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Os climas "Naturais"
Abstract
This paper discusses the main "natural" climatic differences in the territorial space of São Paulo´s City. The concept of "Climatic Unit" as a space where attributes and climatic controls keep on a relative homogeneity, made possible to identify 5 local climates and several meso ando topoclimatic units. It´s also presented a general climatic view and some special features about rainfall and air pollution dispersion potencial, in each "natural climatic space".
... 18,41,42 Climate extremes will aggravate environmental and urban problems and increase natural disaster risk, especially for communities already living in vulnerable conditions. 41,43,44 ...
Our paper reviews recent progress in the study and understanding of observed trends in extreme rainfall events in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP). These are discussed in relation to hydrometeorological hazards that trigger natural disasters, such as flash floods, landslides, and droughts, that affect the population and local economies. A review of the most updated literature on rainfall and extremes in the MASP shows a significant increase in the total volume of rainy-season rainfall during the last seven decades. While there were practically no days with heavy rain (more than 50 mm) in the 1950s, these days have been occurring two to five times a year in the last 10 years. This, together with the inappropriate occupation of risky areas, such as slopes and banks of watercourses , leads to inundation, flooding, and landslides. Changes in extremes can be partly due to natural climate variability but can also be related to global warming and/or urbanization. There is ample evidence of an increasing risk of rainfall-related hazards in the MASP. This is particularly so for landslides in vulnerable areas. Exposure will continue to lead to risk increases. This calls for significant improvement in climate and disaster risk reduction and management efforts in the MASP region.
... The region is also the theme of two specific legal acts for protection and recovery of the water springs (State Act 12 233/2006 and State Decree 51 686/2007). Tarifa and Armani (2001) have described two climatic units in the area. First, the wet tropical of the Paulistano Plateau (in the region of the reservoir), with average temperatures ranging from 19.3 to 19.6°C and average annual rainfall between 1 250 and 1 400 mm. ...
Essential ecosystem services provided by watersheds consider quantity and quality of water supply. In the current study, we used the Avoided Cost valuation method to assess the impacts of changes in land use of Guarapiranga Reservoir watershed (Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil) on the quality of raw water and on costs of treating the public water supply. Vegetation cover area significantly correlates with the average dosage of reagents for raw water treatment. Reduction of vegetation area increased 7.1 times the cost of water treatment, generating a significant externality for users of the system that reached around US$ 6.6 million in 2010. Even whether underestimated, management of the Metropolitan reservoirs should consider this value, enabling to reinforce water conservation as a state policy and effectively implemented with the participation of society. This study highlights the potential governing processes and management strategies related to the sustainable management of the watershed.
This study analyses observed trends in extreme rainfall events in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP). Rainfall data sets with more than 60 years of record in MASP are used. In MASP, extreme rainfall events represent hydro meteorological hazards that trigger flash floods and landslides. Changes in rainfall extremes can be partly due to natural climate variability. In addition, it can also be related to global warming and/or urbanization. Total annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation of 20 mm exhibit the largest significant increase during 1930-2019. This is better noticed during summer. This tendency is also noticed in the number of days with precipitation of 100 mm or more. Therefore, the positive trend in annual precipitation is mainly due to an increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events. On the other hand, our analysis shows that the number of consecutive dry days increased. Though these results appear to be contradictory, they indicate an important climate change in recent times. Intense precipitation is concentrated in few days, separated by longer dry spells. The focus is on how atmospheric circulation variations are contributing to these changes. During 1960-2019 the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone has intensified and slightly moved southwestward of its normal position. This change influences the transport of humidity and therefore impact precipitation. This can explain the increase in the precipitation extremes in the MASP. However, other atmospheric systems may also be important.
Este estudo investigou a associação dos elementos meteorológicos (umidade relativa mínima e temperaturas máxima e mínima diárias) com as internações por morbidades respiratórias (pneumonia e gripe), registradas por meio das notificações hospitalares para todas as faixas-etárias da população paulistana, utilizando técnica estatística de regressão linear. A incidência de internação diária de pessoas com problemas respiratórios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), especificamente com influenza (gripe) e pneumonia, foi correlacionada com dados meteorológicos diários da estação meteorológica do Instituto de Astronomia e Geofísica da Universidade de São Paulo (IAG/USP) no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2005. Pelos gráficos anuais de todo o período estudado, observamos uma certa tendência do aumento das internações quando há aumento das temperaturas máximas e mínimas, e queda da umidade relativa mínima em até 7 dias antes dos picos de internação. No entanto, os resultados dos testes de regressão linear indicaram uma baixa correlação entre o número de hospitalizações por influenza e pneumonia para quase todo o período. Apenas entre os meses de julho e setembro de 2004 que apresentaram correlações moderadas, tendo em vista que 47% das internações por influenza e pneumonia estavam associadas ao aumento das temperaturas mínimas e 35% das temperaturas máximas, coincidentes com os períodos mais secos do ano de 2004. Entre 2002 e 2005, destaca-se que os grupos de populações mais vulneráveis são as crianças de até 4 anos de idade e os idosos a partir de 60 anos.
Secondary forests are seriously threatened by urban expansion in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Some remnants are protected, mainly in state or municipal parks, but most of these forests are in immanent danger of being destroyed by the continual expansion of urban areas. The aim of this study was to describe the floristic composition of a stand of an old secondary forest in the Cantareira State Park in São Paulo,
south-eastern Brazil. A total of approximately 11km of trail along the old and new power line routes were sampled between 2006 and 2010. A total of 179 species belonging to 54 families and 127 genera were identified in the floristic survey, with the richest families being Fabaceae (19 species), Myrtaceae (18), Lauraceae (16) and Rubiaceae (15) and the richest genera Ocotea and Myrcia (6), Eugenia (5) and Maytenus, Mollinedia and Nectandra with four species each. Ten of these species are considered threatened, four of them in the São Paulo state list and six in the IUCN list. One of these, Mollinedia oligotricha, was considered to be probably extinct. The floristic similarity with other forest remnants in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and surrounding areas ranged from 11% to 38%. Threats to existing areas are discussed, together with possible conservation strategies.
Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.
The lack of paleoecological records from the montane Atlantic Rainforest of coastal Brazil, a hotspot of biological diversity, has been a major obstacle to our understanding of the vegetational changes since the last glacial cycle. We present carbon isotope and pollen records to assess the impact of the glaciation on the native vegetation of the Serra do Mar rainforest in São Paulo, Brazil. From ca. 28,000 to ∼22,000 14C yr BP, a subtropical forest with conifer trees is indicative of cool and humid conditions. In agreement carbon isotopic data on soil organic matter suggest the presence of C3 plants and perhaps C4 plants from ∼28,000 to ∼19,000 14C yr BP. The significant increase in the sedimentation rate and algal spores from ∼19,450 to ∼19,000 14C yr BP indicates increasing humidity, associated to an erosion process between ∼19,000 and ∼15,600 14C yr BP. From ∼15,600 14C yr BP to present there is a substantial increase in arboreal elements and herbs, indicating more humid and warmer climate. From ∼19,000 to ∼1000 14C yr BP, δ13C values indicated the predominance of C3 plants. These results are in agreement with studies in speleothems of caves, which suggest humid conditions during the last glacial maximum.
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