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Popolamento umano e paleoambiente tra la culminazione dell’ultima glaciazione e l’inizio dell’Olocene in area trentina e zone limitrofe
Abstract
Human settling and paleo-environment between the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the
Holocene in the Trentino and surrounding areas This article presents a brief synthesis of the archaeological research in the Trentino area and it focused on the subsistence strategies of the hunter-gatherers during the chronological period that goes from the Alpine Last Glacial Maximum (ALGM) to the beginning of the Holocene, that is, from a cultural point of view, from the Early Epigravettian to the Early Mesolithic. The aim is to understand if the climate changes had a direct effect on the behaviour of the human groups and in what way the archaeological indicators can have recorded these restrictions. The development of human culture during the ALGM was considerably influenced by the presence of extensive ice-sheets in the Alpine area, that impeded the movement of the groups and the cultural exchanges between the two mountain-sides. At the beginning of the Late Glacial, when the continental glacial masses fused all over the globe, the ice began to pullback from the principal alpine valleys and once again the mountain environment was inhabited by plants, animals and man. The most important expansion of human groups towards the Adige area took place during the Late Glacial Interstadial. The Epigravettian hunter-gatherer groups moved north from the valley bottom sites in the Pre-alps towards the middle mountain zones. This phenomenon is related to the progressive increase of temperatures and of the upper limits of the timberline, that probably drove them to hunting in the open areas of the middle and high mountain prairies. At the beginning of the Holocene, a complex change took place that not only involved knapping techniques but also settlement patterns. In particular, the increased mobility when searching for new hunting areas in higher and more inland zones of the Alps encouraged cultural exchanges between the two sides of the Alps.
... These frequentations should be placed after the glacier retreat about 11000 BP (Biasetti, 2007;Cusinato and Bassetti, 2007). Unfortunately, the lithic industries of Sessera valley does not show diagnostic elements for a precise chronological assessment of human frequentations. ...
... In the eastern Alps, however, the possibility of comparing prehistoric sites, the different mountain limiting factors (e.g. orographic and geomorphological) and correlating them with displacement routes is possible thanks to a higher number of data (Cusinato and Bassetti, 2007;Kompatscher and Hrozny Kompatscher, 2007;Cornelissen and Reitmaier, 2016;Fontana and Visentin, 2016;Visentin et al., 2016). ...
Starting from statistical samplings or anthropological dynamics hypothesis, GIS predictive models are particularly helpful for archaeological site detection. About 11,000 B.P., during the transition from the last glacial period and Holocene, there was a gradual decrease of glacier in Europe and groups of hunter-gatherers began to populate extensive lands in central-northern Europe and in the Alpine region. Currently, the most documented and known prehistoric human settlement are those located in the eastern Italian Alps, where data collected for more than thirty years allowed to formulate realistic hypothesis about the dynamics of human population in the region. In the western Alps, data about this subject are limited: the project “Survey Alta Valsessera (Piedmont, Italy)” is aimed to fill this gap by combining field research with methodologies elaborated in the eastern Alps to find traces of prehistoric and late roman human settlements. A GIS predictive model was realized in accordance with the parameters exposed in the model elaborated for the eastern Alps and the field records collected. This GIS predictive modelling allowed to identify different areas with high archaeological potential. Two of the areas so identified have been investigated in 2016 and two new sites have been localized.
... V preborealu in borealu (11.500-9.000 cal BP) je drevesna meja presegla celo 2100 m (Cusinato, Bassetti 2005;Drescher-Schneider 2009). O višini gozdne/drevesne meje v Krnskem pogorju v tistem času nimamo podatkov. ...
V Julijskih Alpah, v gorah Zgornjega Posočja, je bilo v zadnjih dveh desetletjih in pol odkritih več planih najdišč kamnitih artefaktov, pripisanih mezolitiku. V članku predstavljamo dve najdišči kamnitih artefaktov na planini Leskovca v Krnskem pogorju, med seboj oddaljeni 150 metrov: Leskovca I in II. Predstavljamo površinsko zbrane najdbe in rezultate arheološkega izkopavanja na Leskovci II. Zaradi odsotnosti organskih ostankov, ki bi jih lahko zanesljivo povezali s kamnitimi artefakti, je kulturno-kronološka opredelitev obeh najdišč možna le na podlagi tipo-tehnološke analize kamnitih artefaktov. Rezultat ni enoznačen, najdišči lahko pripadata končnemu paleolitiku (epigravetjenu) ali starejšemu mezolitiku (sovterjenu).
... Land use and exploitation strategies at high altitudes in the South-Eastern Alps by the last groups of hunter-gatherers have been already addressed and developed using a wide repertoire of complementary approaches (e.g. Cusinato and Bassetti 2007, Peresani et al. 2009a, b, 2011. Models of vertical nomadism characterized by a seasonal shift from valley-bottom winter camps to the high altitude settlements during the favorable season have been proposed and, more recently, also a system based on a circular nomadism (Broglio 1992, Grimaldi 2005. ...
We studied the Early and early-Mid Holocene landscape at the site of Mondeval de Sora, VF1 (Bellu-no, N-E Italy), preserving one of the best archaeological records of the Dolomites for this time span. Charcoal analyses are related to sectors I and III located under a dolomite boulder at an altitude of 2,150 m a.s.l. Samples were systematically picked up through wet sieving all over the stratigraphic sequence during archaeological excavations. For our analysis we sub-sampled 414 charcoals from the estimated total number of ca. 300.000. The analyzed charcoal come from levels dating to the Sauveterrian and the Castelnovian. They are mainly constituted of larch/spruce, followed by pine, probably mugo pine, and by cembran pine. Broadleaves are rare and represented by green alder. The larch, is more represented than spruce confirming its ability to occupy higher altitudes. Cembran pine, is less represented with respect to larch and spruce. Riassunto Nella presente ricerca è stato studiato il paesaggio durante l'Olocene antico e medio iniziale del sito di Mondeval de Sora, VF1 (Belluno, N-E Italia), che preserva uno dei migliori record arche-ologici delle Dolomiti per questo lasso di tempo. Le analisi dei carboni sono relative ai settori I e III situati sotto un masso dolomitico a un'altitudine di 2.150 m s.l.m. I campioni sono stati rac-colti in modo sistematico attraverso setacciatura a umido lungo tutta la sequenza stratigrafica durante gli scavi archeologici. Per le analisi è stato effettuato un sotto-campionamento di 414 carboni dal numero totale stimato di ca. 300.000. I carboni analizzati provengono dai livelli risa-lenti al Sauveterriano e al Castelnoviano. I carboni sono principalmente costituiti da larice / abete rosso, seguita da pino, probabilmente pino mugo, e pino cembro. Le latifoglie sono rare e rappresentate da ontano verde. Il larice è più rappresentato dell'abete rosso, a conferma della sua capacità di occupare quote più elevate. Il pino cembro, è meno rappresentato rispet-to al larice e all'abete rosso. Redazione: Valeria Lencioni e Marco Avanzini pdf: http://www.muse.it/it/Editoria-Muse/Preistoria-Alpina/Pagine/PA/PA_48-2016.aspx Colombo L., Martinelli E., Motella S., Castelletti L., Fontana F., Guerreschi A., Michetti A.M., 2016-A contribution to landscape reconstruction in the basin of Mondeval de Sora (Belluno Dolomites, N-E Italy): preliminary analysis of an anthracological sample from the Mesolithic layers of site VF1, sectors I and III. Preistoria Alpina, 48: 245-253.
... In particular, MSVAR and MIGRAINE indicated that the demographic decline most likely started not later than approximately 250 year ago, and not earlier than approximately 3500 years ago. In other words, these estimates point to a decline predating the currently documented human-induced changes, and postdating the most recent complete deglaciation and climate stability reached about 10,000 years ago (Cusinato and Bassetti 2007), when several plant and animal species had probably re-colonized the Alpine area of our study. These two values, 250 and 3500 years before present, correspond to the range of median values estimated in different populations, but considering that the support intervals are rather large and also that the main genetic impact in all these close Alpine populations is probably related to a shared demographic dynamic, we can prudently take them as an estimate of the temporal boundaries of a population size change. ...
Reduction in population size and local extinctions have been reported for the yellow-bellied toad,
Bombina variegata, but the genetic impact of this is not yet known. In this study, we genotyped 200 individuals, using mtDNA cytochrome b and 11 nuclear microsatellites. We investigated fine-scale population structure and tested for genetic signatures of historical and recent population decline, using several statistical approaches, including likelihood methods and approximate Bayesian computation. Five major genetically divergent groups were found, largely corresponding to geography but with a clear exception of high genetic isolation in a highly touristic area. The effective sizes in the last few generations, as
estimated from the random association among markers, never exceeded a few dozen of individuals. Our most important result is that several analyses converge in sug gesting that genetic variation was shaped in all groups by a 7- to 45-fold demographic decline, which occurred between a few hundred and a few 1000 years ago. Remarkably, only weak evidence supports recent genetic impact related to human activities. We believe that the alpine B. variegata populations should be monitored and protected to stop their recent decline and to prevent local extinctions, with highest priority given to genetically isolated populations. Nonetheless, current genetic variation pattern, being mostly shaped in earlier times, suggests that complete recovery can be achieved. In general, our study is an example of how the potential for recovery should be inferred even under the co-occurrence of population decline, low genetic variation, and genetic bottleneck signals
... Gli ultimi studi pollinici nella nostra provincia sono per lo più da mettere in relazione con siti archeologici ; la conoscenza della vegetazione contemporanea agli insediamenti e la sua evoluzione sono infatti importanti chiavi di lettura per capire la natura degli insediamenti stessi e il modo con cui l'uomo ha infl uenzato l'ambiente o ne è stato infl uenzato (Cusinato & Bassetti 2007). Le analisi dei pollini contenuti in vasi rinvenuti in un sito archeologico possono inoltre fornire validi indizi per una corretta interpretazione del loro utilizzo. ...
SUMMARY - Paleolimnology in Trentino: methods and state of the art - Lake sediments have long be used as an archive for paleoclimatic-paleoenvironmental reconstruction, with more and more refi ned techniques developed in the late 40 years. We will synthesize herein how such a lake archive forms and works, giving bibliographic references for the different topics. We will also present the state of the art of paleolimnological studies in the Trentino area, with particular attention to the palynological studies in lake and peat bog sediments, as they were the fi rst to be performed and still remain the most abundant in our region.
SIMONE CAVALIERI-A middle Iron Age shepherds' shelter near the place named Bés, on the Brentonico plateau (TN). This paper presents the analysis results of some Iron Age pottery finds preserved at the Museo Civico di Rovereto and discovered during the summer 1975 by Mr Luciano Dossi near a place named Crone de Bés, at the foot of Monte Altissimo. The finds are studied typologically annd chronologically in the attempt to more precisely contextualize the occupation of this pastoral site within a territory, the area of the Baldo mountain in Trentino province, which up to now has yelded few significant evidences dating from the first millennium BC.
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