation of effective management strategies and for early detection and prevention of invasive thrips species. Recently taxonomists world over have taken advantage of developments in information and communication technology to formulate user-friendly identification tools and systems for several organisms including thrips (Moritz et al., 2004, 2009; Hoddle et al., 2008). These tools are extensively used by thrips biologist world over and to some extent constraints for identification of thrips has been reduced.
As observed elsewhere in the world, thrips and tospoviruses transmitted by thrips seriously affect productivity of several staple food crops such as maize, beans, cowpea, dolichos, and peanuts, and several horticultural crops such as French bean, onion, tomato and pepper, threatening food and nutritional security in Africa. In spite of their economic importance, information on thrips diversity in Africa is very sparse and not accessible easily. This is a serious constraint for economic entomologists, plant virologists and quarantine officers in Africa to develop effective monitoring and management strategies for thrips and tospoviruses transmitted by thrips.
Export horticulture sector in many African countries like Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa and other upcoming countries has recorded tremendous growth over the years, generating the much needed foreign exchange reserves for the national income and provide gainful employment to millions of people in Africa. Many of these export horticultural crops including flowers like roses, carnation and other cutflowers; vegetables like French bean, crucifers, chillies, eggplants, cucurbits and others; and fruits like citrus, avocado and melons are severely infested by native and invasive thrips species. Sustained growth of the export horticulture sector in Africa is only possible if effective monitoring and identification systems and tools for native and invasive thrips of Africa are developed. These tools need to be made available to quarantine officers and economic entomologists and plant virologists in Africa and in destination regions such as in America, Europe, Asia and Australia. This information and identification tool for pest thrips in East Africa developed under the LucID 3.5 platform is a first step towards addressing the above critical capacity needs in Africa.
-
http://shop.cbit.uq.edu.au/ProductDetails.aspx?productID=332
Supplementary resource (1)
... Molecular evidence indicated that, Indonesia may be a probable source of invasion of this species to India (Tyagi et al., 2015) [12] . Rachana et al, (2018) [11] reported Dahlia rosea Cav. has been reported as new host for the quarantine thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) from karntaka, India T. parvispinus has been identified as polyphagous pest infesting mainly fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops viz., coffee, chilli pepper, Gardenia sp., papaya, potato, sweet pepper, green bean, tobacco, Vigna sp., strawberry, watermelon, eggplant and other Cucurbits (Moritz et al., 2013) [8] . Life cycle is completed in 13-14 days under controlled condition on chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in greenhouse. ...
... Molecular evidence indicated that, Indonesia may be a probable source of invasion of this species to India (Tyagi et al., 2015) [12] . Rachana et al, (2018) [11] reported Dahlia rosea Cav. has been reported as new host for the quarantine thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) from karntaka, India T. parvispinus has been identified as polyphagous pest infesting mainly fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops viz., coffee, chilli pepper, Gardenia sp., papaya, potato, sweet pepper, green bean, tobacco, Vigna sp., strawberry, watermelon, eggplant and other Cucurbits (Moritz et al., 2013) [8] . Life cycle is completed in 13-14 days under controlled condition on chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in greenhouse. ...
Chilli, Capsicum annum L. is an important cash crop cultivated over large area in southern states of India. During Kharif 2021, chilli growing farmers witnessed heavy infestation and damage by thrips pest. To study the status of pest infestation, to identify the thrips species and to suggest suitable control tactics, we conducted surveys in major chilli growing areas of Warangal and Mulugu districts of Telangana. Taxonomic identification revealed it as newly invaded exotic thrips species, Thrips parvispinus (Karny). We reported heavy infestation of invasive thrips causing heavy flower drop and upward leaf curling. In Darmapuram and Parakal blocks of Mulugu districts of Telangana, 100% crop loss was noticed due to feeding and flower drop caused by this pest. We recorded the infestation to the tune of 10-13 male and 18-25 female thrips flower-1 ; with 30-100% flower drop. T. parvispinus was first reported in India in 2015 from Karnataka on papaya plants. Our study reported the heavy infestation and severe damage to chilli crop by this exotic pest since its invasion in India. Very little is known about its biology, host range, damage mechanism, population dynamics and distribution of this thrips species in India. Hence, there is an urgent need to initiate research programs to recommend the timely monitoring, alert message and suitable control tactics to restrict the spread of this pest to other Chilli growing areas in the country.
... Thrips parvispinus is a polyphagous pest with a wide range of hosts varying across its geographic distribution (Table 1). It is a pest mainly on fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops, such as coffee, Gardenia sp., papaya, chilli pepper, sweet pepper, potato, tobacco, Vigna sp., green bean, strawberry, shallots, watermelon and other cucurbits (EPPO, 2001;Azidah, 2011;Hutasoit et al., 2017;Moritz et al., 2013; for an extensive list see Sartiami and Mound, 2013). It is reported on papaya in Hawaii, Gardenia sp. in Greece, vegetable crops like Capsicum, green beans, potato, and brinjal from other countries . ...
... It has been reported from Hawaii in 2006 (Sugano et al., 2013). In Africa, it has been recorded from the French overseas department La Reunion (Bournier, 2000), from Mauritius (Mound, 2010) and from the mainland in Tanzania (Dar-el-Salaam) and Uganda (Kampala) (Moritz et al., 2013). In Europe, it has been reported from Greece in 1998 (Mound and Collins, 2000), Spain in 2017 (Lacasa et al., 2019) and from France in 2018 (EFSA, 2019). ...
Thrips are important group of sucking pests which cause significant economic losses both as pests and vectors of
serious plant viruses in several horticultural crops. Recently an outbreak of Thrips parvispinus has been reported from southern
states of India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana) especially on chilli crop causing 70-100 per cent damage. T. parvispinus,
a member of “Thrips orientalis group”, is a widespread pest species of quarantine importance and designated as one of the pest
species of South East Asia. T. parvispinus has displaced T. palmi in Indonesia indicating its competitive ability in displacement of
other species in the crop ecosystem. Successful quarantine interceptions made throughout the world against this pest shows the
importance of interceptions in avoiding the entry of invasive pests in to any country. Despite existence of the quarantine
provisions, recent invasion of various exotic pests like South American tomato moth, rugose spiralling white fly, fall armyworm etc.
into India in quick succession is a concern particularly under globalisation situation. Considering the seriousness of the damage
caused by the invasive pest in India in the recent past, an attempt was made in this review to present the status of T. parvispinus
at national and global level including its identification, taxonomic status, host range, development and biology, extent of damage
and various management strategies. Importance of various IPM tools to be explored for the management of this invasive thrips is
also discussed in the review.
... We have studied the mating behaviour of the bean flower thrips M. sjostedti, which is a major pest of cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and other grain legumes across sub-Saharan Africa 25,26 . The males form aggregations on the leaves, while the females spend most of their time in the flowers 9 . ...
... Adult M. sjostedti is black with white wing bases and can be distinguished easily by eye from other common species, such as F. occidentalis, T. tabaci or Hydatothrips adolfifriderici Karny. The identification was also confirmed morphologically 26 . The culture was maintained in 1-l screw-top plastic jars at 26 ± 2 °C and L12:D12. ...
Many species of thrips (Thysanoptera) in the family Thripidae form mating aggregations, but the adaptive significance of these aggregations and the extent of male and female mate choice is poorly understood. We studied the mating behaviour of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which forms male aggregations and occurs across sub-Saharan Africa. We tested whether males choose mates by female age or mating status. No-choice mating bioassays with one male and one female were used to simulate the way males usually encounter only one female at a time in aggregations in the field. Virgin females violently resisted mating attempts by males, but we found no compelling evidence to establish whether this was indiscriminate or was screening suitable males. Younger males (1–2 days old) did not discriminate females by age (1–2 or 7–10 days old), but older males (7–10 days old) avoided mating with older females. Any male choice by female mating status (virgin or mated) was weak or absent. The mating behaviour of M. sjostedti shows broad similarities with that of other thrips species that form aggregations, but also shows some distinct and novel differences, which can help our understanding of the adaptive significance of aggregations.
... This species is widespread around the world in tropical and subtropical areas (Roditakis et al. 2006). Feeding by larvae and adults can cause leaf damage to many kinds of plants, including calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), chrysanthemums, figs (Ficus spp.), banana, cotton, cowpea, cucumber, groundnut, maize, sugar beet, sugar cane and tomato (Moritz et al. 2013). A large population has been found in China in greenhouse damaging the leaves of cabbage (Fig. 20) and sweet potato. ...
Helionothrips mube and Panchaetothrips bifurcus are here recognized as new synonyms of Helionothrips aino and Panchaetothrips timonii based on large numbers of specimens and continuous morphological differences. Three species, Caliothrips insularis, Hercinothrips femoralis and Phibalothrips rugosus are newly recorded from China and the previous record of Caliothrips indicus from China is here considered incorrect. Illustrations of males and larvae of Hercinothrips femoralis are also provided.
... India Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 191-194, 2022 This pest has been reported from Southeast Asia to northern Australia and Solomon Islands (Palmer, 1992), extending its area of distribution to the north (Yunnan -China) (Zhang et al, 2011), the Philippines (Reyes, 1994), Taiwan (Mound and Masumoto, 2005) and India (Tyagi et al, 2015;Rachana et al, 2018). Thrips parvispinus is a polyphagous pest that causes significant losses to agricultural crops, fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops, such as coffee, Gardenia sp., papaya, chilli pepper, sweet pepper, potato, tobacco, Vigna sp., green bean, strawberry, eggplant, watermelon and cucurbits belonging to different families (EPPO, 2001;Azidah, 2011;Moritz et al, 2013;Sartiami and Mound, 2013). In Europe, it was found on ornamentals in greenhouses: Citrus, Dipladenia (synonym of Mandevilla), Ficus benjamina, Gardenia, Gerbera and Schefflera (Lacasa et al, 2019). ...
Invasive thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has been reported first time infesting chilli, Capsicum annuum in the farmer's fields of Sonna, Kasarbosaga and Hipparaga SN, Rajavala, Biral, Madaraki, Harval and Rampur villages of Jewargi Taluka, Kalaburagi district of Kalyana Karnataka region, India. Both nymphs and adults lacerate on flowers, flower buds, leaves and small fruits. Further, it was observed that females are black in colour, while males are yellow and both were found damaging flowers in groups. Probably, it may pose a serious threat to other agriculturally important crops also. So, it is need of the hour to monitor this pest in terms of its distribution, host range and damage potentiality to formulate suitable management strategies.
... H. femoralis (Terebrantia: Thripidae) is also a polyphagous species with more than 50 known host species (summarized in Trdan et al., 2007). The species is economically important for many plants, e.g., bananas, cowpea, cucumber, sugar beet, cotton, ground nuts, figs and ornamental plants (Moritz et al., 2013). H. femoralis originates from Africa, but is now widespread around the world in tropical and subtropical areas (Mound, 1966;Roditakis et al., 2006), but also common in temperate areas in greenhouses (Moritz et al., 2009). ...
Thysanoptera are haplo-diploid insects that reproduce either via arrhenotoky or thelytoky. Beside genetically based thelytoky, this reproduction mode can also be endosymbiont induced. The recovery of these females from their infection again leads to the development of males. Functionality of these males ranges widely, and this might be associated with sperm structure.
We analyzed the sperm ultrastructure in three different species belonging to both suborders with different reproduction systems via electron microscopy. Beside the different reproduction modes, and adaptations to their life style, the arrhenotokous species Suocerathrips linguis (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) and Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) possess typical thysanopteran-like sperm structure. But endosymbiont-cured males from the thelytokous species Hercinothrips femoralis (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) possess several malformed spermatozoa and a large amount of secretions in their testes. Spermiophagy seems to be typical. It indicates a highly conserved mechanism of the male developmental pathways, despite the observed decay. However, this decay would explain why in some species no stable arrhenotokous line can be re-established.
Marker-assisted selection or marker aided selection (MAS) is a process whereby a marker (morphological, biochemical or one based on DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant or determinants of a trait of interest (i.e., productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or quality). This process is used in plant and animal breeding
Net houses can be used in tropical environments to protect crops such as cowpea against large insect pests, thereby avoiding pesticide treatments while sustainably mitigating the effects of climate change. We investigated a push-pull strategy to prevent small insect pest outbreaks in a net house. The push component consisted of two stimulus plants, i.e. Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta, and the pull stimuli consisted of visual cues from blue and yellow sticky traps. Field experiments were set up in central Kenya and conducted during a rainy and a dry season, involving an open field control treatment, and three management treatments consisting of (1) an open field push-pull treatment, (2) a net house treatment and (3) a combined net house + push-pull treatment. Trialeurodes vaporariorum infestations were lower in the net house and net house + push-pull treatments than in the two open field treatments during the dry period or in the control treatment during the rainy period. Aphis craccivora infestations were higher in the net house and net house + push-pull treatments than in the control and open field push-pull treatments during the dry period, while no differences were observed among treatments during the rainy period. Megalurothrips sjostedti infestations did not vary among treatments in both periods. Among the larger insect pests, Clavigralla tomentosicollis infestations were lower in the net house and net house + push-pull treatments than in the open field treatments during the dry period, while Maruca vitrata infestations were lower in the net house treatment than in the control. During the rainy period, C. tomentosicollis infestations were higher in the net house + push-pull treatment than in the net house treatment, whereas M. vitrata in- festations did not vary among treatments. Compared to the control, Empoasca sp. infestations were lower in the net house and net house + push-pull treatments in both periods, and in the open field push-pull treatment in the rainy period. Cowpea pod and grain yield and quality were higher in the net house and net house + push-pull treatments than in the control irrespective of the period. Although the treatments 1 reduced some of the pests, the net house and net house + push-pull treatments were effective in protecting cowpeas against most of the pests while improving pod yields in both periods.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.