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Inside Sport Psychology

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Abstract

With Inside Sport Psychology, you’ll discover the relationship between mind, body, and performance. Learn about the techniques that have proven successful for today's top athletes and teams and how you can adapt and apply them in both training and competition. In this essential guide, renowned sport psychologists Costas Karageorghis and Peter Terry explain how to elevate performance through the application of evidence-based strategies and techniques such as these: Goal setting Reward strategies Visualization Self-hypnosis Managing anxiety Improving motivation and performance with the use of music Inside Sport Psychology explains psychological principles associated with over 20 sports, including soccer, rugby, tennis, golf, shooting, and track and field. You’ll also find tips for managing mood fluctuations, developing confidence, and maintaining consistent performance at every level of competition. With Inside Sport Psychology, you’ll go from competitor to champion!
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Inside Sport Psychology Available November 2010
Paperback
Book 200 pages TBC
ISBN 978-0-7360-3329-9
£17·99 / €19·80
In Inside Sport Psychology Dr Costas Karageorghis and
Professor Peter Terry present a comprehensive guide to using
mental training to maximize sport performance. The authors’
applied work has been featured in top newspapers, including
The Times (London), The Independent, The New York Times and
The Wall Street Journal. They have served as consultants to
hundreds of athletes at the Olympic and World Championship
level, as well as to a number of blue-chip companies.
Presented in a user-friendly format, the guide covers key
aspects of sport psychology, including the most effective
methods for enhancing performance and preparing mentally for
important competitions. Integrating up-to-date research  ndings
with real-life events, the authors include psychological principles
associated with over 20 sports, including soccer, rugby, tennis,
golf, shooting and track and  eld. Mental imagery is discussed
and a wide variety of visualization exercises included. Tips are
given to help athletes adopt a positive mental attitude, as well as
how to manage fl uctuations in mood to maintain consistency in
their performance.
Inside Sport Psychology demonstrates how to apply
psychology in a range of sport settings by offering an accessible
and evidence-based approach. Explaining what works and what
doesn’t, it is an ideal resource for athletes and coaches wishing
to incorporate sport psychology into training and competition.
I studied sport psychology under Costas and Peter in the
four-year period before I won the superheavyweight gold at the
Sydney Olympics. Since then I’ve enjoyed many high points and
experienced a few low points in my professional career, but the
principles that those guys taught me while I was at Brunel have
always stayed with me. When I damaged my right shoulder and
came back against the odds in the 11th to knock out Michael
Sprott for the European title, I was thinking “stay calm, focus on
the here and now” just like I was taught all those years ago.
I knew it was my time to shine again!
—Audley Harrison, MBE Current European heavyweight
boxing champion, former Commonwealth and Olympic
superheavyweight boxing champion
While at Brunel I studied sport psychology with both authors.
During that period I learned techniques to improve my mental
strength and composure under pressure. With the advent of
professionalism at the time, those skills put me ahead of my
peers. I realized that without psychological preparation, my
physical attributes were insuffi cient. I realized that it was
necessary to push myself toward the goals of becoming an
international player and, ultimately, of winning the World Cup
with England in 2003.
—Richard Hill, MBE Former rugby union player for the England
national team (71 caps) and British and Irish Lions (5 caps), 2003
World Cup winner with England
Chapters
1. Sport Psychology Applications
2. The Secrets of Motivation
3. Boosting Self-con dence
4. Anxiety: Friend or Foe?
5. Mood and Emotions
6. Master of Concentration
7. Visualization and Self-Hypnosis
8. The Power of Sound
Costas Karageorghis
Peter Terry
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Costas Karageorghis
Costas is a reader in sport psychology and deputy head
(research) of the School of Sport and Education at Brunel
University in west London. He was also a visiting lecturer at
the University of Oxford from 2003 to 2009. He is a double-
accredited sport psychologist (scientic support and research)
with the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences and
a chartered sport and exercise psychologist with the British
Psychological Society.
Costas is best known for spearheading the launch of the
Run to the Beat series of half-marathons set to music in the UK
and across mainland Europe (see www.runtothebeat.co.uk) in
collaboration with the International Management Group (IMG).
He is the author of more than 100 scholarly articles on sport
psychology and has worked as a consultant psychologist with
many national governing bodies of sport in the UK. Costas has
also contributed to more than 100 TV and radio shows in the UK
and around the world.
Costas’s main sporting interest is track and eld athletics. He
led Brunel University to seven British Universities championship
titles as their team manager and in 2007 became head coach
of the British Universities athletics team. He was installed as
honorary life president of Brunel University Athletics Club in
2004 and honorary life vice-president of Blackheath and Bromley
Harriers Athletics Club in 2008.
About the Authors
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Peter Terry
Peter is a professor of psychology, a registered psychologist and
former head of the department of psychology at the University
of Southern Queensland in Australia. He is one of the most
renowned and respected practitioners of applied sport psychology
in the world, having attended 8 Olympic Games and more than
90 other major international events as a consultant over the past
25 years.
Peter is past president of the Australian Psychological
Society’s College of Sport Psychologists and a member of the
managing council of the Asian South Pacic Association of
Sport Psychology. He was a founding member of the British
Olympic Association’s psychology advisory board, a long-time
advisor to the Women’s Tennis Association, and psychology
coordinator for the Queensland Academy of Sport. He is a fellow
of both the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
and the Australian Psychological Society.
Peter has authored three books on applied sport psychology
as well as more than 150 scholarly articles. His research areas
include mood and emotions, music, coach–athlete relationships
and psychometrics. He is often called upon as a media expert
and his research has been cited on numerous occasions in the
international press.
... Various psychological factors such as stress, tension, anxiety, high arousal and lack of self-confidence, can be the reasons why athletes might not perform at their potential, but anxiety is believed to be the substantial factor of subpar performance in sports (Chun et al., 2022;Martens, 1990). Therefore, various aspects of sports performance, for instance, motivation, enjoyment, susceptibility to injury, performance and athletic erosion negatively affected as a consequence of performance anxiety (Smith & Smoll, 2004 Anxiety is a negative emotional response that may occur due to a perceived disproportion between the set of skills an athlete has and the need for a certain sporting condition (Karageorghis & Terry, 2011). Therefore, it results from doubt an athlete has in their ability to handle the situation (Hardy, 1996). ...
Chapter
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The current study aimed to examine the mediating effect of pranayama as an intervention for pre-competitive state anxiety among basketball players. Twenty collegiate male basketball players (M = 18.7± 0.98) playing at the Collegiate and District competitive Levels voluntarily participated in this single group pre-post study. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to assess the pre-competitive state anxiety among male basketball players before and after the 8-weeks of yoga-based intervention. It showed a significant (p<0.01) reduction in somatic and cognitive state anxiety and a statistically significant improvement in self-confidence (p<0.01) following the 8-week yoga-based intervention. These findings suggest that incorporating pranayama into regular training routines can effectively reduce pre-competitive anxiety and enhance psychological readiness, potentially improving athletic performance. This study highlights the potential of pranayama as a valuable tool in sports psychology and athlete training.
... Athletes encounter varying levels of stress in competitive environments, influencing their psychological and physiological states. Anxiety, defined as a negative emotional response to a perceived imbalance between skills and situational demands (Karageorghis & Terry, 2011), manifests in cognitive and somatic dimensions (Martens et al., 1990). Pre-competitive anxiety can impair focus, self-confidence, and performance efficiency (Wilson et al., 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
This study explores the impact of pranayama, a yogic breathing practice, on reducing state anxiety in collegiate female basketball players facing competitive pressures. Anxiety is a key psychological factor that can hinder athletic performance, and effective strategies to manage it are critical. The study involved nine female athletes (19.11 ± 0.93) competing at collegiate and district levels, who participated in a single-group, pre-post intervention design. Using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) to measure anxiety levels, assessments were conducted before and after an eight-week yoga-based intervention. The results revealed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in both somatic and cognitive components of state anxiety, alongside a notable improvement in self-confidence (p<0.05). These findings suggest that integrating pranayama into athletes’ training regimens can effectively alleviate pre-competitive anxiety, bolster psychological resilience, and enhance overall readiness for competition. The study emphasises the potential of pranayama as a practical and beneficial tool in sports psychology and athlete development programs.
... In line with the argument above, an American professional tennis player, Alexandra Stevenson stated that mental toughness was 90 percent of the game (Lauer et al., 2010). In relation to this, the Australian swimming legend, Elka Graham, said that in training, everyone focused on 90% physical and 10% mental, but in the races, it was 90% mental because very little separated the athletes physically at the elite level (Karageorghis & Terry, 2011). In line with this, other experts say that failure in a competition is often caused by mental symptoms in the athlete (Tangkudung & Mylsidayu, 2017). ...
Article
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There are no studies that comprehensively discuss mental toughness, religiosity, and satisfaction based on gender, type of sport, and different school levels, especially in the context of elite youth athletes. In fact, this variable is believed to be a very important construct in relation to athletes' performance and achievements on the field. The purpose of this research is to explore athlete’s mental toughness, religiosity, and life happiness based on gender, type of sport, and school level. A total of 97 elite youth athletes were included in the study (age = 15.22 ± 1.34; F = 36, M = 61). Research data were collected using standard instruments used by scientists around the world, namely the Mental Toughness Index (MTI), Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis were used to understand more deeply the three research variables based on the athlete’s gender, type of sport, and school level. This study found that there was a significant difference only in the athlete's religiosity variable based on school level (F = 6.212, p ≤ .01). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship with religiosity (r = .343; ρ = .323; p ≤ .01) and happiness in life (r = .340; ρ = .200; p ≤ .01). Apart from that, it also appears that religiosity has a significant relationship with happiness in life (r = .475; ρ = .406; p ≤ .01) and athlete age is significantly correlated with religiosity (r = .233; ρ = .200; p ≤ .05). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship directly to satisfaction and indirectly through religiosity. These three variables have an important role in competitive sports so coaches or athlete coaches need to provide psychological intervention to improve these three variables. Keywords: elite youth athletes, mental toughness, religiosity, satisfaction.
... This model of courage suggests it to be dynamic and situationally dependent. All athletes will experience doubt and fear at some point, and courage could help them cope with this fear (Karageorghis & Terry, 2011). ...
Article
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In recent decades, scholars and practitioners alike have devoted increased attention to the psychological well-being of student-athletes. However, to date, far less research has examined the role of virtues, religion, and spirituality in contributing to well-being in student-athlete populations. In this study, we attempt to address these gaps by (a) assessing the association between trait courage, an understudied virtue in the sporting realm, and mental well-being, and then (b) considering how student-athletes’ attachment to God might moderate the association between trait courage and depressive symptoms. Drawing on a sample of 415 student-athletes from the USA, regression results illustrate that courage was not significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms among student-athletes. However, a secure attachment to God appeared to function as a compensatory resource for student-athletes lacking in courage. On the contrary, athletes with low trait courage but who reported greater avoidant attachment to God reported greater depressive symptoms. Taken together, a more positive relationship with God could help provide athletes with lower trait courage a way to find meaning and strength that helps them with emotion-regulation strategies to deal with the pressures within and beyond their sport. This study clearly shows that greater attention should be paid to the religious and spiritual development of student-athletes.
Article
Geri bildirim, bir kişinin veya bir sistemin performansı, davranışları ya da sonuçları hakkında bilgi sağlamaktır. Bu bilgi, genellikle bir değerlendirme, iyileştirme veya onay amacı taşır. Geri bildirim, çeşitli bağlamlarda kullanılır ve genellikle olumlu ve olumsuz olmak üzere iki türde gelir. Olumlu geri bildirim, kişinin veya sistemin doğru ve etkili olan davranışlarını pekiştirmek için kullanılırken, olumsuz geri bildirim, düzeltilmesi veya iyileştirilmesi gereken alanlara dikkat çeker. Beden eğitimi ve sporda geri bildirim, öğrencilerin veya sporcuların motor becerilerini, taktiksel anlayışlarını ve genel performanslarını geliştirmelerine yardımcı olmak için kullanılan önemli bir öğretim ve öğrenim aracıdır. Bu bağlamda geri bildirim hem öğretmenler hem de antrenörler tarafından sıkça kullanılır ve çeşitli biçimlerde sunulabilir. Bu çalışma beden eğitimi ve spor alanında geri bildirim konu başlığı altında yapılan çalışmaların taranarak sonuçlarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu alanda yapılmış olan 10 adet bilimsel çalışma ele alınmış olup, çalışmaların yöntem, bulgu ve sonuçlarının incelenip, tartışarak yeni öneriler sunulmuştur. Beden eğitimi ve sporda geri bildirimin önemine dair yapılan bilimsel araştırmalar, bu yöntemin öğrenci gelişimi üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmalar, geri bildirimin motor becerilerin öğrenilmesini ve bilgi kalıcılığını artırarak öğrenme sürecini daha verimli hale getirdiğini göstermektedir. Bu özellikle hareket yeteneklerinin kazanılması ve sportif becerilerin geliştirilmesi açısından kritik bir rol oynamaktadır.
Article
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Stress research in sports tends to focus on athletes, with sports officials typically being overlooked. In the current study, baseline, pre-game, and post-game cortisol levels among a sample of softball umpires were measured to assess the pattern of stress responses and determine if umpire performance (pass/fail) and position on the diamond (plate/field) could be predicted from cortisol levels. Nine male and four female participants aged 25–68 years (N = 13, M = 47.06 ± 15.65 years) each provided saliva samples on multiple occasions prior to and after officiating games at two Australian National Softball Championships. Data from 65 games were analysed. Performance was assessed using Softball Australia’s official umpire assessment tool. Cortisol levels increased significantly from baseline to pre-game (p < 0.001, d = −0.69) and declined significantly from pre-game to post-game (p < 0.001, d = 0.47). Umpiring performances were correctly classified as pass or fail from baseline and pre-game cortisol levels in 61.5% of cases and umpire position on the diamond from pre-game cortisol in 63.1% of cases. Findings suggest that stress management strategies should be recommended to softball umpires for performance enhancement and to safeguard their mental health.
Article
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This systematic review summarized the studies that examined the pre-task music effects on performance aspects and quantitatively analyzed their outcomes. A systematic search for controlled studies investigating the acute effects of pre-task music on physical performance, cognitive aspects and associated psycho-physiological responses was performed through Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 17 May 2023, with thirty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was analyzed using the robust multilevel meta-analysis model of standardized mean difference “SMD” with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were reported. Pre-task music induced improvements of completion time (SMD = −0.24; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.01; PI = −0.82 to 0.35; p = 0.04), relative mean power (RMP) (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.60; PI = −0.36 to 1.12; p = 0.003) and fatigue (SMD = −0.20; 95% CI = −0.32 to −0.09; PI = −0.36 to −0.05; p = 0.01), moderate effects on relative peak power (RPP) (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.85; PI = −0.42 to 1.48; p = 0.005), and high effect on feeling scale (FS) (SMD = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.52 to 4.31; PI = −11.43 to 16.26; p = 0.03). Greater benefits were recorded in jumping performance in males than females (p = 0.01), and for active than trained subjects for completion time (p = 0.02), RPP (p = 0.02) and RMP (p = 0.03). Larger benefits were obtained for FS post-warming up than after testing (p = 0.04). Self-selected music induced greater effects than pseudo- and pre-selected for performance decrement index (p = 0.05) and FS (p = 0.02). It could be concluded that pre-task music improved psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms associated with exercise performance enhancement.
Chapter
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Since the European Year of Education through Sport (EYES, 2004), sport has been recognised as an important cultural, social and economic phenomenon in the European Union, fully recognising the right of sportspeople (e.g. athletes, coaches, referees, sport managers and volunteers) to combine their academic/work and sport careers (e.g. dual career). This book is intended to raise awareness among sport institutions and organisations of the need to cooperate to overcome problems related to the combination of education/ work and competitive sport, to promote awareness of the need to develop dual career paths, and to foster exchanges of best practices at local, regional, national and European level. It gathers research, projects and practical experiences from an academic approach that will serve as an updated reference to the different skateholders involved in the Dual Career.
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The literature on dual career in sports has been developed in a fragmented manner, lacking guidance on the factors that shape dual career choices for athletes and their implications for the sports community. This integrative literature review examines the planning, shaping, progression, and promotion of dual career choices for athletes. Two categories of factors that influence dual career choices and two sets of outcomes (positive and negative) resulting from dual career in sports were identified. Additionally, the study bridges and integrates the varying nature, contradictions, and paradoxes of dual career pathways for athletes, identifying different streams of thought relevant to dual career in sports and providing a thematic overview of future research avenues. This study has important implications for sports entities, coaches, and educational institutions, particularly in encouraging and influencing athletes to pursue higher education by addressing factors that promote dual career choices in sports.
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