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The Effect of Exercise on Global Self-Esteem: A Quantitative Review

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively review the body of research on exercise and global self-esteem (GSE). This review focuses specifically on studies using adults and also incorporates both published and unpublished works. Computer and manual searches identified 113 studies matching the selection criteria. Each study was coded according to 20 study features. A total of 128 effect sizes (d) were derived. As indicated by effect-size magnitude, participation in exercise brought about a small change in GSE (d=+0.23). Change in physical fitness and type of program were significant moderators of the effect of exercise on GSE. Larger effect sizes were observed for those who experienced significant changes in physical fitness and those participating in exercise or lifestyle programs as opposed to skills training.

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... Self-esteem refers to a person's evaluation of self-worth and it can be seen as an essential component of psychological well-being [18] associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life and subjective vitality [19] as well as predicting success in different life domains such as social relations, work and health [20]. Self-esteem can be strengthened through personal traits, positive interpersonal relationship, collective social experiences [21] but also through PA [15,17,22]. This is explained by the skills development hypothesis [23] suggesting that an improved physical self-concept through participation in physical activities may lead to improved general self-esteem. ...
... This association remained significant also after adjusting for socioeconomic background variables (education and financial situation of the family) that are suggested to be associated with physical activity so that a lower socioeconomic status is commonly associated with lower levels of physical activity [41]. The findings are in line with previously published studies [12,22,25,28,31]. In terms of self-esteem, support for the findings is provided by several previous research [15,17,22,42]. ...
... The findings are in line with previously published studies [12,22,25,28,31]. In terms of self-esteem, support for the findings is provided by several previous research [15,17,22,42]. The study by Resul Cekin [42] of young people in emerging adulthood, for example, showed that individuals who engage in regular PA are more likely to have higher self-esteem, optimism, and happiness than their physical inactive peers. ...
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Evidence on the relationship between psychosocial well-being and physical activity (PA) is insufficient, especially in young adults between 18 and 29 years. Identifying protective factors for psychosocial well-being as well as factors that may promote PA behaviour in this specific age group is crucial. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between self-reported leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and a number of measures of psychosocial well-being in a large sample of Finnish young men. The sample used for this study is based on registers of the Finnish Defence Forces and consist of questionnaire-based data collected from 159,776 young healthy men (18–29 years, mean age 19 years) who started their military service during the period from 2015 to 2021. Sum scores were calculated for self-esteem and prosocial behaviour. Physical activity, number of friends and the relationship with the parents were each measured with a single question. Unadjusted and adjusted (education, financial situation of the family, family structure) logistic regression models were calculated. A multinominal logistic regression analysis showed that a higher level of LTPA was associated with a higher level of both prosocial behaviour (OR 6.12, 95% CI 5.88–6.36) and self-esteem (OR 4.41 95% CI 4.28–4.54). Further, LTPA had a positive relationship with good social relations, both with peers and parents. The odds ratio for participation in any LTPA weekly was higher (OR 2.74; CI 2.27–3.20) among those who had a close and trustworthy relationship with their parents compared to those men with more challenging relationships with their parents (OR 1.77; CI 1.46–2.14). An inactive lifestyle (PA less than once a week) seemed to be most common among men with no friends. About one third (31%) of men with no friends reported to engage in LTPA less than once a week, while only 10% of men with very many good friends reported to engage in similarly inactive LTPA behaviour. LTPA seems to be positively associated with self-esteem, prosocial behaviour and good social relations among young adult men. Actions aimed at promoting LTPA may have a positive impact on psychosocial well-being among young men, or vice versa. The relationship between PA and psychosocial well-being is complex and interrelated.
... A meta-analysis conducted by Spence et al. (2005) revealed a significant positive effect of small magnitude for physical activity programs on global self-esteem (d = 0.23), with no difference in the efficacy of various types of exercise (aerobic, strength, martial arts, mix). No significant dose-response relationship for intensity, duration, or length of exercise programs has been identified. ...
... However, it has been suggested that more frequently performed exercise (i.e., 2-3 times per week) can result in greater self-esteem (Lindwall, 2013). In addition, moderation analyses indicated that individuals with low self-esteem might reap greater benefits from exercise (Spence et al., 2005). ...
... In accordance with the existing literature (e.g., Spence et al., 2005), our findings support the positive effect of physical exercise training on global self-esteem; with the exercise group showing more positive changes compared to the support group (where the changes were less positive but still significant) and to the control group (where no improvement was observed). However, the extent to which physical exercise increased global self-esteem (d = 0.85) is markedly higher than usually seen in samples of participants without history of domestic violence (mean effect size of 0.23 in the meta-analysis by Spence et al., 2005). ...
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Purpose: The purpose of the present brief report was to examine the effects of a 6-week long physical exercise program on global self-esteem and physical self-perceptions among women who faced lockdown-related domestic violence. Method: Thirty-six domestic violence victims (mean age: 33.4 ± 3.5 yrs-old) were enrolled in this study. Participants were randomly and equally assigned to two intervention (physical exercise, counseling/support group therapy) and one control (no intervention) groups. The French version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (ISP-25) was administered to all participants pre- and post-study. Results: Mixed-design ANOVAs revealed significant Group by Time interactions for Global Self-Esteem, Physical Condition, and Body Attractiveness. Global Self-Esteem significantly improved in the two intervention groups, with a trend for better improvement in women who exercised compared to those who took part in support group meetings, Cohen’s d = 0.68, 95% confidence interval [‒0.18, 1.54]. On the other hand, only women from the Physical Exercise group reported significant gains in Physical Condition and Body Attractiveness. There was no change in any of the assessed variables for women in the control group. Conclusion: The present study provides new insights on the role of physical exercise in the understudied population of women with domestic violence. Our findings are discussed and related to previous studies.
... The role of physical activity in building up individual's self-esteem has been demonstrated on several occasions. Spence et al. (2005) conducted a Meta-analysis of more than 100 studies exploring the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem in adults, and results showed that physical activity increased overall self-esteem and physical self-esteem of the adults [15]. Ozsaker Dorak et al. (2012) used an experimental intervention to demonstrate that children who were actively involved in physical activity had higher self-esteem [16]. ...
... The role of physical activity in building up individual's self-esteem has been demonstrated on several occasions. Spence et al. (2005) conducted a Meta-analysis of more than 100 studies exploring the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem in adults, and results showed that physical activity increased overall self-esteem and physical self-esteem of the adults [15]. Ozsaker Dorak et al. (2012) used an experimental intervention to demonstrate that children who were actively involved in physical activity had higher self-esteem [16]. ...
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Objectives The significance of self-esteem in the relationship between physical activity and Internet addiction among college students cannot be over, as it lays a solid foundation for the prevention and control of Internet addiction. Methods A total of 950 college students were surveyed using the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) through a cluster random sampling method. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, partial correlation analysis, mediation effect, moderation effect, and Bootstrap testing were conducted on the collected data to analyze and interpret the results. Results (1) Significant gender differences were found in the amount of physical activity and the degree of Internet addiction among college students(P&& lt;0.001); (2) Physical activity was significantly and positively correlated with self-esteem (r = 0.26, P < 0.001), but significantly and negatively correlated with Internet addiction (r=-0.23, P < 0.001); Meanwhile, self-esteem and Internet addiction were significantly and negatively related to self-esteem (r=-0.22, P < 0.001). (3) Mediating effect analyses showed that self-esteem played a partial mediating role in physical activity and Internet addiction among college students, accounting for a portion of 78.95%. (4) A moderating effect of gender on the relationship between physical activity and Internet addiction was discovered. Conclusion The physical activity level of male students is significantly higher than that of female students, while the degree of internet addiction among female students is notably higher than that of male students. Physical activity can not only directly improve the issue of internet addiction among college students, but also indirectly improve it through self-esteem, with gender playing a moderating role in this process. This conclusion has practical reference significance for preventing and controlling internet addiction among college students, and provides evidence support for using physical activity as a reference solution in clinical applications. Additionally, it suggests that gender should be taken into account when preventing and intervening in internet addiction among college students, and different strategies and methods should be adopted for male and female students. Male students should be encouraged to participate more in physical activities, gradually increasing the frequency, duration, and intensity of their participation, in order to divert their attention and enhance their sense of achievement in sports, thereby reducing their use of mobile phones. For female students, on the other hand, it is important to strengthen real-life communication, change the form of sports participation, engage in group, collaborative, and different situational sports activities, and enhance their focus and attention in sports, in order to reduce their internet dependency, better guide them to use the internet reasonably, and enable them to achieve emotional release through sports.
... Generally, it is posi tively correlated with academic performance (as summarised by Baumeister et al., 2003) and with job and task performance (summarised by Krauss & Orth, 2022). In addition, Spence, McGannon and Poon (2005) found a small yet significant effect of physical exercise on general selfesteem, demonstrating a spiralshape relationship. Thus, based on the findings above, we assumed a positive relationship between general selfesteem and conscripts' training performance. ...
... The only performance indicator that did not show positive relations with selfesteem was practical performance. Therefore, we could conclude that this proposition was largely confirmed and generally supports the findings from the literature (Baumeister et al., 2003;Krauss & Orth, 2022;Spence, McGannon & Poon, 2005). This means that soldiers with reported high selfesteem most probably feel good and more positive about themselves, and therefore adapt more easily to stressful environ ments ( MartínezMartí, & Ruch, 2016), something that happens when young citizens enter into compulsory service. ...
Article
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This article contributes to the research of personality and military morale, analysing the links between several psychological variables and performance. The effectiveness of the military unit is usually measured by indicators reflecting performance, however in military conscription service successful completion of the training could be considered as performance. In order to better understand which variables are specific to higher- and lower-performing groups of soldiers, several psychological and socio-demographic variables such as personality, military morale, affectivity, regulatory focus, self-esteem, self-efficacy, person-organisation fit and age, education, mother tongue, place of residence and student status were included in the study. Performance, as a dependent variable, was measured through the theoretical, practical and physical elements of the soldiers’ basic training final exam. A sample of 241 conscripts from the Estonian Defence Forces (EDF) participated in the research and the Kruskal-Wallis test with combination of ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that openness to experience, person-organisation fit, level of education and status as a student were the most influential variables related to the performance indicators.
... A positive correlation between physical self-perceptions and PA level has been observed in university students (Lindwall and Hassmen, 2004) and adults (Sonstroem et al., 1992). In a meta-analysis, Spence et al. focused specifically on studies examining PA and self-esteem in adults (Spence et al., 2005). The overall effect size was estimated to be 0.23, showing that PA significantly improved self-esteem in adults. ...
... Thus, hypothesis H1 was supported. The positive impact of PA on self-esteem was consistent with previous evidence (Ekeland et al., 2005;Spence et al., 2005;Joseph et al., 2014) and the skill-development hypothesis (Sonstroem, 1998). The skill-development hypothesis suggests that perception of success and being rewarded booster individuals' selfevaluation and their perceived competence. ...
Article
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Studies have demonstrated that physical activity (PA) is negatively associated with academic procrastination. However, there is limited research on the mechanism underlying this relationship. This study aims to explore the relationship between PA and academic procrastination by investigating the roles of physical self-perceptions and self-esteem. 916 college students (650 females; Mean age = 19.11, SD age = 1.04) participated in the study. Participants completed the Physical Activity Rating Scale-3, the Physical Self-Perceptions Profile, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Academic Procrastination Questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and mediating effect analysis were carried out using SPSS 25.0. The results showed that (a) PA, physical self-perceptions, and self-esteem were negatively correlated with academic procrastination, (b) self-esteem mediated the association between PA and academic procrastination, and (c) physical self-perceptions and self-esteem sequentially mediated the association between PA and academic procrastination. These findings have deepened our understanding on the relationship between PA and academic procrastination, highlighting important approaches to deal with academic procrastination.
... Außerdem bietet Sporttreiben die Möglichkeit, sich selbst als Verursacher eines angezielten Effekts zu erfahren, sei dies nun die erwünschte Veränderung körperlicher Parameter, die Steigerung der eigenen sportlichen Leistung oder aber der Erfolg im Rahmen von Wettkämpfen. Daher konnten Studien immer wieder einen positiven Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität auf die identitätsrelevante Erfahrung von Selbstwirksamkeit feststellen (Spence et al. 2005), wobei sich zudem abzeichnet, dass vor allem Menschen mit einem niedrigen Selbstwertgefühl vom Sporttreiben profitieren (Alfermann und Stoll 2000;Müller 2017 (Neuber 2006), doch bleibt der individuell gesuchte Anschluss an eine besonders geeignet erscheinende Sportaktivität und deren stereotype männliche Auslegung weiterhin möglich. ...
... Folglich werden durch die Nutzung freizeitsportlicher Angebote in der JVA die beiden für die Identitätsbildung zentralen Bedürfnisse befriedigt (Keupp et al. 2013) und es wird einer drohenden Deformation (Taylor 1993) begegnet. Immer wieder bieten zudem die ersichtlichen Leistungsfortschritte Gelegenheit, sich als selbstwirksam wahrzunehmen (Spence et al. 2005) Ob mit Blick auf den organisationsseitig angezielten Resozialisierungsprozess diesen Häftlingen nun allerdings damit gedient wäre, dass das klassische Krafttraining vor Ort untersagt würde, bleibt mehr als fraglich, denn schließlich könnte ein solches Verbot lediglich die praktische Ausübung des Krafttrainings, nicht aber die Existenz entsprechender subkultureller Ordnungen und Erwartungen unterbinden. Vielversprechender scheint demgegenüber, die vorhandenen freizeitsportlichen Möglichkeiten um eine Reihe modernerer Varianten des Fitness-und Gesundheitssports zu erweitern (Dannebaum 2015). ...
Article
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Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welchen Beitrag der Freizeitsport zur Identitätsbildung junger, männlicher Strafgefangener leistet. Mittels leitfadengestützter Interviews werden die subjektiven Bedeutungen einer Teilhabe an Sportangeboten untersucht, um deren Stellenwert für Identitätsaufbau und -stabilisierung und damit für die Bewältigung des Gefängnisalltages abschätzen zu können. Die Befunde zeigen die große Bedeutung des Sports für die jungen Straftäter, der neben Anerkennungserfahrungen und einem Gefühl von Zugehörigkeit vor allem auch Gelegenheiten bereithält, sich als selbstbestimmt handelndes Subjekt wahrzunehmen. Allerdings zeichnet sich vereinzelt eine Orientierung an problematisch erscheinenden Männlichkeitsvorstellungen ab, was die subjektive Auslegung des Sinns des eigenen Sporttreibens einschränkt und daher auch dem angezielten Resozialisierungsprozess zuwiderlaufen könnte.
... B. Müdigkeit, schlechtes Wetter, Freunde zu Besuch). (Ekeland et al. 2004(Ekeland et al. , 2005Ahn und Fedewa 2011;Liu et al. 2015) und zwei für Erwachsene (Spence et al. 2005;Netz et al. 2005 Germain und Hausenblas (2006), in die Studien mit Personen zwischen 12 und 68 Jahren eingeschlossen wurden, zeigt, dass tatsächliche und wahrgenommene Fitness in einem moderaten Zusammenhang stehen (r = 0,38). Der Zusammenhang ist bei Männern und Frauen vergleichbar ausgeprägt, bei Jüngeren aber stärker als bei Älteren. ...
... Zum anderen wäre es zu kurz gegriffen, auf Basis der grundsätzlich nachweisbaren Effekte sportlicher Aktivität auf das Selbst bzw. die Identität anzunehmen, dass sportliche Aktivität per se zu einer Positivierung dieser Aspekte beitrage: "The widespread assumption that enhanced overall or global self-esteem is an automatic outcome of participation in physical activity" (Spence et al. 2005 Neben der Inszenierung sportlicher Aktivität oder der Berücksichtigung von Personenmerkmalen scheint besonders der Einbezug der Dynamik des Selbst bzw. der Identität gewinnbringend. ...
Chapter
Das Wissen um sowie die Bewertung der eigenen Person als eines der faszinierendsten Themen psychologischer Forschung wird entlang zweier zentraler Fragestellungen behandelt: Welche Effekte hat sportliche Aktivität auf das Selbst bzw. die Identität? Und wie wirkt umgekehrt das Selbst bzw. die Identität auf die sportliche Aktivität? Es werden globales und physisches Selbst, sportbezogene Identität und sportbezogenes Selbstschema sowie die Selbstwirksamkeit vorgestellt. Ein Desiderat der Forschung ist die stärkere Berücksichtigung der Dynamik des Selbst bzw. der Identität. Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportpsychologie, herausgegeben vom Teilherausgeber Dieter Hackfort, innerhalb des Handbuchs Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.
... Studies conducted with healthy subjects have already shown that exercise has an effect on global self-esteem [22], self-efficacy and well-being improvement overall [22,23]. In line with these results, Lubans et al. [24] have developed a conceptual model explaining the psychosocial and biological mechanisms for the effect of physical activity on cognitive and mental health in young people. ...
... Studies conducted with healthy subjects have already shown that exercise has an effect on global self-esteem [22], self-efficacy and well-being improvement overall [22,23]. In line with these results, Lubans et al. [24] have developed a conceptual model explaining the psychosocial and biological mechanisms for the effect of physical activity on cognitive and mental health in young people. ...
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Physical inactivity is discussed as one of the most detrimental influences for lifestyle-related medical complications such as obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and premature mortality in in- and outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). In contrast, intervention studies indicate that moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) might reduce complications and depression symptoms itself. Self-reported data on depression [Beck-Depression-Inventory-II (BDI-II)], general habitual well-being (FAHW), self-esteem and physical self-perception (FAHW, MSWS) were administrated in a cross-sectional study with 76 in- and outpatients with MDD. MVPA was documented using ActiGraph wGT3X + ® accelerometers and fitness was measured using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Subgroups were built according to activity level (low PA defined as MVPA < 30 min/day, moderate PA defined as MVPA 30–45 min/day, high PA defined as MVPA > 45 min/day). Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman correlation and mediation analysis. BDI-II scores and MVPA values of in- and outpatients were comparable, but fitness differed between the two groups. Analysis of the outpatient group showed a negative correlation between BDI-II and MVPA. No association of inpatient MVPA and psychopathology was found. General habitual well-being and self-esteem mediated the relationship between outpatient MVPA and BDI-II. The level of depression determined by the BDI-II score was significantly higher in the outpatient low- and moderate PA subgroups compared to outpatients with high PA. Fitness showed no association to depression symptoms or well-being. To ameliorate depressive symptoms of MDD outpatients, intervention strategies should promote habitual MVPA and exercise exceeding the duration recommended for general health (≥ 30 min/day). Further studies need to investigate sufficient MVPA strategies to impact MDD symptoms in inpatient settings. Exercise effects seem to be driven by changes of well-being rather than increased physical fitness.
... In addition, the qualitative literature synthesis of Mason and Holt [4] shows the mental health relevant effects and processes of physical activity interventions, particularly regarding social interaction and social support; feeling safe; improved symptoms; a sense of meaning, purpose and achievement; identity and the role of the facilitating personnel. Furthermore, the effects of sport and exercise on various factors of mental well-being, for example, self-esteem [5], self-efficacy [6,7], and resilience [8] were reviewed. Thus, the existing literature provides evidence for the social and mental health benefits of sport and physical activity. ...
... There is convincing evidence on the effects of sport and exercise on mental health and well-being [1,2,[4][5][6]9,19]. Less evidence is provided about how to achieve these benefits in the context of grassroots sport coaching. ...
Article
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There is convincing evidence on the effects of sport and exercise on mental health and well-being. Less evidence is provided about how to achieve these benefits in the context of grassroots sport coaching. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature of three databases to narratively synthesize the current knowledge about which coaching-related factors influence well-being or ill-being, and how to promote mental health in adult athletes through sport coaches. The review includes 52 studies with different methodological and theoretical approaches and mental health outcomes. The wide range of themes were mapped and synthesized within two clusters, i.e., coaching behavior, antecedents, and context; and coach–athlete relationship and social support. The results highlight the importance of the promotion of empowering environments, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, and coach–athlete relationship quality that relate to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The review also calls for a critical perspective, in the sense that the coaching context and working environment may not be empowering and supportive to the well-being of coaches and consequently to the athletes, and that coaches who want to provide autonomy-supportive environments may face various obstacles. Finally, the review synthesizes recommendations for the training of coaches, as one piece of a holistic mental health promotion.
... A meta-analysis showed that participation in exercise indeed improves self-esteem (Cohens' d = 0,23) depending on change in physical fitness (Spence et al., 2005). More recent meta-analyses found similar results in children and adolescents (Ahn & Fedewa, 2011;Ekeland et al., 2005;Liu et al., 2015). ...
... The positive effect of physical activity on self-esteem is in line with previous evidence (Ekeland et al., 2005;Joseph et al., 2014;Spence et al., 2005) and with Sonstroem & Morgan's exercise and self-esteem model (Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989). The present study demonstrates that these interactions fluctuate over the course of the day, from moment to moment. ...
Article
Physical activity has positive effects on self-esteem and sense of belongingness and vice versa. The experience sampling method allows for a level of analysis of the within-subject temporal dynamics of these interactions. We hypothesized that physical activity would predict prospective increases of self-esteem and belongingness in the flow of daily life, and vice versa. Additionally, we hypothesized that belongingness would predict self-esteem at the beep level. The study included 781 individuals (17.4 ± 3.5 years; 59% female) who responded to 10 beeps daily for 6 days to items on physical activity, self-esteem and belongingness. Univariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to examine within-person prospective bidirectional associations. We found that physical activity predicted higher self-esteem and belongingness at t0+1. Participants who had a stronger increase of self-esteem following an increase in physical activity also had a concurrent stronger increase in belongingness. In contrast, self-esteem had no effect on physical activity at the next beep. Belongingness predicted self-esteem. We conclude that the interactions between physical activity, self-esteem and belongingness are complex and fluctuating in daily life. This has important implications for current theories describing the mental health benefits of physical activity.
... Warto zaznaczyć, że jednym z głównym założeń owego programu jest "zmniejszenie liczby zgonów z powodu chorób zależnych od stylu życia" (NPZ). Wiele badań wykazuje silną korelację pomiędzy sportem, a samooceną człowieka (Spence, McGannon, Poon, 2005). Samoocena wzrasta, ponieważ zmieniają się przekonania o własnym wyglądzie i stanie zdrowia. ...
... It is worth noting that one of the main assumptions of this program is to "reduce the number of deaths due to lifestyle-related diseases" (NHP). Many studies show a strong correlation between sport and human self-esteem (Spence, McGannon, & Poon, 2005). Self-esteem increases as beliefs about your own appearance and health change. ...
... One proposed mechanism is that exercise affects an individual's sense of autonomy and personal control over one's physical appearance and functioning (Fox, 2000a). A substantial empirical literature has explored this relationship (see, for example, Fox, 2000a, Spence, McGannon, andPoon, 2005) and it suggests policies aimed at increasing exercise may increase self-esteem. ...
Preprint
We address the estimation of endogenous treatment models with social interactions in both the treatment and outcome equations. We model the interactions between individuals in an internally consistent manner via a game theoretic approach based on discrete Bayesian games. This introduces a substantial computational burden in estimation which we address through a sequential version of the nested fixed point algorithm. We also provide some relevant treatment effects, and procedures for their estimation, which capture the impact on both the individual and the total sample. Our empirical application examines the impact of an individual's exercise frequency on her level of self-esteem. We find that an individual's exercise frequency is influenced by her expectation of her friends'. We also find that an individual's level of self-esteem is affected by her level of exercise and, at relatively lower levels of self-esteem, by the expectation of her friends' self-esteem.
... The biological hypothesis posits that exercise activates the caudate nucleus, parietal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus, associated with reward processing and visuospatial attention, thereby reducing attentional bias toward smoking images 13 . For the cognitive mechanism, exercise enhances self-control 14 , perceived coping ability 15 , and self-esteem 16 , which indirectly increases smokers' capacity to quit smoking. ...
Article
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INTRODUCTION Withdrawal symptoms lead to smoking relapse and reduce the intention to quit. The present pilot RCT examined the effect of simple and very brief handgrip and isometric exercises on reducing withdrawal symptoms, measured by the strength of tobacco craving, Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-B), Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). METHODS In this 2-arm, open-labeled pilot RCT, 30 current smokers who had abstained from tobacco for at least 9 hours were randomly assigned (allocation ratio 1:1) to either the intervention group that watched a 5-minute video and did 5-minute handgrip and isometric exercises (pulling and pushing) or control group that watched 10-minute healthy-diet videos. Measurements were taken before, immediately after, and 10 minutes post-intervention. Outcomes were self-reported strength of tobacco craving, QSU-B, MPSS, and PANAS scores. The effect size for group-by-time interaction was assessed using Cohen’s f² (small=0.02, medium=0.15, large=0.35). RESULTS Group-by-time interactions showed that the intervention group showed larger reductions than the control group in the strength of tobacco craving (Cohen’s f²=0.54, 95% CI: 0.52–0.57), QSU-B (Cohen’s f²=0.77; 95% CI: 0.74–0.80), and MPSS (Cohen’s f²=0.51; 95% CI: 0.46–0.56) over the three measurement points. CONCLUSIONS This RCT showed that simple and brief handgrip and isometric exercises could immediately reduce withdrawal symptoms and up to 10 minutes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION in https://clinicaltrials.gov/ IDENTIFIER NCT04059497
... This finding aligns with previous research, which has suggested that participation in exercise programs aimed at improving fitness and overall health can lead to enhanced self-perceptions. These improved self-perceptions, in turn, contribute to more positive self-views, ultimately leading to an enhanced sense of well-being [39]. These findings provide a basis for future studies aimed at exploring the impact of exercise on patients' quality of life, an area of research that has been under-explored [40]. ...
Article
This study aimed to systematically revise the available evidence on the effects of physical exercise training programmes on people with hypothyroidism. Comparative studies were searched in six electronic databases until April 2023. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies were used to determine the methodological quality of the randomized controlled trials and comparative studies respectively. A total of 10 studies were found showing a low to moderate methodological quality. Most of them were performed in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Exercise seemed to be safe, with aerobic and resistance training leading to improvements in outcomes related to physical and mental health. The performed meta-analysis with data from 120 participants indicated that exercise showed a non-significant trend towards reducing thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (Hedges'g -0.96; 95% CI -2.71; 0.79, p = 0.160; I2 = 92%). When the analysis was performed by comparing the experimental, and control groups with data from 180 participants the results remained non-significant (SMD -1.09; CI 95% -2.88; 0.70, p = 0.23; I2 = 95%). Similar findings were obtained when pooling data for FT3 and FT4 levels. Exercise does not have a significant impact on thyroid function, although its practice can lead to secondary outcomes related to physical and mental health.
... Бала и сарадници (2011) су увидели да деветомесечно вежбање позитивно утиче на аберантно понашање деце, док су Тубић и Ђорђић (2013) дошли до сличних закључака након две и по године истраживања. Редовно физичко вежбање поспешује пажњу код деце (Nieder, Kriemler, Gut, Hartmann, Schindler, Barral, Puder, 2011;Palmer, Miller, Robinson, 2013), развој когнитивних способности (Burdette & Whitaker, 2005;Ginsburg, 2007), смањује могућност од појаве негативизма и анксиозности (Ekeland, Heian, Hagen, 2005;Spence, McGannon, Poon, 2005). ...
Conference Paper
The aim of this paperis to determine whether significant effects can be achieved on the kinanthropological space of preschool children compared to the initial state, by applying a five-month treatment of physical exercise with dominantly applied natural forms of movement. The sample consisted of 114 boys (5.89 ± .64 decimal years) from the city of Uţice. A battery of 10 motor tests was applied: Running 20 m, Polygon behind, Tapping with hand, Bending in a sitting position, Long jump from a place, Endurance in a push-up, Raising the body, Darts, Standing on one leg on the ground and Speed of hand movement. The structure of the activity was four-part (introductory, preparatory, main and final), with clearly defined tasks. The biggest and statistically significant differences were found in the variables Running 20 m, Endurance in the push-up, Lifting the trunk and Darts. Applying an experimental program of natural forms of movement in preschool age can have the effect of qualitatively improving motor skills, but it should be borne in mind that not all motor skills are equally sensitive and susceptible to influence.
... Physical activity has a significant impact on the level of self-esteem among university students. In a meta-analysis of more than 100 studies exploring the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem, Spence et al. (2005) found that participation in extracurricular activities in school had a consistently positive effect on the improvement of individual's self-esteem (Yìğìter, 2014). Moreover, Hein and Hagger (2007) reported that active physical activity was associated with greater potential for improving self-esteem (Hein and Hagger, 2007). ...
Article
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This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between home-based physical activity and the general well-being of university students. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted on 311 Chinese university students using the Physical Activity Rating Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and General Well-Being Scale. The influence of home-based physical activity on self-esteem and general well-being in Chinese university students was explored using a one-way ANOVA analysis of variance. The mediating model was tested with regression analysis to determine the mediating effects of self-esteem between home-based physical activity and general well-being among Chinese university students during COVID-19. The amount of home-based physical activity had a significant effect on the general well-being (F = 3.46, P < 0.05) and self-esteem (F = 6.99,P < 0.01) of university students. The study found that self-esteem had a full mediation (T = 4.445, P < 0.001) between medium and large amounts of home-based physical activity and general well-being among university students, accounting for 32.5% of the total effect. The study concluded that self-esteem mediated the relationship between home-based physical activity and general well-being in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings in this study highlight the importance of home-based physical activity in increasing the general well-being of university students during the pandemic.
... Thus, it is unsurprising that the available literature on self-esteem and exercise focuses on the relationship between global self-esteem and exercise. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between global self-esteem and exercise in adults showed a small but statistically significant relationship between engaging in exercise and improved self-esteem (Spence et al., 2005). Other studies of adult and college student samples reported similar findings, with engagement in even relatively small amounts of exercise associated with modest increases in self-esteem and improved quality of life (e.g., Kell & Rula, 2019;Li et al., 2014;Moore et al., 2007). ...
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The present study examines the interpersonal circumstances that facilitate the spread of political alienation between parents and adolescent children. A total of 571 German adolescents (314 girls, 257 boys) and their mothers and fathers each completed questionnaires describing their own political alienation at two time points, approximately 1 year apart. In addition, adolescents completed questionnaires describing their perceptions of warmth in relationships with parents. Adolescents were in the sixth (M = 12.24 years old), eighth (M = 13.48 years old), and 10th (M = 15.51 years old) grades at the outset. Dyadic analyses revealed that initial parent political alienation predicted subsequent increases in adolescent political alienation for youth who described relationships with parents as high in warmth but not for those describing relationships as low in warmth. Mothers and fathers did not differ in terms of the magnitude of their influence. Adolescents did not influence the political alienation of their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Como forma de prevenção e proteção do bem-estar psicossocial dos indivíduos idosos, a prática de atividade física tem surgido como uma medida eficaz. As evidências mostram a existência de associações positivas entre os maiores níveis de atividade física e uma redução da depressão e ansiedade (Wipfli, Rethorst, & Landers, 2008), em melhorias na autoestima (Spence, McGannon, & Poon, 2005) e a um melhor funcionamento cognitivo (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003). No entanto, como já referido, o comportamento sedentário constitui-se no comportamento mais prevalente no quotidiano dos indivíduos . ...
Book
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O excesso de comportamento sedentário diário encontra-se associado a múltiplos malefícios para a saúde biopsicossocial dos indivíduos de todas as idades. Nesse sentido, é importante que os técnicos que atuam com a população envelhecida possuam formação técnica relacionada com sedentarismo. Desta forma, este livro sintetiza um conjunto de modelos teóricos de evidências científicas relacionadas com a investigação acerca desta problemática. Este contributo tem como objetivo auxiliar o desenvolvimento de iniciativas de saúde pública baseadas na melhor evidência científica disponível.
... It should also be borne in mind that exercise is one of the most effective lifestyle choices for promoting health and well-being [40]. Additionally, regular exercise has been linked to psychological advantages such as less anxiety and depression, increased self-esteem, better sleep, and a higher quality of life in terms of one's health [41,42]. However, rather than the quantity or frequency of exercise, it seems that the relationship between exercise and markers of health and well-being related to food and body image depends on the motivations behind a person's desire to engage in physical activity (PA) [43]. ...
Article
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Body image is a fundamental factor that influences a person’s self-image throughout life and at all stages of life. Self-perception of body image and body mass index may be related, as the way a person views him or herself can influence their eating behavior and level of physical activity, which in turn can affect their weight and BMI. The aim of this study is to find the association between body mass index, age, and body self-perception of university students, analyzing possible differences according to the gender of the students. In total, 312 students answered five sociodemographic questions in addition to the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire, which consists of 45 questions grouped into four dimensions. Spearman’s Rho test was used to analyze the association between each of the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) factors and body mass index (BMI). Statistical differences were found in dimension 3 (p < 0.01) of the MBSRQ questionnaire with respect to BMI in both sexes, and in dimension 1 (p < 0.01), a significant difference was found in female students. With the male gender, significant differences were found between age and BMI (0.04). Consequently, the sex to which the student belongs conditions his or her BMI with the self-perceived body image, so lines of action should be developed to improve self-image.
... Furthermore, the authors highlighted the need for investigations of domain-specific self-perceptions through which physical activity behavior influences self-esteem. 2 The vast majority of existing research has supported a positive change in global self-esteem through a physical self-system, namely, through physical self-efficacy, domain specific physical self-perceptions and physical self-worth. 3 More recent research, however, supports an expanded understanding of self-esteem through multiple self-systems. ...
Article
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Aims and Objectives The purpose of this investigation was to extend research examining physical and social influences in the exercise/self-esteem relationship by investigating the moderating role of physical activity motives. Research reveals multiple motives for exercise participation beyond physical health enhancement. It is thought that these motives may play an important role in the relationship between exercise and self-esteem. Previous research has established the contribution of the physical self-system in the relationship. Furthermore, research examining the contribution social self-system has shown promise, yet the mechanisms operating in the relationship are less clear. It was hypothesized that motivation for physical activity participation may be such a mechanism. Results A population of 147 undergraduates completed assessments of physical activity participation, motives for physical activity, and physical, social and global self-perceptions. As expected, physical activity participation influenced self-esteem through both physical and social systems. Additionally, socially motivated exercisers exhibited greater self-esteem enhancement through the social as opposed to the physical self-system. Conclusion The hypothesis that physical activity motives would play an important role in determining the pathway through which physical activity participation influences self-esteem was partially supported. Results showed that those who reported social motives for physical activity showed greater enhancement in self-esteem through the social self-system, while physical motives did not serve a moderating role. The findings from the present investigation are important not only from the perspective of self-esteem theory but also with regard to the numerous practical implications of the results. The findings confirm that the relationship between exercise participation and self-esteem is more complex than previously thought in that physical activity participation influences self-esteem through multiple pathways. What remains to be investigated is how to best flesh out which pathway is more meaningful to the exerciser and then how to best serve the interests of the exerciser with the ultimate goal of enhancing self-esteem.
... Health concern (HC) refers to the degree of concern about one's personal health (Gould, 1990). The higher a consumer's HC, the more effort they put in maintaining and improving their health or quality of life (Spence et al., 2005). Previous research found that pro-environmental consumers exhibit health-conscious behaviors (Hoek et al., 2017). ...
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This study aimed to investigate consumers’ intentions to purchase sustainable masks to reduce the environmental pollution caused by disposable masks in the context of COVID-19. A research model was derived based on the Value-Belief-Norm theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the moderating role of health concerns and environmental knowledge due to the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. Through a Korean online survey company, we collected data on sustainable masks from respondents aged from their 20 s to 50 s, living in the Korea, and a structural equation analysis was performed on the 337 valid samples. Environmental concerns and beliefs were found to have a positive impact on the purchase intention on sustainable masks. Although environmental knowledge played the role of a moderator, we found that the higher the health concern, the stronger the purchase intention. Based on these results, it is possible to derive a strategy to increase the purchase of sustainable masks and reduce the environmental pollution caused by disposable masks. A sales strategy should be implemented for groups with high health concern. In addition, since the subjective norm increases the purchase intention for sustainable masks, advertising that stimulates them will help reduce environmental pollution caused by disposal masks. In the future, it will be possible to help reduce environmental pollution not only during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also during other emerging pandemics.
... Furthermore, there is evidence that the type and intensity of exercise determines whether changes in self-efficacy might occur (Bodin & Martinsen, 2004;Katula et al., 1999). Similarly, regarding self-esteem, Spence et al. (2005) identified two significant moderators for the effect of exercise on self-esteem: the type of exercise program and the degree of observed changes in physical fitness. This reiterates the possibility that a different kind of exercise and a longer duration of the intervention could make a difference and could provoke changes in other variables, which could possibly serve as mediators for the anxiolytic effect of exercise. ...
Article
Although several studies have shown that one acute bout of physical exercise can reduce state anxiety in healthy samples, studies that examine this effect in subclinical and clinical samples are still rare and have found mixed results. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a single session of acute exercise on state anxiety in a subclinical sample with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity. Potential mediators, including self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, subjective vitality, rumination and emotional competencies were explored. Participants (N = 88) with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity were assigned randomly to either an active group (n = 44) or a control group (n = 44). State anxiety and the mediator variables were assessed before and after the intervention. State anxiety was reduced from baseline to post-intervention, but no difference was found between groups. Exploratory analyses suggested that in the active intervention condition, a reduction in state anxiety was partly mediated by an increase in positive affect and mediated by an increase in subjective vitality. One acute bout of exercise might not be enough to decrease state anxiety in subclinical individuals with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity. However, the results of this study suggest that positive affect and subjective vitality could be two mechanisms that might explain the beneficial effect of exercise on anxiety. This should be further investigated in future studies.
... Research has shown that physical activity participation is positively associated with self-esteem and that physical activity interventions may result in improved self-esteem (Fox, 2000;Spence, McGannon, & Poon, 2005). The strongest effects have been found for specific elements of the physical self, such as body image, rather than for global self-esteem. ...
Thesis
p>Physical activity has been found to alleviate depression, but little is known about why or how it 'works'. Combining quantitative and qualitative research methods, the overall aims of this thesis were to address this gap, identify potential mediators and develop an understanding of the process of change. Self-esteem, physical self-concept, physical self-efficacy, and the independent mood dimensions of depression, negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA), were identified from theory as potential mediators. PA and NA have not previously been suggested, and represent a novel explanation. In particular, it was proposed that PA may be a stronger candidate mediator than NA. These factors were examined in an initial, longitudinal study in which individuals with elevated depression scores increased their physical activity over an eight week period. The temporal relation of change suggested that improvement in P A, NA and physical self-efficacy may be stronger candidate mediators than physical self-concept or self-esteem, at least for mediating change in depression in the early stages of increased activity. Larger effects were found for change in P A than NA or any other potential mediator. A qualitative, grounded theory study offered insight that depressed individuals may experience a sense of pleasurable engagement in life from physical activity. The accounts also suggested the importance of embodied experience and knowledge in the process of change. Direct (bodily) experiences of the physical activity - especially enjoyment - seemed to be related to experiencing benefit, changing motivations and eventually the active use of physical activity to self-control symptoms by some. It was consequently hypothesised that state mood changes (especially an increase in PA - i.e. movement away from anhedonia) may be responsible for initial reductions in depression and that coping self-efficacy may be a mechanism responsible for longer term effects. A final, cross-sectional, postal questionnaire study further examined the potential mediators identified from the other studies in a multiple mediation analysis. PA and NA were the only significant direct mediators and statistical comparisons suggested an equal mediating role. However, post-hoc analyses suggested that physical self-efficacy may indirectly mediate improvement in depression through improvement in P A but not NA. From the findings, a new, tentative theoretical model for understanding the process of change is proposed. Distinguishing between P A and NA forms a fundamental basis of the model. It is suggested that embodied experiences of physical activity (e.g. physical self-efficacy) may indirectly mediate higher-level response in depression through PA and / or NA, and that improvement in the mediators may dynamically reinforce future physical activity. The value of distinguishing between PA and NA in understanding mediators of at least initial response in depression to physical activity is discussed.</p
... Involvement in regular exercise and physical activity programs that improve skills, knowledge, fitness, and health are associated with improved self-perception (Fox, 1997;Spence, McGannon, and Poon 2005). According to Ferdowsi (2010) reported that significant differences in self-esteem and mental health between the experimental group and the control group after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise. ...
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The elderly are an age group that is vulnerable to changes due to the aging process and these changes cause problems that can affect the quality of life of the elderly. This study aims to find out the impact of cycling activities on mental health and self-esteem in the elderly. Metode research used in this study method Causal-comparative research (Expost-Facto). The design used in this study is criterion-groupdesign. This research uses sampling techniques using non probability sampling,i.e. by purposive sampling. The sample in this study amounted to 40 people divided into 2 groups between the elderly who were active cycling and the elderly who were not active in sports. This study used two measuring instruments in the form of questionnaires, namely Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 42 (WATERSHED 42) and Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS). Data analysis is processed using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that there were differences in mental health and self-esteem between elderly people who were actively cycling and the elderly who were not active in sports judging from the t-test with Sig. (2 Tailed< 0.05 by drawing Sig conclusions. (2-tailed) mental health by 0,000 < 0.05 and self-esteem by 0.000 < 0.05. That is, cycling activities have an impact on the mental health and self-esteem of the elderly.
... Given the cumulative influence of components of physical fitness on adolescents' self-esteem, it would be interesting if public health strategies focussed on the promotion of psychological well-being included specific exercise programs aimed to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular strength fitness levels. This is especially relevant during adolescence, which is an important period of life in terms of establishment of health-related behaviours (Viner et al. 2015), influencing physical and psychological well-being during adulthood (Spence et al. 2005;Lin et al. 2015;Kandola et al. 2019). ...
Article
Background: Self-esteem is a common indicator of psychological well-being, but its relationship with physical fitness components during adolescence is not fully understood. Aims: The aims of this study were to analyse the association of physical fitness components (low vs. high) with self-esteem in adolescents, and to examine the combined influence of physical fitness on self-esteem. Subjects and methods: A total of 225 participants (44% girls), aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years, from the DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study were included in the analyses. ALPHA-Fitness Test Battery was used to evaluate physical fitness components. The Spanish version of the Behaviour Assessment System for Children-3 questionnaire was used to asses self-esteem. Results: Our results showed differences on self-esteem between groups of cardiorespiratory fitness (low= 49.51 ± 12.03 vs. high= 55.01 ± 4.46; p < 0.05) and upper limb muscular strength (low= 53.87 ± 7.38 vs. high= 54.29 ± 5.99; p < 0.05). Lower limb muscular strength and speed-agility groups did not show statistical differences. Significant differences on self-esteem were found when comparing adolescents with a physical fitness index of ≤1 vs. 4 (52.66 vs. 55.28; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limb muscular strength are positively related with self-esteem. Moreover, our results revealed a combined influence of physical fitness on the self-esteem of adolescents.
... Sport und Bewegung zeigen in den bisherigen Untersuchungen vielseitige positive Wirkungen sowohl auf die psychische, die soziale als auch auf die physische Gesundheit [3,4,8,9,15,16,25,27]. In der aktuellen Studie konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sportliche Aktivität einen positiven Effekt auf die individuelle Belastung durch den Tinnitus und die subjektiv eingeschätzte Lautstärke der Ohrgeräusche zeigt. ...
Article
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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Trotz nachgewiesener positiver Wirkungen auf die psychische, physische und soziale Gesundheit werden sporttherapeutische Interventionen momentan äußerst selten bei der Behandlung von Tinnitus eingesetzt. Fragestellung Wirkt sich ein sporttherapeutisches Interventionsprogramm positiv auf die individuelle Belastung durch den Tinnitus, das globale Wohlbefinden und die subjektiv wahrgenommene Lautstärke bei PatientInnen mit Tinnitusbeschwerden aus? Material und Methode Es wurde ein Prä-Post-Design mit Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe (Sportprogramm vs. keine Intervention) durchgeführt. Die gekürzte Fassung des Tinnitusfragebogens (Erfassung der individuellen Belastung), der Gesichterskala (Erfassung des globalen Wohlbefindens) und einer selbstkonstruierten Skala zur Erhebung der subjektiv eingeschätzten Lautstärke wurden als Erhebungsinstrumente eingesetzt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt nahmen 64 Personen an der Untersuchung teil (jeweils 32 in der Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe). Signifikante Gruppenunterschiede resultierten bezüglich der Veränderung der individuellen Belastung (2,84 ± 1,11 Punkte; F = 2,64; p = 0,010) und der subjektiv eingeschätzten Lautstärke (2,56 ± 0,68 Punkte; F = 3,79; p = 0,000). Die Interventionsgruppe zeigte eine signifikant stärkere Abnahme im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Hinsichtlich der Veränderung der globalen Stimmung resultierten keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede (−0,53 ± 0,38 Punkte; F = −1,39; p = 0,690). Schlussfolgerungen Sport zeigt vielfältige positive Wirkungen auf die selbst eingeschätzte Symptomatik einer Tinnituserkrankung und sollte dementsprechend innerhalb der Therapie häufiger eingesetzt werden.
... Many studies pointed out that internal psychological factors, such as the strengthened fitness consciousness of individuals (4)(5) and stimulated excise motives (6), are decisive factors in effectively increasing the degree of individual participation in physical exercises (7). Physical exercise motives refer to internal psychological incentives that encourage individuals to participate in physical exercises and meet their needs or demands, which are also important factors for guiding physical exercise behaviors (8). Gao (9) conducted a multilevel logistic regression analysis on the level of physical activity of adolescents and health-related quality of life and verified that strengthening guidance for adolescents' sports expectations and motivations can increase their beliefs in sports expectations and promote their participation in daily physical activities. ...
Article
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Background: A good level of physical fitness helps teenagers maintain a good state in daily study and life and enables them to cope well with emergencies. We aimed to explore the influences of physical exercise motives on the physical health and aerobic fitness of teenagers. Methods: A total of 982 teenagers aged between 13 and 16 years in the four districts of Guangzhou City, China from January to December 2019 were selected randomly with the assistance of communities. Their physical exercise motives and exercise behaviors were investigated using a questionnaire survey, and their physical health indexes and aerobic fitness were assessed. The relationships of physical exercise motives and behaviors with physical health and aerobic fitness were analyzed. Results: Teenagers who have higher physical health scores show significantly increasing trends in their scores in exercise motives and different dimensions, exercise behaviors, and aerobic fitness scores (P
... Recent data show that 27.5% of adults do not meet the WHO recommendations on physical activity (PA) internationally, and this number is 25% in Denmark [2,3]. Physical inactivity (PI) not only affects health risks such as non-communicable diseases, disease-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality [4,5], but have also been associated with lower mental wellbeing and quality of life [6,7]. Globally PI has been estimated to cost health care systems $ (INT$) 53.8 billion in 2013 and contribute to productivity losses of 13.7 billion due to deaths related to PI [8]. ...
Article
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Background Physical inactivity is recognized as a leading global public health threat. Physical Literacy, a concept describing an individual’s prerequisites to participate in and adhere to physical activities, has been suggested to be a key concept in understanding physical activity in various populations. The aim of this study was to describe the prerequisites for physical activity among inactive adults in terms of their physical literacy and previous experience with sport and exercise and how these are interrelated. Methods Sample: 1033 physical inactive Danes. Measures: BREQ-3, ESES, the Levels of knowledge questionnaire and the physical self-confidence scale. Results Inactive Danish adult’s physical literacy scores are generally low compared to samples in other studies. Inactive adults with no or little previous experience with sport and exercise had lower levels of competences, self-efficacy and autonomous motivation for exercise and sport than the inactive with more experience. Previous sport and exercise experience was positively associated to the physical and affective domain of PL. Conclusion Previous experience with sport and exercise is very important to consider when developing sport and exercise activities for currently inactive adults as individuals with low previous experience have lower competences and autonomous motivation and therefore need lower challenges and other important attention to the motivational climate in order to ensure that the activities are motivating enough to secure continued engagement.
... BMI may be influenced by lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions, which may in turn improve self-esteem, but PCOS cannot be prevented and there is no cure. Perhaps increasing PA can improve self-esteem (Spence, McGannon and Poon, 2005), but there is little evidence to support this notion in the current study, since the correlation coefficients between PA and self-esteem were close to zero regardless of the group being analysed. However, the role of PA in the promotion of self-esteem also warrants further investigation. ...
Thesis
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in reproductive-aged women. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of PCOS typically include cystic ovaries, ovulatory dysfunction, and hyperandrogenaemia. PCOS is also associated with metabolic and psychological morbidity. Typically, management of PCOS focusses upon weight loss through positive lifestyle changes, namely caloric restriction and increasing physical activity (PA). Exercise is an effective treatment for a range of populations; despite its recommendation in PCOS, little is known about its effectiveness at improving health in this population. Accordingly, three studies were completed to investigate the effect of PA in the management of PCOS. Studies of women with PCOS that compared exercise (and diet) interventions to control conditions were meta-analysed in a systematic review. Exercise interventions improved insulin resistance, lipids, and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, the magnitude of these changes was small and the certainty of the evidence was graded as low or very low. A need for rigorously designed and sufficiently powered studies that address this question was highlighted. In study 2, despite no differences in PA, women with PCOS were found to be more overweight, and have poorer self-esteem and quality of life (QoL) than women without PCOS. Self-esteem, BMI and a PCOS diagnosis impaired QoL, whereas PA appeared to have no effect. Study 3 also reported less-favourable health, independent of BMI, in women with PCOS compared to controls. Cluster analysis was completed, and a larger proportion of women with PCOS were assigned to the poorer health cluster; this cluster was also less active. Furthermore, women who were more active, and spent less time sitting, had more favourable health. In conclusion, this PhD highlights a lack of high-quality studies to investigate the role of PA in women with PCOS; this should be a research priority. However, women with PCOS who are more active, and spend less time sitting have reduced cardiovascular risk, which supports current treatment recommendations.
... Thus, it is unsurprising that the available literature on self-esteem and exercise focuses on the relationship between global self-esteem and exercise. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between global self-esteem and exercise in adults showed a small but statistically significant relationship between engaging in exercise and improved self-esteem (Spence et al., 2005). Other studies of adult and college student samples reported similar findings, with engagement in even relatively small amounts of exercise associated with modest increases in self-esteem and improved quality of life (e.g., Kell & Rula, 2019;Li et al., 2014;Moore et al., 2007). ...
Article
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While regular exercise is associated with a number of physical and mental health benefits, basing one’s self-esteem largely on exercise is likely associated with negative outcomes. In the present studies, the authors developed a novel measure of this construct, something they term “exercise overvaluation.” In Study 1, 820 participants completed an online survey measuring self-esteem, exercise attitudes and behaviors, and eating disorder symptoms. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to develop the 14-item Exercise Overvaluation Scale. The results provided evidence of discriminant and convergent validity and internal consistency reliability of scale scores. In Study 2, the Exercise Overvaluation Scale was administered to 134 university athletes, including those who participated in intramural sports, club sports, and collegiate athletics. The results from Study 2 supported the criterion validity and test–retest reliability of scale scores. This scale offers researchers a new tool to help understand the relationships among exercise, self-esteem, and physical and mental health outcomes.
... Στην ισχυρή θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ αυτοεκτίμησης και άσκησης καταλήγουν πολλές μελέτες και τονίζουν την ανάγκη της συστηματικής καθημερινής σωματικής δραστηριότητας για παιδιά και εφήβους με νεανικό διαβήτη. 5,7,10,11,18 την ψυχοσυναισθηματική τους κατάσταση, ζουν φυσιολογικά και δεν διαφέρουν από τους συνομήλικους τους. Αντίθετα ο αποκλεισμός τους από την άσκηση τους διαφοροποιεί, τους δημιουργεί αισθήματα κατωτερότητας, ανεπάρκειας, κατάθλιψη και χαμηλή αυτοεκτίμηση. ...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness with an evolutionary course and acts on all life’s levels of a person: organic, gnostic, psychical, family, social and creates symptoms of insuffiency, of difference, depression, nutritional disturbances, guilt and low self esteem. AIM The aim of this study was the evaluation of chil- drens’ self esteem with type 1 Diabetes mellitus and the factors that may influence it. MATERIAL-METHOD In this study took part 144 children at the age of 7–15 who are out of patients at the Diabetological Center at the General Pediatric Hospital of Athens. Collection of the elements was alone with a structural questionnaire composed of a mould of demographic, physical and nosologic child- rens’ characteristics and the Culture–Free: Self Esteem Inventory for Children, with a part of lie scale, 1 from December of 2006 until June of 2007. For the study’s realization a permit was given from the Hospital’s Sci- entific Council. The data’s statistical analysis was ful- filled with the statistical program SPSS for Windows (version 15). RESULTS After the research’s results, these children doesn’t seem to present low self esteem because of their illness and the score of self esteem scale was 21 with big- gest rate 25. The self esteem’s score for the boys (20.94) in connection with girls (21.18) of the study was lower. The connection’s factor of rs shows off that as the age, the BMI and the glycemic control increase, self esteem decreases respectively (rs=–0.40/rs=–0.10/rs=–0.04). Also, as the physical exercise time increases per week (rs=0.08), parents’ education and their participation in the program, self esteem is being increased (rs=0,04) for both controls. CONCLUSIONS The self esteem of the studied popula- tion is being influenced from sex and not by the illness and the age that illness appears. Α positive relationship between self esteem and physical exercise time per week, education level of parents and their participation in the program and negative relationship between self esteem and age, BMI and glycemic control (HBA1 ). The proper recognition of the elements that influence a child’s self esteem and the assessment of negative repercussions on their personal and social life as well the management of chronic disease will contribute to the balance between well-controlled diabetes mellitus and psychological health.
... Physical activity is well regarded for its many physiological and psychological health benefits across the lifespan. One aspect of psychological health which physical activity has been shown to impact is an individual's global self-esteem (GSE) (Fox, 2000;Spence, McGannon, & Poon, 2005). GSE is a multidimensional concept defined as "the individual's positive or negative attitude toward the self as a totality" (Rosenberg, Schooler, Schoenbach, & Rosenberg, 1995) and has been identified as a key indicator of positive mental health and wellbeing (Paradise & Kernis, 2002). ...
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Thesis
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Sind sportlich aktive Personen selbstbewusster als Inaktive? Was versteht man aus (sport-)psychologischer Sicht unter dem Selbst? Wie ist es strukturiert? Und wie wird der Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität auf das Selbst erklärt? Dieses Kapitel gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das Selbst als Wissenssystem und die Entwicklung des Selbst. Danach wird das für die Sportpsychologie besonders relevante multidimensional-hierarchische Modell des Selbst dargestellt, bevor der physische Selbstaspekt gesondert betrachtet wird. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das die Wirkung sportlicher Aktivität auf das Selbstkonzept zu erklären versucht. Auch die andere Wirkrichtung wird betrachtet: Inwieweit beeinflussen Aspekte das Selbst Handlungen im Sport? Abschließend wird die empirische Befundlage zu diesen Zusammenhängen überblicksartig dargestellt.
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Introduction Physical fitness and psychosocial health might improve through resistance training programs. However, there has been controversy regarding the efficacy of different exercise programs. Therefore, this study attempted to compare the effect of 8-week resistance training with linear and undulating programming on physical fitness and mental health. Twenty-nine healthy and untrained students (age: 16.06±0.83) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control (n= 6), (2) linear programmed resistance training (LPRT) (n= 12), and (3) undulating programmed resistance training (UPRT) (n= 11). After two weeks of familiarization, 1RM (one-maximum repetition) values were obtained. Thereafter, experimental groups attended a resistance training program of 3 sessions/week (lasted 60 min each) for 8 weeks. Both groups had a similar plan until the fourth week. Then, intensity increased up to 70% of 1RM on a weekly basis for the LPRT group, and varied on a daily basis for the UPRT group. Upper-and lower-extremities strength and endurance, balance, speed, explosive-power, lean body mass, general mental health (GSQ) and physical self-concept (PSCQ) were measured. Experimental groups produced significant improvements in physical outcomes, in comparison with the control group. There were no improvements in GSQ and PSCQ. There were no statistically significant differences between the two programs. Both linear and undulating programs improved physical fitness of previously sedentary adolescent males to a similar extent. For practical purposes, as long as loads are individually adjusted, the type of program may not be relevant in beginner practitioners. Furthermore, both models were ineffective in producing changes in the psychosocial variables.
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The components of physical fitness and their respective assessment protocols were: i) cardiopulmonary fitness, estimated by the 20-meter back-and-forth test; ii) muscular fitness, estimated by the abdominal test in 60 seconds and ii) flexibility, evaluated by the sit and reach test. The prevalence’s of the outcomes and the possible associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, psychosocial and biological factors were verified by the chi-square and Poisson regression tests, respectively. Results: for the health risk behaviors, the female sex was positively associated to the high use of cellular (PR: 1.06; CI95%: 1.01 – 1.11) and screen time (PR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26 - 1.72) and negatively with time in educational activities (PR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66 - 0.90), cultural (RP: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85 - 0.97), social (RP: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.62 - 1.11) and transportation (RP: 0.92; 95% CI : 0.86 - 0.99). Low socioeconomic status was positively associated with sedentary transport time (PR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.28). Physical activity options are negatively associated with cultural activities (PR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83 - 0.98). Receive social support from parents and whenever associated negatively with cell phone use (PR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86 - 0.99) and positively with cell rate (PR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1, 09 - 1.55), respectively. The social support received from friends has always been positively associated with high cell phone use (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.17) and, when received, has been negatively associated with time in educational activities (RP: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.54) and social (RP: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.59). Intermediate self-efficacy was positively associated with time in educational (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.44) and social (RP: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.59) activities. High self-esteem was negatively associated with time in educational activities (PR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63 - 0.90). Age was positively associated with educational activities (PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.01). Regarding licit drugs and eating habits, females were positively associated with alcohol consumption (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.16). Low socioeconomic status was negatively associated with alcohol consumption (PR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83 - 0.98) and positively associated with soft drink consumption (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1, 19). Sufficient level of physical activity was positively associated with fruit consumption (PR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.05). Social support from friends, when always received and sometimes was positively associated with alcohol consumption (“sometimes” RP: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.15 and “always” RP: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.14). High self-efficacy was positively associated with sedentary transport (PR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.11). Finally, for the components of physical fitness, female gender was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (PR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.25 - 0.41), muscle strength and endurance (PR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.27 - 0.45) and aggregation and components of physical fitness (PR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.35 - 0.55). Sufficient level of physical activity was positively associated with muscle strength and endurance (PR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.40) and flexibility (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03 - 1, 40). Parental social support was associated with muscle strength and endurance (“sometimes” PR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.59 and “always” RP: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.12 - 1.78) and the physical fitness score (PR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.61). Social support from friends was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (“sometimes” PR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.68 and “always” RP: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1, 68) and muscle strength and endurance (PR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.78). High self-esteem was negatively associated with flexibility (PR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72 - 0.98). Sexual maturation was positively associated with flexibility (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.42). Excess weight was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (PR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57 - 0.96). Finally, age was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (PR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.88 - 0.92) and positively associated with muscle strength and endurance (PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 1, 00 - 1.01). Conclusions: female gender is associated with sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, and physical fitness score. And the social support of friends was associated with the use of cellular, educational, social, alcohol consumption, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength and endurance, these being the factors most associated with the study outcomes.
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To identify the most consistent relationships among psychological variables and physical activity in youth (ages 11-21 years), 20 articles on depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, self-concept, hostility, anger, intellectual functioning, and psychiatric disorders were reviewed. Physical activity was consistently related to improvements in self-esteem, self-concept, depressive symptoms, and anxiety/stress. The effect sizes were +.12, -.15, and -.38 for self-esteem/self-concept, stress/anxiety, and depression, respectively. The evidence for hostility/anger and academic achievement was inconclusive. No negative effects of physical activity were reported. The literature suggests that physical activity in youth is psychologically beneficial. More research is needed to confirm previous findings. Adolescents should engage in moderate or vigorous aerobic activity approximately three times per week for a total of at least 60 minutes per week.
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Background: About two-thirds of Canadians are physically inactive. As a risk factor for several chronic diseases, physical inactivity can potentially be a substantial public health burden. We estimated the direct health care costs attributable to physical inactivity in Canada, the number of lives lost prematurely each year that are attributable to a sedentary lifestyle and the effect that a reduction of 10% in inactivity levels (a Canadian objective for 2003) could have on reducing direct health care costs. Methods: We calculated summary relative risk (RR) estimates from prospective longitudinal studies of the effects of physical inactivity on coronary artery disease, stroke, colon cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. We then computed the population-attributable fraction (PAF) for each illness from the summary RR and the prevalence of physical inactivity (i.e., 62%) and applied the PAF to the total direct health care expenditures for 1999 and to the number of deaths in 1995 associated with each disease to determine the health care costs and lives lost prematurely that were directly attributable to physical inactivity. Results: About 2.1billion,or2.52.1 billion, or 2.5% of the total direct health care costs in Canada, were attributable to physical inactivity in 1999. A sensitivity analysis (simultaneously varying each of the health care costs and PAF by +/- 20%) indicated that the costs could be as low as 1.4 billion and as high as 3.1billion.About21,000liveswerelostprematurelyin1995becauseofinactivity.A103.1 billion. About 21,000 lives were lost prematurely in 1995 because of inactivity. A 10% reduction in the prevalence of physical inactivity has the potential to reduce direct health care expenditures by 150 million a year. Interpretation: Physical inactivity represents an important public health burden in Canada. Even modest reductions in inactivity levels could result in substantial cost savings.
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An evaluation of a program designed to enhance self concept, reduce muscular tension and alleviate feelings of helplessness and depression was presented. Results indicated that physical fitness training alone may be as effective as relaxation on the aforementioned variables. Additionally, a combination of both treatments may not be as effective as either single treatment programs. Suggestions are given as to the kinds of exercises and sports which will be useful to the therapist in private practice.
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The ability of older adults to retain skill and mobility in daily activities such as walking, rising to stand and reaching above the head are important aspects of a quality lifestyle. The problem investigated in the present study was to determine the effects of two fitness/flexibility programs on the gait and mobility characteristics of older adults (age over 65 years). Three groups of female subjects, a pool exercise group (N=24), a walking exercise group (N=25) and a control group (N=17), underwent a series of pretests. These consisted of evaluation of joint flexibility of the hip, ankle, knee, shoulder and neck, using a Leighton flexometer and bilateral grip strength, as well as a sit and reach test. All subjects were filmed using two shuttered video cameras while walking along a marked walkway, at a freely chosen speed, and the film was analyzed in detail using biomechanical techniques to determine the three dimensional gait and lower limb mobility characteristics of each subject. As well, three measures of self-esteem were administered to the subjects at the beginning of the study. The two experimental groups were then enrolled in one of two 12 week exercise programs, one program in the water and the other a land-based program. The control group received no structured exercise program. Both groups then underwent a post test, using the same test procedures as employed in the pretest, including the flexibility tests, biomechanical filming and psychological tests. Statistical comparison of the test results using ANOVA was conducted to determine the significance of the differences between the pre and post test scores for flexibility and movement characteristics and for the measures of self-esteem for the two experimental and control groups. The experimental subjects improved in hip and lower back flexibility and ankle flexibility, while the control subjects experienced no such improvements. The exercise subjects also improved significantly in grip strength of both the left and right hands and the total of both hands. The exercise subjects also improved significantly in several biomechanical variables of gait, including stride length, stride rate, stance time, toe clearance, average velocity, vertical displacement of the center of gravity and pelvic displacement. There were no significant differences in the psychological variables measured from pre test to post test, for either of the three groups.
Article
The purpose of this study was to determine if publication bias exists in the sport and exercise psychology literature. All relevant articles from the 1987, 1992, and 1997 issues of five sport and exercise psychology journals were included in the analysis. The articles were coded by two reviewers according to whether null hypothesis tests were conducted and, secondly, if these tests resulted in a rejection of the main stated null hypothesis. Of those articles including tests of significance, approximately 98% had at least one significant finding and approximately 80% rejected the main stated null hypothesis. Taken together, along with comparisons to a sample of unpublished dissertations and theses, these findings indicate that publication bias is alive and well in the sport and exercise psychology literature. The implication of such findings is that we are overestimating the effectiveness of our interventions and the degree to which variables covary.
Article
There are 2 families of statistical procedures in meta-analysis: fixed- and random-effects procedures. They were developed for somewhat different inference goals: making inferences about the effect parameters in the studies that have been observed versus making inferences about the distribution of effect parameters in a population of studies from a random sample of studies. The authors evaluate the performance of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests when each type of statistical procedure is used for each type of inference and confirm that each procedure is best for making the kind of inference for which it was designed. Conditionally random-effects procedures (a hybrid type) are shown to have properties in between those of fixed- and random-effects procedures.
Article
This study was conducted to determine the effect of a weight-training program on the self-concepts of 105 college males and whether or not success in the lifting program affected self-concepts. Subjects were randomly selected by a duster-sampling strategy, divided by self-selection into an experimental and a control group, and assessed on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The weight-training program required two intense 50-min. total-body workouts per week for 16 wk. Significant differences between groups were found on five of the nine self-concept measures including the Total Positive score; this supported the hypothesis that regular weight-training positively influences self-concept. The experimental group also showed significant improvement from pre- to posttest on eight of the nine self-concept indices, yet control subjects displayed no significant changes on any of the measures. Level of success in the lifting program was not determined to be a significant moderator variable.
Article
To measure the effects of participation in selected physical activities on scores of global self-concept and body-cathexis, 78 men in university physical education service classes participated 3 hours per week for 8 wk. in one of three activities: strength development, body building, or jogging for fitness. The total number of subjects was 113, with the additional 35 men serving as controls. For body-cathexis scores, significant differences were found in favor of the body-building and jogging groups as compared to those of the strength-development and control groups. On global self-concept scores, the body-building and jogging groups showed an increase on immediate retest, while the strength-development and control groups showed little change.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Arizona State University, 1990. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [142]-170).
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Introduction: Behavioral science provides the foundation for physical activity interventions. The mediating variable framework is used to assess the status of physical activity interventions and the roles that are, or could be played, by behavioral theory.
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Objectives: To investigate the effects of participation in a physical fitness programme on anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students in Turkey.Design: True experimental design with repeated measures.Methods: 40 female university students volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (n=20; Mage=21.35±0.88) or control (n=20; Mage=21.20±1.67) groups. The experimental group participated in one aerobic and two step dance sessions per week for ten weeks at 60–80 % of heart rate reserve. During this period, the control group did not participate in any regular physical activity programme. The State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI) and Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) were administered to participants before, in the middle, and after the ten week treatment.Results: Participants in the experimental group improved more in physical activity, coordination, sport competence and flexibility subscales of physical self-concept than the control group. In addition, there was a significant reduction in trait anxiety scores of participants in the experimental group in comparison to the control group.Conclusions: A ten-week physical fitness programme was effective in reducing trait anxiety and strengthening the physical self-perceptions of female university students.
Article
Recent advances in statistical methods for meta-analysis help reviewers to identify systematic variation in research results.
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A meta-analysis was conducted on 40 studies (76 effects) in order to examine exercise training as a method of stress-management treatment for adults. It offered evidence of a low-to-moderate positive effect in anxiety reduction. Exercise training studies that examined change from pre to post-treatment and studies that examined both change over time and between group differences were examined separately. The unbiased weighted average effect sizes were .45 and .36, respectively. Thus, exercise training improved anxiety levels an average of .36 standard deviations over alternative or control conditions. Adults who were more likely to have a stressful lifestyle benefited more from the exercise training than those who did not. Recommendations are made for both practice and research.
Article
Written from the standpoint of the social behaviorist, this treatise contains the heart of Mead's position on social psychology. The analysis of language is of major interest, as it supplied for the first time an adequate treatment of the language mechanism in relation to scientific and philosophical issues. "If philosophical eminence be measured by the extent to which a man's writings anticipate the focal problems of a later day and contain a point of view which suggests persuasive solutions to many of them, then George Herbert Mead has justly earned the high praise bestowed upon him by Dewey and Whitehead as a 'seminal mind of the very first order.'" Sidney Hook, "The Nation""
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Using a randomized controlled trial, this study examined whether a 6-month Tai Chi exercise program enhanced elderly individuals' multidimensional, hierarchical physical self-esteem. Participants either continued their daily routine activities or participated in a Tai Chi exercise class performing slow rhythmic movements. Both global and domain-specific physical esteem measures were assessed at baseline, at 3 months, and at the 6-month termination of the intervention. Growth curve models were used to analyze the repeated-measures data. Results indicated that individuals who participated in the 6-month Tai Chi exercise program showed increased levels of global self-esteem, domain-specific physical self-worth, and subdomain-specific esteem of attractive body, physical strength, and physical condition. Thus, Tai Chi, a simple, low-cost form of physical activity, has the potential to alter favorably specific facets of physical self-worth/ esteem in older adults, which may in turn enhance important aspects of their quality of life.
Article
The growing popularity of meta-analysis has focused increased attention on the statistical models analysts are using and the assumptions underlying these models. Although comparisons often have been limited to fixed-effects (FE) models, recently there has been a call to investigate the differences between FE and random-effects (RE) models, differences that may have substantial theoretical and applied implications (National Research Council, 1992). Three FE models (including L. V. Hedges & I. Olkin's, 1985, and R. Rosenthal's, 1991, tests) and 2 RE models were applied to simulated correlation data in tests for moderator effects. The FE models seriously underestimated and the RE models greatly overestimated sampling error variance when their basic assumptions were violated, which caused biased confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. The implications of these and other findings are discussed as are methodological issues concerning meta-analyses.
Article
The effects of within-class grouping on student achievement and other outcomes were quantitatively integrated using two sets of study findings. The first set included 145 effect sizes and explored the effects of grouping versus no grouping on several outcomes. Overall, the average achievement effect size was +0.17, favoring small-group learning. The second set included 20 effect sizes which directly compared the achievement effects of homogeneous versus heterogeneous ability grouping. Overall, the results favored homogeneous grouping; the average effect size was +0.12. The variability in both sets of study findings was heterogeneous, and the effects were explored further. To be maximally effective, within-class grouping practices require the adaptation of instruction methods and materials for small-group learning.
Article
Studies over the past three years have produced the following significant results: Interval training is the most effective and efficient method of modifying all three energy systems, consequently producing the best conditioned individual in the shortest period of time. Physical work should be conducted, employing principles of the interval system. Greater work output and less fatigue are the results. Interval training programs are logistically feasible for the military. Appendix A contains a nomogram developed and validated to measure anaerobic power of the legs; Appendix B is an interval bench stepping program constructed for the 15th Submarine Squadron. (Modified author abstract)
Article
Although positive physiological and psychological changes may occur as a result of exercise, many people do not exercise regularly. Either different methods to ensure exercise adherence must be examined or new ways of acquiring the desired changes must be found. The effectiveness of one alternative method, electronic muscle stimulation, was examined in a group of college students. Three groups, each consisting of seven males and seven females comprised the Exercise, Electrostim, and Control groups. Subjects (N=42), all of whom reported being minimally physically active, completed pre-tests measuring self-concept, anxiety, and depression. The exercise group received a combined aerobic, anaerobic workout for 50 minutes twice a week, the electrostim group received treatments for 50 minutes twice a week, while the control group received no treatments. All subjects were post-tested using the identical measures at the end of 6 weeks. Analysis of variance of gain scores revealed a significant improvement for subjects in both the exercise and electrostim groups in self-concept (p.<.01) and anxiety (p.<.05) but not in depression. There were no differences found between males and females and neither the exercise nor electrostim programs were significantly better than the other at bringing about this change. It is concluded that either program is a viable approach to reducing anxiety and improving self-concept, with the traditional active exercise program considered the more practical approach. (NRB)
Article
We sought to determine the performance and anthropometric correlates of physical self-concept and self-esteem and to observe whether long-term resistance training would alter these variables in postmenopausal women. Forty-four nonsmoking, community-dwelling, Caucasian women aged 50–75 years participated in the study. Half of the subjects participated in a 9-month regimen of weight-bearing exercises performed 3 times per week which emphasized lower body muscle strength and power development. At baseline, total body fat was negatively associated with physical self-concept and perception of physical appearance but not with self-esteem. Perception of physical appearance improved in both exercisers and controls after the 9-month trial but was most noticeable in exercisers who had low self-esteem at baseline. The only predictor of improvement in perception of physical appearance was a decrease in lower body fat mass. Minimal or nonsignificant change in psychological measures associated with the training may be due to high initial values.